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Journal articles on the topic 'Utterances'
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1
Jamhar, Ramadhan, and Ahmad Ahmad. "Analisis Tuturan Dalam Proses Peminangan Masyarakat Kedang Omesuri, Kabupaten Lembata (Sebuah Kajian Pragmatik)." Jurnal RASI 1, no. 2 (January 9, 2021): 144–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.52496/rasi.v1i2.45.
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Kedang language is a distinctive languagein Lembata, East of Nusa Tenggara. The uniqueness of Kedang language revealed in the utteranceof proposes process. The utterance appeared in several phases, namely introduction (oluqlokaweq/padayungnute), propose (dahangrehing), and belisdetermining (uang bele). This study aims at describing the form of utterance and describing the meaning of utterancein the propose process in KedangOmesuri, Lembata Regency. The method used in this research wasdescriptive qualitative method. The data source was the elders or personagein Kedang Omesuri and the data were in the form of written datasuch as books and articles about the propose tradition, while the oral data were obtained from elders or personage in KedangOmesuri. The data were obtained through observation, interview, recording, and documentation. The data then analyzedthrough(a) transcriptdata, (b) translation data, (c) data classification, (d) analysis, and (e) summarizing. The study showed that 17 utterances found in the propose process that consisted of 10 explicit meaningful utterances and 7 implicitmeaningful utterances. KedangOmesuri’s community used implicit meaningful utterances in the propose process for it was descended from their ancestors and was also the art expressionin communication.
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Leeds, Charles Austin, and Mary Lee A. Jensvold. "The communicative functions of five signing chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)." Pragmatics and Cognition 21, no. 1 (November 1, 2013): 224–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/pc.21.1.10lee.
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Speech act theory describes units of language as acts which function to change the behavior or beliefs of the partner. Therefore, with every utterance an individual seeks a communicative goal that is the underlying motive for the utterance’s production; this is the utterance’s function. Studies of deaf and hearing human children classify utterances into categories of communicative function. This study classified signing chimpanzees’ utterances into the categories used in human studies. The chimpanzees utilized all seven categories of communicative functions and used them in ways that resembled human children. The chimpanzees’ utterances functioned to answer questions, request objects and actions, describe objects and events, make statements about internal states, accomplish tasks such as initiating games, protest interlocutor behavior, and as conversational devices to maintain and initiate conversation.
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Widianto, Eko, Suparno Suparno, and Teguh Sarosa. "ANALYSIS ON PRAGMATIC FORCE OF DECLARATIVE UTTERANCES IN FILM ENTITLED “AVATAR”." English Education 4, no. 1 (September 30, 2015): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/eed.v4i1.34710.
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<p>This is a descriptive qualitative research. The data sources are thevmanuscript and video of “Avatar” film. From the sources, the researcher takes 40 declarative utterances uttered by the main character (Jake Sully) to be analyzed. The research goals are 1) to identify the contexts of declarative utterances, 2) to identify the hearer’s responses of declarative utterances, 3) to explain the pragmatic force of declarative utterances viewed from the illocutionary force. Before define the force, the researcher explains the context for a better understanding about the speaker’s intention. The results of this research are, 1) every utterance has its own context: situation, participants, ends, act sequence, key, instrumentalities, norms, and genre, 2) the hearer’s responses are words response and act response, 3) utterance’s function reflects the pragmatic force, those 40 declarative utterances bring various forces; suggesting, appointing, reporting, requesting, claiming, thanking, asking, complaining, apologizing, confirming, blaming, ordering, advising, and sentencing.</p>
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Raharjo, Suko. "An Analysis of Expressive Utterances Produced by The Characters in The Movie Entitled Spongebob Squarepants." English Education 6, no. 3 (May 29, 2018): 345. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/eed.v6i3.35899.
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<p>This article reports the result of research on expressive utterances produced by the characters in the movie entitled SpongeBob SquarePants. The objectives of the research are (1) to find out the characteristics of expressive utterances produced by the characters; and (2) to find out the variability of expressive utterances. This research uses descriptive qualitative method. The source of data is the transcript of SpongeBob SquarePants movie. The research findings show that (1) there are four sentence types of expressive utterances that are employed in SpongeBob SquarePants movie transcript, that is, ellipsis (19 utterances), declaratives (13 utterances), interogative (1 utterances), and imperatives (4 utterances); (2) there are six notions of expressive utterances found in the SpongeBob SquarePants movie transcript, that is, surprise (2 utterance), happiness (14 utterances), anger (6 utterances), apologize (5 utterances), congratulate (1 utterance), and thanks (7 utterances).</p>
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Purnomo, Kirana Aprilia. "Conversation Implications In The Disney Princess Book (al-ba??u 'an al-kanzi): A Pragmatic Overview." Journal of Language Intelligence and Culture 3, no. 2 (December 30, 2021): 155–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.35719/jlic.v3i2.62.
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This study aims to analyze the form of speech acts and the meaning of conversational implicatures in the book Disney Princess (al-ba??u 'an al-kanzi) by Jacqueline A. Ball as a corpus of data. The data of this study used a qualitative approach with a descriptive method. The results of the research in the book show that there are three forms of speech and conversational implicatures, namely, locutionary forms, illocutions, and perlocutions. The classification of conversational implicatures with twelve locutionary speech forms, namely: seven declarative sentences, one imperative sentence, and four interrogative sentences. The 35 illocutionary forms found were a) assertive with the function of stating four utterances, proposing one utterance, complaining in one utterance, and expressing an opinion in one utterance; b) the directive with the function of commanding is two utterances, asking for four utterances, and giving advice in two utterances; c) commissive with the function of promising two utterances, and offering one utterance; d) expressive with the function of thanking ten utterances, criticizing five utterances, and praising two utterances. Meanwhile, the perlocutionary forms found were five utterances with two persuading effects, one effect of making the hearer to do something, one effect of making the hearer to think, and one effect of attracting attention.
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Purnomo, Kirana Aprilia. "Conversation Implications In The Disney Princess Book (al-ba??u 'an al-kanzi): A Pragmatic Overview." Journal of Language Intelligence and Culture 2, no. 2 (December 30, 2021): 155–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.35719/jlic.v2i2.62.
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This study aims to analyze the form of speech acts and the meaning of conversational implicatures in the book Disney Princess (al-ba??u 'an al-kanzi) by Jacqueline A. Ball as a corpus of data. The data of this study used a qualitative approach with a descriptive method. The results of the research in the book show that there are three forms of speech and conversational implicatures, namely, locutionary forms, illocutions, and perlocutions. The classification of conversational implicatures with twelve locutionary speech forms, namely: seven declarative sentences, one imperative sentence, and four interrogative sentences. The 35 illocutionary forms found were a) assertive with the function of stating four utterances, proposing one utterance, complaining in one utterance, and expressing an opinion in one utterance; b) the directive with the function of commanding is two utterances, asking for four utterances, and giving advice in two utterances; c) commissive with the function of promising two utterances, and offering one utterance; d) expressive with the function of thanking ten utterances, criticizing five utterances, and praising two utterances. Meanwhile, the perlocutionary forms found were five utterances with two persuading effects, one effect of making the hearer to do something, one effect of making the hearer to think, and one effect of attracting attention.
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BALOG, HEATHER L., and FELICIA D. ROBERTS. "Perception of utterance relatedness during the first-word-period." Journal of Child Language 31, no. 4 (November 2004): 837–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000904006579.
