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Journal articles on the topic 'Utilisation of energy'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 18 February 2022

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1

Smith, J. C. "Utilisation of energy." Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. Section B. Biological Sciences 92, no. 1-2 (1987): 173–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269727000009623.

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SynopsisEnergy requirements in primitive societies in the past are estimated and compared with present energy requirements in the Third World. The interaction between the energy policy of the industrialised countries and fuel availability in the Third World is outlined. Conservation and substitution in industrialised countries are discussed. The different patterns observed in Sweden, France, Japan and the United Kingdom of the behaviour of the ratio of electricity consumption to fossil fuel consumption in recent years is detailed and interpreted. Attention is drawn to some very successful examples of electro-utilisation in Britain. Finally the question is raised of the Scottish economy's response to the opportunities presented by the combination of electro-utilisation and computerisation.

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2

Vincze, Stephen A. "Energy. Solar energy utilisation in Europe." Electronics and Power 31, no. 5 (1985): 363. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ep.1985.0229.

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3

Mateos, E., and J. González. "Biomass Utilisation in Energy Process." Renewable Energy and Power Quality Journal 1, no. 08 (April 2010): 1514–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.24084/repqj08.708.

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4

Reay, D. A. "Innovation in process energy utilisation." Heat Recovery Systems and CHP 8, no. 4 (January 1988): 379–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0890-4332(88)90033-6.

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5

Franković, Bernard, Branimir Hrastnik, and Claudia Jedriško. "Thermal utilisation of solar energy." Renewable Energy 16, no. 1-4 (January 1999): 656–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0960-1481(98)00246-8.

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6

Fleming, Robert S., James C. Janssen, and Thomas Woolley. "Technology Utilisation at Oryx Energy." Energy Exploration & Exploitation 10, no. 4-5 (September 1992): 223–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014459879201000403.

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The petroleum industry has achieved major improvements in recent years in finding, developing and producing oil and gas. These improvements have been through advances in all facets of technology including computer and workstation technologies as well as horizontal drilling. Oryx Energy has aggressively applied these new techniques to improve its competitive edge. The company uses the Unix workstation systems which allow simultaneous multiple processing and improved performance and graphics. The company's Amdahl mainframe is the hub of a worldwide network of business and scientific computers. These computers use advanced geoscience and engineering software. For example, geoscience software allows sophisticated analysis and interpretation of 2D and 3D seismic data. Oryx Energy's worldwide network also allows different specialist teams of engineers, geologists and geophysicists in different locations to provide more effective, integrated evaluations of data resulting in increased success rates.

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7

Glencross, Brett D., David Blyth, Nicholas Bourne, Susan Cheers, Simon Irvin, and Nicholas M. Wade. "An analysis of partial efficiencies of energy utilisation of different macronutrients by barramundi (Lates calcarifer) shows that starch restricts protein utilisation in carnivorous fish." British Journal of Nutrition 117, no. 4 (February 28, 2017): 500–510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114517000307.

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AbstractThis study examined the effect of including different dietary proportions of starch, protein and lipid, in diets balanced for digestible energy, on the utilisation efficiencies of dietary energy by barramundi (Lates calcarifer). Each diet was fed at one of three ration levels (satiety, 80 % of initial satiety and 60 % of initial satiety) for a 42-d period. Fish performance measures (weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio) were all affected by dietary energy source. The efficiency of energy utilisation was significantly reduced in fish fed the starch diet relative to the other diets, but there were no significant effects between the other macronutrients. This reduction in efficiency of utilisation was derived from a multifactorial change in both protein and lipid utilisation. The rate of protein utilisation deteriorated as the amount of starch included in the diet increased. Lipid utilisation was most dramatically affected by inclusion levels of lipid in the diet, with diets low in lipid producing component lipid utilisation rates well above 1·3, which indicates substantial lipid synthesis from other energy sources. However, the energetic cost of lipid gain was as low as 0·65 kJ per kJ of lipid deposited, indicating that barramundi very efficiently store energy in the form of lipid, particularly from dietary starch energy. This study defines how the utilisation efficiency of dietary digestible energy by barramundi is influenced by the macronutrient source providing that energy, and that the inclusion of starch causes problems with protein utilisation in this species.

