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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'User resistance'
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Weiler, Severin [Verfasser]. "User Resistance to non-mandated Computerized Decision Support / Severin Weiler." Berlin : epubli, 2021. http://d-nb.info/1240970188/34.
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Klaus, Timothy Paul. "An examination of user resistance in mandatory adoption of Enterprise Systems." [Tampa, Fla] : University of South Florida, 2005. http://purl.fcla.edu/usf/dc/et/SFE0001432.
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Elhorr, Suzanne. "The three dimensional relation between user system experience, user satisfaction, and user acceptance." Thesis, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola, Institutionen för datalogi och datorsystemteknik, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-12957.
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Context. The subject presented in this research is the fact that people resist IT induced change and want to maintain their current situation when implementing a new information system. If no strategy is set to deal with it, resistance to change leads to Information System failure. Objectives. In this study, the author is investigating how to anticipate and handle resistance to change when implementing a new information system in order to succeed. This is followed by introducing the factors affecting user satisfaction which in turn affects user acceptance. Methods The data collection involves interviews in order to assemble appropriate, justifiable and relevant data, in addition to surveys to measure and validate the hypotheses in this thesis. The banking sector in Lebanon was selected as a source of data collection. Results. Three factors Perceived ease of use(PEOU), Perceived Usefulness (PU), and User Involvement react together to satisfy user and hence to make the user accept change. Conclusions. Based on the studies conducted so far with respect to this topic, there exists an indirect relationship between the three factors discussed in this thesis, the user satisfaction, and the user acceptance. The more the user finds the system easy to use (simple way of work with less efforts) and useful (the extent to which person’s work is improved) and the more he/sh is involved, the more he is satisfied and hence the more he is willing to accept the change and causes system success.
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Mullany, Michael John. "An analysis of the relationship between analyst-user cognitive style differences and user resistance to information systems." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/15855.
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Bibliography: pages 102-109.This study investigated the relationships between user resistance to new information systems and other factors, the chief of which was the differences in cognitive problem-solving styles between systems developers (analysts) and users. In addition, associations were tested between user resistance and the following: system accuracy, system reliability, the analyst's attitude, the analyst-user relationship, analyst-user dissonance, the user's age and the user's length of service with his current employer. All data was collected at confidential interviews with the key users and key analysts of 34 post-implementation systems service were recorded at these interviews. Ages and lengths of User resistance was determined from the number of complaints made by users regarding the systems and their manner of implementation. Cognitive style was measured using the Kirton Adaption-innovation Inventory (KAI). All other parameters were measured as responses to suitably phrased questions, quantified using seven-point scales. A significant positive association between user resistance and analyst-user cognitive style difference was found. A model was then developed which enables the estimation of user resistance prior to system development with the aid of the KAI. Significant negative associations were found to exist between user resistance and system accuracy, and user resistance and system reliability. No relationships between user resistance and either user age or user length of service were found.
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Gobbin, Renzo, and n/a. "The role of cultural fitness in user resistance to information technology tools." University of Canberra. Information Sciences, 1999. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20050622.164552.
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Human interactions with Information Technology tools are reproducing organisational
cultural patterns in a process similar to the evolution of human tools and language. A multidisciplinary
research in tool-mediated activity, culture, language and cognition will examine
new concepts that can be important for the design of organisationally fit Information
Technology interface tools. By using qualitative and quantitative analysis together with the
fields of anthropology, philosophy, cognitive sciences and human computer interaction this
thesis shows that cultural fitness is an important variable that can determine in a substantial
degree the rejection or adoption of a tool in organisational environment. Qualitative and
quantitative data collected from organisational simulations at the Faculty of Information
Sciences and Engineering of the University of Canberra during the period 1995-1997 has
been used and analysed.
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Mullane, Sarah. "Development of a user-centred design methodology to accommodate changing hardware and software user requirements in the sports domain." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2012. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/10191.
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The research presented in this thesis focuses on the development of wireless, real time performance monitoring technology within the resistance training domain using a user-centred design methodology. The functionality of current performance monitoring technology and differences in monitoring ability is investigated through comparative force platform, video and accelerometer testing and analysis. Determining the complexity of resistance training exercises and whether performance variable profiles such as acceleration, velocity and power can be used to characterise lifts is also investigated. A structured user-centred design process suitable for the sporting domain is proposed and followed throughout the research to consider the collection, analysis and communication of performance data. Identifying the user requirements and developing both hardware and software to meet the requirements also forms a major part of the research. The results indicate that as the exercise complexity increases, the requirement for sophisticated technology increases. A simple tri-axial accelerometer can be used to monitor simple linear exercises at the recreational level. Gyroscope technology is required to monitor complex exercises in which rotation of the bar occurs. Force platform technology is required at the elite level to monitor the distribution of force and resultant balance throughout a lift (bilateral difference). An integrated system consisting of an Inertial Measurement Unit (both accelerometer and gyroscope technology) and a double plate force platform is required to accurately monitor performance in the resistance training domain at the elite level.
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Wilson, Melanie. "Gender and user resistance : the failure to stabilise a nursing information system." Thesis, University of Manchester, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.682188.
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This thesis is about a group of women working as qualified nurses in an NHS Trust Hospital in the North of England, and their relationship with an information system (IS) introduced onto the wards under the auspices of a major and highly contentious governmental policy of the 1980’s, the Resource Management Initiative. In relating the story of these users’ interaction with information technology (IT) two key issues are explored: the nature of IT failure and the role played by gender in the outcome of new technology adoption. In much of the recent prescriptive IS literature, the relationship of users to IS has come to be conceived as fundamental to the success and failure of technological systems. At the same time, social studies of technology (SST) have problematised the success/failure categories. By suspending disbelief concerning the inherent technological superiority of dominant artefacts, SST has shown how particular options in the developmental period of artefacts become stabilised and are defined as ’successes’ only ’after the fact’. Furthermore, ’success’ may be accomplished by virtue of the increasing adoption of the artefact, its markets created, its attributes flaunted or even because its supporters quite simply ’rewrite history’. Success and failure may thus be considered as social constructions, the result of hindsight, and the victory of one version of the technology over alternative contending accounts. Using the case study of a Nursing Information System (NIS), this thesis demonstrates the applicability of a social shaping approach to IT and software development for deconstructing the success/failure divide and providing a means to understand how failures occur within their social and organisational context. Two areas relevant to the nurse-users’ attitudes and responses are gender and nursing practice. Presenting an argument for the substantial influence of gender on computer usage in organisations, and associating this ’to a gender perspective on nursing, the scene is set for the empirical research into how these complex and sometimes contradictory issues are played out in the local setting.
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Hasan, M. Redwan. "Understanding the user resistance of M-banking – for the student group in the context of Bangladesh." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för informatik (IK), 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-54519.
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This thesis has focused on understanding why m-banking as an innovative banking service have not been accepted and used widely in Bangladesh. The study was conducted upon students who are usually tech-savvy and to comprehend the problem from their perspective. An in-depth literature review was done upon many similar and related topics. 2 research questions were developed and a qualitative approach was taken containing two different methods – semi-structured interviews and focus groups, to explore the reasons why m-banking have been resisted by Bangladeshi students. The results showed concepts/factors ranging from internal competition to lack of legal framework to security issues to inability of minor payments etc. Total of 15 participants were involved in the thesis and an extensive data collection and analysis was conducted to come up with concepts/factors which answered the research questions. The thesis then moved forward to discuss the findings, stating implications, limitations and encouraging potential future research.
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Nolan, Kevin Patrick. "Basic Psychological Need Fulfillment and User Resistance to Objective and Analytical Decision-Making Practices in Employee Selection." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1343479006.
