Academic literature on the topic 'Vaccination of children'

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Journal articles on the topic "Vaccination of children"

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Gates, Dana M., Steven A. Cohen, Kelly Orr, and Aisling R. Caffrey. "Pharmacist-Administered Influenza Vaccination in Children and Corresponding Regulations." Vaccines 10, no. 9 (August 28, 2022): 1410. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10091410.

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In our retrospective cohort study, we evaluated trends in pharmacist-administered pediatric influenza vaccination rates in the United States and corresponding state-level pharmacist pediatric vaccination authorization models, including minimum age requirements, vaccination protocols, and/or prescription requirements. An administrative health claims database was used to capture influenza vaccinations in children less than 18 years old with 1 year of continuous enrollment and joinpoint regression was used to assess trends. Of the 3,937,376 pediatric influenza vaccinations identified over the study period, only 3.2% were pharmacist-administered (87.7% pediatrician offices, 2.3% convenience care clinics, 0.8% emergency care, and 6.0% other locations). Pharmacist-administered pediatric influenza vaccination was more commonly observed in older children (mean age 12.65 ± 3.26 years) and increased significantly by 19.2% annually over the study period (95% confidence interval 9.2%-30.2%, p < 0.05). The Northeast, with more restrictive authorization models, represented only 2.2% (n = 2816) of all pharmacist-administered pediatric influenza vaccinations. Utilization of pharmacist-administered pediatric influenza vaccination remains low. Providing children with greater access to vaccination with less restrictions may increase overall vaccination rates. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic and the Public Readiness and Emergency Preparedness Act, pharmacists will play a major role in vaccinating children.
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Dońka, Katarzyna, Marlena Suwała, Danuta Zarzycka, Agnieszka Sobolewska-Samorek, and Violetta Paździor. "Vaccine attitudes and education of parents." Pielegniarstwo XXI wieku / Nursing in the 21st Century 17, no. 3 (September 1, 2018): 58–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pielxxiw-2018-0021.

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AbstractIntroduction.Currently in Poland there is significant differentiation of parents’ attitudes towards vaccinating children. As a consequence, the number of unvaccinated children grows steadily by about 40 percent each year.Aim.Getting to know parents’ attitudes and their causes in relation to immunization based on the analysis of publications on this topic.Material and methods.Selection of publications for analysis was based on criteria of systematic review covering the last 10 years, cataloged in the following databases: Polish Medical Library, Google Scholar and Pubmed. The base searches were carried out according to the key words:protective vaccinations, parents’ attitudes, implementation of the vaccination calendar, immunization, vaccination, parental refusal of vaccines. As many as 32 publications were used in the study.Results.Vaccine knowledge of parents determines their attitude towards vaccination, which influences the implementation of primary and extended vaccinations in children. Implementation of the Protective Vaccination Program remains high in Poland, but the number of parents who refuse to vaccinate their children is systematically growing. Among the many reasons for the refusal of vaccination in children, the most often in literature there were those indicated by barriers of a religious, personal and philosophical nature, security and knowledge on this subject.Conclusions.Low level of parents’ knowledge, both general and specific, about vaccinations is the most common barrier in the implementation of mandatory vaccinations.
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Kowalska, Małgorzata, Maksymilian Gajda, Kamil Barański, and Bogumiła Braczkowska. "Sources of parental knowledge about the safety of vaccinations in Poland." Health Promotion International 34, no. 6 (November 23, 2018): 1191–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/heapro/day096.

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Abstract There has been a recent increase in the number of parents refusing vaccination for their children in many European countries, including Poland. This observation necessitates the need to understand parental knowledge in regard to mandatory vaccination of children in these countries. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in 2016 on 1239 parents or legal guardians of preschool and school children in the Silesian Voivodship (Poland) to evaluate their hesitancy in acquiescing to their children mandatory immunization and the relation to this habit in regard to the use of informational sources on children vaccination system in Poland. Medical doctors often provide the basic source of information about vaccination to parents. About one-third (29%) of the respondents from the survey deemed the qualification system for vaccination as either inadequate or bad. 16.9% of the respondents surveyed declared that information received from physicians regarding vaccinations were either incomplete or unconvincing. Results of multivariable analyses confirmed that respondents are less likely to seek information about mandatory vaccinations from medical professionals and more often to misjudged vaccination’s qualification system. Participants who used less informative sources (e.g. leaflets) and those with a lower level of education were more likely to avoid vaccination. Greater emphasis on the quality of information provided by medical professionals is crucial in order to avoid doubts about vaccination and to create proper attitudes and adherence to vaccination schedules.
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Kadim, Maha A., Anees Flayyih Abdulhasan, Zainab Abdulameer Abdulrasol, and Ali Fadhil Obaid. "Dropout of Vaccination Among Iraqi Children." South Asian Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities 3, no. 6 (December 6, 2022): 163–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.48165/sajssh.2022.3610.

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Immunization has been a successful method of preventing and controlling life-threatening infectious diseases since the 20th century. About 2-3 million child deaths are avoided annually through vaccination. Despite increasing vaccination rates worldwide, many children in developing nations still miss their vaccinations. Therefore, many children are still vulnerable to the Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) targeted diseases. Missed opportunities for vaccination (MOVs) occur when people who are eligible for vaccination visit a medical facility but do not receive the necessary vaccinations. Therefore, vaccination has the opportunity to achieve more if missed vaccination opportunities (MOVs) are removed and global immunization coverage increases. A narrative review was conducted to summarize vaccination missing among Iraqi children, and factors affecting the vaccine coverage rate.
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Banks, Laura L., Cameron Crandall, and Luke Esquibel. "Throughput Times for Adults and Children During Two Drive-Through Influenza Vaccination Clinics." Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness 7, no. 2 (March 25, 2013): 175–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2013.3.

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AbstractObjectivesSuccessful planning for public health emergencies requires knowledge of effective methods for mass distribution of medication and supplies to the public. We measured the time required for the key components of 2 drive-through vaccination clinics and summarized the results as they applied to providing medical countermeasures to large populations of children and adults. We hypothesized that vaccinating children in addition to adults would affect throughput time.MethodsUsing 2 separate drive-through vaccination clinics, we measured elapsed time for vehicle flow and vaccination procedures. We calculated the median length of stay and the time to administer vaccinations based on the number of individual vaccinations given per vehicle, and compared the vehicles in which children (aged 9-18 years) were vaccinated to those in which only adults were vaccinated.ResultsA total of 2174 vaccinations and 1275 vehicles were timed during the 2 clinics. The number of vaccinations and vehicles per hour varied during the course of the day; the maximums were 200 and 361 per hour, respectively. The median throughput time was 5 minutes, and the median vaccination time was 48 seconds. Flow over time varied by the hour, and the optimum number of vaccinations per vehicle to maximize efficiency was between 3 and 4. Our findings showed that the presence of children raised the total number of vaccinations given per vehicle and, therefore, the total vaccination processing time per vehicle. However, the median individual procedure time in the vehicles with children was not significantly increased, indicating no need to calculate increased times for processing children 9 years of age or older during emergency planning.ConclusionsDrive-through clinics can provide a large number of seasonal influenza vaccinations in a relatively efficient manner; provide needed experience for students and practitioners in techniques for mass administration of medical countermeasures; and assist public health and emergency management personnel with disaster planning. Including children older than 9 years does not reduce efficiency. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2013;0:1–7)
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Abbas, Ghulam, and Naseer Ahmad. "An Assessment Of Awareness And Practicality Of Parents Towards Immunization Of Children In District Multan." STATISTICS, COMPUTING AND INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH 1, no. 1 (December 31, 2019): 27–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.52700/scir.v1i1.19.