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8

Jones, A. P., and N. Counsell. "Davyhulme Sewage Treatment Works Effective Energy Utilisation." Water Science and Technology 20, no. 4-5 (April 1, 1988): 253–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1988.0174.

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The paper offers a brief description of Davyhulme Sewage Treatment Works, which serves the City of Manchester. The Works, the largest in North West Water area, is regionally of strategic importance. It influences Authority policy in sludge disposal and has a significant environmental impact on the Mersey Estuary. During the period 1983/1985 a new anaerobic digestion plant was constructed at the works. In conjunction with this scheme, an energy saving project was designed to fully utilise all the gas produced and generate electricity. The plant uses spark ignition engines with the provision of waste heat utilisation, and operates in parallel with existing dual fuel engines. The paper describes this plant and details operating experiences over the first year and a half, exploring how energy has been saved to the point where the works can be almost self sufficient in electricity production. It is now intended to extend the scheme further, so that the works becomes a nett exporter of electricity, and the paper outlines the design of this second stage. Total power savings of some ₤700,000 pa have already been achieved and it is hoped to increase this to over ₤1,000,000 pa on completion of the second stage.

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9

Đurđević, Dejana. "Utilisation of wind energy potential in Montenegro." Zbornik radova Departmana za geografiju, turizam i hotelijerstvo, no. 46-2 (2017): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/zbdght1701001d.

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10

Thompson, Michael B., and Brian K. Speake. "Energy and nutrient utilisation by embryonic reptiles." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology 133, no. 3 (November 2002): 529–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1095-6433(02)00188-5.

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11

Omer, Abdeen Mustafa. "Biomass energy resources utilisation and waste management." Agricultural Sciences 03, no. 01 (2012): 124–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/as.2012.31016.

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12

van der Linde, Andries. "Bio-energy resources: Planning production and utilisation." Renewable Energy 7, no. 2 (February 1996): 215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0960-1481(96)90005-1.

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13

Ržonca, Jozef, Martina Mitrušková, Jan Pozdíšek, Richard Pospíšil, Pavlína Mičová, Marie Štýbnarová, and Marie Svozilová. "Energy analysis of various grassland utilisation systems." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 53, no. 4 (2005): 117–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun200553040117.

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In 2003 and 2004 was carried out the energy analysis of the different types of permanent grassland utilization on the Hrubý Jeseník locality. There were estimated values of the particular entrances of additional energy. Energy entrances moved according to the pratotechnologies from 2.17 GJ. ha–1 to 22.70 GJ.ha–1. The biggest share on energy entrances had fertilizers. It was 84.93% by the nitrogen fertilisation. The most energy benefit of brutto and nettoenergy was marked by the low intensive utilisation (33.40 GJ.ha–1 NEL and 32.40 GJ.ha–1 NEV on average). The highest value of energy efficiency (13.23%) was marked by the low intensive utilization of permanent grassland. By using of higher doses of industrial fertilizers has energy efficiency decreased. From view of energy benefit and intensiveness on energy entrances it appears the most available utilisation of permanent grassland with three cuts per year (first cut on May 31st at the latest, every next after 60 days) or two cuts per year (first cut on July 15th, next cuts after 90 days).

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14

Rabello, C. B. V., N. K. Sakomura, F. A. Longo, H. P. Couto, C. R. Pacheco, and J. B. K. Fernandes. "Modelling energy utilisation in broiler breeder hens." British Poultry Science 47, no. 5 (October 2006): 622–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00071660600963628.

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15

Kyriakopoulos, Grigorios. "Biomass utilisation for energy infrastructure and applications." International Journal of Social and Humanistic Computing 1, no. 2 (2009): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijshc.2009.031005.

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16

Zarzycki, Robert, and Marcin Panowski. "Waste heat utilisation for cogeneration of energy." Mechanik 90, no. 3 (March 6, 2017): 254–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.17814/mechanik.2017.3.45.

