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Journal articles on the topic 'Uveitis treatment'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Du, Lin, Yolanda Wong Ying Yip, Him Kwan Ng, Bo Man Ho, Jing-Na He, Sun On Chan, Chi Pui Pang, and Wai Kit Chu. "Ruxolitinib Alleviates Uveitis Caused by Salmonella typhimurium Endotoxin." Microorganisms 9, no. 7 (July 11, 2021): 1481. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9071481.

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Uveitis is characterized by inflammatory lesions of intraocular structures. It is one of the important manifestations in patients with Reiter’s syndrome, an inflammatory arthritis, which is caused by enteric infection with bacteria, including Salmonella typhimurium. Corticosteroids remain the most frequently used therapies against uveitis associating with inflammatory arthritis. However, the long-term administration of steroids results in many side effects, and some uveitis patients do not respond to steroid treatment. Non-steroidal treatments are needed for uveitis patients. Our previous study found that Janus kinase (JAK) 1/2 inhibitor, ruxolitinib could suppress the expression of proinflammatory mediators in the ciliary body and iris. However, the impacts of ruxolitinib on ophthalmic features in uveitic eyes are still unknown. In this study, Salmonella typhimurium endotoxin-induced uveitis (EIU) was induced in Sprague Dawley rats by the injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Compared with LPS-induced rats treated with water, ruxolitinib significantly attenuated the clinical manifestations, infiltrating cells and protein exudation in the aqueous humor, and retina–choroid thickening. Amplitudes of b-wave in both scotopic and photopic electroretinogram (ERG), and the amplitude of a-wave in scotopic ERG in EIU animals were alleviated by ruxolitinib. Collectively, we propose ruxolitinib could attenuate endotoxin-induced uveitis and rescue visual functions in rats by inhibiting the JAK2-STAT3 pathway.

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Al-Dhibi, Hassan, Issam H. Hamade, Ali Al-Halafi, Maan Barry, Charbel Bou Chacra, Vishali Gupta, and Khalid F. Tabbara. "The Effects of Intravitreal Bevacizumab in Infectious and Noninfectious Uveitic Macular Edema." Journal of Ophthalmology 2014 (2014): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/729465.

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Background/Aims.To assess the effect of intravitreal bevacizumab injection (IVBI) for the treatment of macular edema due to infectious and noninfectious uveitides.Design.Retrospective interventional case series.Methods.A chart review was performed on all the patients who were diagnosed with uveitic macular edema (UME) and received 1.25 mg of IVBI at two referral centers in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. All included patients had their visual acuity and macular thickness analyzed at baseline and at 1 and 3 months following IVBI and any sign of reactivation was noted.Results.The mean age of patients was41±16years with a mean followup of4±1months. Ten patients had idiopathic intermediate uveitis, 9 patients had Behcet’s disease, 10 had idiopathic panuveitis, and twelve patients had presumed ocular tuberculosis uveitis. Following IVBI, the mean LogMAR visual acuity improved from0.8±0.8at baseline to0.4±0.5at 1 month and0.3±0.5at 3 months (P<0.002, at 3 months). The mean macular thickness was430±132 μm at baseline. Following IVBI macular thickness improved to286±93 μm at 1 month and to265±88 μm at 3 months of followup (P<0.001, at 3 months).Conclusion.Bevacizumab was effective in the management of UME associated with both infectious and noninfectious uveitides. Intravitreal bevacizumab induced remission of UME with infectious uveitis and had no immunosuppressive effect against infectious agents.

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Géhl, Zsuzsanna, Zsuzsanna Szepessy, and Zoltán Zsolt Nagy. "A TNFα-gátló szemészeti alkalmazása: adalimumabkezelés uveitisben." Orvosi Hetilap 162, no. 34 (August 22, 2021): 1370–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/650.2021.32188.

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Összefoglaló. Bevezetés: Az adalimumab egy TNFα-gátló monoklonális antitest; számos indikációja közül a nem fertőzéses eredetű intermedier, posterior és panuveitisek kezelésében is általánosan alkalmazható készítmény. Célkitűzés: A felnőttkori nem fertőzéses eredetű uveitis miatt adalimumabkezelést kapó betegekkel szerzett tapasztalataink összefoglalása. Betegek és módszerek: Retrospektív esetsorozatban vizsgáljuk a budapesti Uveitis Centrumban (a Semmelweis Egyetem Szemészeti Klinikájának Uveitis Ambulanciáján) 2018 és 2020 között adalimumabbal kezelt felnőtt, nem fertőzéses eredetű uveitises eseteinket. Eredmények: 13 beteget mutatunk be (8 nő, 5 férfi), átlagéletkor 45 (26–80) év. Az adalimumabot 12 beteg Humira, 1 beteg Amgevita készítmény formájában kapja. Az uveitis eredete 2 esetben ’birdshot’ chorioretinitis, 2 esetben Behçet-kór, 1 esetben sarcoidosis, 3 esetben retinalis vasculitis, 1 esetben Vogt–Koyanagi–Harada-betegség volt, és 4 esetben idiopathiás eredetűnek bizonyult. Az adalimumabkezelést 7 betegnél kellett elhagyni, elsősorban terápiás elégtelenség miatt, míg 6 betegnél jelenleg is eredményesen folyik a kezelés. Következtetés: Tapasztalataink alapján az adalimumab biztonságos, kevés mellékhatással bíró, hatékony kezelés számos uveitisformában önmagában adva vagy kis dózisú szteroiddal kiegészítve. Korábbi terápiákra (szteroid, immunszuppresszió) rezisztens esetekben is alkalmazható. A szemészetben a szisztémás biológiai terápia, az adalimumab bevezetése az uveitises betegek kezelésében a látóélesség megőrzése szempontjából sorsdöntő jelentőségű. Orv Hetil. 2021; 162(34): 1370–1375. Summary. Introduction: Adalimumab is a monoclonal antibody that inhibits TNFα and among other indications it can be a systemic treatment in the non-infectious intermediate, posterior and panuveitis. Objective: To summarize our experience in patients receiving adalimumab for adult non-infectious uveitis. Patients and methods: We investigate our adult cases of non-infectious uveitis treated with adalimumab between 2018 and 2020 in a retrospective case series at the Uveitis Center in Budapest (Semmelweis University, Department of Ophthalmology, Uveitis Department). Results: We present 13 patients (8 females, 5 males) with a mean age of 45 (26–80) years. Adalimumab is given to 12 patients as Humira and 1 patient as Amgevita. The etiology of uveitis was in 2 cases birdshot chorioretinitis, 2 Behçet’s disease, 1 sarcoidosis, 3 retinal vasculitis, 1 Vogt–Koyanagi–Harada disease, and 4 of idiopathic origin. Adalimumab treatment had to be discontinued in 7 cases, mainly due to therapeutic insufficiency, while in 6 cases we are still successfully treating patients. Conclusion: According to our experience, adalimumab is a safe and effective treatment, with minimal side effect in many forms of uveitis alone, or in combination with a low-dose steroid. It can also be used in cases where traditional immunosuppressive therapies are ineffective. In ophthalmology, systemic biologic therapy, availability of adalimumab in the treatment of uveitis is crucial for maintaining visual acuity at affected patients. Orv Hetil. 2021; 162(34): 1370–1375.