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Tejumola, Olubusola. "Investigation into the change management influences on user adoption of ERP systems." Thesis, Brunel University, 2017. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/14862.
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As organizations strive to remain competitive despite economic pressures and the rapid pace of technology innovation, Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems provide businesses with the functional best practices and customisable capabilities they need to adapt to these changes. However, the high rate of failure of these Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems remain a challenge for the managers who are usually tasked with ensuring the huge investments achieve its purpose and yield a return on investment. In attempting to explain the reasons behind these Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) implementation failures, previous research has identified user adoption as one of the main drivers of ERP implementation success. An abundance of technology adoption theories and change management models have been proposed as solutions to user adoption, by measuring different factors they consider are important to the adoption of these systems. However, ERP systems still fail to achieve their intended purpose because these theories have not been able to explicitly explain how these factors impact on adoption. To address this gap, this research takes a comprehensive approach to identifying the change management influences on user adoption by integrating change management and technology adoption constructs. The main contribution of this research is a common-sense perspective of the realities of user resistance. The study provides a causal model derived from Structural equation modelling, which explains the multiple influence relationships between the measured constructs. An adoption tool is also developed for managers to use as a yardstick to benchmark the effectiveness of an implementation strategy. Using a structural equation modelling approach, a theory was developed from a survey of 616 ERP users across 6 organizations. Six constructs were identified as the key influences of user adoption – Trust, Communication and Engagement, System Qualities, Training, Organizational Benefits and Resistance. The theory explains the multiple influence relationships between these constructs and Adoption, and assists in the pinpointing of failure points that need to be addressed by Enterprise Resource Planning project managers. The resulting theory developed indicates the multiple influence relationships between these constructs as determinants of Adoption of ERP systems. In addition, the theory assists in the pinpointing of failure points that need to be addressed by Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) project managers.
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Roychowdhury, Amrita. "NON-USE OF STREAMING MUSIC TECHNOLOGIES." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Informationssystem, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-341750.
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Technology non-use or active resistance towards technology is a pertinent issue in Human Computer Interaction, especially when we contemplate the ongoing changes regarding the concept of usability. By combining Theory of Practice and Theory of Materiality with Theory of Affect this thesis explores the resistance towards online streaming music technology among music enthusiasts devoted to vintage Vinyl music culture and also takes an effort to understand any possible effect of this voluntary non-use on the digital music industry. Qualitative research analysis is employed on ten in-depth semi structured interviews showing that material aspects and nostalgia, create an individualistic image and passion for record collection; furthermore, these aspects play a role behind the choice of non-use of online music technology.
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Shawa, Isaac Thom. "Protection from HCV infection : identification of mechanisms of resistance to HCV infection in exposed uninfected injection drug users." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/10386.
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Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a leading cause of chronic liver disease. In the developed world, injection drug use (IDU) through sharing of infected needles and other paraphernalia remains the principal risk factor for HCV transmission. Effective but expensive treatment is now possible but there remains a pressing need for a vaccine. A proportion of people who inject drugs (PWIDs) remain uninfected despite HCV exposure from a long history of sharing needles and other paraphernalia. These cases are termed exposed but uninfected (EU) and test negative for both HCV antibodies and RNA and exhibit a phenotype of resistance to HCV infection. Improved understanding of the mechanisms that confer resistance in the EUs has the potential to aid development of an effective vaccine and novel therapeutic strategies. This thesis reports on the findings from 3 different strategies to identify characteristics of HCV resistance. I used urinary metabolomics, serum lipidomics and the study of adaptive and innate immune responses. Each of these methods has demonstrated clear differences between EU cases and healthy controls and/or spontaneous resolvers of HCV infection. Urinary metabolomics suggest a potential role of the gut microbiome, the serum lipidomics showed marked differences in lipid profiles in EU cases pointing towards a perturbed lipid/virus interaction, and the immune studies confirmed previous work identifying low level T cell responses in many EU cases but has also identified a marked upregulation of interferon alpha production to low dose viral RNA in EU cases utilising ELISA assay. In conclusion, this thesis reports data that identifies a number of new findings that provide insight into mechanisms of resistance to HCV infection. My findings suggest that the complex interplay between the virus and lipids together with an upregulated innate immune response may together help determine the outcome following HCV exposure. In summary, studies performed in this thesis have demonstrated that there are different pathways that define the EU phenotype. Despite being a heterogenous subgroup of PWIDs, the EUs are clearly distinct from a healthy control population.
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Mohajeri, Kaveh. "THEORIZING WHEN USER REACTION TO IT IMPLEMENTATION IS NEITHER RESISTANCE NOR ACCEPTANCE, BUT CONSTRUCTIVE BEHAVIOR: A CASE STUDY OF HEALTHCARE IT IMPLEMENTATION." VCU Scholars Compass, 2014. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/3830.
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The prevailing discourse of “resistance vs. acceptance” in IT implementation research mostly personalizes the issue as “users” versus IT implementers (e.g., managers, CIOs, CMIOs, etc.). This kind of discourse has created an IT-implementer-centric attitude among IS scholars and practitioners. The IT-implementer-centric attitude, while embraces “acceptance” as a desirable reaction almost unconditionally, frequently holds for minimizing or more conservatively suppressing “resistance” to IT implementation. In other words, the mainstream IT implementation research, almost completely, treats “users” as passive recipients whose choices, as they face pre-developed/pre-designed/pre-rolled-out technology being implemented, can only be defined on a spectrum from “acceptance” to “resistance.” The current research study, however, offers an alternative perspective that views the “resistance vs. acceptance” duality “from the other side,” i.e., from the perspective of the supposed “resistors” or “acceptors” themselves. Through a review of the literature, this study first identifies major drawbacks of the extant theories and models of IT implementation research. Next, drawing on an interpretive paradigm of research (more specifically, phenomenological sociology), this study investigates a real world case of healthcare IT implementation. The results of the aforementioned literature review and case investigation subsequently form the basis for the study’s proposed theoretical account, which provides an unprecedented understanding and explanation of how actors representing different stakeholder groups, among which people who are routinely called “users” are but one group, experience IT implementation as they live their everyday lives. The proposed theoretical account is lastly used as a guide for crafting both practical and research prescriptions with respect to managing IT-involved change occasions.
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Rydahl, Viktoria. "Framgångsfaktorer för att minska användarmotstånd under ett affärssystemsinförande : En fallstudie av ett lokalt företag i en globalkoncern." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Handelshögskolan (from 2013), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-78863.
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Att vara konkurrenskraftig är varför företag och organisationer idag i allt större utsträckning står inför förändringar för att vara relevant på marknaden. I stort sett alla företag och organisationer använder sig av och är helt beroende av sina affärssystem, vilket också redogör relevansen av funktionaliteten och acceptans av användarna. Affärssystem i sig och införandet av dem är komplexa och påverkar hela organisationen inklusive dess anställda och målsättningen är ofta att effektivisera befintliga affärsprocesser. Användarmotstånd är en faktor som bidrar till att affärssystemsinföranden i så stor utsträckning inte genomförs framgångsrikt och de förväntade effekterna affärssystemet ska medföra aldrig inträffar. Syftet med denna kandidatuppsats i informatik är att identifiera och beskriva påverkandefaktorer för att minska användarmotstånd under införande av ett nytt affärssystem i en organisation ur ett internt relationsperspektiv. I studien har fallstudiemetoden tillämpats, till följd av att fallföretagets interna relationer varit den valda analysenheten. Den primära empiriska data har samlats in genom kvalitativa intervjuer. Fem stycken personer har intervjuats, som arbetar vid fallföretaget, beträffande deras inställning och uppfattning om faktorer som bidrar till minskat användarmotstånd under ett affärssystemsinförande. De viktigaste slutsatserna från studiens analys är: tidpunkten för införandeprocessen bör analyseras noggrant, betydelsen av välbekant kommunikationshantering, involveringen av användarna har en betydande relevans, förmedling av förväntningar underlättar förändringsprocessen och förstå olika typer av användare och deras behov. Tidpunkten för affärssystemsinförandet är högst relevant för att användarna ska känna både stöd och en lyhördhet från ledningen. Användarna behöver veta vad ett nytt affärssystem innebär genom att de involveras i processen eftersom det är de ute i verksamheten som ska använda det. Kommunikationen under ett affärssystemsinförande bör ske på ett sätt som är sedan tidigare inarbetat för att det på bästa sätt ska flöda genom organisationen och mellan alla intressenter.