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The main objective of the study to assess the parents’ knowledge attitude and practices regarding their children vaccination in District Multan, the data was collected with the help of interview schedule from 200 parents having under 2 Years children. SPSS was used for data analysis. The main findings of this research were the parent’s awareness regarding EPI vaccination is low, vaccination centers are away from the people of rural areas of district Multan that’s why the coverage of Vaccination is low in these areas, its recommended that the Government provide more EPI vaccination centers for the children of rural areas. Vaccination staff also limited so it make sure one vaccinator for the ten thousand of population. . Trained female worker like LHWs, local School Teachers, (Imam Masjid) and key persons of the community can play a vital role in the promotion of Vaccination coverage in their concern areas. Vaccination weeks will also very beneficial for the child’s vaccinations and the awareness regarding the prevention of communicable diseases in Pakistan.
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Abd Rahman, Noor Amira Syazwani, Soon-Yew Ju, Jamal Rizal Razali, Nur Hazirah Hamdan, Mohd Rozaimy Ridzuan, and Lai-Kuan Kong. "Post-COVID-19 Malaysian parents’ views on children’s vaccination: subjective norms analysis." International Journal of Evaluation and Research in Education (IJERE) 13, no. 5 (October 1, 2024): 2801. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijere.v13i5.29396.

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<span>Vaccinating children is a critical life-saving measure that ensures herd immunity and saves numerous lives. However, the rising trend of parental refusal to vaccinate poses a significant threat to disease containment within societies. Amid the widespread COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia, this study examines how subjective standards impact parents’ vaccination intentions and behaviors. Lockdowns and travel restrictions during the pandemic caused a decline in vaccination rates due to missed appointments for children’s vaccinations. Even post-pandemic, some parents persist in refusing vaccination for their children. Conducting an online survey and employing quantitative, the study collected data from parents with children aged 1 day to 15 years old. Analyzing the data through IBM SPSS and employing SmartPLS 4.0.9.5 software, specifically using partial least squares-structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM), revealed significant insights. The findings indicate that parents’ willingness to vaccinate their children significantly predicts their actual vaccination behavior. Moreover, social norms positively influence parental vaccination intentions. The study highlights the mediating role of vaccination intention between social norms and actual vaccination behavior among parents. Overall, this empirical research strongly supports the theory of planned behavior (TPB) model, emphasizing the importance of targeting social norms to foster vaccination behavior and elevate vaccination rates.</span>
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Noh, Jin-Won, Young-mi Kim, Nabeel Akram, Ki Bong Yoo, Jooyoung Cheon, Lena J. Lee, Young Dae Kwon, and Jelle Stekelenburg. "Determinants of timeliness in early childhood vaccination among mothers with vaccination cards in Sindh province, Pakistan: a secondary analysis of cross-sectional survey data." BMJ Open 9, no. 9 (September 2019): e028922. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-028922.

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ObjectiveUntimely vaccination refers to receiving the given dose before (early) or after (delayed) the recommended time window. The purpose of this study was to assess the extent of timeliness of childhood vaccinations and examine the determinants of vaccination timeliness in Sindh province, Pakistan.DesignCross-sectional analysis of data from the 2013 and 2014 Maternal and Child Health Program Indicator Surveys.SettingCommunity-based maternal and child health surveys.ParticipantsAmong 10 200 respondents of Maternal and Child Health Program Indicator Surveys, 1143 women who had a live birth in the 2 years preceding the survey were included.OutcomesAt the participants’ home, an interviewer asked mothers to show their children’s vaccination cards, which contained information regarding vaccinations. Children’s vaccination status was categorised into timely or early/delayed compared with vaccination schedule. A logistic regression analysis using Firth’s penalised likelihood was performed to identify factors associated with timeliness of vaccinations.Results238 children (20.8% of children who received a full set of basic vaccinations) received all vaccinations on schedule among children who received a full set of basic vaccinations. The percentages of timely vaccinations ranged from 2.3% for second measles vaccination to 89.3% for bacillus Calmette-Guérin. Child’s age and place of delivery were associated with timely vaccinations. Older child age and institutional delivery were associated with decreased timely vaccination rate.ConclusionsHome-based vaccination record is a key tool to improve the timeliness of vaccinations. The redesigned vaccination cards, the new electronic registries for vaccination card information and the vaccination tracking system to remind the second/third vaccination visits may be helpful to improve timely vaccinations for children under 2 years old.
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Pałdyna, Bartosz, and Magdalena Pałdyna. "Prophylactic vaccination in children with mastocytosis." Pediatria i Medycyna Rodzinna 19, no. 4 (December 29, 2023): 284–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.15557/pimr.2023.0048.

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Prophylactic vaccination is one of the fundamental elements of health policy. Poland has a universal vaccination programme, which is systematically modified depending on the changing epidemiological situation of infectious diseases, as well as current medical knowledge, which has its implications in legislation. Mastocytosis is a haematopoietic neoplasm occurring in children, usually with a benign course, limited to the skin and resolving before adolescence. However, the implementation of the general prophylactic vaccination programme in children with mastocytosis raises many concerns among doctors and parents. Vaccinations are among the exogenous agents that may cause mast cell activation and release of biologically active substances, resulting in the exacerbation of mastocytosis symptoms and an increased risk of anaphylaxis. However, the incidence of adverse effects of vaccinations in children with different forms of mastocytosis is in fact comparable to or only slightly higher than in the general population, and vaccine-related events are usually mild and local. Unfortunately, there is a lack of understanding regarding vaccinations in children with mastocytosis both among general practitioners and parents. The aims of this paper are to outline the current state of knowledge on the safety of vaccinations in this group of patients, to promote knowledge related to vaccination in patients with mastocytosis, and to emphasise that mastocytosis is not a contraindication to vaccination.
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Nugroho, Setiyo Adi. "Analisis Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Efikasi Diri Orang Tua untuk Vaksinasi Covid 19 pada Anak Usia 6-11 di SD Kabupaten Probolinggo." Jurnal Keperawatan Profesional 10, no. 2 (November 29, 2022): 165–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.33650/jkp.v10i2.4920.

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Children are the future human capital asset of a country, so the Covid-19 pandemic that affects children must also be a concern, including the need for vaccinations for children. The government officially started vaccinating children aged 6-11 years on December 14 with a target number of around 26.5 million children. However, the success of Covid 19 vaccination in children must refer to the success of adult vaccination. Parents have an important role in children's Covid-19 vaccines, because the decision to vaccinate children lies with the parents. For this reason, parents must have high self-efficacy so that children can get Covid 19 vaccination. For this reason, parents must have high self-efficacy so that children can get Covid 19 vaccination. The purpose of this study was to analyze the factors that influence parents' self-efficacy for Covid-19 vaccination in children aged 6-11 years. This research method is an analytical observational study with a quantitative approach. This research is a cross sectional study with a sample of 120 respondents. The sampling technique used is purpose sampling. Respondents in this study were parents in SD Probolinggo Regenc. Based on the results of the multiple linear regression test, it shows that there is a simultaneous influence between the independent variables consisting of X1 (individual belief) and X2 (attitude towards behavior) on Y (parental self-efficacy).
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Vaccination of children"

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Miller, Julie A. "Factors Influencing Influenza Vaccination of Children." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1377872672.