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4

Tallouzi, Mohammad O., David J. Moore, Nicholas Bucknall, Philip I. Murray, Melanie J. Calvert, Alastair K. Denniston, and Jonathan M. Mathers. "Outcomes important to patients with non-infectious posterior segment-involving uveitis: a qualitative study." BMJ Open Ophthalmology 5, no. 1 (July 2020): e000481. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjophth-2020-000481.

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ObjectiveUveitis, a group of disorders characterised by intraocular inflammation, causes 10%–15% of total blindness in the developed world. The most sight-threatening forms of non-infectious uveitis are those affecting the posterior segment of the eye, collectively known as posterior segment-involving uveitis (PSIU). Numerous different clinical outcomes have been used in trials evaluating treatments for PSIU, but these may not represent patients’ and carers’ concerns. Therefore, the aims of this study were to understand the impact of PSIU on adult patients’ and carers’ lives and to explore what outcomes of treatment are important to them.Methods and AnalysisFour focus group discussions were undertaken to understand the perspectives of adult patients (=18) and carers (10) with PSIU. Participants were grouped according to whether or not their uveitis was complicated by the sight-threatening condition uveitic macular oedema. Discussions were audio-recorded, transcribed and analysed using the framework analytical approach. Outcomes were identified and grouped into outcome domains.ResultsEleven core domains were identified as important to patients and carers undergoing treatment for PSIU, comprising (1) visual function, (2) symptoms, (3) functional ability, (4) impact on relationships, (5) financial impact, (6) psychological morbidity and emotional well-being, (7) psychosocial adjustment to uveitis, (8) doctor/patient/interprofessional relationships and access to healthcare, (9) treatment burden, (10) treatment side effects, and (11) disease control.ConclusionThe domains identified represent patients’ and carers’ experience and perspectives and can be used to reflect on outcomes assessed in PSIU. They will directly inform the development of a core outcome set for PSIU clinical trials.

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5

BenEzra, David. "IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE TREATMENT OF UVEITIS." International Ophthalmology Clinics 30, no. 4 (1990): 309–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004397-199030040-00022.

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6

Dinning, William J. "Medical treatment of uveitis." Current Opinion in Ophthalmology 1, no. 4 (August 1990): 402–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00055735-199001040-00012.

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7

Deutman, August F. "Surgical treatment of uveitis." Current Opinion in Ophthalmology 1, no. 4 (August 1990): 405–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00055735-199001040-00013.

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Dinning, William J. "Medical treatment of uveitis." Current Opinion in Ophthalmology 1, no. 4 (August 1990): 402–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00055735-199008000-00012.

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Deutman, August F. "Surgical treatment of uveitis." Current Opinion in Ophthalmology 1, no. 4 (August 1990): 405–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00055735-199008000-00013.

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10

Harrington, Monica. "Advances in uveitis treatment." Lab Animal 36, no. 10 (November 2007): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/laban1107-8b.

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11

WHITCUP, SCOTT M., and ROBERT B. NUSSENBLATT. "Treatment of Autoimmune Uveitis." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 696, no. 1 (December 17, 2006): 307–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1993.tb17166.x.

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12

Rudometkin, Nathan. "Infliximab in Uveitis Treatment." Archives of Ophthalmology 124, no. 8 (August 1, 2006): 1211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archopht.124.8.1211-a.

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13

Commodaro, Alessandra Gonçalves, Luciana de Deus Vieira de Moraes, Denise Vilarinho Tambourgi, Rubens Belfort Jr., Osvaldo Augusto Sant’Anna, and Luiz Vicente Rizzo. "Autoimmune uveitis: study of treatment therapies." Einstein (São Paulo) 8, no. 1 (March 2010): 117–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1679-45082010rb1416.

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ABSTRACT Experimental autoimmune uveitis is an organ-specific T-cell mediated autoimmune disease characterized by inflammation and consequent destruction of the neural retina and adjacent tissues. Inflammation in experimental autoimmune uveitis may be induced in rodents by immunization with retinal antigens, such as interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein. We present a review of experimental studies that correlate primary immunobiological functions with this chronic disease and the possible use of molecules for the treatment of autoimmune uveitis.

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14

Kiratli, Hayyam, Mehmet C. Mocan, and Murat İrkeç. "In vivo Confocal Microscopy in Differentiating Ipilimumab-Induced Anterior Uveitis from Metastatic Uveal Melanoma." Case Reports in Ophthalmology 7, no. 3 (September 9, 2016): 404–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000448730.