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The paper shows the analysis of potential of absorption heat pump (APC) application to increase the efficiency of source energy conversion in the cogeneration power plant, by recuperation of waste heat from oil cooling system. In the presented case, the purpose of APC implementation was to eliminate the number of start up of pick hot water boilers. Obtained results showed that the waste heat may be utilised during the highest heat demand which may lead to delay or even avoiding the pick boiler start up, owing to absorption heat pump implementation.

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17

Ramachandra, T. V. "Energy utilisation in rural industries in Karnataka." International Journal of Ambient Energy 19, no. 2 (April 1998): 75–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01430750.1998.9675297.

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18

Hitchin, Roger. "Monthly utilisation factors for building energy calculations." Building Services Engineering Research and Technology 38, no. 3 (December 14, 2016): 318–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0143624416681382.

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Monthly utilisation factors are the basis of many procedures for calculation of monthly heating or cooling requirements for buildings, notably in the procedure described in standard ISO 13790:2008 ‘Energy performance of buildings – Calculation of energy use for space heating and cooling’, which is widely used for the implementation of the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive in Europe. The procedures used to determine the values of the factors are invariably empirical rather than being derived from first principles, with the principal parameter being the ratio between monthly mean heat gains and monthly mean heat losses for the space in question. This article shows that this ratio is inherently insufficient to define the values and illustrates how months with similar values of the ratio can have different utilisation factors. It also shows that, if daily heating requirement is proportional to outdoor temperature, the key building parameter needed to determine the utilisation factor is the familiar base temperature. The base temperature can be expressed in terms of the monthly gain: loss ratio and the mean indoor and external temperatures: the day-to-day frequency distributions of outdoor temperature is also important. Finally, the article demonstrates that, for many situations, the ISO 13790 procedure and a linear model with residuals produce similar estimates of monthly heating requirement. However, this is not true towards the upper end of its observed range. In this situation, the linear model produces lower values for utilisation factors and correspondingly higher heating (and cooling) requirements. This effect is most marked when the mean indoor and outdoor temperatures are close or the space is well-insulated (causing a given heat gain to represent a higher potential temperature difference). Practical application: Monthly utilisation factors are the basis of many procedures for the calculation of monthly heating or cooling requirements for buildings, notably in the procedure described in standard ISO 13790:2008 ‘Energy performance of buildings – Calculation of energy use for space heating and cooling’, which is widely used for the implementation of the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive in Europe. This article shows that an alternative approach based on the concept of energy signatures, although producing very similar results in many situations, is a more robust and extendable basis for monthly heating and cooling energy demand calculations.

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19

Garside, A. J. "Alternative energy systems. Electrical integration and utilisation." Endeavour 9, no. 2 (January 1985): 106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0160-9327(85)90049-3.

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20

Bens, Oliver, and Reinhard F. Hüttl. "Energetic utilisation of wood as biochemical energy carrier — A contribution to the utilisation of waste energy and landuse." International Journal of Thermal Sciences 40, no. 4 (April 2001): 344–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1290-0729(00)01220-5.

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21

Close, W. H. "The partition and utilisation of energy in the pregnant sow." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) 1986 (March 1986): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600015270.

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To determine the energy requirements for pregnancy it is necessary to know the animal's requirements for both maintenance (MEm) and tissue deposition. MEm represents the intake at which both metabolizable energy (ME) intake and heat loss are equal and therefore in energy equilibrium. The eneroy requirement for tissue deposition comprises energy retained as protein and fat in both the gravid uterus and maternal body, together with the energy associated with their deposition. There is little available information to show whether the requirements for maintenance and for tissue deposition change during pregnancy and the present experiments have been designed to provide this information for the sow.

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22

Cameron, N. D., G. B. Garth, and R. Fenty. "Energy and protein utilisation equations in lactating gilts." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2001 (2001): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s175275620000404x.

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Nutrition models of energy and protein utilisation have been developed for lactating pigs but there is little or no evidence in the scientific literature of the validation of such models. If there are systematic discrepancies in such models, then inappropriate supply of nutrients will either be an inefficient use of resources with oversupply or have an impact on piglet growth and subsequent reproductive performance of the sow with undersupply. In the current study, lactating gilts were fed isoenergetic diets differing in ileal digestible lysine: energy. Protein and energy utilisation were predicted using existing nutrition equations. The validity of the energy and protein utilisation equations was tested by determining if the predicted energy balance differed significantly from zero or if the predicted protein balance was not significantly less than zero.