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Baynam, Gareth. "Genetic influences on vaccine response in children." University of Western Australia. School of Paediatrics and Child Health, 2008. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2008.0259.

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Vaccination is one of the most efficacious public health interventions1 and has been increasingly used to combat non-infectious diseases. Mechanisms underlying vaccine responses overlap with those regulating immune responses in health and disease. Therefore, an understanding of mechanisms underpinning these responses will have broad implications. Variation in immune response genes contributes to impaired vaccine responses2-4. Understanding the contribution of genetic variants to vaccine responses is likely to be particularly important in early life given the generalized functional immaturity of the immune system in infants and the highly variable kinetics of its maturation over the first few years of life5-7. However, studies of genetic influences on early childhood vaccine responses are scarce. Since a number of genes from several pathways are likely to be important, a targeted approach is necessary. This thesis explored the effects and interactions of genes associated with atopy, as atopy, or the genetic risk for it, has been associated with modulation of early childhood vaccine responses. This thesis aimed to: 1) investigate genetic variants associated with atopy on early childhood vaccine responses; 2) examine interactions between these genetic variants and non-genetic factors; 3) approach developmental genetic influences on genetic effects and their interactions; and 4) extend findings on vaccine responses to other immunological phenotypes and disease outcomes.
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Lau, Hiu-wan Leonia, and 劉曉蘊. "Indirect benefit of vaccinating children to protect the community frominfluenza." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2012. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B48423919.

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Background Influenza causes annual, worldwide epidemics of respiratory disease that affects all segments of the population. Mass vaccination of healthy children, who are playing an important role in the transmission of influenza, is promoted to be a complementary approach in prevention and control of influenza. However, lack of published systemic review evidencing the indirect protection of vaccinating healthy children makes the implementation under uncertainty. Method A systemic review was conducted by computerized bibliographic searches in PubMed and the Cochrane Library identifying the published studies on the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of vaccinating healthy children to control influenza epidemics by reducing transmission in the community. Any study design with vaccinating healthy children as the intervention versus control group with no influenza vaccine was included. Only outcomes measured on the contacts of children, either the community or household members were considered. Result Twenty-two articles were selected to be reviewed in this project, in which 17 of them covered the public health benefit of vaccinating healthy children to protect others in the community against influenza, and five of them were economic studies. Overall the result suggested that vaccinating health children produces a public health benefit in protecting others in the community against influenza and that it is a cost-effective measure. Discussion Targeting vaccines to healthy children should be promoted for optimal vaccine allocation, maximizing the vaccination effectiveness. Community planning on vaccine delivery infrastructure as well as educational and communicational strategies is necessary to improve influenza vaccine coverage. Further well-designed studies such as RCT with larger sample sizes, as well as studies in Hong Kong or other sub-tropical regions should be carried out and included. Moreover, large and population-based studies should be conducted to examine the overall impact of universal childhood influenza immunization.
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Public Health
Master
Master of Public Health
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Li, Jun. "Determinants of Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination among Québec children." Thesis, McGill University, 2014. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=123110.

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ABSTRACTIntroduction:A province-wide non-mandatory tuberculosis prevention program offered free Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination to neonates and schoolchildren in the province of Québec (1949-1974). It has been suggested that BCG vaccination rates in Québec varied by geographical area, yet little is known about other determinants. Objectives:To identify determinants of BCG vaccination among Québec children born in 1974, considering separately vaccination occurring during the systematic vaccination program and after the program. Methods:A retrospective birth cohort, the Québec Birth Cohort on Immunity and Health (QBCIH), was assembled by including 81,496 subjects born in the province of Québec (Canada) in 1974 after at least 32 weeks of gestation. Analyses of potential determinants as documented in the Birth Registry and Healthcare Registration File were conducted among 71,658 individuals (88% of cohort) with complete data. Additional sociodemographic and other characteristics were assessed on 1643 subjects who participated in a telephone interview in 2012 (1154 interviewed individuals with complete information). Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were computed from logistic regression, with best models selected from backward elimination. For each of the two sources of data (administrative databases and interviews), separate regression models were constructed for the two outcomes: vaccination during and after the organized program. Finally, models considering the variables from both sources, as selected in previous steps, were estimated among 1320 interviewed participants with complete information for these variables.Results:Forty-six percent of the study subjects were BCG vaccinated, 42.8% within the program and 3.6% after it ended. During the vaccination program, children whose parents were born outside of Québec were less likely to be BCG vaccinated than those with Québec-born parents [OR=0.38, 95% CI: 0.20-0.75 for mothers; OR=0.25, 95% CI: 0.14-0.46 for fathers], and urban inhabitants had a lower likelihood of vaccination compared with rural dwellers [OR=0.50, 95% CI: 0.38-0.65]. When the mass BCG vaccination program was discontinued, children whose grandparents were not all of French ancestry were less likely to be BCG vaccinated than those whose grandparents were all of French ancestry [OR=0.40, 95% CI: 0.19-0.84]. Conclusion:This is the first study comprehensively investigating determinants of BCG vaccination in Québec, Canada. Different factors were identified as being related to vaccination within and after the organized program.
RÉSUMÉIntroduction :Un programme provincial de prévention de la tuberculose a été mis sur pied au Québec (1949-1974) et a permis d'offrir gratuitement aux nouveau-nés et aux enfants d'âge scolaire une vaccination au Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) sur une base volontaire. Bien qu'il ait été suggéré que les taux de vaccination au BCG puissent varier par région au Québec, peu d'information est actuellement disponible quant aux autres déterminants de cette vaccination. Objectifs :Identifier les déterminants de la vaccination au BCG parmi les enfants québécois nés en 1974, en considérant séparément les vaccinations faites pendant le programme systématique ou après celui-ci.Méthodes :Une cohorte de naissance rétrospective, La Cohorte de Naissance Québécoise sur l'Immunité et la Santé (CNQIS), a été constituée et comprend 81,496 sujets nés en 1974 dans la province de Québec (Canada) après au moins 32 semaines de gestation. Les analyses des déterminants potentiels de la vaccination provenant du Registre des Naissances et du Fichier d'inscription des personnes assurées à l'assurance maladie ont été effectuées sur un échantillon de 71,658 individus (88% de la cohorte) pour qui les données étaient complètes. De plus, d'autres caractéristiques, dont certaines caractéristiques sociodémographiques, ont été étudiées chez 1643 individus qui ont participé à une entrevue téléphonique en 2012 (analyse de 1154 individus avec données complètes). Les rapports de cote (RC) et les intervalles de confiance (IC) à 95% proviennent de modèles de régression logistique issus d'une procédure de sélection descendante. Pour chaque source de données (bases de données administratives et entrevues), des modèles de régression distincts ont été élaborés pour la vaccination pendant et après le programme. Finalement, les variables sélectionnées précédemment et provenant des deux sources ont été considérées dans des modèles globaux. Ces analyses ont pris en compte 1320 individus ayant des données complètes pour les variables considérées.Résultats :Quarante-six pourcent des sujets ont été vaccinés au BCG, 42.8% pendant le programme de vaccination et 3.6% après celui-ci. Pendant le programme de vaccination, la probabilité d'être vacciné au BCG était plus faible pour les enfants dont les parents sont nés à l'extérieur du Québec, en comparaison à ceux dont les parents sont nés au Québec [RC=0.38, IC 95% : 0.20-0.75 pour les mères; RC=0.25, IC 95% : 0.14-0.46 pour les pères]. De plus, la probabilité d'être vacciné au BCG était plus faible pour les citadins en comparaison avec les sujets vivant en milieu rural [RC=0.50, IC 95% : 0.38-0.65]. Après la fin du programme de vaccination au BCG, les enfants dont les grands-parents n'étaient pas tous de descendance française avaient une plus faible probabilité d'être vaccinés, en comparaison avec les enfants dans les grands-parents étaient tous de descendance française [RC=0.40, IC 95% : 0.19-0.84].Conclusion :Cette étude est la première à s'intéresser de façon approfondie aux déterminants de la vaccination au BCG au Québec, Canada. Des déterminants différents ont été identifiés selon que la vaccination ait eu lieu pendant ou après le programme.
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Segraves, Laura J. "Improving Vaccination Compliance Among Amish Children in Knox County, Ohio." Otterbein University / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=otbn1429908515.