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This report aims to describe the facilitating role of in vivo confocal microscopy in differentiating inflammatory cells from a metastatic process in a patient with uveal melanoma and multiple systemic metastases who developed anterior uveitis while under ipilimumab treatment. A 43-year-old woman developed systemic metastases 11 months after treatment of amelanotic choroidal melanoma in her right eye with 30 Gy fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy. She first received temozolomide and then 4 cycles of ipilimumab 3 mg/kg/day. After the third cycle, severe anterior uveitis with coarse pigment clumps on the lens was seen in the left eye. Her left visual acuity declined from 20/20 to 20/80. Confocal microscopy revealed globular keratic precipitates with hyperreflective inclusions and endothelial blebs all suggestive of granulomatous uveitis. The uveitic reaction subsided after a 3-week course of topical corticosteroids, and her visual acuity was 20/20 again. Although uveal melanoma metastatic to the intraocular structures of the fellow eye is exceedingly rare and metastasis masquerading uveitis without any identifiable uveal lesion is even more unusual, it was still mandatory to rule out this distant possibility in our particular patient who already had widespread systemic metastases. Confocal microscopy was a useful complementary tool by identifying the inflammatory features of the keratic precipitates.

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Katargina, L. A., E. V. Denisova, and O. V. Novikova. "THE EVALUATION OF THE STATE OF CHOROID IN THE PATIENTS PRESENTING WITH UVEITIS OF DIFFERENT ETIOLOGY BASED ON THE RESULTS OF OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY." Russian Pediatric Ophthalmology 12, no. 1 (March 15, 2017): 27–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/1993-1859-2017-12-1-27-34.

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The evaluation of the state of choroid in the patients presenting with uveitis is one of the promising directions in modern ophthalmological diagnostics because it provides the opportunity for obtaining the objective quantitative characteristics of the activity of the inflammatory process and thereby makes it possible to more accurately estimate the effectiveness of the treatment. It has been shown that the thickness of choroid considerably increases during the acute phase of Vogt-Koyanangi-Harada disease, active uveitis associated with Behcet’s disease, sarcoidosis, and toxoplasmosis and returns to the normal value under the influence of the treatment. In certain cases, the thickness of choroid decreases in comparison with that in the healthy eyes. The thinning of choroid was documented also at the stage of the clinical remission of birdshot retinochoroidopathy, Fuchs syndrome-associated uveitis, posterior non-infectious and idiopathic pan-uveites. It can possibly be the result of the atrophy of choroid due to the inflammatory and ischemic processes. Unfortunately, the available literature data have been obtained in disconnected studies of the choroid of the patients suffering from uveitis that involved only the small number of the patients and were confined to a few selected etiological and pathogenetic structural variants of this condition.

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Morelle, Guillaume, Julie Gueudry, Florence Uettwiller, Carine Wouters, Brigitte Bader-Meunier, Mathieu P. Robert, Dominique Monnet, Bahram Bodaghi, Martine Grall-lerosey, and Pierre Quartier. "Chronic and recurrent non-infectious paediatric-onset uveitis: a French cohort." RMD Open 5, no. 2 (August 2019): e000933. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/rmdopen-2019-000933.

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ObjectiveTo evaluate the demographics, aetiologies, complications, treatments and visual prognoses of chronic and recurrent non-infectious paediatric-onset uveitis in France.MethodsDescriptive, retrospective and bicentric study in patients whose disease started before 17 and who were followed up in two centres from January 2010 to May 2017.ResultsWe included 147 patients with 268 affected eyes. Eighty-two had juvenile idiopathic arthritis-associated chronic uveitis, 58 were antinuclear antibody (ANA) positive and 24 were ANA negative, 36 had idiopathic uveitis, 9 had enthesitis-related arthritis-associated uveitis, 9 had sarcoidosis-associated uveitis and 11 had other inflammatory aetiologies. These patients cumulated 161 complications: ocular hypertension, cataract, band keratopathy, macular oedema, optic disk oedema and decreased visual acuity, including permanent visual loss for 31 patients. The most used treatments were corticosteroid (CS) eye drops (82%), systemic CSs (34%), methotrexate (58%) and biologics (38%). At the latest follow-up, 45 patients had achieved remission of uveitis without any treatment, 56 had inactive uveitis on topical steroids and 48 still had active uveitis.ConclusionPaediatric-onset uveitis are associated with a high rate of complications. However, following the introduction of biologics and particularly antitumour necrosis factor alpha antibodies, a significant proportion of uveitis became inactive on or even off treatment.

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Muñoz-Negrete, Francisco J., Javier Moreno-Montañés, Paula Hernández-Martínez, and Gema Rebolleda. "Current Approach in the Diagnosis and Management of Uveitic Glaucoma." BioMed Research International 2015 (2015): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/742792.

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Uveitic glaucoma (UG) typically is associated with very high intraocular pressure (IOP) and more intense optic nerve damage than other glaucoma types. This secondary glaucoma requires an early diagnosis and adequate management of both uveitis and glaucoma. It is mandatory to identify the mechanisms of IOP elevation that in many eyes have multiple combined mechanisms. Management of these patients commonly requires an interdisciplinary approach that includes a glaucoma specialist and rheumatologist to control the inflammation and IOP. Glaucoma surgery is required early in these patients due to the high IOP usually present and is less successful than in primary open-angle glaucoma. Recurrent uveitic episodes, multiple mechanism, and the complications associated with uveitis make surgical management of UG challenging. In this review, the management and treatment of UG are updated to clarify the pathogenesis and prevent optic nerve damage.

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Jouve, Léa, Rabah Benrabah, Emmanuel Héron, Bahram Bodaghi, Phuc Le Hoang, and Valérie Touitou. "Multiple Sclerosis-related Uveitis: Does MS Treatment Affect Uveitis Course?" Ocular Immunology and Inflammation 25, no. 3 (February 22, 2016): 302–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/09273948.2015.1125508.

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Stanojević-Paović, Anka, Aleksandra Radosavljević, Gordana Zlatanović, Ana Oros, Sonja Cekić, Aleksandra Ilić, and Svetlana Jovanović. "Recommendations for treatment of non-infectious uveitis." Medicinski casopis 52, no. 2 (2018): 56–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/mckg52-16947.

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Krakhmaleva, D. A., E. A. Pivin, S. V. Trufanov, and S. A. Malozhen. "MODERN OPPORTUNITIES IN UVEITIS TREATMENT." Ophthalmology in Russia 14, no. 2 (January 1, 2017): 113–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.18008/1816-5095-2017-2-113-119.