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23

Rad, Salimeh Jabbari, and Michael John Lewis. "Water utilisation, energy utilisation and waste water management in the dairy industry: A review." International Journal of Dairy Technology 67, no. 1 (December 28, 2013): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1471-0307.12096.

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24

Utama, N. Agya, Akbar Swandaru, Hoy-Yen Chan, and Nadilah Shani. "Sustainable Development Goals through Energy cooperation in ASEAN." E3S Web of Conferences 202 (2020): 01005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202020201005.

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The ASEAN primary energy demand to grow by an average of 3.4% per year from 627 to reach 1,450 million tons of oil equivalent by 2040. In the alignment to accelerating the energy transition through the ASEAN, the region is aiming to reach 23% of RE in the total primary energy supply (TPES). With the five-year remaining, ASEAN has a lot opportunity to accelerate the effort. This research presents overview of the shaping of the renewables and low-carbon power utilisation which has been in the action plan to optimise effective and efficient power utilisation. It will be presented in the study report, the alignment of low-carbon society and renewable energy promotion in ASEAN has been in great progress considering its attempt to improve all power utilisation lineage.

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25

Chowdhury, S. A., F. D. DeB Hovell, E. R. Ørskov, J. R. Scaife, G. Mollison, and S. Bogoro. "Protein utilisation during energy undernutrition in sheep sustained on intragastric infusion: effect of changing energy supply on protein utilisation." Small Ruminant Research 18, no. 3 (November 1995): 219–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0921-4488(95)00710-3.

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26

Yustiani, Yonik M., Astri Hasbiah, and Latifah Mutmainah. "Utilisation of sustainable green energy in young generation." MATEC Web of Conferences 197 (2018): 13021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201819713021.

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Indonesia has many green energy potencies to replace the fossil-based conventional energy. However, the use of this conventional energy is still in dominant. It is understandable that older generations are difficult to change their habits in using green energy for various reasons. Whereas the younger generation are expected to starts using environmentally friendly energy, in the form of new and renewable energy. This study aims to determine the tendency of young people to use renewable energy. 60 respondents were selected from department of environmental engineering students, Pasundan University in Bandung, Indonesia. The respondents range from first to fourth year students. Assumption used in respondents selection was student with environmental engineering educational background will have knowledge on renewable energy. This research conducted through questionnaires. The results show that only 10% of the respondents have used the renewable energy, i.e. solar energy. Whereas 90% of respondents do not use renewable energy due to lack of knowledge on how to start using it. Nevertheless, 97% of respondents consider that using green energy is a proud thing. From a variety of green energy alternatives, 50% of the students consider solid waste as the most potential source of renewable energy in Indonesia.

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27

Caruana, Liam, Thomas Nommensen, Toan Dinh, Dennis Tran, and Robert McCormick. "Photovoltaic Cell: Optimum Photon Utilisation." PAM Review Energy Science & Technology 3 (June 7, 2016): 64–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5130/pamr.v3i0.1409.

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In the 21st century, global energy consumption has increased exponentially and hence, sustainable energy sources are essential to accommodate for this. Advancements within photovoltaics, in regards to light trapping, has demonstrated to be a promising field of dramatically improving the efficiency of solar cells. This improvement is done by using different nanostructures, which enables solar cells to use the light spectrum emitted more efficiently. The purpose of this meta study is to investigate irreversible entropic losses related to light trapping. In this respect, the observation is aimed at how nanostructures on a silicon substrate captures high energy incident photons. Furthermore, different types of nanostructures are then investigated and compared, using the étendue ratio during light trapping. It is predicted that étendue mismatching is a parasitic entropy generation variable, and that the matching has an effect on the open circuit voltage of the solar cell. Although solar cells do have their limiting efficiencies, according to the Shockley-Queisser theory and Yablonovitch limit, with careful engineering and manufacturing practices, these irreversible entropic losses could be minimized. Further research in energy losses, due to entropy generation, may guide nanostructures and photonics in exceeding past these limits.Keywords: Photovoltaic cell; Shockley-Queisser; Solar cell nanostructures; Solar cell intrinsic and extrinsic losses; entropy; étendue; light trapping; Shockley Queisser; Geometry; Meta-study

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28

Kronbergs, Ēriks, Imants Plūme, and Aivars Kaķītis. "REED OVERGROWTH UTILISATION." Environment. Technology. Resources. Proceedings of the International Scientific and Practical Conference 1 (June 20, 2001): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/etr2001vol1.1936.