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Interactions between six toddlers (aged 1;0 to 1;6) and adults were examined to ascertain adult perceptions of toddler utterance relatedness and to determine temporal and interactional features that underlie those perceptions. Five raters made judgments regarding relatedness of the child utterances to the previous adult utterances; 251 utterances were examined. Utterances judged by adults as related occurred within 4·25 seconds of the preceding adult utterance nearly 90% of the time. This study also points to the need for using interactional categories that go beyond describing utterance relatedness, and introduces terms (i.e. co-participatory, initiation, narrowed focus) for doing so.
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Balčiūnienė, Ingrida, and Laura Simonavičienė. "Interrogative utterances in spoken Lithuanian: quantitative aspects of investigation." Lietuvių kalba, no. 3 (October 25, 2009): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/lk.2009.22873.
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The paper introduces the results of an investigation into spoken Lithuanian based on the Corpus of Spoken Lithuanian and carried out in Vytautas Magnus University. In the course of investigation the interrogative utterances used in spontaneous language were classified according to function and structure. The quantitative analysis of the data accessed from the Corpus of Spoken Lithuanian was based on a special computer program CHILDES. The results have shown that spoken Lithuanian gives preference to closed interrogative utterances rather than open interrogative utterances. Closed interrogative utterances in most cases use no interrogative particles; utterances with interrogative particles are much less frequent. In the latter subgroup interrogative particles mostly occur in the utterance-initial (e.g. ar, gal etc.) rather than utterance-final position (e.g. taip, ne, ane etc.). In the class of open interrogative utterances adverbial modifier utterances prevail; in the latter subclass interrogative utterances of the adverbial modifier of place dominate.
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Liu, Wen, Ying-Ling Jao, and Si On Yoon. "FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH MEALTIME LANGUAGE CHARACTERISTICS IN NURSING HOME STAFF AND RESIDENTS WITH DEMENTIA." Innovation in Aging 6, Supplement_1 (November 1, 2022): 272. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igac059.1077.
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Abstract Interactive staff-resident communication is crucial for nursing home residents with dementia requiring mealtime assistance. Effective communication may facilitate food intake and promote function and nutrition. However, understanding of staff and resident language characteristics in mealtime interactions is limited. This study examined language characteristics and associated factors in mealtime interactions. This was a secondary analysis using data from videotaped mealtime observations (N=160) involving 36 staff and 27 residents with moderate-to-severe dementia (53 staff-resident dyads) in 9 nursing homes. The dependent measures were 1) the number of words produced in each utterance (expression length), and 2) whether staff named the resident in each utterance (naming the resident). Mixed-effects models examined the effect of utterance quality (positive vs. negative utterances), intervention (pre- vs. post-communication training), and subject speaking (staff vs. resident), adjusting resident comorbidities and dementia stage. Staff (mean=4.30, SD=2.98) produced significantly longer utterances than residents (mean=2.64, SD=2.27). Expression length was modulated by utterance quality and intervention. Staff’s negative utterances were shorter than their positive utterances, while residents’ negative utterances were longer than their positive utterances. Staff’s negative utterances became longer after the intervention while the length of positive utterances remained similar pre- and post-intervention. Staff named the resident in 16.72% of their utterances and was more likely to name residents with severe dementia. Findings emphasize the potential benefit of communication training on mealtime interactions. Findings also highlight the need to further examine the impact of language characteristics on food intake, which may guide intervention development to promote nutrition for residents with dementia.
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Syafa’at, Mohammad. "ILLOCUTIONARY ACTS IN BARACK OBAMA’S SPEECH IN ILLINOIS UNIVERSITY AS THE FORMER PRESIDENT: “CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS”." Teaching English as Foreign Language, Literature and Linguistics 1, no. 1 (June 15, 2021): 20–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.33752/teflics.v1i1.1545.
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This research discusses the use of illocutionary acts in the utterance of Obama’s speech in Illinois University. The aims of this research are to find out types of Illocutionary Acts and messages of speech which deliver by Obama’s Speech. and to understand interpretation of the dialogue between speaker and hearer that use Illocutionary acts which are selected by the writer.The writer uses classified the data analysis method. The writer collects the data from the script, then describes types of illocutionary acts and explain the messages include in utterances. Based on the theories provided, the data are analyzed one by one to know the context and types of illocutionary acts used. To focus on the study, the writer limits problem just focused on types of illocutionary acts and the messages of the utterances. Based on the finding and discussion that answered to first problem questions above the researcher was found 14 utterance used to illocutionary acts theory. There are assertives acts was found 5 utterances, directives acts was found 3 utterances, expressive acts was found 3 utterance, commisives acts 3 utterances and declaration was found 1 utterance. In this research the utterance most used by Obama’s speech is assertive which is 5 utterances. The context of Obama’s speech about Democracy. So, this speech have many assertives utterances. Based on the explanation, the writer concluded that assertive of stating and commisives of an offering is mostly used by Obama's speech.
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Hakim, Juhariyah Nur. "An Analysis on Pragmatic Force of Declarative Utterances Used by the Main Character in Mona Lisa Smile Movie and its Implication on Language Teaching." Journal of Pragmatics Research 1, no. 2 (November 12, 2019): 166–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.18326/jopr.v1i2.166-175.
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This research uses a descriptive qualitative method. The source of the data are document (the authentic manuscript) and video of “Mona Lisa Smile” film. The goals of this research are (1) to identify the contexts of declarative utterances uttered by the main character (Katherine Wattson) in the film entitled “Mona Lisa Smile”, (2) to explain the pragmatic forces of declarative utterances. To find the pragmatic forces of declarative utterances in the film entitled “Mona Lisa Smile” the researcher identifies the context of each datum in declarative utterance based on Austin’s classification of act performance in language. There are 69 utterances in the film, then the researcher randomly takes 35 utterances of declarative utterances to be analyzed. The results of this research are, that (1) In every utterance, context has important role in determine the meaning of the utterance, (2) The hearer’s response to Katherine Watson’s declarative utterances varies. The hearer’s response can be in forms of a statement, question, act and sometimes silence to Katherine utterances, (3) From the 35 of declarative utterances that have been uttered by Katherine Watson there are 13 kinds of force: consisting of insisting, claiming, complaining, apologizing, requesting, appointing, ordering, warning, suggesting, blaming, sentencing, asking, and advising. The implications of this research on teaching and learning activity are, (1) the pragmatic force of declarative utterances can be used as teacher’s classroom instruction, and (2) the pragmatic force of declarative utterances can be used as a teaching material. Keywords: pragmatic, speech act, illocution, declarative
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Rahardi, R. Kunjana. "MANIFESTASI WUJUD DAN MAKNA PRAGMATIK KEFATISAN BERBAHASA DALAM RANAH PENDIDIKAN." Adabiyyāt: Jurnal Bahasa dan Sastra 15, no. 2 (December 25, 2016): 226. http://dx.doi.org/10.14421/ajbs.2016.15206.
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This research on phatic communion is aimed at describing the forms and the pragmatic meanings of phatic language in Indonesian society, especially in the educational domain. Based on its pragmatic meanings, the utterance in the educational domain can be categorized into five pragmatic meanings, namely (a) phatic function in utterances of acceptance, (b) phatic function in the form of utterances of rejection, (c) phatic function in the form of utterances of invitation, (d) phatic function in the form of utterances of thanking, and (e) phatic function in the form of utterance of greeting.