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Sangwan, VirenderS. "Treatment of uveitis: Beyond steroids." Indian Journal of Ophthalmology 58, no. 1 (2010): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0301-4738.58466.

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22

Ishioka, Misaki, Shigeaki Ohno, Satoshi Nakamura, Kazumi Isobe, Nami Watanabe, Yoshiaki Ishigatsubo, and Shun-ichi Tanaka. "FK506 Treatment of Noninfectious Uveitis." American Journal of Ophthalmology 118, no. 6 (December 1994): 723–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0002-9394(14)72551-6.

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Lin, Phoebe, Eric B. Suhler, and James T. Rosenbaum. "The Future of Uveitis Treatment." Ophthalmology 121, no. 1 (January 2014): 365–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2013.08.029.

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Mansour, Ahmad M. "Infliximab treatment of posterior uveitis." Ophthalmology 111, no. 1 (January 2004): 197–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2003.10.012.

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Jampol, Lee. "Diagnosis and treatment of uveitis,." Survey of Ophthalmology 48, no. 5 (September 2003): 566. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0039-6257(03)00093-6.

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Colitz, Carmen M. H. "Feline Uveitis: Diagnosis and Treatment." Clinical Techniques in Small Animal Practice 20, no. 2 (May 2005): 117–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.ctsap.2004.12.016.

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Suhler, Eric B. "Infliximab in Uveitis Treatment—Reply." Archives of Ophthalmology 124, no. 8 (August 1, 2006): 1211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archopht.124.8.1211-b.

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Simonini, Gabriele, Claudia Bracaglia, Marco Cattalini, Andrea Taddio, Alice Brambilla, Cinzia De Libero, Denise Pires Marafon, Roberto Caputo, and Rolando Cimaz. "Predictors of Relapse after Discontinuing Systemic Treatment in Childhood Autoimmune Chronic Uveitis." Journal of Rheumatology 44, no. 6 (April 1, 2017): 822–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3899/jrheum.161336.

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Objective.To identify clinical predictors of relapse in childhood autoimmune chronic uveitis after stopping systemic treatment.Methods.A retrospective, multicenter, cohort study.Results.Ninety-four children in remission, receiving no treatments and with at least a 6-month followup, were enrolled. A higher probability of maintaining remission after discontinuing treatment was shown in idiopathic compared with juvenile idiopathic arthritis uveitis (Mantel-Cox chi-square = 23.21) if inactivity had been obtained within 6 months from starting systemic treatment (Mantel-Cox chi-square = 24.17) and by antitumor necrosis factor-α treatment (Mantel-Cox chi-square = 6.43).Conclusion.Type of disease, time, and type of systemic therapy to achieve inactivity predict different duration of uveitis remission after treatment withdrawal.

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Tappeiner, Christoph, Elisabetta Miserocchi, Bahram Bodaghi, Kaisu Kotaniemi, Friederike Mackensen, Valeria Gerloni, Pierre Quartier, Thomas Lutz, and Arnd Heiligenhaus. "Abatacept in the Treatment of Severe, Longstanding, and Refractory Uveitis Associated with Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis." Journal of Rheumatology 42, no. 4 (February 1, 2015): 706–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3899/jrheum.140410.

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Objective.Abatacept (ABA), a selective T cell costimulation modulator that binds to CD80 and CD86 on antigen-presenting cells, was investigated for its antiinflammatory effect in treating severe chronic uveitis associated with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA).Methods.Our retrospective study was conducted by members of the Multinational Interdisciplinary Working Group for Uveitis in Childhood (MIWGUC). Patients with JIA who are receiving ABA treatment for active uveitis were included. In all patients, uveitis had been refractory to previous topical and systemic corticosteroids, immunosuppressives, and at least 1 tumor necrosis factor–α inhibitor. A standardized protocol was used to document uveitis (MIWGUC) and arthritis. Baseline visit and visits at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months before and after ABA start were evaluated. Primary outcome measure was defined as achievement of uveitis inactivity; secondary outcome measures were tapering of corticosteroid and/or immunosuppressive treatment, and occurrence of complications.Results.In all, 21 patients (16 female) with active uveitis (n = 21) and arthritis (n = 18) were included (mean age 11.8 ± 3.6 yrs). In 7 of 18 patients with active arthritis at baseline, inactivity was achieved following ABA treatment. Uveitis inactivity was achieved in 11 patients, but recurred later in 8 of them, and remained active in another 10 cases. Systemic corticosteroids or immunosuppression were tapered in 3 patients, but uveitis recurred in all of them during further followup. Ocular complications secondary to uveitis were present in 17 patients at baseline, while 3 patients developed new ocular complications during followup.Conclusion.A sustained response to ABA was uncommon in patients with severe and refractory uveitis.

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Conrady, Christopher D., Akbar Shakoor, Rachel Patel, Marissa Larochelle, Majid Moshirfar, Craig J. Chaya, Rachael Jacoby, and Albert T. Vitale. "Combined Phacoemulsification and Pars Plana Vitrectomy for the Treatment of Cataract in Patients With Noninfectious Uveitis." Journal of VitreoRetinal Diseases 4, no. 5 (July 1, 2020): 393–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2474126420930489.

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Purpose: This work evaluates the role of combined phacoemulsification and vitrectomy surgery in the management of cataract associated with noninfectious uveitis. Methods: A retrospective chart review was conducted of all patients aged 7 years or older who underwent a combined surgical approach from 2005 to 2018. Results: Eighty-five eyes of 67 patients were included in the study; 10.7% of eyes had a best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) of 20/40 or better at time of surgery. At 1-year follow-up, 63.4% of eyes had a BCVA 20/40 or better and 7.6% had a BCVA of 20/200 or worse. There was an overall decrease in cystoid macular edema after surgery compared with preoperatively (47.6% vs 34.5% presurgery and postsurgery, respectively). Complete inflammatory disease remission off immunomodulatory therapy and systemic steroids was achieved in 21.1% of patients. Conclusions: A combined surgical approach is effective in visual rehabilitation in patients with uveitic cataracts and may promote inflammatory disease remission specifically in intermediate uveitis.