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Dubuisson, Christy. "Hispanic Parents' Perceptions of Human Papillomavirus Vaccination for Male Children." ScholarWorks, 2019. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/6993.

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Hispanic Americans experience a disparate burden of human papillomavirus vaccination (HPV)-related cancers. Despite vaccine availability, HPV vaccine uptake amid Hispanic American adolescent males in the United States is under the national goal. Furthermore, childhood vaccination compliance is driven by the parents; yet, there is little research on parents' perceptions of HPV vaccination of male children. The purpose of this phenomenological study was to explore the attitudes, beliefs, concerns, and decision- making factors of Hispanic American parents of male children aged 11- to 13- years-old surrounding HPV vaccination. The health belief model provided the framework for the study. Face-to-face interviews were conducted with 12 participants in a rural county in Colorado in which Hispanic Americans had a higher rate of reportable sexually transmitted infections than non-Hispanics. Data analysis included descriptive coding to summarize and synthesize the interview results. The results showed Hispanic parents had a positive attitude toward HPV vaccination, and parents believed that the vaccination would protect their child. Most of the parents were aware of the HPV vaccine. The parents believed in healthcare providers and would accept the vaccine if it was recommended by them. Despite several parents having concerns about HPV vaccinations, they still claimed they would vaccinate their child. The findings from the study can be used to inform educational offerings regarding HPV vaccination for Hispanic American boys.
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Koh, Naoko. "Cost-benefit analysis of influenza vaccination for children in Hong Kong." Thesis, Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2004. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B31971866.

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Kim, Mi-so, and 金美昭. "Parental characteristics towards child vaccination against pandemic influenza H1N1-2009." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2013. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B50561686.

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Background The pandemic of influenza A (H1N1-2009) virus was particularly widespread among children. Children and young adults were more likely to be infected than older adults, and infection among infants tended to lead to a higher risk of severe complications than among older children and adults. Vaccination against the virus was thus recommended as an effective countermeasure to protect these susceptible age strata from influenza infection and subsequent complications. Parental perception, attitudes and beliefs would thus play a major role in mitigating the pandemic influenza because these factors underlie the degree of vaccination uptake among children. Objective The primary aim of this study is to understand factors that are associated with parental acceptance of pediatric vaccination against influenza (H1N1-2009). The secondary aim is to consider the effective future vaccination campaign in the event of a pandemic and to increase child vaccination coverage. Methods We conducted a systematic literature search of the electronic databases, PubMed and the Web of Science. We identified and examined published literatures associated with parental acceptance dating back to the beginning of the 2009 pandemic. We extracted key datasets from these literatures, summarized the evidence systematically and determined the relationship amongst the aforementioned parental characteristics and acceptance of pandemic influenza vaccines. Results We included a total of 14 studies in this review. Our systematic review indicates that parents were more willing to accept H1N1 pandemic influenza vaccination if 1) their children had previous experience with seasonal influenza; 2) they have had the pandemic influenza vaccine themselves; or 3) they intended to have their children vaccinated against seasonal influenza vaccine. We also founded that parental perceptions and attitudes towards both the influenza pandemic itself and the pandemic influenza vaccine are significantly associated with acceptance. Our study identified misperceptions and distrust in vaccine safety as the main reason for parents to refuse pandemic influenza vaccination for their children. In addition, we found that parents usually received negative appraisal on pediatric influenza vaccination from the media and tended to regard health care workers as the most reliable source of information on pediatric influenza vaccination. . Conclusions Parental perceptions are influential on pandemic influenza vaccine acceptance of their children. We affirm the importance of the role of health care workers in delivering appropriate information on influenza vaccines to parents in increasing pediatric vaccination uptake. We recommend public health officials to employ effective strategies for risk communication regarding pediatric influenza vaccines in order to increase the coverage and hence effectiveness of vaccination program against a future influenza pandemic.
published_or_final_version
Public Health
Master
Master of Public Health
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Mcnair, Chauntel Mckenzie. "Factors Influencing Vaccination Decisions in African American Mothers of Preschool Age Children." Scholar Commons, 2013. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/5073.

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Rates and coverage levels of immunizations of African-American children are reduced compared to other races. Few studies have identified factors that influence vaccination decisions of African-American mothers. This study assessed the mothers' vaccination decisions using a self-administered questionnaire and a screening instrument for determining health literacy. This instrument is called Rapid Estimate of Adult Literacy in Medicine (REALM). The sample was 92 African American mothers, recruited from a large metropolitan church in Jacksonville, Florida, who had at least one child under the age of seven. A cross-sectional research design was used to administer survey instruments to identify and interpret parental barriers and decision-making regarding childhood vaccination. The results of this study showed that the there was a decrease in scores across the levels of education which indicated that education had a significant impact on the parental perception for the vaccination of their children. Interventions can now be tailored to improve the childhood immunization rates and provide a foundation for developing effective childhood vaccination educational materials for this population.
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Jansson, Olivia, and Elin Magnusson. "Vilka anledningar finns till att föräldrar väljer att inte vaccinera sina barn? : En litteraturöversikt." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för folkhälso- och vårdvetenskap, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-333217.

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Bakgrund: Vaccin skyddar både individen och samhället. Utan vaccin hotas flockimmuniteten och hälsan hos befolkningen. Runt om i världen finns hos vissa föräldrar en ovilja att vaccinera sina barn. Inspirationen till detta kommer ofta från internet. Syftet med detta arbete är att undersöka anledningar till att föräldrar avstår från att vaccinera sina barn. Detta är viktigt i sjuksköterskans arbetsroll då det i den ingår att stödja patienten i sin egenvård. Med hjälp av information från denna litteraturöversikt kan sjuksköterskor få en ökad förståelse för varför vissa väljer att tacka nej till vaccin. Metod: Genom en litteraturöversikt har artiklar angående föräldrar som inte vaccinerar sina barn granskats för att besvara syftet. Litteratursökningar gjordes i vetenskapliga databaser, vilket resulterade i att 13 vetenskapliga artiklar inkluderades i studien. Genom att noggrant granska dessa artiklar framkom många olika anledningar till varför föräldrarna väljer att avstå från att vaccinera sina barn. Resultat: Saker som föräldrar oroade sig för var biverkningar, följdsjukdomar och vaccinets innehåll. En del föräldrar tror inte på att sjukdomarna existerar längre eller tror att vaccinet inte fungerar. De allra flesta anledningarna syftade till att skydda barnet och berodde främst på okunskap eller för lite information. Slutsats: Slutsatsen är att mer pålitlig information måste bli tillgänglig för alla föräldrar att ta del av. Informationen bör komma från trovärdiga källor som gärna bör ge ut sin information via internet eller sociala medier, då föräldrar tenderar att söka sig dit. Sjuksköterskan kan med hjälp av bättre information hjälpa föräldrar att fatta ett bra beslut.
Background: Vaccine protects both individuals and the society in general. Without vaccines, both herd-immunity and public health are threatened. Around the world, some parents choose not to vaccinate their children. This decision is often based on information the parents have received from internet sources. This study aimed to investigate the reasons why parents refrain from vaccinating their children. This information is important in the nurse's profession as the role involves supporting the patient in his or her self-care. Method: Through a systematic review, articles regarding vaccine resistance and hesitancy have been examined to answer the purpose of this study. A literature search was made in scientific databases, and 13 articles were selected. The articles were reviewed and various reasons for the vaccine resistance were found. Result: Things that parents worried about were side effects, illnesses and the content of the vaccine. Some parents did not believe that the disease exists anymore or thought that the vaccine is not reliable. Most of the parents' decisions aimed to protect their child and were, in most cases, made by lack of information. Conclusion: The conclusion of this review is that more reliable information must be available for parents. The information should come from reliable sources, such as authorities. The authorities should also reach out with information through the internet and social media, as parents tend to rely on the internet whilst making decisions. With information from this study nurses can help the parents make an informed decision regarding vaccinations.
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Books on the topic "Vaccination of children"