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Eriksson, Mårs Elin. "Visualisera mera : Meningsskapande med hjälp av processkartläggning och visualisering i form av processgrafer vid införande av informationsteknologi." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Handelshögskolan, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-54955.
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Motstånd till förändring och konflikter kring vari nyttan ligger och vilket värde som ett förändrat arbetssätt kan generera handlar ofta om oförståelse. Men när en engagerar sig i någonting, och därigenom börjar förstå sig på det, så införs struktur och mening i det okända som vidare genererar ett kognitivt ramverk. Förståelse byggs upp om varför en övergång från ett nuläge till ett börläge är av värde. Studiens syfte uppkom efter att en processkartläggning genomförts som väckte intresset för ämnet. Detta mynnade sedan ut i att undersöka hur en processkartläggning och visualisering i form av processgrafer kan främja meningsskapande och underlätta vid adoption av informationsteknologi på mikronivå. Studien har genomförts med en kvalitativ forskningsansats där teorin har riktat sig mot förändringen, närmare bestämt hur förändring sker och hur det ser ut vid ett införande av ny informationsteknologi samt vilka konsekvenser det kan ha. Detta har sedan studerats med hjälp av Karl E. Weicks sense making theory. Konklusionen är att den aktivitet som en processkartläggning är samt visualiseringen i form av processgrafer, anses stödja cykeln hos individers meningsskapande. Meningsskapandet i sin tur föreslås kunna hantera den oförståelse, rädsla och oro som ett införandeprojekt kan generera, vilket i sin tur underlättar individers adoption.
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Dumaine, Rémy. "How Changes Management Allows to Contain Risk and to Achieve Goals While an ERP Implementation Within a Company in Multicultural and International Context ?" Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-201661.
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Since the invention of the first computer in 1937 by John Vincent Atanasoff and Clifford Berry the process of computerisation within companies is still increasing. Nowadays, the Enterprise Resource Planning software can be seen as one of the most used software in the world. In the 1990s the price of a stock option could increase just with the public announcement of an ERP implementation within the company. It was generally synonym of rigor, data traceability, and control and best practice integration. However, in 2015 through various case studies, observations and records, we can claim that this kind of software cause a lot of changes such as organizational changes, employee's tasks changes or business practices. This paper will explain the role of Change Management during an ERP implementation project. We will analyse the importance of this management area in this kind of project and we will observe that change management has to be taken into account in order to reach objectives and containing goals. In order to illustrate this idea, we will compare two different companies. First the report of the ERP implementation will be done for the French firm EVERIAL. It summarizes 15 months of personal observations within this project where I worked as Key User implementing SAGE X3 ERP for the Purchase module April 2013 to July 2014. Then the second company is described from a case study. It is a Chinese company with Chinese business culture, which succeed first with a home custom designed ERP implementation. However it failed to implement Western ERP called SAP R3. From both EVERIAL and the Chinese company we will analyse the importance of Change Management during the implementation step. Moreover, an analysis of business culture in this kind of project will be done in order to emphasis the role of change management when Western best practices are implemented in Asian Company with a strong local culture.
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Skystedt, Sebastian. "Faktorer som påverkar en framgångsrik övergång från lokalt lagrade system till molnbaserade IT-system ur tre aktörers perspektiv : En intervjustudie ur kund-, projektgrupp- och systemimplementatörsperspektiv." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Handelshögskolan (from 2013), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-73312.
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I takt med att världen digitaliseras och att allt fler företag börjar upptäcka fördelarna med molnbaserade IT-system, så misslyckas fortfarande hela 2/3 av alla IT-projekt trots att liknande projekt har gjorts många gånger förut. Denna kandidatuppsats har som syfte identifiera, beskriva och förklara de faktorer som påverkar en övergång från dagens lokalt lagrade system till molnbaserade IT-system, ur kund-, projektgrupp- och systemimplementatörsperspektiv. Primära empiriska data har samlats in genom kvalitativa intervjuer av fyra respondenter. Intervju-erna fokuserade på deras erfarenheter och uppfattningar om vilka faktorer som påverkar en övergång från lokalt lagrade system till molnbaserade IT-system. Respondenterna har olika perspektiv och har olika arbetsbakgrund, men gemensamt är att samtliga arbetar inom IT-området. Tre av dem har syste-mimplementatörsbakgrund och den fjärde arbetar som IT-chef hos ett kundföretag. En viktig slutsats från denna studie är att det inte finns lika stora risker vid en övergång till ett molnbaserat IT-system som marknaden upplever. De faktorer som har en hög påverkan på en fram-gångsrik övergång från lokalt till molnbaserade IT-system, Ur ett systemimplementatörsperspektiv är det individen och den individuella förmågan och kompetens. Ur ett projektgruppperspektiv är det att etablera en effektiv kommunikation. Ur ett kundperspektiv är deras mognad och samsyn för projektet
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Enne, Virve Irene. "Sulphonamide resistance and its relationship to sulphonamide use." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.268766.
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Henrysson, Desirée. "”Du går in i ett rum sen är det precis som en jävla labyrint ifrån Knossos” : En kvalitativ studie om IT-stödet edWise användbarhet gentemot vårdnadshavare i Kristianstads kommun." Thesis, Högskolan Kristianstad, Sektionen för hälsa och samhälle, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hkr:diva-17502.
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Syftet med den här studien var att undersöka hur ett IT-stöd bör designas som ett kommunikationsverktyg mellan skola och hemmet för att stödja brukaren i användandet av dem. Genom att intervjua och observera vårdnadshavare under interaktion med IT-stödet edWise, belyser uppsatsen problem som uppstår i användandet av det befintliga kommunikationsverktyget för skolor inom Kristianstads kommun. En av de teoretiska utgångspunkterna berör hur människor skapar motstånd mot digitala artefakter genom förutbestämda förhållningssätt. Ett annat hur vi inte vill känna oss begränsade genom artefakterna. Dessa bekräftas i studien, vilken visar brist på användbarhet av edWise så som systemet är designat idag samt att vårdnadshavare inte vill vara bundna utan känna flexibiliteten som ett mer artikulerat och mobilt användande av verktyget skulle kunna ge dem.The purpose of this article is to study how to design information systems, as a tool for communication between the school and parents, supports the parents while using it. The study is based on interviews and observations during usability tests with parents and indicate problems that occur while using this information system procured by Kristianstads municipality. One of the theoretical starting points of the article is how people build up a resitance against digital artifacts through a predetermined approach against them. A second theoretical point argues how people experiencing them self to be limited by the artifacts. This is also confirmed in this study which, shows that edWise, as designed today, is lacking usability and that parents dont want to feel tied up to the system. Instead they want to have a flexibility that a mobile and well articulated information system could provide them with.
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Hsu, Erica. "Utmaningar vid implementering av ett e-kollaborationssystem för volontärer i en pingstförsamling." Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för system- och rymdteknik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-70241.