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Li, Sicong, Fang Liu, Kai Zhang, Yujia Tong, and Xin Liu. "Research Progress on the Mechanism of Natural Product Ingredients in the Treatment of Uveitis." Journal of Immunology Research 2021 (July 16, 2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6683411.

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As the spectrum of ophthalmic diseases keeps changing, uveitis has gradually become one of the major blinding eye diseases in the world. Although the efficacy and safety of adalimumab and other biological agents in the treatment of uveitis have been proved in clinical studies, no biological agents have been approved for the treatment of uveitis by Chinese National Medical Products Administration (NMPA). The quality of life and prognosis of uveitis patients are affected by the adverse reactions of currently available immunosuppressive drugs. In recent years, it has become a research hotspot to select effective components for uveitis treatment from natural drugs. Based on the classification of chemical structure, the therapeutic effect and mechanism of natural drug components on uveitis were discussed in detail, in order to provide reference for basic drug development and clinical research.

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Komatsu, Kaori, Yosuke Harada, Tomona Hiyama, Ikuyo Sada, Kazuyuki Hirooka, and Yoshiaki Kiuchi. "Corneal Endothelial Cell Loss after Ciliary Sulcus Placement of Ahmed Glaucoma Valve in Patients with Noninfectious Uveitic Glaucoma." Journal of Personalized Medicine 12, no. 12 (December 16, 2022): 2075. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jpm12122075.

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This study was performed to investigate the corneal endothelial cell density (CECD) reduction and treatment efficacy in patients with uveitic glaucoma treated by the ciliary sulcus placement of the Ahmed glaucoma valve (AGV). This retrospective study included 27 eyes of 27 patients with noninfectious uveitis who underwent the sulcus placement of the AGV. Each patient underwent a clinical assessment including a CECD measurement before surgery and at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months after surgery. The mean CECD was 2431.4 ± 367.5 cells/mm2 at preoperative baseline and 2360.5 ± 391.3 cells/mm2 at 12 months (p = 0.074), with a reduction rate of 2.73 ± 9.29%. The CECD reduction was significantly greater in patients with unilateral uveitis than that with bilateral uveitis. The rate of successful intraocular pressure control was 88% at 12 months, and the number of intraocular pressure-lowering medications was significantly reduced (p < 0.001). The current study showed that the implantation of an Ahmed tube into the ciliary sulcus provided stable intraocular pressure control in patients with glaucoma secondary to noninfectious uveitis, and CECD reduction was moderate in most patients at 12 months.

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Muntean, Laura, and Simona Rednic. "TREATMENT OF UVEITIS ASSOCIATED WITH SYSTEMIC AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES IN ADULTS: A CONCISE OVERVIEW." Romanian Journal of Rheumatology 26, no. 4 (December 31, 2017): 154–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.37897/rjr.2017.4.3.

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Uveitis represents a heterogenous group of inflammatory ocular diseases which may cause vision loss. Association of uveitis with arthritis may occur in many systemic autoimmune diseases, including spondyloarthritis, juvenile idiopathic arthritis, Behҫet’s disease and sarcoidosis. Recent advances in the field of autoimmune diseases have provided new insights and developments of diverse therapies for noninfectious uveitis. However, the optimal treatment strategy for patients with uveitis remains to be defined. Topical and/or systemic corticosteroids are the first-line therapy of autoimmune uveitis, but relapses are frequent after treatment cessation. Chronic use of corticosteroids is associated with significant systemic and ocular side effects. Many patients require treatment with conventional immunomodulatory drugs and/or biological agents in order to maintain long-term remission for both ocular inflammation and systemic disease. Treatment of uveitis should be individualized based on several factors, including the location of ocular inflammation, the inflammation severity, the impact on visual function and quality of life, the type of systemic autoimmune disease, and comorbidities. This paper provides a concise overview of the current treatment modalities and strategies available for adult patients with uveitis associated with systemic autoimmune diseases.

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Li, Dongchen, Li Yang, Feng Bai, Shun Zeng, and Xiaoli Liu. "Clinical Manifestations, Diagnosis, Treatment and Prognosis of Uveitis Induced by Anticancer Drugs: A Review of Literature." Brain Sciences 12, no. 9 (August 31, 2022): 1168. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12091168.

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There are increasing reports that anticancer drugs, especially immunotherapy and specific targeted therapy, can cause uveitis, but it is not fully understood whether the clinical features of this drug-induced uveitis differ from those of other types of uveitis and whether there are differences between these drugs. We retrospectively reviewed the published cases and case series in PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane from January 2011 to October 2020. We analysed the data, including patients’ basic information, medications used, duration of use, time to onset, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of uveitis. We focused on the differences in uveitis caused by immunotherapy and specific targeted therapy. Altogether 93 cases (43 men, 48 women, and 2 cases whose gender was not mentioned) reported in 55 articles were included in this study. The average age was 59.6 ± 13.5 years. Eighty percent of the patients had bilateral involvement. Sixty cases were caused by immunotherapy (64.5%), and twenty-six were caused by specific targeted therapy (27.9%). No significant difference was found in the mean time from treatment to onset between the two groups. Anticancer drug-induced uveitis can involve all parts of the uvea from anterior to posterior, manifested as anterior chamber flare, anterior chamber cells, papillitis, macular oedema, subretinal fluid, and choroidal effusion. Anterior uveitis (24 cases, 40.0%) was more common in immunotherapy, and intermediate uveitis (8 cases, 30.8%) was more common in specific targeted therapy. The mean LogMAR visual acuity in specific targeted therapy at presentation was lower than in immunotherapy, but it was not statistically significant. Corticosteroid therapy can effectively control uveitis induced by anticancer drugs. However, the survival prognosis was poor. Among the 19 patients with reported cancer prognosis, seven (36.8%) had no cancer progression, eight (42.1%) had further metastases, and four (21.0%) died of cancer. In conclusion, uveitis caused by anticancer drugs involves both eyes and manifests as various types of uveitis. Patients with specific targeted therapy are more likely to have intermediate uveitis and low vision, and immunotherapy patients are more likely to have anterior uveitis. Corticosteroids are effective against uveitis caused by anticancer drugs.