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India. Dept. of Family Welfare. and India. Dept. of Biotechnology., eds. Technology mission on vaccination and immunization of vulnerable population, particularly children. New Delhi: Dept. of Family Welfare, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India, 1987.

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Blanchard-Rohner, Geraldine, and Laure F. Pittet. Vaccination of Immunosuppressed Children in Clinical Practice. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-04844-9.

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Chilowa, Wycliffe. A study of vaccination cultures, social demand for immunization, and practices of vaccination regimes. Zomba, Malawi: University of Malawi, Centre for Social Research, 1997.

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Reddy, Palli Hanumantha. Knowledge, attitudes, and practice of vaccination, vaccination coverage, child survival, and family planning acceptance. Bangalore: Population Centre, 1991.

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Office, General Accounting. Vaccines for children: Reexamination of program goals and implementation needed to ensure vaccination : report to Congressional requesters. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1995.

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United States. Food and Drug Administration, ed. Kids' vaccinations. [Rockville, MD: Dept. of Health Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Food and Drug Administration, 1999.

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Loehr, Jamie. The vaccine answer book: 200 essential answers to help you make the right decisions for your child. Naperville, Ill: Sourcebooks, 2009.

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Great Britain. Health Protection Agency. Centre for Infections., ed. Protecting the health of England's children: The benefit of vaccines : first national report on the current status of the universal vaccine programmes from the Centre for Infections, 2005. London: Health Protection Agency Centre for Infections, 2005.

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Great Britain. Department of Health and Social Security. and Great Britain. Government Statistical Service., eds. Vaccination and immunisation of children in England, 1966-1985. London: Department of Health and Social Security, 1987.

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(Organization), UNEPI. Achieving measles control in Uganda: Five year plan : 2002-2006. Kampala?]: [Uganda National Expanded Programme on Immunisation], 2002.

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Book chapters on the topic "Vaccination of children"

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Blanchard-Rohner, Geraldine, and Laure F. Pittet. "Vaccination Schedules in Immunocompromised Children." In In Clinical Practice, 171–95. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-04844-9_5.

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Edwards, Kathryn M. "Influenza and influenza vaccination in children." In Influenza Vaccines for the Future, 95–111. Basel: Birkhäuser Basel, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7643-8371-8_5.

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Libster, Romina, and Kathryn M. Edwards. "Influenza and Influenza Vaccination in Children." In Influenza Vaccines for the Future, 149–71. Basel: Springer Basel, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0346-0279-2_7.

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Bueving, Herman J., and Johannes C. van der Wouden. "The Role of Influenza Vaccination in Asthmatic Children." In Allergy Frontiers: Therapy and Prevention, 611–19. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-99362-9_37.

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Albuhairi, Thahab, and Abdullah Altameem. "Using RFID Technology in Vaccination Cards for Saudi Children: Research Study." In First International Conference on Sustainable Technologies for Computational Intelligence, 125–37. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-0029-9_10.

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Skudder-Hill, Loren. "Child Vaccination Programs, Vitamin A Distribution Program, Night Blindness in Children, Nutrition." In Encyclopedia of the UN Sustainable Development Goals, 66–78. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-95681-7_81.

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Skudder-Hill, Loren. "Child Vaccination Programs, Vitamin A Distribution Program, Night Blindness in Children, Nutrition." In Encyclopedia of the UN Sustainable Development Goals, 1–13. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-69627-0_81-1.

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Avcı, Derya, and Mine Yurtoğlu. "An Optimal Vaccination Scenario for COVID-19 Transmission Between Children and Adults." In Mathematical Modeling and Intelligent Control for Combating Pandemics, 93–108. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-33183-1_6.

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Murdoch, Lydia. "Anti-vaccination and the Politics of Grief for Children in Late Victorian England." In Childhood, Youth and Emotions in Modern History, 242–60. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137484840_13.

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Jain, Chanchala, and Chetan Raikwar. "An exploratory attempt to analyze parents' intention toward children vaccination (w.r.t. Indore city)." In Interdisciplinary Research in Technology and Management, 84–89. London: CRC Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003358589-12.

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Conference papers on the topic "Vaccination of children"

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Asam Hamed Abbas and Yuhanis Yusof. "Children vaccination reminder via SMS alert." In 2011 International Conference on Research and Innovation in Information Systems (ICRIIS). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icriis.2011.6125750.

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Mashkovich, T., S. Marshalkovich, and M. Dubina. "VACCINATION AGAINST SEASONAL INFLUENZA IN CHILDREN." In SAKHAROV READINGS 2020: ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS OF THE XXI CENTURY. Minsk, ICC of Minfin, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46646/sakh-2020-2-134-137.

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"Study of parents' perceptions and opinions on COVID-19 vaccination for their children in Jordan: A cross-sectional." In International Conference on Public Health and Humanitarian Action. International Federation of Medical Students' Associations - Jordan, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56950/ylbj6137.

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Background: Developing a potent and secure vaccination for all populations, including children, is an effective method to reduce COVID-19-related morbidity and mortality while also ensuring higher levels of population immunity. Since the COVID-19 epidemic began, numerous vaccinations have been developed. It is required to examine parents' attitudes on COVID-19 immunization for children in order to design an intervention to aid COVID-19 vaccination for children in Jordan. These strategies will eliminate disinformation, promote acceptance of the COVID-19 immunization, and increase the number of children who receive it. Some parents may be wary or skeptical of vaccines in general, and especially of COVID-19. Objective: to investigate the number of individuals who accept the COVID-19 vaccine for their kids and research the factors that led to their attitudes. Method: The design of this study was cross-sectional. The participants were Jordanian . The poll was made accessible on many social media platforms as well as other networks, including public forums, academic blogs, and private groups. Results: Three hundred twenty-eight people answered the questionnaire in which their ages ranged from 21 till 70. A comparison between parents’ characteristics regarding their willingness to vaccinate their children with a COVID-19 vaccine had been done in which graduated parents (69.6%), and who doesn’t work in health sector (67.1%) were more likely to refuse providing their children with COVID-19 vaccine. The following are the most common excuses given by respondents who were not interested in receiving the vaccine: it is inappropriate to acquire a vaccine that requires numerous doses (87.2%), they avoid getting most vaccinations (85.3%), and they are worried about it (83.3%). On the other hand, the most significant factor (90.1%) for individuals who were interested in getting the vaccine was that they were in the recommended category to have it (such as health care practitioners, persons over fifty, and pregnant women). A multinomial regression model was used to evaluate the prediction of parents’ acceptance to vaccinate their children with a COVID-19 vaccine. Parents who are confident about the country health procedures toward covid pandemic was a positive predicator to vaccinate their children. (OR= 1.830; p<0.05; 95 % CI: 1.037-3.230). Conclusion: Parents have diverse views about the frequency and risks of coronavirus illness transmission and medical consequences, as well as the efficacy and side effects of a vaccine. Based on reported parental behavior and positive attitudes, these findings could be used to construct public health surveillance programs and primary prevention programs. Keywords: Parents, Attitude, Vaccination, COVID-19, children; parents’ willingness; Jordan
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Rahmat, Siti Nazazihah, Arshad Jamal, Mohammed Hazim Alkawaz, and Monica Sangaran. "Parental Reminder and Planner for Children Vaccination." In 2019 IEEE 9th International Conference on System Engineering and Technology (ICSET). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icsengt.2019.8906353.