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Laksmi, Ni Putu Andini Desiyanti. "Speech Acts and Principles of Daily in Dental Post Advertisements on Youtube Period (2015-2018)." RETORIKA: Jurnal Ilmu Bahasa 5, no. 1 (April 29, 2019): 7–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.22225/jr.5.1.758.7-11.
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Every utterance that is uttered has a certain purpose and meaning. Thus, an effort is needed to interpret the utterance which is called speech acts. The aims of this research is to explain (1) types of speech acts (2) categories of illocutionary acts, and (3) politeness principles contained in the utterance on toothpaste advertisements on youtube period (2015-2018). The data in this research were taken from toothpaste advertisements that have been shown on television channels. The data collected are in the form of image footage and utterances contained in the advertisement. The results of the analysis show that (1) there is a difference between locution and illocutionary acts in adult’s and children's toothpaste advertisements, namely that adult toothpaste advertisements highlight information about the advantages of toothpaste, while the children's toothpaste advertisement emphasizes information about nonverbal advertising, (2) illocutionary acts in the advertisement indicated that there were 6 assertive utterances, 9 directive utterances, 6 commissive utterances, 6 expressive utterances, and 2 declarative utterances, (3) the politeness principles found in those advertisements are 15 tact maxims, 4 approbation maxims, and 6 symphaty maxims.
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Obana, Yasuko, and Michael Haugh. "Co-authorship of Joint utterances in Japanese." Dialogue & Discourse 6, no. 1 (February 12, 2015): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5087/dad.2015.101.
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The paper introduces a type of joint utterance construction in Japanese, in which two independent sentential-level units are amalgamated, which has hitherto received little attention in the literature. Unlike traditional joint utterance construction where one speaker maintains authority over the syntactic structure of the forthcoming continuation and the other accedes to this, thereby constituting a single TCU (turn constructional unit), our examples demonstrate that both speakers can have authority over the syntactic design of joint utterances. We call such collaborative utterances ‘co-authored joint utterances’ in this paper.The uniqueness of co-authored joint utterances lies in their syntactic architecture. While syntactic and semantic continuity are successfully achieved in constructing co-authored joint utterances, they represent a co-joined structure in which two sentential-level units are involved with their shared part constituting a point of amalgamation, and because of this, the structure of a co-authored joint utterance can no longer be parsed with extant grammar.In analysing co-authored joint utterances, we examine how they can be treated in relation to the distinction between TCU (Turn Constructional Unit) continuation and new TCUs. Due to the particularities of the syntactic architecture of co-authored joint utterances, their existence raises questions about the way in which this distinction is currently operationalised, because despite being syntactically an incremental continuation, and so seemingly a TCU continuation, the co-authored joint utterance implements an action beyond what was initially instantiated by the antecedent of that joint utterance, and so arguably constitutes a new TCU.
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Dunn, Jonathan. "How linguistic structure influences and helps to predict metaphoric meaning." Cognitive Linguistics 24, no. 1 (January 28, 2013): 33–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cog-2013-0002.
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AbstractThis paper argues that two properties of the linguistic structure of an utterance influence and partially determine whether the utterance has a metaphoric meaning that results in a stable interpretation: (i) degree of metaphoricity and (ii) degree of metaphoric saturation. A majority of metaphoric utterances in a corpus study (66%) were unsaturated, low metaphoricity utterances that behave as expected by Max Black and the cognitive linguistics paradigm. However, a significant minority (34%) of the metaphoric utterances were saturated or high metaphoricity utterances that behave partially as expected by Donald Davidson and others working in his tradition. This suggests that the direct and indirect interpretation views of metaphor are not incompatible but apply to different sub-groups of metaphoric utterances. The paper then constructs a model of metaphoric meaning that makes falsifiable predictions about the interpretations of metaphoric utterances in order to provide further evidence that unsaturated, low metaphoricity utterances have stable interpretations. This research provides both converging evidence for the cognitive linguistic view of metaphor and also a framework for limiting its scope to most, but not all, metaphoric utterances.
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LIEVEN, ELENA, HEIKE BEHRENS, JENNIFER SPEARES, and MICHAEL TOMASELLO. "Early syntactic creativity: a usage-based approach." Journal of Child Language 30, no. 2 (May 2003): 333–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000903005592.
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The aim of the current study was to determine the degree to which a sample of one child's creative utterances related to utterances that the child previously produced. The utterances to be accounted for were all of the intelligible, multi-word utterances produced by the child in a single hour of interaction with her mother early in her third year of life (at age 2;1.11). We used a high-density database consisting of 5 hours of recordings per week together with a maternal diary for the previous 6 weeks. Of the 295 multi-word utterances on tape, 37% were ‘novel’ in the sense that they had not been said in their entirety before. Using a morpheme-matching method, we identified the way(s) in which each novel utterance differed from its closest match in the preceding corpus. In 74% of the cases we required only one operation to match the previous utterance and the great majority of these consisted of the substitution of a word (usually a noun) into a previous utterance or schema. Almost all the other single-operation utterances involved adding a word onto the beginning or end of a previous utterance. 26% of the novel, multi-word utterances required more than one operation to match the closest previous utterance, although many of these only involved a combination of the two operations seen for the single-operation utterances. Some others were, however, more complex to match. The results suggest that the relatively high degree of creativity in early English child language could be at least partially based upon entrenched schemas and a small number of simple operations to modify them. We discuss the implications of these results for the interplay in language production between strings registered in memory and categorial knowledge.
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Chen, Aoju, and Lou Boves. "What's in a word: Sounding sarcastic in British English." Journal of the International Phonetic Association 48, no. 1 (April 2018): 57–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025100318000038.
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Using a simulated telephone conversation task, we elicited sarcastic production in different utterance types (i.e. declaratives, tag questions andwh-exclamatives from native speakers of the southern variety of British English. Unlike previous studies which focus on static prosodic measurements at the utterance level (e.g. mean pitch, pitch span, intensity), we examined both static prosodic measurements and continuous changes in contour shape in the semantically most important words (or key words) of the sarcastic utterances and their counterparts in the sincere utterances. To this end, we adopted Functional Data Analysis to model pitch variation as contours and represent the contours as continuous function in statistical analysis. We found that sarcasm and sincerity are prosodically distinguishable in the key words alone. The key words in sarcastic utterances are realised with a longer duration and a flatter fall than their counterparts in sincere utterances regardless of utterance type and speaker gender. These results are compatible with previous reports on the use of a smaller pitch span and a slower speech rate in sarcastic utterances than in sincere utterances in North American English. We also observed notable differences in the use of minimum pitch, maximum pitch and contour shape in different utterance types and in the use of mean pitch and duration by male and female speakers. Additionally, we found that the prosody of the key words in sarcastic utterances and their counterparts in sincere utterances has yielded useful predictors for the presence (or absence) of sarcasm in an utterance. Together, our results lend direct support to a key-word–based approach. However, the prosodic predictors included in our analysis alone can achieve only an accuracy of 70.4%, suggesting a need to examine additional prosodic parameters and prosody beyond the key words.
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Logan, Kenneth J., and Lisa R. LaSalle. "Grammatical Characteristics of Children's Conversational Utterances That Contain Disfluency Clusters." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 42, no. 1 (February 1999): 80–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/jslhr.4201.80.