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Choi, Seung Yong, Jae Hoon Lee, Jae-Yon Won, Jeong Ah Shin, and Young-Hoon Park. "Ocular Manifestations of Biopsy-Proven Pulmonary Sarcoidosis in Korea." Journal of Ophthalmology 2018 (2018): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/9308414.

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Purpose. To investigate the clinical features and ocular manifestations of biopsy-proven pulmonary sarcoidosis in Korea. Methods. 55 patients diagnosed with pulmonary sarcoidosis by bronchoscopic or excisional biopsy were included. By retrospective clinical chart review, we investigated features of uveitis, ocular and systemic treatments, visual acuity, angiotensin-converting enzyme level, chest radiography, and pulmonary function tests. Clinical features were analyzed by presence of uveitis, site of biopsy, and first manifested sign of sarcoidosis. Results. The group with uveitis (n=39) presented with higher systemic (71.8%) and immunosuppressive treatment rates (35.9%) than the group without uveitis (31.3%, 0%, resp.) (P=0.007, P=0.005, resp.). There were no significant differences in clinical features, including systemic treatment rate, by type of biopsy. Of 39 patients with uveitis, the group with ocular manifestation as a first sign of sarcoidosis showed higher systemic and immunosuppressive treatment rates (88.9%, 55.6%) compared to the group with pulmonary manifestation as a first sign (57.1%, 19.0%) (P=0.037, P=0.018, resp.). Conclusions. In patients with biopsy-proven pulmonary sarcoidosis, the presence of ocular involvement and uveitis as a first sign could be significant factors associated with higher systemic treatment rate, especially with immunosuppressive agents. Biopsy site determined by location and size had no influence on clinical features.

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Taylor, Simon R. J., Zohar Habot-Wilner, Patricio Pacheco, and Sue L. Lightman. "Intraocular Methotrexate in the Treatment of Uveitis and Uveitic Cystoid Macular Edema." Ophthalmology 116, no. 4 (April 2009): 797–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2008.10.033.

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Kim, Minji Jennifer, Nicholas Jones, and Laura R. Steeples. "Miliary tuberculosis developing during adalimumab treatment for Behçet’s disease with uveitis." BMJ Case Reports 11, no. 1 (December 2018): e226772. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2018-226772.

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Tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) is a key proinflammatory cytokine in non-infective uveitis (NIU). Adalimumab, an anti-TNF-α monoclonal antibody, is approved for the treatment of severe NIU by the European Medicines Agency. There is a recognised risk of serious infections, including tuberculosis (TB), during anti-TNF-α therapy in systemic immune-mediated diseases. We describe miliary pulmonary TB during adalimumab therapy for severe NIU. To our knowledge, this is the first detailed report of this complication in a patient with uveitis. We present the challenges of managing vision-threatening uveitis during life-threatening infection necessitating withdrawal of adalimumab and oral immunosuppression therapy. Uveitis activity was controlled during anti-TB therapy with oral corticosteroid therapy.

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Sonin, D. V., and S. A. Kochergin. "Features of primary IOL implantation in patients with history of chronic uveitis." Modern technologies in ophtalmology, no. 2 (June 15, 2021): 89–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.25276/2312-4911-2021-2-89-93.

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Purpose. To determine possible postoperative complications and methods of their prevention in patients with history of chronic uveitis who underwent Phacoemulsification of cataract with primary IOL implantation. Material and methods. In this article we give clinical analysis of complications after phacoemulsification with primary IOL implantation in patients with history of chronic uveitis. 5 patients with this pathology were hospitalized during 2020. Results. In this work, we provide literature data on the topic of primary IOL implantation in such patients. Currently there is no united opinion on managing such patients. Nevertheless, many authors agree that by using acrylic lenses, prolonged pharmacotherapy, uveitis remission of more than 3 months primary IOL implantation can be safe, and we can get high visual acuity [14]. In hard cases, some authors used primary IOL implantation with primary posterior capsulorhexis, which helped them to lower rate of postoperative complications [2, 3, 11, 21, 24]. Nevertheless, there are cases where IOL cause untreatable uveitis and therefore the question of lens explanation arises [8]. Conclusion. When solving the question of primary IOL implantation during extracting cataract in patients with chronic uveitis for maximum safety we should consider the following: history of the patient's background disease and systemic treatment he is getting, frequency of former uveitic attacks, laboratory data at the time of operation. The patient needs preliminary sanitation of all possible sources of inflammation and infection, pharmacotherapeutical preparation (both topical and general). After operation patient is needed prolonged anti-inflammatory therapy (NAIDS and Corticosteroids) and dynamic observation despite calm eye condition. Key words: uveitis, cataract phacoemulsification, iol implantation.

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Beretta, G. B., F. Minoia, L. Marelli, C. Mapelli, G. Leone, T. Giani, P. Nucci, E. Miserocchi, and R. Cimaz. "POS1316 VISUAL FUNCTION AND QUALITY OF LIFE: PRELIMINARY RESULTS FROM A PIVOTAL CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY ON ONE HUNDRED PATIENTS WITH JUVENILE IDIOPATHIC ARTHRITIS-ASSOCIATED AND IDIOPATHIC UVEITIS." Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 80, Suppl 1 (May 19, 2021): 940.2–941. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2021-eular.2994.