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Deininger, Layza de Souza Chaves, Aralinda Nogueira Pinto de Sá, Mônica de Almeida Lima Alves, Quênia Gramile Silva Meira, and Carolina Carvalho Nogueira. "University extension work to encourage multivaccination in primary health care." In III SEVEN INTERNATIONAL MULTIDISCIPLINARY CONGRESS. Seven Congress, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.56238/seveniiimulti2023-152.

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The involvement of students in extension provides training for citizen professionals in society and is a privileged space for the production of knowledge to overcome existing social inequalities. The aim of this study is to present the experience of university extension in encouraging multivaccination in primary health care. The study is an experience report carried out between February and May 2023 with medical students at a Family Health Unit (USF). Upon identifying the health need in the area of low vaccination coverage, the students planned, together with the team's health professionals, the best ways to delight and sensitize the community about the importance of updating the vaccination card in all age groups. Among the strategies, a video was recorded calling the population to D-Day for multivaccination, which was broadcast on community radio. On the day of the event, the students organized themselves into small groups and developed fun activities such as games, bingo and raffles; they distributed snacks and food baskets, as well as supporting the team in the active search of the area. Thus, the inventiveness of walking through the streets with a loudspeaker and wearing superhero, princess and Ze Gotinha costumes got the community moving, engaging both children and their parents to seek vaccination. The creative choices in the D-Day multi-vaccination campaign generated an intense and continuous flow in the service, which had a positive impact on achieving the targets for routine vaccinations, as more than 87 children and adults updated their vaccination cards in just one shift. The success of the activity was evident and the report was one of personal and professional fulfillment. Thus, the importance of university extension was observed, both for professionals and the community, as well as for the students in terms of sharing experiences and care.
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Jeong, Bongkeum, Jesús Ibáñez, Nuno Nunes, and Monchu Chen. "A Tattooed Bracelet for Child Vaccination Records in a Developing World Context." In IDC '17: Interaction Design and Children. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3078072.3084336.

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Lupu, Vasile Valeriu, Ancuta Ignat, Gabriela Paduraru, and Marin Burlea. "P254 Children vaccination: civic obligation or personal choice?" In 8th Europaediatrics Congress jointly held with, The 13th National Congress of Romanian Pediatrics Society, 7–10 June 2017, Palace of Parliament, Romania, Paediatrics building bridges across Europe. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd and Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2017-313273.342.

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Jones, Kayleigh, Reshma Rasheed, and Yathorshan Shanthakumaran. "1171 Vaccine hesitancy: COVID-19 vaccination in children." In Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health, Abstracts of the RCPCH Conference, Liverpool, 28–30 June 2022. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd and Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2022-rcpch.95.

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Widyaningsih, Vitri, and Bhisma Murti. "Antenatal Care and Provision of Basic Immunization in Children Aged 12-23 Months: Meta-Analysis." In The 7th International Conference on Public Health 2020. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.03.125.

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ABSTRACT Background: Among the leading causes of global child morbidity and mortality are vaccine-preventable diseases, especially in low-and middle-income countries (LMICs). A complete basic immunization for children contains one BCG, three DPT-HB-Hib immunizations, four polio immunizations, and one measles immunizations. Antenatal care visit contributes an important to complete the basic immunization. This study aimed to estimate the effect of antenatal care on the completeness of basic immunization in children aged 12-23 months in Africa using meta-analysis. Subjects and Method: A meta-analysis and systematic review was conducted to examine the effect of antenatal care on the basic immunization completeness in children aged 12-23 months. Published articles in 2015-2020 were collected from PubMed and Google Scholar databases. Keywords used “immunization coverage” OR “vaccination coverage” OR “complete immunization” OR “complete vaccination” OR “full immunization” OR “full vaccination” AND children OR “child immunization” OR “child immunization coverage” NOT “incomplete immunization” OR “incomplete vaccination”. The inclusion criteria were full text, in English language, and using cross-sectional study design. The selected articles were analyzed by Revman 5.3. Results:6 studies from Senegal, Nigeria, Ethiopia, and South Africa showed that antenatal care increased basic immunization completeness in children aged 12-23 months (aOR=1.19; 95% CI= 1.06 to 1.36; p<0.001) with I2 = 95%). Conclusion: Antenatal care increases basic immunization completeness in children aged 12-23 months. Keywords: basic immunization, antenatal care, children aged 12-23 months Correspondence: Farida. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret. Jl. Ir. Sutarmi 36A, Surakarta 57126, Central Java. Email: faridariza9232@gmail.com. Mobile: 085654415292 DOI: https://doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.03.125
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Baumer-Mouradian, Shannon, Abigail Kleinschmidt, Ashley Servi, Brian Jaworski, Kimberly Lazarevic, Matthew Kopetsky, Mark Nimmer, Thomas Hanson, Matthew Gray, and Amy Drendel. "4 Vaccinating children in the emergency department, a novel way to increase influenza vaccination rates." In IHI Scientific Symposium, Gaylord Palms Resort & Convention Center Orlando, Florida, 9th December 2019. British Medical Journal Publishing Group, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjoq-2019-ihi.4.

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Reports on the topic "Vaccination of children"

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Lewin, Simon, Sebastián García Martí, Agustín Ciapponi, Shaun Treweek, and Andy Oxman. What are the effects of interventions to improve childhood vaccination coverage? SUPPORT, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.30846/16081605.

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Routine vaccination during childhood is considered to be the single most effective way of controlling many infectious diseases, including measles, polio, diphtheria, pertussis and tetanus, and reducing child mortality and morbidity. However, not all children receive their recommended vaccinations. Different approaches that aim to increase childhood vaccination coverage include health education, monetary incentives for clients, provider oriented interventions, system interventions such as integration, home visits and reminders for parents.
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Busso, Matías, Julian P. Cristia, and Sarah D. Humpage. Research Insights: Can Reminders Boost Vaccination Rates? Inter-American Development Bank, October 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0001935.

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While families in rural Guatemala recognize the value of vaccination and mostly vaccinate their children at early ages, they often fail to follow through with the course of treatment, drastically reducing the probability of immunization. To encourage members of underserved communities to complete the vaccination cycle, community health workers were given monthly lists of children due for vaccination at the clinic, enabling them to send timely reminders to families. Reminders increased the likelihood that children completed their vaccination treatment by 2.2 percentage points in the treatment communities. For children in treatment communities who were due to receive a vaccine, and whose parents were expected to be reminded of the due date, the probability of vaccination completion increased by 4.6 percentage points.
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Busso, Matías, Julian P. Cristia, and Sarah D. Humpage. Did You Get Your Shots? Experimental Evidence on the Role of Reminders. Inter-American Development Bank, May 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011696.