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Selected characteristics of disfluent conversational utterances with and without disfluency clusters were examined in 14 children who stutter (CWS) and 14 children who do not stutter (CWNS). For CWS, utterances with disfluency clusters contained significantly more syllables and clausal constituents than disfluent utterances without clusters, which, in turn, contained significantly more syllables, clauses, and clausal constituents than fluent utterances. For both groups of children, disfluency clusters coincided significantly more often with utterance or clause onset than they did with grammatical constituents located elsewhere within an utterance. CWNS produced a significantly greater percentage of disfluency clusters that contained grammatical revision than did CWS. No significant between-group differences were observed in terms of the number of syllables, clauses, or clausal constituents within cluster-inclusive utterances. Findings are taken to suggest that disfluency clusters are typically produced within the most complex linguistic contexts and that they reflect the effects of producing multiple syntactic constituents within an utterance.
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Azizah, Isna Nur. "Mabādi’ al-Tahżīb fī al-Naṣ al-Masrohy “al-Dūdah wa al Ṡu’bān” li ‘aly Ahmad ba Kaṡīr ‘alā Asāsi nadzariyyah Geoffrey Leech." Journal of Arabic Literature (JaLi) 3, no. 2 (July 19, 2022): 146–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.18860/jali.v3i2.15102.
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Abstract: Politeness is an important principle in communication. Because in communicating it is necessary to consider the feelings of others by maximizing benefits for others and minimizing losses for others so that good communication will be created without embarrass the interlocutor. This study aims to: (1) determine the form of compliance with the principles of politeness in the drama script Ad-Duddah Wa Tsu'ban by Ali Ahmad Bakatsir based on the perspective of Geoffrey Leech; and (2) knowing the form of violation of politeness principles in the drama script Ad-Duddah Wa Tsu'ban by Ali Ahmad Bakatsir based on the perspective of Geoffrey Leech. his study uses a descriptive qualitative research, with primary data sources being the drama script Ad-Duddah Wa Tsu'ban by Ali Ahmad Bakatsir and secondary data sources in the form of books and articles in scientific journals that explain the principles of politeness based on the perspective of Geoffrey Leech. The research technique used in this research is reading technique and note-taking technique. The data analysis technique used is data reduction, display data and conclusion drawing. The results of this study are (1) found form of fulfillment of politeness principles as many as 31 utterances which include 8 utterances of the maxims of wisdom, 4 utterances of the maxims of generosity, 6 utterances of the maxims of appreciation, 3 utterances of the maxims of humility, 6 utterances of the maxims of consensus, and 4 utterances of the maxims of sympathy; and (2) there are 21 forms of violation of politeness principle which include 7 utterance of the maxim of wisdom, 3 utterances of the maxim of appreciation, 2 utterance of the maxim of generosity, 1 utterance of the maxim of humility, 7 utterance of the maxim of consensus, and 1 utterances of the maxim of sympathy. All these utterances are considered to fulfill and violate the principle of politeness according to Geoffrey Leech by looking at the elements and concepts that already exis.
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Yuliarti, Indah, Januarius Mujiyanto, and Mursid Saleh. "The Fulfillment of Felicity Conditions in Speech Acts in Winfrey’s Speech Learn from Every Mistake." English Education Journal 11, no. 4 (December 31, 2021): 606–515. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/eej.v11i1.48795.
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This study was about fulfilling felicity conditions in speech acts in Winfrey's speech Learn from Every Mistake. This research analyzed each utterance spoken by Winfrey’s speech entitled Learn from Every Mistake. Each utterance is categorized based on five types of speech acts. The felicity of the utterance was analyzed based on Searle's felicity condition theory. This study was a qualitative case study. The research object was Winfrey’s speech entitled Learn from Every Mistake published on YouTube on 18th May 2019. The findings showed that all the utterances in five types of speech act fulfilled the felicity conditions. The consideration came when the utterances were in a joke which meant that the speaker did not sincerely utter the utterances. There was a note when utterances in a joke were felicitous if both the speaker and the hearers truly understood that the utterance was a joke. The last conclusion in felicity condition was in the essential speech act. Based on the analysis, all of the utterances in Winfrey's speech entitled Learn from Every Mistake were felicitous in essential condition. The research finding can be used as a reference in understanding felicity conditions in the speech act.
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Fatma, Vinesya Yuslia, and Hanna Sundari. "Illocutionary Acts Performed by Anna in Frozen II." JEdu: Journal of English Education 1, no. 2 (July 24, 2021): 89–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.30998/jedu.v1i2.4136.
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The research aims to identify the illocutionary act performed by Anna the secondary character in Frozen II. The research design of this paper is a qualitative framework in content analysis method. The unit of analysis was 218 utterances as illocutionary acts from the movie script. The utterances then were analysed and categorized into types of illoctionary acts. According to the result of the research, there are four types of illocutionary acts in the script, there are; 60 representatives utterances, 54 directives utterances, 5 commisives utterances, and 100 expressive utterances. Meanwhile, declarative utterance was not found
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Suryani, Siti, Yusak Hudiyono, and Jaka Farih Agustian. "Maksim Sopan Santun Pada Pembelajaran Online Sekolah Dasar 013 Gotong Royong Kota Samarinda." Adjektiva: Educational Languages and Literature Studies 1, no. 1 (September 30, 2018): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.30872/adjektiva.v1i1.824.
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This study aims to describe the forms of maxims, obedience to maxims, and violation of the maxims of politeness in online learning at SD N 013 gotong royong, Samarinda city, which aims to describe pragmatic research studies. The research subject is online learning. The object of research is the observance of the maxim of politeness and the violation of the maxim of politeness in online learning that takes place at school. This type of research is a qualitative descriptive method. Techniques Data collection is done by observing methods. The data analysis technique is to clarify and classify the data. The results showed that there were 35 utterances of teachers and students in online learning at SD Negeri 013 gotong royong in the city of Samarinda which were identified as forms of politeness maxims. 27 utterances of obedience to the maxim of politeness, and 8 utterances of violation of the maxim of politeness to teachers and students. The data on compliance with maxims and violations consist of four utterances of obedience to the maxim of wisdom and two utterances of violation of the maxim of wisdom. Three utterances of obedience to the maxim of generosity and one utterance of violation of the maxim of generosity. Five utterances of respecting the maxim of respect and no utterances of violation of the maxim of appreciation. There are four utterances of obeying the maxim of simplicity and four utterances of violating the maxim of simplicity. Six utterances of compliance with the maxim of consensus and one utterance of violation of the maxim of consensus. Five utterances of compliance maxim of sympathy and no utterances of violation of maxim of sympathy.
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Fitria, Mila, Ike Revita, and Dhiant Asri. "Expressive Utterances as Found in Zach Sang Show on YouTube." Vivid Journal of Language and Literature 7, no. 1 (July 23, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.25077/vj.7.1.1-12.2018.