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Allt fler religiösa organisationer har börjat använda sig av informationsteknik i sin verksamhet i takt med den digitala teknologins frammarsch i samhället. På grund av deras starka fokus på evangelisation är församlingar inom protestantiska samfund, och då i synnerhet pingstförsamlingar, i hög grad benägna att ta till sig informations- och kommunikationsteknik (IKT). Tidigare studier inom detta forskningsområde har fokuserat på hur religiösa samfund använder IKT för att nå ut med sitt budskap samt på aktiva medlemmars användning av teknik och sociala medier. Få studier har undersökt implementering av interna informationssystem i religiösa organisationer. Syftet med detta arbete är att för en församling inom pingstkyrkan i en svensk kontext genomföra en förstudie till implementeringen av ett e-kollaborationssystem, för att identifiera eventuella problem som kan uppstå och vilka åtgärder som kan vidtas för att förebygga dessa. Detta arbete utformades som en fallstudie där datainsamlingen främst bestod av intervjuer och en enkätundersökning med volontärer som arbetar i församlingen, samt observationer av delar av verksamheten vari volontärer deltar. Ur resultatet från intervjuerna och enkäten identifierades förväntade problem i samband med implementeringen av ett e-kollaborationssystem. I likhet med de problem som finns beskrivna i litteraturen handlar dessa främst om användarmotstånd eller felaktig användning av systemet på grund av användarnas ovana eller ointresse av ny teknik. Likaså överensstämmer volontärernas uppfattningar gällande de viktigaste faktorerna för att använda ett e-kollaborationssystem – utbildning inom systemet, uppfattad nytta och fördelar med systemet, men framför allt att systemet ska vara lättanvänt - med de som beskrivs i litteraturen. Studiens resultat är inte direkt generaliserbar då den endast studerat en församling, men resultatet skulle kunna användas som underlag för projekt som utförs i andra organisationer och under liknande förutsättningar. Vidare kan denna studies resultat jämföras med en verklig, framtida implementering av ett e-kollaborationssystem i en religiös organisation.As digital technology gain ground in society, an increasing number of religious organizations are beginning to use information technology within their operations. Due to their strong focus on evangelism, Protestant congregations – in particular those belonging to the Pentecostal movement – are strongly inclined to adopt information and communications technologies (ICTs). Previous research in this field has focused on how religious communions use ICT to reach people with their message, and on their members’ use of technology and social media. Few studies have investigated the implementation of internal information systems in religious organizations. The aim of this research work was to conduct a preliminary study on the implementation of an e-collaboration system for a Pentecostal congregation in a Swedish context, in order to identify the problems that may arise and measures that can be taken to prevent these. This research work was designed as a case study, the data gathering of which consisted primarily of interviews with and a questionnaire answered by volunteers who work in the congregation, along with observations of parts of the operations of the congregation. The results of the interviews and the questionnaire were analyzed, and the problems that were expected to arise in connection with the implementation of the e-collaboration system were identified. These were found to correspond to a high degree with those discussed in the literature, and primarily revolved around user resistance to or incorrect use of the system based on unfamiliarity with and lack of interest in new technology. Moreover, the volunteers’ opinions corresponded to what is described in the literature as regards what the most important factors in use of an e-collaboration system: training in, perceived usefulness and advantages of, and – in particular – ease of use of the system. It is not possible to directly generalize using the results of this study due to the fact that it was based on a single congregation, but the results may be used as a basis for projects conducted in other organizations and under similar circumstances. Furthermore, the results of this study can be compared to those of a real, future implementation of an e-collaboration system within a religious organization.
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Griffith, James T. "The Influence of Antimicrobial use on Bacterial Resistance." ScholarWorks, 1992. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/1395.
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Antimicrobial resistance is becoming an increasingly serious problem accompanied by relatively few studies examining the relationship between use and resistance. The present study undertakes a twenty year analysis of antimicrobial production and factors affecting antimicrobial use for a particular microorganism (Stp. faecalis)/antimicrobial agent (Cephalothin) combination. The period is inclusive of the market introduction of the agent and considerate of prescribing practices to the present time. The accumulated data reveal that there is indeed a relationship between total drug availability (medicinal, agricultural) and increased antimicrobial resistance. The data also suggest that national (or global) use changes would likely have a long term beneficial effect on the deteriorating circumstances surrounding microbial resistance to antimicrobial chemotherapeutic agents The methodology utilized includes analysis of primary historical data and graphical representation of indices derived from these data. A literature review examines the impact on antimicrobial resistance by historical duration of use, various mechanisms of resistance, non-medical uses of antimicrobial agents and clinical misuse.
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Akram, Raja. "A user centric security model for tamper-resistant devices." Thesis, Royal Holloway, University of London, 2012. http://repository.royalholloway.ac.uk/items/aca52f8c-6233-4f73-a9da-025d25ab1295/1/.
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In this thesis, we propose a ubiquitous and interoperable device based on the smart card architecture to meet the challenges of privacy, trust, and security for traditional and emerging technologies like personal computers, smart phones and tablets. Such a device is referred as User Centric Tamper-Resistant Device (UCTD). To support the smart card architecture for the UCTD initiative, we propose the delegation of smart card ownership from a stringent centralised authority (i.e. the card issuer) to users. This delegation mandated the review of existing smart card mechanisms and their adequate modifications/improvements. Since the inception of smart card technology, the most prevalent ownership model in the smart card industry has been the Issuer Centric Smart Card Ownership Model (ICOM). The ICOM has no doubt played a pivotal role in the proliferation of the technology into various segments of modern life. However, it has been a barrier to the convergence of different services on a smart card. In addition, it might be considered as a hurdle to the adaption of smart card technology into a general-purpose security device. To avoid these issues, we propose citizen ownership of smart cards, referred as the User Centric Smart Card Ownership Model (UCOM). Contrary to the ICOM, it gives the power of decision to install or delete an application on a smart card to its user. The ownership of corresponding applications remains with their respective application providers along with the choice to lease their application to a card or not. In addition, based on the UCOM framework, we also proposed the Coopetitive Architecture for Smart Cards (CASC) that merges the centralised control of card issuers with the provision of application choice to the card user. In the core of the thesis, we analyse the suitability of the existing smart card architectures for the UCOM. This leads to the proposal of three major contributions spanning the smart card architecture, the application management framework, and the execution environment. Furthermore, we propose protocols for the application installation mechanism and the application sharing mechanism (i.e. smart card firewall). In addition to this, we propose a framework for backing-up, migrating, and restoring the smart card contents. Finally, we provide the test implementation results of the proposed protocols along with their performance measures. The protocols are then compared in terms of features and performance with existing smart cards and internet protocols. In order to provide a more detailed analysis of proposed protocols and for the sake of completeness, we performed mechanical formal analysis using the CasperFDR.
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Mugoya, Isaac. "Retrospective descriptive evaluation of empiric carbapenem-sparing regimens versus carbapenem use in non-intensive care patients at a district hospital in South Africa." University of Western Cape, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/8228.
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Magister Pharmaceuticae - MPharmAntimicrobial resistance is a global concern associated with increased morbidity and mortality. It has been estimated that, by 2050, the continuous escalation of antimicrobial resistance, globally, will result in more deaths per year, compared to cancer and diabetes. The direct and indirect impact of ineffective antibiotics, and therefore, antimicrobial resistance, will be hardest felt by low and middle-income countries, as the financial burden will be too great to manage. Carbapenems are considered the last line of antimicrobials to treat multidrug-resistant bacterial infections. They are the preferred choice to treat infections, presenting with extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL) producing Enterobacteriacea. Various strains of bacteria that have become resistant, due to the selective pressure, as a result of carbapenem over use, are referred to as Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE).
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Brown, Richard James. "The development and use of polymorphic DNA markers for use in population studies of Oryzaephilus surinamensis." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.362358.