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Background:Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is the main cause of chronic uveitis in childhood and JIA associated uveitis (JIA-U) is the most common extraarticular complication of JIA. Despite continuous improvement in its management, pediatric uveitis still represents a serious condition with potential sight-threatening complications and a significant impact on quality of life (QoL).Objectives:To evaluate visual function (VF) and QoL in children with JIA-U and idiopathic uveitisMethods:A cross-sectional study was conducted in two tertiary Pediatric Rheumatology Centres, enrolling all patients seen with JIA-U, JIA without uveitis and idiopathic uveitis. VF was assessed by a translated form of the available EYE-Q, adapted for cross-cultural feasibility into a 10-question tool, while QoL was evaluated by the Italian version of the Pediatric Rheumatology Quality of Life scale part of the Juvenile Arthritis Multidimensional Report (JAMAR), shortened for feasibility to a 8-question tool. JAMAR section on treatment compliance and school attendance was also included. Parents, and patients when appropriate, were asked to complete each patient/parent-reporting outcome measure, answering on a 4-point Likert scale, with a total score ranging from 0 to 72 (worst condition). Medical charts were reviewed regarding JIA and uveitis features and outcome. Quantitative and qualitative variables were compared by means of Mann-Whitney U test or chi-square/Fisher exact test, as appropriate; correlations among quantitative non-parametric variables were evaluated by Spearman’s test.Results:We herein describe results from the first 100 patients enrolled (76% female), with a median age at study time of 12.8 (9.0-17.6) years. Forty-nine had JIA-U, 37 JIA without uveitis and 14 idiopathic uveitis. Uveitis was active in 14/63 patients (22.2%), with a median of uveitis duration of 9.0 years (3.6-14.8). Almost all children with uveitis were on systemic treatment (58/63, 92%) at the time of interview; 54.0% of patients presented an ocular damage, with 8.0% having a best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) < 4/10. Total score, VF and QoL scores resulted significantly higher in JIA-U patients compared to JIA without uveitis, while no differences were noticed among children with uveitis with or without JIA (Table 1). School absence was reported more frequently in JIA-U compared to JIA only (32.7% vs 10.8%, p 0.0211). VF was significantly worse in patients with ocular damage and BCVA < 4/10 (p 0.0351 and 0.0123, respectively). In patients with uveitis, VF and QoL showed a significant correlation (r 0.50, p <0.0001) especially in patients with idiopathic uveitis (r 0.74, p <0.0001).Conclusion:Visual function is a crucial component of QoL in children with uveitis and it correlates with ocular damage. Since eye involvement significantly affect QoL in patients with JIA, a specific tool widely validated and cross-cultural adapted is highly demanded in the clinical care of JIA-U patients.References:[1]Angeles-Han ST et al. The importance of visual function in the quality of life of children with uveitis. J AAPOS, 2010. Filocamo et al. A New Approach to Clinical Care of Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis: The Juvenile Arthritis Multidimensional Assessment Report. J Rheumatol, 2011.Table 1.JIA-Un = 49Idiopathic uveitisn = 14JIAn = 37p-value*p-value#Total score5.0 (3.0-11.0)4.5(2-9.8)2.0(0-4.0)0.5739<0.0001VF score2.0 (0-3.0)1.0(0-3.0)0(0-0)0.9098<0.0001QoL score3.0(2.0-6.0)3.5(2.0-4.8)2.0(0-4.0)0.56110.0005Numbers are medians (IQR). * JIA-U vs idiopathic uveitis; #JIA-U vs JIADisclosure of Interests:None declared

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Leclercq, Mathilde, Anne-Claire Desbois, Fanny Domont, Georgina Maalouf, Sara Touhami, Patrice Cacoub, Bahram Bodaghi, and David Saadoun. "Biotherapies in Uveitis." Journal of Clinical Medicine 9, no. 11 (November 8, 2020): 3599. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm9113599.

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Non-infectious uveitis (NIU) represents one of the leading causes of blindness in developed countries. The therapeutic strategy aims to rapidly control intra-ocular inflammation, prevent irremediable ocular damage, allow corticosteroid sparing and save the vision, and has evolved over the last few years. Anterior NIU is mostly managed with topical treatment in adults. However, for intermediate, posterior and pan-uveitis, notably when both eyes are involved, systemic treatment is usually warranted. Biotherapies are recommended in case of inefficacy or non-tolerance of conventional immunosuppressive drugs in non-anterior NIU. Anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha (anti-TNF-α) agents are by far the most widely used, especially adalimumab (ADA) and infliximab (IFX). In case of sight-threatening uveitis in Behçet’s disease or in case of risk of severe recurrences, respectively IFX and ADA may be recommended as first-line therapy. Many questions are left unanswered; how long to treat NIU, how to discontinue anti-TNF-α agents, what biologic to use in case of anti-TNF-α failure? The objective of this review is to present an updated overview of knowledge on the use of biological treatments in NIU.

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Lu, Jiajing, Suwei Tang, Ning Yu, Xuemei Yi, and Ying Li. "Successful secukinumab treatment of erythrodermic psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis concomitant with severe noninfectious uveitis: a case report." Journal of International Medical Research 48, no. 11 (November 2020): 030006052096949. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0300060520969494.

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Uveitis is considered a relatively rare but serious ocular complication of psoriasis. We report the first successful treatment of severe noninfectious uveitis with secukinumab in a 70-year-old woman with erythrodermic psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis. Anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) agents were administered for 5 years for the treatment of erythrodermic psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis. Although the symptoms improved, she later developed noninfectious uveitis, resulting in a sharp decline in vision. After switching to secukinumab, her vision slightly improved, her skin lesions subsided, and her joint symptoms were relieved. Given the rarity of psoriasis combined with uveitis, it is unclear whether uveitis is related to anti-TNF therapy. In addition, the selection of effective biological agents for the treatment of uveitis remains a challenge and requires extensive clinical experience.

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Cordero-Coma, Miguel, Vanesa Calvo-Río, Alfredo Adán, Ricardo Blanco, Carolina Álvarez-Castro, Marina Mesquida, Sara Calleja, Miguel A. González-Gay, and José G. Ruíz de Morales. "Golimumab as Rescue Therapy for Refractory Immune-Mediated Uveitis: A Three-Center Experience." Mediators of Inflammation 2014 (2014): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/717598.

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Objective. To evaluate, in three Spanish tertiary referral centres, the short-term safety and efficacy of golimumab (GLM) for treatment of immune-mediated uveitis resistant to previous immunosuppressive therapy.Methods. Nonrandomized retrospective interventional case series. Thirteen patients with different types of uveitis that were resistant to treatment with at least 2 previous immunosuppressors were included in this study. All included patients were treated with GLM (50 mg every four weeks) during at least 6 months. Clinical evaluation and treatment-related side effects were assessed at least four times in all included patients.Results. Eight men and 5 women (22 affected eyes) with a median age of 30 years (range 20–38) and active immune-mediated uveitides were studied. GLM was used in combination with conventional immunosuppressors in 7 patients (53.8%). GLM therapy achieved complete control of inflammation in 12/13 patients (92.3%) after six months of treatment. There was a statistically significant improvement in mean BCVA (0.60 versus 0.68,P=0.009) and mean 1 mm central retinal thickness (317 versus 261.2 μ,P=0.05) at the six-month endpoint when compared to basal values. No major systemic adverse effects associated with GLM therapy were observed.Conclusions. GLM is a new and promising therapeutic option for patients with severe and refractory uveitis.