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Many families fail to vaccinate their children despite the supply of these services at no cost. This study tests whether personal reminders can increase demand for vaccination. A field experiment was conducted in rural Guatemala in which timely reminders were provided to families whose children were due for a vaccine. The six-month intervention increased the probability of vaccination completion by 2.2 percentage points among all children in treatment communities. Moreover, for children in treatment communities who were due to receive a vaccine, and whose parents were expected to be reminded about that due date, the probability of vaccination completion increased by 4.9 percentage points. The cost of an additional child with complete vaccination due to the intervention is estimated at about $7.50.
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Villarroel, Maria, Adena Galinksy, Peng-Jun Lu, Cassandra Pingali, and Claudia Valenzuela. Human Papillomavirus Vaccination Coverage in Children Ages 9–17 Years: United States, 2022. National Center for Health Statistics (U.S.), February 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.15620/cdc:145593.

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Black, Lindsey, Amanda Ng, and Benjamin Zablotsky. Influenza Vaccination in the Past 12 Months Among Children Aged 6 Months to 17 Years: United States, 2019. National Center for Health Statistics, April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.15620/cdc:104187.

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Hrynick, Tabitha, Godefroid Muzalia, and Myfanwy James. Key Considerations: Risk Communication and Community Engagement for Mpox Vaccination in Eastern DRC. Institute of Development Studies, July 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/sshap.2024.024.

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This brief presents social and political considerations for the design and implementation of vaccination-related risk communication and community engagement (RCCE) strategies for mpox in the eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). A nationwide outbreak of mpox (clade I) was declared in late 2022 and now affects 23 of its 26 provinces. Notably, the outbreak is characterised by widespread human-to-human transmission unlike previous outbreaks primarily involving animal-human contact. While mpox hotspots are emerging around the country, this brief focuses on eastern DRC where complex political history and ongoing armed conflict – on top of poor infrastructure and rural isolation of many communities – present significant challenges. These challenges demand carefully designed and tailored strategies. Furthermore, a mutated, more virulent mpox strain has also emerged in the eastern province of South Kivu. Although little remains known about transmission dynamics in the outbreak overall, sexual transmission of the new strain is of concern, putting stigmatised populations such as sex workers and others at risk. Overall, however, children are the most affected population, with transmission driven by close physical contact. Along with pregnant women and people with compromised immunity (e.g., people with HIV/AIDS), children are also at higher risk of complications and death. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends targeted vaccination approaches in the context of mpox outbreaks, including as postexposure prophylaxis for these populations. The DRC Ministry of Public Health has announced intentions to vaccinate both children and adults with the LC16 and MVA-BN mpox vaccines, respectively, under a temporary emergency use authorisation as these vaccines are not yet approved in the country. Efforts are now mobilising to design vaccine and related RCCE interventions. This brief draws on a SSHAP roundtable discussion on mpox in the DRC (May 2024), consultation with social science experts and health and humanitarian actors active in or knowledgeable about the region and outbreak, and academic and grey literature.
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Corbacho, Ana, Steve Brito, and Rene Osorio Rivas. Does Birth Underregistration Reduce Childhood Immunization?: Evidence from the Dominican Republic. Inter-American Development Bank, December 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011512.

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Birth registration is not only a fundamental human right, but also a requirement for obtaining additional documents, proving legal identity, and accessing a number of government benefits. Yet, little is known about the effects of birth under-registration on access to health care. Using data from the Dominican Republic, this paper is the first to shed light on the causal impact of the lack of birth registration on childhood immunization, one of the key components of public services in many developing countries. Controlling for potential endogeneity and standard socioeconomic determinants of immunization, this paper finds that children between 0 and 59 months of age that do not have birth certificates are behind by nearly one vaccine (out of a total of nine) compared to those that have birth certificates. The results are robust to several robustness tests and threats to the exclusion restriction of the instrumental variables. Birth under-registration specifically reduces the probability of vaccination against polio, diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus--once leading causes of child morbidity and infant mortality. In addition, untimely vaccination costs governments billions per year in treatment and rehabilitation.
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Hajarizadeh, Behzad, Jennifer MacLachlan, Benjamin Cowie, and Gregory J. Dore. Population-level interventions to improve the health outcomes of people living with hepatitis B: an Evidence Check brokered by the Sax Institute for the NSW Ministry of Health, 2022. The Sax Institute, August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.57022/pxwj3682.