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This article analyses expressive utterances as found in Zach Sang Show on YouTube. This video is an interview of Zach Sang and the Gang to Selena Gomez as the guest of the show. The aim of this research is to analyse the types of expressive utterances and identify the functions of the expressive utterances found in the interview. Data were collected by using observational method and note-taking technique. Data were studied by using pragmatic identity method. Data were analyzed by using theory of types of expressive utterances proposed by Ronan (2015) and theory of function of expressive utterances proposed by Searle and Venderveken (1985). Data presented in narration and by using tables. Expressive utterances found in the video are 87 utterances. The writer finds 10 types of expressive utterance. They are agreement, volition, disagreement, compliment, pride, expressing sorrow, thanking, greetings, non-directed complaints in exclamations and apologizing. The most dominant type of expressive utterances is agreement. It shows the same perception between the speaker and the interlocutor. There are 14 functions of expressive utterance. They are to please, to desire, to agree, to disagree, to compliment, to boast, to lament, to thank, to greet, to complain, to surprise, to apologize, to congratulate and to praise. The most dominant function of the expressive utterances is to please. It shows the feeling of satisfaction, enjoyment and convenient to the proposition.
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Smith, Mary R., Anne Cutler, Sally Butterfield, and Ian Nimmo-Smith. "The Perception of Rhythm and Word Boundaries in Noise-Masked Speech." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 32, no. 4 (December 1989): 912–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/jshr.3204.912.
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The present experiment tested the suggestion that human listeners may exploit durational information in speech to parse continuous utterances into words. Listeners were presented with six-syllable unpredictable utterances under noise-masking, and were required to judge between alternative word strings as to which best matched the rhythm of the masked utterances. For each utterance there were four alternative strings: (a) an exact rhythmic and word boundary match, (b) a rhythmic mismatch, and (c) two utterances with the same rhythm as the masked utterance, but different word boundary locations. Listeners were clearly able to perceive the rhythm of the masked utterances: The rhythmic mismatch was chosen significantly less often than any other alternative. Within the three rhythmically matched alternatives, the exact match was chosen significantly more often than either word boundary mismatch. Thus, listeners both perceived speech rhythm and used durational cues effectively to locate the position of word boundaries.
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Mariani, Putu Eka Giri, Made Budiarsa, and Ni Made Ayu Widiastuti. "Politeness Principles in “Donald Trump’s Election Victory Speech"." Humanis 23, no. 2 (June 11, 2019): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/jh.2019.v23.i02.p03.
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This paper entitled “Politeness Principles in Donald Trump’s Election Victory Speech: A Pragmatic Study” discusses the maxims of politeness principles, illocutionary acts and the illocutionary functions found in the victory speech of Donald Trump on November 7th, 2016. The purpose of this study is to define how far the maxims of politeness principles, the illocutionary acts and the illocutionary functions affect Donald Trump’s speech. This research was conducted using qualitative descriptive design. It was concerned with the explanation of utterance produced by Donald Trump in which politeness principles, illocutionary acts, and illocutionary functions occur. The primary source was the transcript of the speech retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com. In directing the study, the researcher; identified the data and then categorized them, clarified the categorized data, analysed the classified data, interpreted the data, reported the discovery and presented the data in the discussion. The analysis started with what types of politeness principles employed by Donald Trump, illocutionary acts, the illocutionary functions and ended with the discussion about the most dominant maxim used by Donald Trump. The conclusions presented that there were 21 utterances which contained 6 forms of politeness principles. Trump tended to use the expressions of tact maxim (6 utterances), generosity (4 utterances), approbation (5 utterances), modesty (3 utterances), agreement (1 utterance), and sympathy (2 utterances). The types of illocutionary acts; assertive in 4 utterances, directive in 5 utterances, commissive in 5 utterances, expressive in 7 utterances, and declaration in none. Illocutionary functions found were as follows; competitive function in 4 utterances, convivial function in 13 utterances, collaborative functions in 4 utterances, and conflictive function in none. The furthermost leading maxim from politeness principles was tact maxim which means that Trump tried to maximize the benefit of other and minimize the cost to other.
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Putri, Hardika Hutriana, and Ermanto Ermanto. "Kesantunan Berbahasa Warganet dalam Podcast Deddy Corbuzier." Diglosia: Jurnal Kajian Bahasa, Sastra, dan Pengajarannya 5, no. 4 (November 1, 2022): 779–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.30872/diglosia.v5i4.523.
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This study aimed to find the types of speech acts and politeness in the citizen's language found in Deddy Corbuzier's podcast. Data collection is done by the method is descriptive method. The data sources in this study are three video podcasts of Deddy Corbuzier. The data was taken from October to December 2021. The data collection technique used in this study was the free-to-talk and note-taking technique. Data analysis techniques in this study followed Miles and Huberman: data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions. The results of the study are as follows. First, four types of speech acts were found, namely, 227 representative utterances, 76 directive utterances, 91 expressive utterances, and 6 commissive utterances. Second, there are six maxims of politeness in language, namely 44 utterances of wisdom, 3 utterances of generosity, 93 utterances of praise, 22 utterances of consensus, 29 utterances of simplicity, and 147 utterances of sympathy. Meanwhile, deviations from the politeness principle were found in six maxims, namely 11 utterances of wisdom, 1 utterance of generosity, 14 utterances of appreciation, 2 utterances of consensus, 6 utterances of simplicity, and 28 utterances of sympathy.
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Paul, Christine. "The epistemic side of retrospective utterances." Certainty and Uncertainty in Dialogue 4, no. 1 (May 20, 2014): 24–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ld.4.1.02pau.
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The paper further contributes to what Schegloff (2007) terms as “retro-sequences”. Different utterance formats such as utterances expansions by a second speaker, or questions regarding prior utterances, can be termed retrospective in a communicative sense. While previous research describes both utterance formats as syntactic and communicative opposites, this paper concentrates on their common ground, e.g. their common sequence organization. The paper demonstrates how interlocutors use the different utterance formats to display a degree of understanding with varying epistemic stance, and specifies the linguistic means for it.
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Linderfalk, Ulf. "Cross-fertilisation in International Law." Nordic Journal of International Law 84, no. 3 (July 13, 2015): 428–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718107-08403004.
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This article picks up on a term (‘cross-fertilisation’) often exploited in debates on the interaction of international laws and legal practices, especially in the context of international criminal law. Two questions are addressed: (1) What is the meaning of ‘cross-fertilisation’? (2) What are its conditions? As the article argues, ‘cross-fertilisation’ pertains to the understanding of legal utterances relative to other such utterances. The concept assumes that if an agent wishes to understand the meaning or significance of a legal utterance, his understanding may profit by bringing the analysis of this utterance to bear on its assumed relationship with other legal utterances. Any assumption of a relationship between two legal utterances requires justification, however, or else it will not meet acceptance in international legal discourse. Consequently, when an agent brings the analysis of a legal utterance to bear on its relationship with some other legal utterance, as this article argues, cross-fertilisation will occur on two conditions. First, there has to be recognition of the relationship between the two utterances by a rule, principle, or informal convention pertinent to international legal discourse. Second, the agent must have grasped the precise nature of this same relationship. Based on this proposition, the article ends with six examples illustrating the kind of problems that might obstruct cross-fertilisation proper.
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Biezma, Maria, Bettina Braun, and Angela James. "Prosody is adding what?: Echo questions are not a thing." Semantics and Linguistic Theory 31 (January 5, 2022): 241. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/salt.v31i0.5084.
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While echo questions (EcQs) are often said to be identified by their prosodic properties, there is no empirical study actually supporting such claim. Focusing on wh-utterances we provide results from a production study, a classifier, and a perception study to argue that prosody is not a reliable cue to identify an inquisitive utterance as EcQ. We also offer a model that unifies the semantics of utterances inquiring about what has just been said (EcQs) and utterances inquiring about ‘non-discursive’ facts, information seeking questions (InfQs), while keeping the interpretation of the utterance true to form.