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Giok, Felicia Xiaofei. "Antimicrobial resistance in direct-fed microbial preparations used in cattle." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/32859.
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Master of ScienceDepartment of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology
Sanjeev Narayanan
The use of antimicrobials in animal feed has come under increasing scrutiny from the public and regulatory agencies. Direct-fed microbials (DFM) are considered valuable alternatives to antimicrobials in food animal nutrition. DFM are products containing live (viable microorganisms). Studies in Europe have reported antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in organisms used in DFM. This is of serious concern because of the potential for transferring resistance to pathogenic bacteria in the gut. The aim of the present study is to characterize phenotypic and genotypic AMR profiles for 20 different antimicrobials in bacterial strains isolated from 10 commercially available DFM used in. Two antimicrobial susceptibility testing methods, disc diffusion and broth micro-dilution based assay were performed. Enterococcus faecium isolates showed resistance towards metronidazole (n=9/9) with a MIC of > 32 μg/mL, erythromycin (n=5/9) with a MIC of ≥ 8 μg/mL, ciprofloxacin (n=2/9) with a MIC ≥ 4 μg/mL, ceftriaxone (n=6/9) with a MIC ≥ 0.25 μg/mL, rifampin (n=8/9) with a MIC of > 4 μg/mL, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (n=4/9) with a MIC ≥ 1 μg/mL and clindamycin (n=5/9) with a MIC of > 0.5 μg/mL. A Propionibacterium freudenreichii isolate showed resistance towards kanamycin with a MIC of > 64 μg/mL. The same strain also had a MIC of 16 μg/mL for levofloxacin. Two Lactobacillus acidophilus were resistant to vancomycin (n=2/6) with a MIC ≥ 32 μg/mL. All the Lactobacillus species including L. acidophilus (n=6), L. casei (n=4) and L. plantarum (n=2) were resistant to metronidazole, MIC > 32 μg/mL. Two strains of Bacillus subtilis showed resistance to clindamycin, with an MIC of 4 μg/mL and erythromycin with an MIC of > 8 μg/mL, and one strain had no zone of inhibition for metronidazole (MIC > 32 μg/mL). Microarray analysis revealed resistance genes in E. faecium strains of 3 different DFM, including aminoglycoside resistance genes, ant(4’)-Ia, erythromycin resistance genes, ere(A2) and ermB, tetracycline resistance genes, tet39, tet31, tetK and tetC, and beta-lactam resistance gene, pbp5. Conjugation with filter mating showed erythromycin resistance gene transfer, msrC gene, from donor strains to a recipient strain (E. faecium 45-24). These studies show that AMR is prevalent among bacterial strains used as DFM in the cattle industry in the U.S., justifying further characterization, detection and observation of transferable antibiotic resistance between the same genus. .
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GIOK, FELLICIA. "ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE IN DIRECT-FED MICROBIAL PREPARATIONS USED IN CATTLE." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/32850.
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Master of ScienceDepartment of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology
Sanjeev K. Narayanan
The use of antimicrobials in animal feed has come under increasing scrutiny from the public and regulatory agencies. Direct-fed microbials (DFM) are considered valuable alternatives to antimicrobials in food animal nutrition. DFM are products containing live (viable microorganisms). Studies in Europe have reported antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in organisms used in DFM. This is of serious concern because of the potential for transferring resistance to pathogenic bacteria in the gut. The aim of the present study is to characterize phenotypic and genotypic AMR profiles for 20 different antimicrobials in bacterial strains isolated from 10 commercially available DFM used in. Two antimicrobial susceptibility testing methods, disc diffusion and broth micro-dilution based assay were performed. Enterococcus faecium isolates showed resistance towards metronidazole (n=9/9) with a MIC of > 32 µg/mL, erythromycin (n=5/9) with a MIC of ≥ 8 µg/mL, ciprofloxacin (n=2/9) with a MIC ≥ 4 μg/mL, ceftriaxone (n=6/9) with a MIC ≥ 0.25 μg/mL, rifampin (n=8/9) with a MIC of > 4 µg/mL, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (n=4/9) with a MIC ≥ 1 μg/mL and clindamycin (n=5/9) with a MIC of > 0.5 µg/mL. A Propionibacterium freudenreichii isolate showed resistance towards kanamycin with a MIC of > 64 µg/mL. The same strain also had a MIC of 16 µg/mL for levofloxacin. Two Lactobacillus acidophilus were resistant to vancomycin (n=2/6) with a MIC ≥ 32 μg/mL. All the Lactobacillus species including L. acidophilus (n=6), L. casei (n=4) and L. plantarum (n=2) were resistant to metronidazole, MIC > 32 µg/mL. Two strains of Bacillus subtilis showed resistance to clindamycin, with an MIC of 4 µg/mL and erythromycin with an MIC of > 8 µg/mL, and one strain had no zone of inhibition for metronidazole (MIC > 32 µg/mL). Microarray analysis revealed resistance genes in E. faecium strains of 3 different DFM, including aminoglycoside resistance genes, ant(4’)-Ia, erythromycin resistance genes, ere(A2) and ermB, tetracycline resistance genes, tet39, tet31, tetK and tetC, and beta-lactam resistance gene, pbp5. Conjugation with filter mating showed erythromycin resistance gene transfer, msrC gene, from donor strains to a recipient strain (E. faecium 45-24). These studies show that AMR is prevalent among bacterial strains used as DFM in the cattle industry in the U.S., justifying further characterization, detection and observation of transferable antibiotic resistance between the same genus.
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Griffiths, Jacquelynn Kleist. "Persuasion and resistance: how migrant women use life writing." Diss., University of Iowa, 2016. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/2215.
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Migrant women use life writing not only to share pieces of their own lives, but also to write powerful narratives which confront racism, patriarchal oppression, and US imperialism. The four texts I have selected represent skillful negotiation between drastically different languages, cultures, and social systems, evinced both through the experiences the authors represent within the text and through their careful rhetorical and narrative strategies, which are tailored for particular audiences. As these narratives demonstrate, migrant women can use life writing to contest and destabilize dominant narratives of history and race.
In I’ve Come a Long Way (1942), Chinese author Helena Kuo demonstrates the worth, dignity, and superiority of Chinese culture in order to convince US readers to ally with China in their fight against Japan. Kuo’s work was intended not only to garner military support for China, but also to create a more positive view of the Chinese people. Rosario Morales and Aurora Levins Morales, a mother and daughter born in New York City and Puerto Rico, respectively, write together in Getting Home Alive (1986), layering stories from the mainland United States and the island of Puerto Rico while protesting US imperialism and US military presence on the island. By enacting resistance from a variety of subject positions, the authors are able to share pieces of their life stories while also creating an alternate history of Puerto Rico, one that reveals the violence and imperial domination of the US government. In When Heaven and Earth Changed Places (1989), former Vietcong collaborator Le Ly Hayslip tells the story of the Vietnam War from the perspective of a Vietnamese villager, explaining why some Vietnamese resisted US forces. Through her narrative, Hayslip transforms herself from a Vietcong enemy into a reliable narrator for US readers, detailing her own suffering, empathizing with her US readership, and encouraging peace and forgiveness between nations, while still questioning the ethics of US involvement in the war. By retelling stories from her childhood on the US-Mexico border in Canícula: Snapshots of a Girlhood en la Frontera (1995), Mexican author Norma Elia Cantú challenges the impermeability of borders, both between fact and fiction and between nations. By simultaneously retelling and fictionalizing her past, Cantú is able to preserve and reclaim her childhood while creating a subversive counternarrative of border life which contests dominant governmental and patriarchal narratives.
All of these authors use life writing in an innovative way, tailoring their texts to the political and social context in which they were publishing and striving to build a relationship with readers at a particular time in US history. By challenging conventional, governmental, and media representations of events and contesting existing social structures, these authors provide a more comprehensive understanding of US history and society.