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Gehlen, Marcelo, Kelly Cristina Regis, and Thelma Larocca Skare. "Demographic, clinical, laboratory and treatment characteristics of spondyloarthritis patients with and without acute anterior uveitis." Sao Paulo Medical Journal 130, no. 3 (2012): 141–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-31802012000300002.

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CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: Acute anterior uveitis is a common extra-articular manifestation in spondyloarthritis patients. The aim of this study was to compare demographic, clinical, laboratory and treatment data among spondyloarthritis patients with and without acute anterior uveitis. DESIGN AND SETTING: This was a cross-sectional analytical study at the Rheumatology Outpatient Clinic of the Evangelical University Hospital, Curitiba, Brazil. METHODS: Spondyloarthritis patients with without acute anterior uveitis were compared regarding demographic data, spondyloarthritis subtype, peripheral arthritis, enthesitis, disease activity, functional index, physical examination, radiological involvement, HLA-B27 and treatment. RESULTS: Presence of acute anterior uveitis was not found to have any relationship with functional index, degree of radiological involvement, peripheral arthritis or enthesitis. Acute anterior uveitis showed a negative association with skin manifestations (P = 0.04) and a trend towards higher disease activity (P = 0.06). CONCLUSION: In the study sample, it could not be shown that AAU had any association with the functional and radiological prognoses. The patients with spondyloarthritis with and without acute anterior uveitis did not differ clinically except for a higher proportion of ankylosing spondylitis and smaller presence of skin involvement in those with uveitis.

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Chen, Judy L., Parinaz Abiri, and Edmund Tsui. "Recent advances in the treatment of juvenile idiopathic arthritis–associated uveitis." Therapeutic Advances in Ophthalmology 13 (January 2021): 251584142098457. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2515841420984572.

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Juvenile idiopathic arthritis–associated uveitis has an estimated prevalence of 10–20% in patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis, making it the most common cause of chronic anterior uveitis in children. Prompt treatment is important to prevent development of ocular complications and permanent vision loss. In this review, we will discuss the use of immunosuppression in treatment of juvenile idiopathic arthritis–associated uveitis. This will include the use of conventional immunosuppressants, such as methotrexate, biologic anti-tumor necrosis factor agents, such as adalimumab, as well as other anti-tumor necrosis factor agents, including infliximab and golimumab. In addition, we will discuss medications currently in clinical trials or under consideration for juvenile idiopathic arthritis–associated uveitis, including interleukin-6 inhibitors (tocilizumab) and Janus kinase inhibitors (tofacitinib, baricitinib).

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Tappeiner, Christoph, Marina Mesquida, Alfredo Adán, Jordi Anton, Athimalaipet V. Ramanan, Ester Carreno, Friederike Mackensen, et al. "Evidence for Tocilizumab as a Treatment Option in Refractory Uveitis Associated with Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis." Journal of Rheumatology 43, no. 12 (September 15, 2016): 2183–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3899/jrheum.160231.

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Objective.To report on experience using the anti-interleukin 6 receptor antibody tocilizumab (TCZ) to treat severe and therapy-refractory uveitis associated with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA).Methods.Retrospective data were gathered from patients with JIA receiving TCZ treatment for uveitis. JIA and related uveitis data (disease onset, activity, structural complications, and topical and systemic antiinflammatory treatment) were evaluated at the start of TCZ (baseline) and every 3 months during TCZ therapy.Results.A total of 17 patients (14 women) with active uveitis were included (mean age 15.3 ± 6.9 yrs, mean followup time 8.5 mos). In all patients, uveitis had been refractory to previous topical and systemic corticosteroids, methotrexate (MTX), and other synthetic and biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs, including ≥ 1 tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) inhibitor. Uveitis inactivity was achieved in 10 patients after a mean of 5.7 months of TCZ treatment (in 3 of them, it recurred during followup) and persisted in the remaining 7 patients. By using TCZ, systemic corticosteroids or immunosuppressives could be spared in 7 patients. Macular edema was present in 5 patients at baseline and improved in all of them under TCZ treatment. Arthritis was active in 11 patients at the initial and in 6 at the final followup visit.Conclusion.TCZ appears to represent a therapeutic option for severe JIA-associated uveitis that has been refractory to MTX and TNF-α inhibitors in selected patients. The present data indicate that inflammatory macular edema responds well to TCZ in patients with JIA-associated uveitis.

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Mustafa, Murtaza, P. Muthusamy, SS Hussain, SC Shimmi, and MM Sein. "Uveitis: Pathogenesis, Clinical presentations and Treatment." IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) 04, no. 12 (December 3, 2014): 42–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/3013-0401201042047.

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Mérida, Salvador, Elena Palacios, Amparo Navea, and Francisco Bosch-Morell. "New Immunosuppressive Therapies in Uveitis Treatment." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 16, no. 8 (August 11, 2015): 18778–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms160818778.

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YANAI, Ryoji, Atsunobu TAKEDA, Takeru YOSHIMURA, and SONODA Koh-Hei. "Pathophysiology and new treatment of uveitis." Japanese Journal of Clinical Immunology 37, no. 2 (2014): 74–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2177/jsci.37.74.

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Bowyer, S. "Methotrexate Treatment for Uveitis in JRA." AAP Grand Rounds 1, no. 4 (April 1, 1999): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/gr.1-4-32.

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Chee, S. P., and A. Jap. "Cytomegalovirus anterior uveitis: outcome of treatment." British Journal of Ophthalmology 94, no. 12 (June 24, 2010): 1648–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjo.2009.167767.

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