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Background An estimated 292 million people are living with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection globally, including 223,000 people in Australia. HBV diagnosis and linkage of people living with HBV to clinical care is suboptimal in Australia, with 27% of people living with HBV undiagnosed and 77% not receiving regular HBV clinical care. This systematic review aimed to characterize population-level interventions implemented to enhance all components of HBV care cascade and analyse the effectiveness of interventions. Review questions Question 1: What population-level interventions, programs or policy approaches have been shown to be effective in reducing the incidence of hepatitis B; and that may not yet be fully rolled out or evaluated in Australia demonstrate early effectiveness, or promise, in reducing the incidence of hepatitis B? Question 2: What population-level interventions and/or programs are effective at reducing disease burden for people in the community with hepatitis B? Methods Four bibliographic databases and 21 grey literature sources were searched. Studies were eligible for inclusion if the study population included people with or at risk of chronic HBV, and the study conducted a population-level interventions to decrease HBV incidence or disease burden or to enhance any components of HBV care cascade (i.e., diagnosis, linkage to care, treatment initiation, adherence to clinical care), or HBV vaccination coverage. Studies published in the past 10 years (since January 2012), with or without comparison groups were eligible for inclusion. Studies conducting an HBV screening intervention were eligible if they reported proportion of people participating in screening, proportion of newly diagnosed HBV (participant was unaware of their HBV status), proportion of people received HBV vaccination following screening, or proportion of participants diagnosed with chronic HBV infection who were linked to HBV clinical care. Studies were excluded if study population was less than 20 participants, intervention included a pharmaceutical intervention or a hospital-based intervention, or study was implemented in limited clinical services. The records were initially screened by title and abstract. The full texts of potentially eligible records were reviewed, and eligible studies were selected for inclusion. For each study included in analysis, the study outcome and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (95%CIs) were calculated. For studies including a comparison group, odds ratio (OR) and corresponding 95%CIs were calculated. Random effect meta-analysis models were used to calculate the pooled study outcome estimates. Stratified analyses were conducted by study setting, study population, and intervention-specific characteristics. Key findings A total of 61 studies were included in the analysis. A large majority of studies (study n=48, 79%) included single-arm studies with no concurrent control, with seven (12%) randomised controlled trials, and six (10%) non-randomised controlled studies. A total of 109 interventions were evaluated in 61 included studies. On-site or outreach HBV screening and linkage to HBV clinical care coordination were the most frequent interventions, conducted in 27 and 26 studies, respectively. Question 1 We found no studies reporting HBV incidence as the study outcome. One study conducted in remote area demonstrated that an intervention including education of pregnant women and training village health volunteers enhanced coverage of HBV birth dose vaccination (93% post-intervention, vs. 81% pre-intervention), but no data of HBV incidence among infants were reported. Question 2 Study outcomes most relevant to the HBV burden for people in the community with HBV included, HBV diagnosis, linkage to HBV care, and HBV vaccination coverage. Among randomised controlled trials aimed at enhancing HBV screening, a meta-analysis was conducted including three studies which implemented an intervention including community face-to-face education focused on HBV and/or liver cancer among migrants from high HBV prevalence areas. This analysis demonstrated a significantly higher HBV testing uptake in intervention groups with the likelihood of HBV testing 3.6 times higher among those participating in education programs compared to the control groups (OR: 3.62, 95% CI 2.72, 4.88). In another analysis, including 25 studies evaluating an intervention to enhance HBV screening, a pooled estimate of 66% of participants received HBV testing following the study intervention (95%CI: 58-75%), with high heterogeneity across studies (range: 17-98%; I-square: 99.9%). A stratified analysis by HBV screening strategy demonstrated that in the studies providing participants with on-site HBV testing, the proportion receiving HBV testing (80%, 95%CI: 72-87%) was significantly higher compared to the studies referring participants to an external site for HBV testing (54%, 95%CI: 37-71%). In the studies implementing an intervention to enhance linkage of people diagnosed with HBV infection to clinical care, the interventions included different components and varied across studies. The most common component was post-test counselling followed by assistance with scheduling clinical appointments, conducted in 52% and 38% of the studies, respectively. In meta-analysis, a pooled estimate of 73% of people with HBV infection were linked to HBV clinical care (95%CI: 64-81%), with high heterogeneity across studies (range: 28-100%; I-square: 99.2%). A stratified analysis by study population demonstrated that in the studies among general population in high prevalence countries, 94% of people (95%CI: 88-100%) who received the study intervention were linked to care, significantly higher than 72% (95%CI: 61-83%) in studies among migrants from high prevalence area living in a country with low prevalence. In 19 studies, HBV vaccination uptake was assessed after an intervention, among which one study assessed birth dose vaccination among infants, one study assessed vaccination in elementary school children and 17 studies assessed vaccination in adults. Among studies assessing adult vaccination, a pooled estimate of 38% (95%CI: 21-56%) of people initiated vaccination, with high heterogeneity across studies (range: 0.5-93%; I square: 99.9%). A stratified analysis by HBV vaccination strategy demonstrated that in the studies providing on-site vaccination, the uptake was 78% (95%CI: 62-94%), significantly higher compared to 27% (95%CI: 13-42%) in studies referring participants to an external site for vaccination. Conclusion This systematic review identified a wide variety of interventions, mostly multi-component interventions, to enhance HBV screening, linkage to HBV clinical care, and HBV vaccination coverage. High heterogeneity was observed in effectiveness of interventions in all three domains of screening, linkage to care, and vaccination. Strategies identified to boost the effectiveness of interventions included providing on-site HBV testing and vaccination (versus referral for testing and vaccination) and including community education focussed on HBV or liver cancer in an HBV screening program. Further studies are needed to evaluate the effectiveness of more novel interventions (e.g., point of care testing) and interventions specifically including Indigenous populations, people who inject drugs, men who have sex with men, and people incarcerated.
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9

Bernal, Pedro, Giuliana Daga, and Florencia Lopez Boo. Do Behavioral Drivers Matter for Healthcare Decision-making in Times of Crisis?: A study of Low-Income Women in El Salvador During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Inter-American Development Bank, August 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0005094.

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Abstract:
Understanding health-seeking behaviors and their drivers is key for governments to manage health policies. There is a growing literature on the role of cognitive biases and heuristics in health and care-seeking behaviors, but little is known of how they might be influenced during a context of heightened anxiety and uncertainty. This study analyzes the relationship between four behavioral predictors the internal locus of control, impatience, optimism bias, and aspirations and healthcare decisions among low-income women in El Salvador. We find positive associations between internal locus of control and preventive health behaviors during the COVID-19 pandemic (use of masks, distance, hand washing, and COVID-19 vaccination) and in general (prenatal checkups, iron-rich diets for children and hypertension tests). Measures of impatience negatively correlate with COVID-19 prevention behaviors and mothers micronutrient treatment adherence for children, and optimism bias and educational aspirations with healthcare-seeking behaviors during the COVID-19 pandemic. Some associations were more robust during the pandemic, suggesting that feelings of uncertainty and stress could enhance behavioral drivers influence on health-related behaviors, a novel and relevant finding in the literature relevant for the design of policy responses for future shocks.
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10

Gidengil, Courtney, Matthew Bidwell Goetz, Margaret Maglione, Sydne J. Newberry, Peggy Chen, Kelsey O’Hollaren, Nabeel Qureshi, et al. Safety of Vaccines Used for Routine Immunization in the United States: An Update. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepccer244.

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Abstract:
Objective. To conduct a systematic review of the literature on the safety of vaccines recommended for routine immunization in the United States, updating the 2014 Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) report on the topic. Data sources. We searched MEDLINE®, Embase®, CINAHL®, Cochrane CENTRAL, Web of Science, and Scopus through November 9, 2020, building on the prior 2014 report; reviewed existing reviews, trial registries, and supplemental material submitted to AHRQ; and consulted with experts. Review methods. This report addressed three Key Questions (KQs) on the safety of vaccines currently in use in the United States and included in the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s (CDC) recommended immunization schedules for adults (KQ1), children and adolescents (KQ2), and pregnant women (KQ3). The systematic review was supported by a Technical Expert Panel that identified key adverse events of particular concern. Two reviewers independently screened publications; data were extracted by an experienced subject matter expert. Studies of vaccines that used a comparator and reported the presence or absence of adverse events were eligible. We documented observed rates and assessed the relative risks for key adverse events. We assessed the strength of evidence (SoE) across the existing findings from the prior 2014 report and the new evidence from this update. The systematic review is registered in PROSPERO (CRD42020180089). Results. A large body of evidence is available to evaluate adverse events following vaccination. Of 56,608 reviewed citations, 189 studies met inclusion criteria for this update, adding to data in the prior 2014 report, for a total of 338 included studies reported in 518 publications. Regarding vaccines recommended for adults (KQ1), we found either no new evidence of increased risk for key adverse events with varied SoE or insufficient evidence in this update, including for newer vaccines such as recombinant influenza vaccine, adjuvanted inactivated influenza vaccine, and recombinant adjuvanted zoster vaccine. The prior 2014 report noted a signal for anaphylaxis for hepatitis B vaccines in adults with yeast allergy and for tetanus, diphtheria, and acellular pertussis vaccines. Regarding vaccines recommended for children and adolescents (KQ2), we found either no new evidence of increased risk for key adverse events with varied SoE or insufficient evidence, including for newer vaccines such as 9-valent human papillomavirus vaccine and meningococcal B vaccine. The prior 2014 report noted signals for rare adverse events—such as anaphylaxis, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, and febrile seizures—with some childhood vaccines. Regarding vaccines recommended for pregnant women (KQ3), we found no evidence of increased risk for key adverse events with varied SoE among either pregnant women or their infants following administration of tetanus, diphtheria, and acellular pertussis vaccines during pregnancy. Conclusion. Across this large body of research, we found no new evidence of increased risk since the prior 2014 report for key adverse events following administration of vaccines that are routinely recommended. Signals from the prior report remain unchanged for rare adverse events, which include anaphylaxis in adults and children, and febrile seizures and idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura in children. There is no evidence of increased risk of adverse events for vaccines currently recommended in pregnant women. There remains insufficient evidence to draw conclusions about some rare potential adverse events.
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