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Saial, Dolores Cristina Conceição. "Use of antimicrobials and cephamicin resistance in companion animals." Master's thesis, Universidade de Lisboa. Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/6251.
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Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Medicina VeterináriaObjectives: This work includes two separate studies. In study 1 the aim was to investigate the use of antimicrobials in companion animals in Portugal while in study 2 the objective was to evaluate and characterize the prevalence of blaCMY-2 gene in Enterobacteriaceae and the phylogenetic relatedness among plasmids from companion animals and humans. Materials and Methods: In study 1 in order to understand the patterns of antimicrobial prescription a national survey was submitted to veterinarians. In study 2 plasmids harboring blaCMY-2 were transferred into GeneHog® E. coli by electroporation and typed by S1 endonuclease pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, PCR-based replicon typing, and plasmid multilocus sequence typing (pMLST). Results: In study 1, the use of amoxicillin-clavulanate (28%) and enrofloxacin (18%) were the most common antimicrobials used in dogs and cats, whereas clindamycin (3%) cefovecin (2%) and pradofloxacin (2%) were the less prescribed. In study 2, twenty three blaCMY-2 genes were plasmid encoded. Replicon typing demonstrated that from animal isolates, thirteen isolates were IncFII plasmids, five isolates were IncI1 plasmid, one isolate carried an A/C plasmid and the remaining isolate was non-typeable by PBRT. Regarding human isolates, one isolate was IncFII, one was IncI1 and the third isolate was also non-typeable. IncI1 blaCMY-2 plasmids showed that three were sequence type (ST2), three were non-typeable and fourteen IncFII plasmids were F2;FIA-;FIB- by pMLST. Conclusions and Clinical Importance: This work showed that in order to understand how antimicrobials are prescribed, further studies and implementation of a surveillance system for antimicrobial usage in these species would be recommended. Plasmid encoded resistant genes are an important factor for selection and dissemination of genes such as blaCMY-2. The transmission of resistant genes in humans and animals is due to plasmid encoding which is of great concern, and further research is still necessary to understand about the mechanisms which have led to the rapid spread of resistant bacteria worldwide.
RESUMO - USO DE ANTIMICROBIANOS E RESISTÊNCIA ÀS CEFAMICINAS EM ANIMAIS DE COMPANHIA - Objetivos: Este trabalho inclui 2 estudos. O objetivo do primeiro estudo consistiu em investigar o uso de antimicrobianos em animais de companhia em Portugal enquanto no segundo estudo, o objetivo consistiu na análise e caraterização da prevalência do gene blaCMY-2 em Enterobacteriaceas, ao mesmo tempo que pretendeu determinar a semelhança filogenética dos respetivos plasmídeos, em animais e humanos. Materiais e Métodos: No estudo 1, para compreender os hábitos de prescrição de antimicrobianos em Portugal foi realizado um inquérito nacional aos Veterinários. No estudo 2, os plasmídeos com o gene blaCMY-2 foram transferidos para uma célula electrocompetente GeneHog® E. coli por electroporação, e caraterizados por S1 endonuclease pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, PCR-based replicon typing e plasmid multilocus sequence typing (pMLST). Resultados: No estudo 1, os antimicrobianos mais utilizados em cães e gatos foram a amoxicilina/acido clavulânico (28%) e enrofloxacina (18%). Clindamicina (3%), cefovecina (2%) e pradofloxacina (2%) foram os menos utilizados em ambas as espécies. No estudo 2, vinte e três genes blaCMY-2 estavam codificados em plasmídeos. De acordo com o método replicon typing, os isolados de origem animal, treze pertenciam ao plasmídeo IncFII, cinco estavam codificados no plasmídeo IncI1, um estava presente no plasmídeo A/C e um isolado foi considerado “non-typeable”. Dos 3 isolados humanos, 1 estava incorporado num plasmídeo IncI1, 1 estava inserido no plasmídeo IncFII e o terceiro foi considerado “non-typeable”. Pelo método pMLST, os plasmídeos IncI1 foram caraterizados como ST2, e três foram considerados “non-typeable”. Catorze plasmídeos IncFII foram caraterizados como sendo F2;FIA-;FIB-. Conclusões e Importância Clínica: Para compreender os hábitos de prescrição de antimicrobianos, seriam recomendáveis estudos complementares e a implementação de um sistema de monitorização para o consumo de antimicrobianos nestas espécies. A presença de genes de resistência em plasmídeos é um fator importante para a seleção e disseminação de genes como o gene blaCMY-2. A transmissão destes genes em humanos e animais é mediada por plasmídeos, o que é preocupante. Investigação contínua é pois necessária para entender quais os principais mecanismos que conduziram à disseminação de bactérias com genes de resistência no mundo.
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Thomassin, Jenny-Lee. "Antimicrobial peptide resistance mechanisms used by Enteropathogenic and Enterohemorrhagic «Escherichia coli»." Thesis, McGill University, 2014. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=121462.
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Enteropathogenic and enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EPEC and EHEC) are Gram-negative pathogens that cause diarrheal disease in the developed and developing world. To cause infection, these pathogens must overcome innate host defenses, such as secreted cationic antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). There are two groups of human AMPs: cathelicidins (LL-37) and defensins (α-defensin 5). AMPs are expressed in specific locations of the human body. In the small intestine, the infectious niche for EPEC, human α-defensins 5 and 6 (HD-5 and HD-6) are abundant and there are low levels of LL-37. Conversely in the colon, the infectious niche for EHEC, HD-5 and HD-6 are not expressed and LL-37 is abundant. Pathogens can overcome AMP-killing using several mechanisms, including proteolytic inactivation, producing shielding structures and modifying their lipopolysaccharide (LPS). We hypothesized that EPEC and EHEC use AMP-resistance mechanisms to resist killing by secreted AMPs during infection. Previously, CroP the omptin protease in Citrobacter rodentium, a murine pathogen used to model EPEC and EHEC infections, was shown to degrade murine cathelicidin. Both EPEC and EHEC have a CroP-homologue: OmpT. The contribution of OmpT to LL-37 resistance was analyzed in both pathogens. Peptide cleavage assays showed that EHEC OmpT cleaves and inactivates LL-37 more rapidly than EPEC OmpT. Higher ompT-expression and protein levels in EHEC than EPEC are responsible for the differences observed in LL-37 inactivation rates. Additional studies showed that OmpT was unable to cleave folded α-defensins. These data suggest that EPEC uses other mechanisms to resist killing by the AMPs in its infectious niche. To assess this possibility, surface structures that may shield the bacterial membrane from AMPs were identified. High transcript levels of gfcA, a gene required for group 4 capsule (G4C) secretion, were observed in EPEC but not EHEC. The unencapsulated EPEC ΔgfcA and EHEC wild-type strains were more susceptible to HD-5 killing than EPEC wild-type. Since the G4C is composed of the same sugar repeats as the LPS O-antigen, an O-antigen ligase (waaL) deletion mutant was generated to assess the role of the O-antigen in HD-5 resistance. The EPEC ΔwaaL strain was more susceptible to HD-5 than both the wild-type and ΔgfcA strains. Addition of exogenous polysaccharide increased survival of the ΔgfcAΔwaaL strain in the presence of HD-5, suggesting that HD-5 binds the polysaccharides present on the surface of EPEC. These data show that EPEC relies on both the G4C and O-antigen to resist the bactericidal activity of HD-5. Altogether, these data indicate that EHEC and EPEC differentially regulate AMP-specific resistance mechanisms as an adaptation to their specific infectious niches.Les Escherichia coli entéropathogènes et entérohémorrhagiques (EPEC et EHEC) sont des bactéries à coloration Gram-négative qui causent des diarrhées dans les pays développés et en développement. Pour causer une infection, ces pathogènes doivent surmonter les défenses de l'immunité innée de l'hôte, tel que les peptides antimicrobiens sécrétés (PAMs). Chez l'humain, les PAMs sont divisés en deux groupes, les cathélicidines (ex. LL-37) et les défensines (ex. α-défensine humaine 5). L'expression des PAMs varie selon les tissus. Dans l'intestin grêle, la niche infectieuse des EPEC, les α-défensines humaines 5 et 