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The rootfelt properties are investigated for development of technologies for Lake’s overgrowth removal and utilisation. The specific energy of disintegration of rootfelt vary from 7,3 to 18,1 kJ/m2 in dependence on methods used for overgrowth partition. The minimal density of rootfelt is 220 kg/m3 at a surface and the density increases to 1050 kg/m3 in deep layers o f overgrowth. The moisture content (dry basis) of rootfelt vary from 800 % to 250 % and organic matter content lower from 96 % to 25 % in dependence on depth and location of rootfelt in watercourse. The suitable methods and technologies are elaborated for rootfelt removal and biomass utilisation for litter, compost production or for production of Constructed Reedbeds for Effluent Treatment.

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29

Kaygusuz, Kamil. "Environmental impacts of energy utilisation and renewable energy policies in Turkey." Energy Policy 30, no. 8 (June 2002): 689–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0301-4215(02)00032-0.

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30

Kong, Hoi Why. "Biomass energy utilisation in Malaysia — Prospects and problems." Renewable Energy 16, no. 1-4 (January 1999): 1122–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0960-1481(98)00439-x.

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31

Bahadori, Alireza, and Chikezie Nwaoha. "A review on solar energy utilisation in Australia." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 18 (February 2013): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2012.10.003.

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32

Kattenstein, Thomas, and Hermann-Josef Wagner. "Utilisation of deep geothermal energy for heating purposes." International Journal of Energy Technology and Policy 3, no. 1/2 (2005): 147. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijetp.2005.006746.

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33

Ramachandra, T. V., and D. K. Subramanian. "Industrial energy utilisation in Karnataka and potential savings." Energy Conversion and Management 38, no. 6 (April 1997): 563–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0196-8904(96)00073-8.

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34

Rasi, S., J. Läntelä, and J. Rintala. "Trace compounds affecting biogas energy utilisation – A review." Energy Conversion and Management 52, no. 12 (November 2011): 3369–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2011.07.005.

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35

Reynolds, C. K., L. A. Crompton, and J. A. N. Mills. "Improving the efficiency of energy utilisation in cattle." Animal Production Science 51, no. 1 (2011): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an10160.

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The efficiency of energy utilisation in cattle is a determinant of the profitability of milk and beef production, as well as their environmental impact. At an animal level, meat and milk production by ruminants is less efficient than pig and poultry production, in part due to lower digestibility of forages compared with grains. However, when compared on the basis of human-edible inputs, the ruminant has a clear efficiency advantage. There has been recent interest in feed conversion efficiency (FCE) in dairy cattle and residual feed intake, an indicator of FCE, in beef cattle. Variation between animals in FCE may have genetic components, allowing selection for animals with greater efficiency and reduced environmental impact. A major source of variation in FCE is feed digestibility, and thus approaches that improve digestibility should improve FCE if rumen function is not disrupted. Methane represents a substantial loss of digestible energy from rations. Major determinants of methane emission are the amount of feed consumed and the proportions of forage and concentrates fed. In addition, feeding fat has long been known to reduce methane emission. A myriad of other supplements and additives are currently being investigated as mitigators of methane emission, but in many cases compounds effective in sheep are ineffective in lactating dairy cows. Ultimately, the adoption of ‘best practice’ in diet formulation and management may be the most effective option for reducing methane. In assessing the efficiency of energy use for milk and meat production by cattle, and their environmental impact, it is imperative that comparisons be made at a systems level, and that the wider social and economic implications of mitigation policy are considered.

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36

Wisniewski, G. "DRYING OF MEDICINAL PLANTS WITH SOLAR ENERGY UTILISATION." Drying Technology 15, no. 6-8 (July 1997): 2015–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07373939708917346.