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Sidelle, Alan. "The Answering Machine Paradox." Canadian Journal of Philosophy 21, no. 4 (December 1991): 525–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00455091.1991.10717260.
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Whatever disagreements analysts of indexical expressions may have, there is nearly universal agreement that the referents of utterances of ‘I,’ ‘here,’ and ‘now’ are, respectively, the utterer, the place of utterance, and the time of utterance. This seems to lead to the result that utterances of ‘I am here now’ are always true (or, if you like, true at the time of utterance). While they do not express necessary truths — no one is essentially at any particular place at any particular time — it looks like they should necessarily express truths; in this, ‘I am here now’ seems to resemble ‘I exist’. And we are sometimes aware of this sort of vacuity in these utterances; the theoretical result meshes well with our everyday experience.
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Myers, Scott, and Jaye Padgett. "Domain generalisation in artificial language learning." Phonology 31, no. 3 (December 2014): 399–433. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952675714000207.
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Many languages have restrictions on word-final segments, such as a requirement that any word-final obstruent be voiceless. There is a phonetic basis for such restrictions at the ends of utterances, but not the ends of words. Historical linguists have long noted this mismatch, and have attributed it to an analogical generalisation of such restrictions from utterance-final to word-final position. To test whether language learners actually generalise in this way, two artificial language learning experiments were conducted. Participants heard nonsense utterances in which there was a restriction on utterance-final obstruents, but in which no information was available about word-final utterance-medial obstruents. They were then tested on utterances that included obstruents in both positions. They learned the pattern and generalised it to word-final utterance-medial position, confirming that learners are biased toward word-based distributional patterns.
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Liu, Longxiang, Zhuosheng Zhang, Hai Zhao, Xi Zhou, and Xiang Zhou. "Filling the Gap of Utterance-aware and Speaker-aware Representation for Multi-turn Dialogue." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 35, no. 15 (May 18, 2021): 13406–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v35i15.17582.
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A multi-turn dialogue is composed of multiple utterances from two or more different speaker roles. Thus utterance- and speaker-aware clues are supposed to be well captured in models. However, in the existing retrieval-based multi-turn dialogue modeling, the pre-trained language models (PrLMs) as encoder represent the dialogues coarsely by taking the pairwise dialogue history and candidate response as a whole, the hierarchical information on either utterance interrelation or speaker roles coupled in such representations is not well addressed. In this work, we propose a novel model to fill such a gap by modeling the effective utterance-aware and speaker-aware representations entailed in a dialogue history. In detail, we decouple the contextualized word representations by masking mechanisms in Transformer-based PrLM, making each word only focus on the words in current utterance, other utterances, two speaker roles (i.e., utterances of sender and utterances of receiver), respectively. Experimental results show that our method boosts the strong ELECTRA baseline substantially in four public benchmark datasets, and achieves various new state-of-the-art performance over previous methods. A series of ablation studies are conducted to demonstrate the effectiveness of our method.
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Stasiv, M. "Commissive Pragmatics of Elucidative Speech Acts in Modern English." Вісник Житомирського державного університету імені Івана Франка. Філологічні науки, no. 2(88) (September 5, 2018): 34–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.35433/philology.2(88).2018.34-38.
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Despite a number of studies that deal with the construction of the communicative-and-pragmatic system of the utterances-commissives of different types, today the English elucidative utterances of commissive type and their differentiation into the communicative-and-pragmatic subtypes remain poorly studies and require a thorough analysis at the communicative-and-pragmatic level of their actualization, which explains the relevance of this research. Moreover, the relevance of this issue has been caused by the necessity to clarify the specificity of formation of the commissive speech act in the structure of the analyzed utterance. The object of the study is the English elucidative utterances-commissives.
The purpose of this article is to reveal the communicative-and-pragmatic organization of these commissive utterances-acts. The utterances with the key predicates of mental activity, selected from the British National Corpus texts, served as the material of the study. The intent-analysis has been applied for revealing the communicative-and-pragmatic peculiarities of the elucidative utterance of commissive type. The latter has been conducted at different levels – from the pragmemic structure of the key illocutionary predicate to the communicative-and-pragmatic organization of the entire utterance-commissive. This in turn has facilitated the revealing of the micropragmatic and pragmatic parameters of the object of the study. On the basis of the theoretical and practical analysis results the elucidative utterance-commissive is considered as a communicative-and-pragmatic unit of the speech activity aimed at the speaker’s obligative intention realization in the communicative situation of interaction. The results of the study also prove that the commissive pragmatics of the analyzed type of the utterance has been predetermined by the key commissiveness in its principal clause, and its subordinate clause only supplements, specifies it.
The key commissiveness of the utterance has been expressed with the key illocutionary predicate in the affirmative form. The latter plays a crucial role in the revealing its commissive pragmatics and the developing an extended communicative-and-pragmatic typology of the elucidative utterances-commissives.
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Padilla Cruz, Manuel. "On the phatic interpretation of utterances: a complementary relevance-theoretic proposal." Revista Alicantina de Estudios Ingleses, no. 18 (November 15, 2005): 227. http://dx.doi.org/10.14198/raei.2005.18.11.
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In this paper, I suggest a theoretical approach to the production and interpretation of phatic utterances aimed at complementing other previous accounts. These argue that utterances are normally interpreted as phatic either because of their occurrence in particular conversational phases forming fixed adjacency pairs with other utterances, or because interlocutors activate specific frames and process them in a particular way. Besides, the extant relevance theoretic (Sperber and Wilson, 1986, 1995) analysis of these utterances has focused on the linguistic properties that make utterances be interpreted as phatic, but has not explained how a speaker has to produce an utterance so that the hearer interprets it as phatic and why phatic utterances contribute to the creation of a feeling of solidarity and ties of union between interlocutors.
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Tarigan, Karana Jaya, Elita Modesta Sembiring, and Veracy Silalahi. "ILLOCUTIONARY ACTS IN ERNEST PRAKASA’S MOVIE “IMPERFECT”." Lingua 18, no. 2 (December 28, 2022): 227–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.34005/lingua.v18i2.2206.
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This study aims to analyze the types of Illocutionary acts used by the characters in the movie Imperfect. This research applies qualitative descriptive method. The writer uses 65 speech acts samples from this movie and chooses them randomly to analyze the types of Illocutionary acts in this movie. It is found that there are five types of Illocutionary acts used in the movie Imperfect, namely: Representative, Directive, Commissive, Expressive, and Declarative. The total Illocutionary acts are about 157 utterances. Representative has 47 utterances, directive has 66 utterances, commissive has 4 utterances, expressive has 39 utterances, and declarative has 1 utterance.
Keywords: illocutionary acts, movie
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Kanaza, Fauzi Usrya. "A LANGUAGE FUNCTION: THE ANALYSIS OF CONATIVE FUNCTION IN MEGHAN MARKLE’S SPEECH." ETNOLINGUAL 4, no. 1 (July 31, 2020): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/etno.v4i1.20347.