6 (HD-5 et HD-6) sont abondantes et le niveau de LL-37 est bas. Inversement, HD-5 et HD-6 ne sont pas exprimées dans le côlon, la niche infectieuse des EHEC, et LL-37 est très abondant. Les pathogènes peuvent résister aux PAMs en utilisant différent mécanismes comme l'inactivation protéolytique, la production de structures recouvrant la cellule bactérienne et la modification du lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Notre hypothèse est que les EPEC et EHEC utilisent des mécanismes de résistance aux PAMs pour établir une infection. Précédemment, il a été démontré que la protéase de type omptin, CroP, de Citrobacter rodentium, un pathogène murin utilisé comme modèle pour les infections des EPEC et EHEC, dégrade la cathélicidine murine. Les EPEC et EHEC possèdent un homologue de CroP, OmpT. La contribution de OmpT à la résistance au LL-37 a été examinée chez ces deux pathogènes. Nos tests de clivage de peptide ont démontré que EHEC OmpT clive et inactive LL-37 plus rapidement que EPEC OmpT. La différence observée a été associée à une plus forte expression et production de OmpT chez les EHEC que chez les EPEC. Des tests supplémentaires ont démontré que OmpT ne peut pas cliver les α-défensines repliées. Ces données suggèrent qu'EPEC utilise d'autres mécanismes de résistance pour surmonter l'activité des PAMs présents dans sa niche infectieuse. Pour tester cette possibilité, les structures recouvrant la cellule ont été identifiées. Un haut niveau de transcription de gfcA, un gène requit pour la sécrétion de la capsule du groupe 4 (G4C), a été observé chez EPEC mais pas chez EHEC. Le mutant EPEC non-encapsulé ΔgfcA et la souche sauvage EHEC sont plus susceptible à l'effet du HD-5 que la souche sauvage EPEC. Étant donné que la G4C est composée des mêmes sucres que l'antigène O, la ligase de l'antigène O, waaL, a été délétée pour déterminer le rôle de l'antigène O dans la résistance au HD-5. La souche EPEC ΔwaaL est plus susceptible au HD-5 que la souche sauvage EPEC et le mutant EPEC ΔgfcA. L'addition de polysaccharide exogène augmente la survie du mutant ΔwaaLΔgfcA en présence de HD-5. Ceci indique que HD-5 se lie aux polysaccharides présents à la surface des EPEC. Ces données démontrent que la résistance à HD-5 chez EPEC repose sur la présence de la G4C et de l'antigène O. Toutes ces données indiquent que EHEC et EPEC utilisent des mécanismes de résistance différents aux PAMs, ce qui démontre une adaptation à leurs niches infectieuses respectives.
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Weiser, Rebecca. "The resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to preservatives used in industrial formulations." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2015. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/84672/.
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P. aeruginosa is a versatile microorganism with high levels of antimicrobial resistance and a common contaminant of home and personal care (HPC) products. Relatively little is known about P. aeruginosa in industrial settings and to further investigate this, four areas were considered: (i) culture-dependent and –independent detection of P. aeruginosa; (ii) P. aeruginosa and bacterial diversity in HPC products; (iii) preservative susceptibility and phenotypic characterisation of industrial P. aeruginosa strains, and; (iv) P. aeruginosa adaptation to a preservative combination. A large collection of P. aeruginosa and non-P. aeruginosa industrial isolates was utilised to evaluate five selective agars for the detection of P. aeruginosa. Media using negative selection performed best overall, but media using positive selection had potential as enrichment media. Culture-independent detection of P. aeruginosa and overall bacterial diversity was achieved via direct DNA extraction from contaminated HPC products, species specific PCRs and 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis. The bacterial diversity in HPC products was low, with less than three contaminating genera in each product. The diversity of P. aeruginosa strains from industrial, clinical and environmental sources was investigated using five genotyping techniques, ranging from PCR-fingerprinting methods to whole genome sequencing, and phenotypic assays examining preservative susceptibility, growth dynamics and motility. P. aeruginosa strain diversity was high and there was no association between genotype, phenotype and isolation source. The development of adaptive resistance of P. aeruginosa to a preservative combination used in HPC products was modelled using planktonic growth and biofilm assays. P. aeruginosa PA14 grew in elevated levels of the preservatives chloromethylisothiazolinone, methylisothiazolinone and dimethylol dimethyl hydantoin but it was unknown whether the increased tolerance was stable. Whilst eradication of P. aeruginosa from the industrial environment is unlikely, improved detection methods and understanding of the species will inform industrial practices and preservative formulations to minimise HPC product contamination.
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Ljungdahl, Ståhle Ewa. "In vivo and in vitro models for determination of antiviral activity and resistance /." Stockholm, 1997. http://www.kibic.ki.se/ki/diss/971212ljun.html.
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Locker, Graham J. "Fretting corrosion of tin-plated separable connectors used in automotive applications." Thesis, Loughborough University, 1998. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/32165.
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Greater demands are being placed on the separable connector to perform with higher reliability in harsher automotive environments. Corrosion in its various forms is a major mechanism which affects contact reliability and this current work focuses on surface oxidation and the related phenomenon of fretting corrosion, from which hot dipped tin (HDT), a common automotive connector coating, is known to suffer. For an in-depth study of high contact resistance, in both static conditions and when subjected to relative micromovement, an interdisciplinary approach was necessary, drawing on the results of published work carried out in the fields of contact and surface science, corrosion and tribology.
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Magana, Yepez Maria Belem. "Isolation and characterization of potential indicator bacteria to be used for validation of Escherichia coli O157:H7 reduction in beef slaughter plant critical control points." Texas A&M University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/2766.
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Microbiological detection of foodborne pathogens is ineffective for monitoring critical control points (CCP) within a slaughter/processing Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) system. Pathogens are usually absent from carcass surfaces and their uneven distribution makes it difficult to obtain a representative sample. However, microbiological testing can be applied within a HACCP plan to validate and verify the effectiveness of decontamination procedures designed to control hazards. With proper data collection, the reduction of an indicator group at a point in processing can indicate that a specific pathogen is being effectively controlled, especially when pathogen levels are too low to allow confirmation of process control, as they typically are in beef slaughter processing. Since E. coli O157:H7 has been shown to have some acid resistance, the ability of typical indicator organisms to accurately predict the reduction of this pathogen by carcass decontamination procedures has been a concern. Obtaining potential indicator bacteria from the same environmental reservoir as E. coli O157:H7 may provide non-pathogenic indicators with similar heat- and acid-resistance characteristics suitable for use in processing plant environments for validation and verification of carcass decontamination treatments within HACCP plans.
Potential indicator bacteria were isolated from hides of cattle at slaughter facilities in Arizona, Georgia, and Texas and compared with isolates of E. coli O157:H7 from the same locations to determine similarity in acid- and heat-resistance characteristics. After evaluation at 2 heating temperatures (55 and 65??C) and 3 pH levels (3.0, 4.0, and 5.0), it was determined that several potential indicator bacteria were slightly more resistant than E. coli O157:H7 to heating and acid treatment. The greatest reduction in numbers for E. coli O157:H7 and indicator bacteria occurred at pH 3.0 and temperature of 65??C. Counts of bacteria grown at pH 4.0 and 5.0 were not significantly different.