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37

Meisel, Ronald, René Pforte, and Wolf Fichtner. "Development of onshore wind energy utilisation in Germany." Zeitschrift für Energiewirtschaft 33, no. 1 (March 2009): 3–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12398-009-0001-5.

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38

Lynch, Deirdre, Anne Marie Henihan, Barry Bowen, Declan Lynch, Kevin McDonnell, Witold Kwapinski, and J. J. Leahy. "Utilisation of poultry litter as an energy feedstock." Biomass and Bioenergy 49 (February 2013): 197–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2012.12.009.

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39

Gale, John. "CO2 utilisation." International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control 19 (November 2013): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijggc.2013.08.006.

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40

Meehan, Denis J., Ana R. J. Cabrita, Margarida R. G. Maia, and António J. M. Fonseca. "Energy: Protein Ratio in Ruminants: Insights from the Intragastric Infusion Technique." Animals 11, no. 9 (September 15, 2021): 2700. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11092700.

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Studies on energy:protein ratio in ruminants are constrained by rumen fermentation since it governs nutrient metabolism and the ratio of energy:protein yielding nutrients available for absorption. By circumventing rumen fermentation, the total intragastric infusion technique (IIT) allowed objective quantification of maintenance energy and protein requirements, volatile fatty acid utilisation efficiency, efficiency of energy utilisation for maintenance (Km) and growth (Kf) and the origin of N retention responses to independent variation of energy and protein intake. This review outlines the key IIT findings and whether they are reflected in current feeding systems with implications for different production systems worldwide. Maintenance energy requirements are similar to those derived from comparative slaughter but maintenance N requirements are significantly lower. No differences in utilisation efficiency exist between acetic, propionic and butyric acids. At low energy intakes, endogenous energy reserves are utilised to retain amino acids and fuel substantial tissue protein gains. The use of fasting metabolism to measure the utilisation of nutritionally balanced diets is questioned since it is a glucose-deficient state. Inter-species differences in glucose metabolism appear to exist, suggesting that glucose requirements may be higher in cattle than sheep. The difficulty in predicting nutrient requirements, particularly protein, with any one technique is highlighted.

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41

Schopf, Kerstin, Johannes Judex, Bernhard Schmid, and Thomas Kienberger. "Modelling the bioenergy potential of municipal wastewater treatment plants." Water Science and Technology 77, no. 11 (May 14, 2018): 2613–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2018.222.

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Abstract A municipal wastewater treatment plant accounts for a large portion of the total energy consumption of a municipality. Besides their high energy demand, the plants also display a significant bioenergy potential. This is due to the utilisation of the energy content of digester gas and sewage sludge if there exist suitable units. To maximise the energy recovery efficiency of wastewater treatment systems (WWTS), it is important to analyse the amount of digester gas and sludge produced in different types of plants. Therefore, the present paper deals with designing a tool to answer the following research questions: Which bioenergy potentials occur in different plant types? Which mass and energy flows are related to the specific potentials? Which utilisation processes for the potentials can lead to a high energy recovery efficiency of WWTS? Preliminary analyses with the designed tool were focused on estimating the level of electric and thermal energy self-sufficiency of different plant configuration scenarios including or excluding digester gas and/or sludge utilisation units. First results based on the level of self-sufficiency and associated energy and disposal costs show that a digester gas and sewage sludge utilisation should be considered when designing future WWTS.

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42

Veltmann, K., L. M. Palmowski, and J. Pinnekamp. "Modular operation of membrane bioreactors for higher hydraulic capacity utilisation." Water Science and Technology 63, no. 6 (March 1, 2011): 1241–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2011.366.