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This paper examines the types of language functions used in the utterances and the one which is dominantly used in Meghan Markle’s speech. By applying qualitative method, the researcher analyze the utterance produced by Meghan Markle as the speaker, was delivering her speech. The researcher uses the five function of language proposed by Jakobson, they are referential function, conative function, emotive function, poetic function, and phatic function. The results show that there are five types of language functions used in Meghan Markle’s speech. The first most dominant function used is conative function (32%) which is found in 6 utterances. The second most dominant function is emotive function (26%) which is found in 5 utterances. Then referential function was found in 4 utterances (21%), phatic is found in 3 utterances (16%), while poetic function is found in 1 utterance only (5%). In addition, metalingual function is not used at all. Thus, it can be concluded that as the speaker, Meghan Markle wants to wants to influence her addressee through her utterances.Key word: Language, language function, speech
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Härtl, Holden, and Tatjana Bürger. "‘Well, that’s just great!’: an empirically based analysis of non-literal and attitudinal content of ironic utterances." Folia Linguistica 55, no. 2 (July 26, 2021): 361–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/flin-2021-2020.
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Abstract This study contributes to the ongoing debate about the informational status of attitudinal content with a focus on verbal irony. Specifically, we investigate where the different meaning components involved in ironic utterances are positioned in the dichotomy between primary and secondary content of utterances. After an analysis of the semantic and pragmatic characteristics of ironic meaning components and their linguistic expression, we show, based on experimental data, that ironic, non-literally asserted content is “less” at-issue than non-ironic, literally asserted content. Crucially, our findings also suggest that an ironic utterance’s non-literally asserted content is more at-issue than the attitudinal content expressed with an ironic utterance. No difference is observed between attitudinal content manifested as ironic criticism and content manifested as ironic praise. Our findings support the notion of at-issueness as a graded criterion and can be used to argue that verbal irony in general seems to be difficult to reject directly and treated as at-issue.
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Ramsdell-Hudock, Heather L., Andrew Stuart, and Douglas F. Parham. "Utterance Duration as It Relates to Communicative Variables in Infant Vocal Development." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 61, no. 2 (February 15, 2018): 246–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2017_jslhr-s-17-0117.
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Purpose We aimed to provide novel information on utterance duration as it relates to vocal type, facial affect, gaze direction, and age in the prelinguistic/early linguistic infant. Method Infant utterances were analyzed from longitudinal recordings of 15 infants at 8, 10, 12, 14, and 16 months of age. Utterance durations were measured and coded for vocal type (i.e., squeal, growl, raspberry, vowel, cry, laugh), facial affect (i.e., positive, negative, neutral), and gaze direction (i.e., to person, to mirror, or not directed). Results Of the 18,236 utterances analyzed, durations were typically shortest at 14 months of age and longest at 16 months of age. Statistically significant changes were observed in utterance durations across age for all variables of interest. Conclusion Despite variation in duration of infant utterances, developmental patterns were observed. For these infants, utterance durations appear to become more consolidated later in development, after the 1st year of life. Indeed, 12 months is often noted as the typical age of onset for 1st words and might possibly be a point in time when utterance durations begin to show patterns across communicative variables.
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Higuchi, Masakazu, Noriaki Sonota, Mitsuteru Nakamura, Kenji Miyazaki, Shuji Shinohara, Yasuhiro Omiya, Takeshi Takano, Shunji Mitsuyoshi, and Shinichi Tokuno. "Performance Evaluation of a Voice-Based Depression Assessment System Considering the Number and Type of Input Utterances." Sensors 22, no. 1 (December 23, 2021): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22010067.
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It is empirically known that mood changes affect facial expressions and voices. In this study, the authors have focused on the voice to develop a method for estimating depression in individuals from their voices. A short input voice is ideal for applying the proposed method to a wide range of applications. Therefore, we evaluated this method using multiple input utterances while assuming a unit utterance input. The experimental results revealed that depressive states could be estimated with sufficient accuracy using the smallest number of utterances when positive utterances were included in three to four input utterances.
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Maloney, J. Christopher. "Context Operationalized." International Review of Pragmatics 5, no. 2 (2013): 233–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18773109-13050205.
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The meanings speakers and auditors assign to utterances are exquisitely context sensitive, with contexts and their elements varying wildly with the linguistic occasions. This paper investigates a theory of how linguistic agents might assign meanings to utterances in a contextually sensitive manner consistent with the agents’ evident inability cognitively to identify what within their systems of mental representation is contextually relevant to the utterances of the moment. According to the proposed account, the contexts determinative of meaning function in the manner of adverbial operators on utterances serving so to fuse context and utterance as to render context transparent to agents.
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Ciecierski, Tadeusz. "Utterances, Sub‐utterances and Token‐Reflexivity." Theoria 86, no. 4 (July 5, 2020): 439–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/theo.12247.
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Komariah, Satiul. "THE SPEECH ACT ANALYSIS OF DIRECT UTTERANCES ON SHORT STORY "THE LOST BEAUTIFULNESS� BY ANZIA YEZIERSKA." EduLite: Journal of English Education, Literature and Culture 2, no. 1 (February 13, 2017): 347. http://dx.doi.org/10.30659/e.2.1.347-360.
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This research aimed to investigate (1) the form of direct sentences on short story entitled The Lost �Beautifulness�, (2) analyze the purpose of the direct utterances in the short story, (3) show the kind of direct utterances in short story The Lost �Beautifulness�. The object used in this research are direct utterances of short story The Lost �Beautifulness�. The data were collected by observation method. The writer selecting the direct utterances which can be found in the short story. The result of the research showed that: (1) three forms of the direct utterances are declarative, interrogative and imperative sentence; (2) purposes of the utterances depend on the four factors; locution, illocution, perlocution and social context; (3) seven kinds of speech acts are assertive, performative, verdictive, expressive, directive, commisive and phatic utterances.Keywords: Speech act, Direct Utterance, Short Story
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Olson, Janet, and Elise Frank Masur. "Developmental changes in the frequency and complexity of mothers’ internal state utterances across the second year." First Language 39, no. 4 (May 17, 2019): 462–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0142723719850001.
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Mothers’ provision of utterances with internal state words has been shown to influence infants’ acquisition of internal state vocabulary and has been proposed to foster preschoolers’ theory of mind development. In this article the authors examine maternal internal state speech during free play with infants at 13, 17, and 21 months. The study assessed developmental changes in the frequency and complexity of the mothers’ utterances referencing perception, volition, disposition, and cognition. Mothers’ use of internal state words, especially volition and cognition words, increased with age. Internal state utterances were longer than utterances without internal state words, and more than half of all cognition and two-thirds of all volition utterances were syntactically complex. Mothers’ production of utterances with internal state words was related to their overall MLUs whereas their production of utterances without was not. Thus, mothers do not simplify utterances when they talk about internal states, even with young infants, and mothers’ growing use of internal state words as their infants age may partially explain increases in their overall utterance lengths during the second year of life.
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Veenstra, Alma, Bart Hollebrandse, and Napoleon Katsos. "Why some children accept under-informative utterances." Pragmatics and Cognition 24, no. 2 (December 31, 2017): 297–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/pc.00003.vee.
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Abstract Binary judgement on under-informative utterances (e.g. Some horses jumped over the fence, when all horses did) is the most widely used methodology to test children’s ability to generate implicatures. Accepting under-informative utterances is considered a failure to generate implicatures. We present off-line and reaction time evidence for the Pragmatic Tolerance Hypothesis, according to which some children who accept under-informative utterances are in fact competent with implicature but do not consider pragmatic violations grave enough to reject the critical utterance. Seventy-five Dutch-speaking four to nine-year-olds completed a binary (Experiment A) and a ternary judgement task (Experiment B). Half of the children who accepted an utterance in Experiment A penalised it in Experiment B. Reaction times revealed that these children experienced a slow-down in the critical utterances in Experiment A, suggesting that they detected the pragmatic violation even though they did not reject it. We propose that binary judgement tasks systematically underestimate children’s competence with pragmatics.
