Academic literature on the topic 'Utilisation du sol – Akkar (Liban)'
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Utilisation du sol – Akkar (Liban)":
Kamaleddine, Ahmad. "Évaluation des impacts de l'occupation du sol sur la qualité des ressources en eau dans la région d'Akkar (nord du Liban) : le cas du territoire d'Al-Kayteh." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2022-....), 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023ULILA028.
Akkar is a rural and economically deprived region located in northern Lebanon. It stands out as the second agricultural zone in Lebanon, where agriculture represents the primary sector of activity. Our study area, Al-Kayteh, covers 26% of the Akkar region's area and houses 60% of its population. It stretches from the Mediterranean coastline to the summit of Aarouba, reaching an elevation of 2230 meters, which is the highest point in Akkar.Al-Kayteh is currently facing significant yet disorganized urban development. However, this territory lacks urban planning documents or master plans governing its development and urbanization. Furthermore, most of its municipalities have outdated sewage systems or rely on septic tanks to treat wastewater. Moreover, the use of pesticides and chemical fertilizers in agricultural areas is not regulated. These factors pose a threat and exert pressure on the territory's water resources. Thus, Al-Kayteh, like Akkar, faces major challenges in terms of urban planning and water resource preservation.Previous studies on the quality of water resources in Akkar and Al-Kayteh have revealed that the majority of the region's water resources are contaminated, both microbiologically due to wastewater and chemically due to chemical fertilizers and pesticides. This is why we have approached the issue of water pollution in Akkar from a geographical and land-use planning perspective. This approach led us to examine land use patterns since 1962 on the ground, their evolution, and their impact on water resources.To contextualize the issue, we have examined the characteristics and problems of the water sector in Al-Kayteh, as well as the evolution and distribution of urbanization and types of agricultural activities in this area. Subsequently, 44 water samples (in wells and springs) were taken from different sectors of the area to characterize their quality and analyze the impacts of land use. Statistical methods were employed to identify relationships between different variables.The results obtained have enabled us to gain a better understanding of a still relatively unexplored area, the evolution of land use, and identifying sources of water resource pollution in the region. This will pave the way for the development of plans and master plans aimed at sustainable water resource management, as well as the planning of urban development and agriculture in the area
Raad, Samer. "Baalbeck, ville et campagne : étude de l'organisation urbaine et régionale." Paris 4, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991PA040027.
The subject of our research constitutes a study of the space organization in northern Beqaa, a district of Baalbek. This study is composed of an urban analysis which concern Baalbek, the capital of our geographical zone, and a regional analysis related to the space between the city and its countryside. In the urban analysis, the various space components of the city such as town center, residential quarters, touristic zones and suburban space are studied prior to the examination of the urban functions in detail: structure and evolution. The regional analysis deals with the different types of influence in the district of Baalbek; the administrative, commercial, land, academic, sanitary and migratory problems are studied. In summary, a regional organization is identified. Our investigation carried out between 1987 and 1990 constitutes the principal source of data
Rajab, Mousbah. "Le Vieux-Tripoli (Liban), un espace historique en voie de mutation : problématique et perspectives d'avenir." Paris 1, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA010690.
Ibrahim, Moustapha O. "Les mécanismes de la production de l'espace urbain au Liban, cas de la ville de Saïda : synthèse sur la reconstruction après la guerre." Paris 1, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA010613.
In Lebanon, the ongoing policy of reconstruction and development is always devoid to Beirut and the central part of the country, compared to the other areas. The civil war which burned in 1975 has changed dramatically this point of view. The greater Beirut area faced a dispersion of its former functions. The destruction of Beirut’s down town together with the various events during war time have opened the way to the raise of other urban centers country wide. The city of Saïda, capital of the south Lebanon displays today both historical centralized government controlled policy together with post was consequences. Our study aims elucidate the consequences of geographical, historical, political and economic data on the urban development of the city of Saïda. We have analyzed the step to step development of the south Lebanon capital together with the developing projects already in progress and their own consequences. The evaluation of the evolution of Saïda's urban space, allowed as the establishment of an concise inventory of the remaining problems, to early finalize its action both on the regional and national levels taking into account the giant reconstructing efforts of post war Lebanon
Caiserman, Arnaud. "Adapter les stratégies agricoles aux évolutions socio-économiques et climatiques en milieu méditerranéen : comparaison de l'usage de l'eau et des choix de plantes des agriculteurs dans la plaine de la Békaa (Liban) et de Marvdasht (Iran)." Thesis, Lyon, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LYSE3009.
According to Köppen’s climate map, the semi-arid Mediterranean climate covers several countries in this region, including Lebanon and Iran. In order to regionalize the understanding of the water challenge of this region, two agricultural plains with similar characteristics were selected as study areas: the Bekaa plain in Lebanon and the Marvdahst plain in Iran. The Marvdasht plain is slightly drier and through climate change, the Bekaa plain will look like the present climate conditions of Marvdasht before 2100. It is therefore necessary to grasp the agricultural practices in the Marvdasht plain in order to imagine how Bekaa agriculture will look like in the future. Farmers must adapt their strategies to the local climate that is characterized by strong uncertainties (interannual variability of rainfall or frequent droughts) but also to economic uncertainties (prices’ variability). Despite (geo)political differences, some farmers in the Bekaa and Marvdasht have chosen strong water demanding crops, compared to the local renewable water resources. However, these crops are profitable on the market. In total, the water balances for the years under consideration are negative: in Marvdasht, farmers pumped 0,25 km3 of groundwater to meet the total irrigation needs, but the groundwater recharge was only 0,09 km3 in that year. In the Bekaa, this balance is also negative, but to a lesser extent: 0,15 km3 were pumped for a recharge of 0,1 km3. In both cases, irrigation needs are therefore higher than renewable water. They have therefore promoted market adaptation rather than sustainable resource management. Thus, the reasons for crop choices were closely analysed through field surveys and certain remote sensing methods to generate crop maps. The net irrigation requirements of crops are also estimated through remote sensing. Indeed, water needs determine whether or not farmers promote climate change adaptation strategies with relevant crop choices. This regional imbalance at the expense of resources stems from the productivism in the early 1950s. This paradigm is rooted on farm’s profitability and a more ambitious political objective, food self-sufficiency, especially in Iran. This causes an overexploitation of groundwater for irrigation and thus a lowering of groundwater by several tens of meters since the 1980s. Some alternatives consist of growing plants with high added value and modest water requirements: saffron, canola, quinoa and cannabis (in Lebanon). We have highlighted these alternative crops since their cultivation on large areas could save millions of water cubic meters each year. Still not widely cultivated, these plants need incentive markets to attract the interest of agricultural stakeholders. This operational part thus analyses the reasons for this lukewarm success in order to find incentive markets. Such local markets would strengthen a more sustainable agricultural policy than restrictive measures on water management that farmers always manage to circumvent