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Using data from 6 full-scale municipal membrane bioreactors (MBR) in Germany the hydraulic capacity utilisation and specific energy consumption were studied and their connexion shown. The average hydraulic capacity utilisation lies between 14% and 45%. These low values are justified by the necessity to deal with intense rain events and cater for future flow increases. However, this low hydraulic capacity utilisation leads to high specific energy consumption. The optimisation of MBR operation requires a better utilisation of MBR hydraulic capacity, particularly under consideration of the energy-intensive membrane aeration. A first approach to respond to large influent flow fluctuations consists in adjusting the number of operating modules. This is practised by most MBR operators but so far mostly with variable flux and constant membrane aeration. A second approach is the real-time adjustment of membrane aeration in line with flux variations. This adjustment is not permitted under current manufacturers’ warranty conditions. A further opportunity is a discontinuous operation, in which filtration takes place over short periods at high flux and energy for membrane aeration is saved during filtration pauses. The integration of a buffer volume is thereby indispensable. Overall a modular design with small units, which can be activated/ inactivated according to the influent flow and always operate under optimum conditions, enables a better utilisation of MBR hydraulic capacity and forms a solid base to reduce MBR energy demand.

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Khan, Muhammad Sohail, Abdul Qadeem, Faiz Ali, Bushra Naeem, Bilal Shabbir, Raza Ali, and Muhammad Ali Shoaib. "Movement Aware Smart Street-lights for Efficient Energy Utilisation." Proceedings of the Pakistan Academy of Sciences: A. Physical and Computational Sciences 58, no. 1 (September 3, 2021): 77–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.53560/ppasa(58-1)691.

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Now a days, energy is an essential resource as the number of energy resources are sinking day by day. Movement Aware Smart Street light is a simple yet powerful concept, which uses transistor as a switch and replaces the manual system. It instantly switches the lights ON when the sunlight goes below the visible region. As energy is the scarcest source, this requires finding innovative ways to use it efficiently. Big cities consume a large amount of electricity and it is required to save energy by operating the street-lights at the time of need. In this paper, an effective method of street-light operation is presented which detects the sun set and sun rise alongside detection of vehicle movement on roads to utilise the energy only when it is required. Furthermore, a system is proposed which reduces energy consumption by replacing manually operated street-lights as they are not switched OFF even the sunlight appears and also switched ON earlier before sunset. The proposed mehtod has saved the municipal utility budget by 35% - 45% through energy saving. This paper also discussed the elimination of manual operation like ON time and OFF time setting and clearly demonstrates the working of transistor in saturation region and cut-off region.

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Obakin, Olufunmilola Adetayo. "Utilisation of agro-wastes as energy efficient building materials." International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Science 7, no. 7 (2020): 250–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijaers.77.29.

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Panchal, Hitesh, Romil Patel, Sudhir Chaudhary, D. K. Patel, Ravishankar Sathyamurthy, and T. Arunkumar. "Solar energy utilisation for milk pasteurisation: A comprehensive review." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 92 (September 2018): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2018.04.068.

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Papadopoulos, A. M., G. L. Glinou, and D. Α. Papachristos. "Developments in the utilisation of wind energy in Greece." Renewable Energy 33, no. 1 (January 2008): 105–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2007.03.005.

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Beever, D. E., A. J. Hattan, S. B. Cammell, D. J. Humphries, and A. K. Jones. "Lactational performance and energy utilisation in high yielding cows." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2000 (2000): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200000119.

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Significant increases in genetic merit for milk production in the UK dairy herd have led to high and persistent milk yields becoming relatively common. Data relating this level of performance to the extent of the energy deficit in early lactation, possible impact on milk quality and the contribution of mobilised energy to milk production are relatively scarce. The aim of this study was to compare lactational performance in high- (HYC) and average- (AYC) yielding cows and to reconcile changes in body status (liveweight and condition score) of HYC with associated measurements of energy depletion and repletion.

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Howorth, Chris, Phil O'Keefe, and Ian Convery. "Energy utilisation in peri-urban areas: issues of demand." Energy for Sustainable Development 3, no. 5 (January 1997): 16–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0973-0826(08)60209-4.

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Bahadori, Alireza, Chikezie Nwaoha, Sohrab Zendehboudi, and Gholamreza Zahedi. "An overview of renewable energy potential and utilisation inAustralia." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 21 (May 2013): 582–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2013.01.004.

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Gellings, Clark W. "Priorities for Electric Energy Utilisation Research in the USA." OPEC Review 22, no. 4 (December 1998): 291–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0076.00053.

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