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Zhang, Xiyuan, Chengxi Li, Dian Yu, Samuel Davidson, and Zhou Yu. "Filling Conversation Ellipsis for Better Social Dialog Understanding." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 34, no. 05 (April 3, 2020): 9587–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v34i05.6505.
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The phenomenon of ellipsis is prevalent in social conversations. Ellipsis increases the difficulty of a series of downstream language understanding tasks, such as dialog act prediction and semantic role labeling. We propose to resolve ellipsis through automatic sentence completion to improve language understanding. However, automatic ellipsis completion can result in output which does not accurately reflect user intent. To address this issue, we propose a method which considers both the original utterance that has ellipsis and the automatically completed utterance in dialog act and semantic role labeling tasks. Specifically, we first complete user utterances to resolve ellipsis using an end-to-end pointer network model. We then train a prediction model using both utterances containing ellipsis and our automatically completed utterances. Finally, we combine the prediction results from these two utterances using a selection model that is guided by expert knowledge. Our approach improves dialog act prediction and semantic role labeling by 1.3% and 2.5% in F1 score respectively in social conversations. We also present an open-domain human-machine conversation dataset with manually completed user utterances and annotated semantic role labeling after manual completion.
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Sannomiya, Machiko, Ikue Yamakawa, Atsuo Kawaguchi, and Yusuke Morita. "Effect of Backchannel Utterances on Facilitating Idea-Generation in Japanese Think-Aloud Tasks." Psychological Reports 93, no. 1 (August 2003): 41–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.2003.93.1.41.
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The relation between backchannel utterance and idea-generation has hardly been studied. Based on preliminary investigations, we formulated a hypothesis that a listener's backchannel utterances facilitate a speaker's idea-generation. This study experimentally manipulated the frequency of backchannel utterances by listeners during speakers' idea-generation for think-aloud tasks. 16 Japanese female undergraduates participated. Analysis indicated that frequent backchannel utterances increased not only the number of ideas generated but also the speaking time for the tasks.
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Parikh, Soham, Quaizar Vohra, and Mitul Tiwari. "Automated Utterance Generation." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 34, no. 08 (April 3, 2020): 13344–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v34i08.7047.
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Conversational AI assistants are becoming popular and question-answering is an important part of any conversational assistant. Using relevant utterances as features in question-answering has shown to improve both the precision and recall for retrieving the right answer by a conversational assistant. Hence, utterance generation has become an important problem with the goal of generating relevant utterances (sentences or phrases) from a knowledge base article that consists of a title and a description. However, generating good utterances usually requires a lot of manual effort, creating the need for an automated utterance generation. In this paper, we propose an utterance generation system which 1) uses extractive summarization to extract important sentences from the description, 2) uses multiple paraphrasing techniques to generate a diverse set of paraphrases of the title and summary sentences, and 3) selects good candidate paraphrases with the help of a novel candidate selection algorithm.
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Byessonova, Olga, and Oksana Ostashova. "Evaluative Utterance in the English Fictional Discourse (19th and the First Half of the 20th Century)." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 2. Jazykoznanije, no. 4 (August 2022): 72–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu2.2022.4.5.
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The article addresses evaluative utterance, which is considered in terms of its subject-matter, semantics and structure on the material of British and American fictional discourse of the 19 th and the first half of the 20th centuries. The classification of value-related objects of evaluation as reflected in the fictional discourse of the selected periods is presented. The suggested classification incorporates evaluative utterances describing two thematic spheres, i.e. "Human being" and "Surrounding world". The dynamics of positive and negative evaluative utterance types in the period under study is described. The proportion of emotional and rational components in the complex meaning of evaluative utterances is determined. Trends in evolution of semantic types of evaluative utterances in the English fictional discourse of the 19th and the first half of the 20th centuries are brought into the open. Structural types of sentences, in which evaluative attitude is verbalized, are singled out, with their communicative productivity being identified and compared. The structural components of the evaluative predicate are outlined. Frequency value of morphological-and-semantic evaluative means and means of a mixed type is identified in the fictional discourse under analysis. Means of modifying the expressiveness degree in the evaluative utterances are described. The suggested approach to the evaluative utterances in the fictional discourse demonstrates the dynamics of axiological worldview of the speaking community. The growing trends for communicative compression and transparency, for the increase in emotiveness of evaluative utterances and a greater degree of gradation of the evaluative attribute, as well as the corresponding language changes, related to the phenomenon of evaluative utterance, are reflected in the linguistic worldview.
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Hilma safitri, Mia Perlina, and Romano. "UTTERANCES IN THE WOMAN IN THE WINDOW MOVIE AN ANALYSIS OF ILLOCUTIONARY ACT." Getsempena English Education Journal 9, no. 2 (January 9, 2023): 160–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.46244/geej.v9i2.1845.
Full textAbstract:
This research aims to identify the illocutionary act performed by the main character in The Woman in the Window movie. This movie tells the story of Anna Fox, the main character with agoraphobia. The researchers are interested to find out the types of illocutionary act in the utterances of a person suffering from an anxiety disorder. Qualitative research and content analysis are used as the methodology. The data are collected from the movie and analyzed through some steps. The theory of Searle (1976) is applied to analyze the data. The findings reveal that four types of illocutionary act:18 assertives, 6 directives, 1 commisives, and 5 expressives utterances are used by the main character in attempting to investigate a murder. The purposes of the illocutionary act are to conclude, to state as assertive utterances, to ask, to request, to order, to command, to beg as directives utterances, to make a duty to herself as commisives utterances, and to apologize, to dislike, to thank as expressive utterances. The dominant utterance used was assertives which carries the value of true or false. It indicates that the main character was trying hard to convince the police officer of what she said was true. Interestingly, only 1 commissive utterance was used to prove what she saw was true. It explains the condition of the main character with agoraphobia.
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Putri Argita Prasasti, Arzha Ali Rahmat, Puti Sekar Arginingrum, Yanuar Bagas Arwansyah, and Asep Purwo Yudi Utomo. "Analisis Pinsip Kerja Sama dalam Acara Komedi Stand Up Comedy Season 2." Khatulistiwa: Jurnal Pendidikan dan Sosial Humaniora 2, no. 2 (June 25, 2022): 129–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.55606/khatulistiwa.v2i2.491.
Full textAbstract:
In a conversation, it definitely requires a principle of cooperation, so that the speech partner can understand what the speaker is saying. However, often between speakers or their interlocutors violate conversations which can result in a violation of the principle of cooperation. So that this research was made with the aim of knowing the implementation and violation of the cooperative principle contained in the Stand-Up Comedy Season 2 conversation. note in the process of data collection stage. As a result, the researcher found several utterances that implemented or violated the cooperative principle in a conversation on the Stand-Up Comedy Season 2. The results were in the form of three conversations which were maxims of quality (one utterance did not violate the maxim of quality and two utterances violated the maxim of quality). Two conversations of maxim of quantity (one utterance violates and one utterance does not violate maxim of quantity). Three conversations are maxims of relevance (two utterances do not violate and one utterance violates maxims of relevance). Conversation, Cooperation Principles, Implicature, Pragmatics, and Stand Up Comedy.