Testing indicated that several of the isolates from cattle hides would make good process control indicators since the indicator bacteria were reduced by heating or acid conditions at similar or greater rates when compared to E. coli O157:H7, providing an increased level of security that pathogens have been reduced in processing.
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Omar, Ahmad Al-Sayed Mohamad. "Biotechnology and its uses in improvement of canker resistance in citrus trees." [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2006. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0013483.
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Redl, Donnie. "Factors in older adults' resistance to substance abuse treatment." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2003. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/2342.
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Szmigin, Isabelle Teresa Danuta. "Cognitive style and the use of payment methods : an interpretive study of consumer initiator behaviour." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.270649.
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Braux, Anne-Sophie. "Profils proteiques et adaptation de escherichia coli en effluent de station d'epuration et apres desinfection a l'acide peracetique (doctorat : biologie et sciences de la sante)." Rennes 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998REN1B046.
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Tombiri, Mary Erekiye. "Strategies Small Business Leaders Use to Reduce Employees' Resistance to Change." ScholarWorks, 2019. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/7436.
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Small business operations contribute to economic growth and account for 110 million new jobs in the United States. Despite the increase in the number of businesses created in the United States, some business leaders fail to manage change effectively. The purpose of this multiple case study was to explore the strategies that some leaders of small businesses used to reduce employees' resistance to change. Lewin's 3-phase change theory served as the conceptual framework. The target population consisted of 3 successful leaders of small businesses in the central and southern region of Texas. Each participant had more than 5 years of experience and successfully used strategies to reduce employees' resistance to change in the workplace. Data were collected from semistructured interviews, review of company documents, and observations. Thematic coding, text/word queries, and a cross-case analysis revealed three central themes: communication, support, and evaluation. The implications of this study for positive social change include engaging employees in the change process, which might enhance the work environment and reduce employee stress and resistance to change. An improvement in a business leader's change management initiatives may generate beneficial outcomes for the businesses that may improve community growth through increased local employment rates.
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Kim, Jeffrey. "Antimicrobial Use and Resistance in Zoonotic Bacteria Recovered from Nonhuman Primates." The Ohio State University, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1460912847.
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Mwenechanya, Roy. "Use of polyomics approaches to understanding drug resistance in kinetoplatid protozoa." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2014. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/5416/.
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The lack of new drugs coming through to the market, to add to those few available, for use against diseases caused by trypanosomatids, calls for ways of safe-guarding the use of the current drugs to prolong their usefulness. This can be achieved by studying mechanisms of resistance to the drugs currently in use. In this thesis, the complementary use of untargeted metabolomic and whole genome sequence analyses was applied to elucidate the mechanisms of amphotericin B (AmB) resistance in L. mexicana promastigotes and isometamidium (ISMM) resistance in bloodstream forms of T. brucei. Resistance to AmB and ISMM was induced by step-wise increase of the drug concentration in the growth medium of L. mexicana promastigotes and bloodstream forms of T. brucei, respectively. Untargeted metabolomics results were used to link a single SNP in the lanosterol 14α-demethylase (CYP51) gene of the sterol (ergosterol) biosynthetic pathway from a multitude of SNPs that were found in generated AmB resistant cells as compared to the parental wild-type cells. The identified SNP was found to be a non-synonymous mutation, causing the change N176I, outside the active sites of CYP51 and was accompanied by accumulation of the enzyme’s product, 4, 4-dimethylcholesta-8, 14, 24-trien-3β-ol. These results suggested a break down in a possible protein-protein interaction of CYP51 with the next enzyme in the pathway, sterol C14-reductase, for efficient flow of the metabolite. Although the main subcellular localisation is different for these enzymes, they had a common localisation in the ER. AmB resistance was accompanied by depleted levels of ergosterol in AmB resistant cells. Expression of the wild-type CYP51 in AmB resistant cells restored ergosterol levels to those of the parental wild-type. Associated with restoration of ergosterol synthesis was reversal of resistance to AmB and susceptibility to pentamidine observed in AmB resistant cells. Thus N176I mutation in CYP51 underlies resistance to AmB in L. mexicana promastigotes. T. brucei resistance to isometamidium was accompanied by loss of the kinetoplast and maintenance of a much reduced mitochondrial membrane potential as compared to the parental wild-type cells. Reduction of the mitochondrial membrane potential was not connected to any apparent alteration of the energy metabolism of related metabolites. However, a perturbation in sphingolipid metabolism was observed to lead to depletion of sphingomyelin and accumulation of its precursor ceramide in the resistant cells. The responsible reaction enzyme, choline phosphorylceramide synthase (SLS4), was found to have 4 non-synonymous mutations which were outside the active site. The ISMM resistant cells exhibited a slow growth phenotype which has also been associated with perturbation of the sphingolipid synthesis pathway. ISMM resistant cells also showed cross resistance to diminazene aceturate and ethidium bromide used for control of African animal trypanosomiasis.
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Nimmo, Derric David. "The use of differential display to study drug resistance in Leishmania." Thesis, Keele University, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.327635.
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Vezmar, Marko. "Pharmacological effects of quinoline-related compounds in human tumour cells overexpressing the multidrug resistance protein (MRP)." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape16/PQDD_0003/MQ37175.pdf.
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Fisher, James, and University of Lethbridge Faculty of Education. "D.A.R.E. (Drug abuse resistance education) : perceptions of teachers, principals, and school resource officers." Thesis, Lethbridge, Alta. : University of Lethbridge, Faculty of Education, 2002, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10133/179.
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This study employs interviews to measure the perceptions of sixteen teachers, nine school principals, and seven School Resource Officers on the Drug Abuse Resistance Education (DARE) program, offered to grade six students in one small (population approximately 70,000) city in western Canada. Perceptions in three areas are examined: curricular content, program delivery, and efficacy. Subjects overwhelming viewed the curricular content favourably. Similarly, there was strong agreement that the program was well delivered. The efficacy of the program was judged less positively; however, this did not mitigate the subjects' strong desire to continue implementation of the program. These results are consistent with the research literature on DARE which documents the popularity of the program, but acknowledges that it appears to have limited effects upon reducing student drug use. The results of this study are used to examine five options for delivering an in-school program for preventing or reducing drug abuse and violence among students. The options explored range from retaining the DARE program in its current form, to eliminating it, reforming it, implementing an alternative program, or designing an entirely new drug and violence prevention program. The conclusion drawn is that the DARE program should be withdrawn and replaced with an entirely new drug and violence prevention program and curriculum specific to community realities and needs.vii, 109 leaves ; 28 cm.
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Mohrs, Simone. "Factors influencing the use of antibiotics and knowledge about antibiotic resistance in Jakarta : A qualitative study on the perceptions of stakeholders involved in Yayasan Orangtua Peduli’s Smart Use of Antibiotics campaign in Indonesia." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Internationell mödra- och barnhälsovård (IMCH), 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-303379.
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Introduction: Southeast Asia has among the highest rates of antibiotic resistance worldwide, particularly in Indonesia, where paediatricians prescribed antibiotics to 94% of children, knowing that the infection was viral. Relevance: There is a gap in understanding of the reasons behind the irrational use of antibiotics by healthcare professionals and patients. Aim: This research aims to explore factors that influence the use of antibiotics and knowledge about antibiotic resistance in Jakarta, Indonesia. Methods: In December 2014, the researcher conducted thirteen semi-structured interviews with four stakeholder groups, which are involved in the “Smart Use of Antibiotics” campaign in Jakarta. Qualitative Content Analysis was used to identify the theme “unite our voice to address antibiotic resistance from all angles” as well as the five categories: Education, Media, Policy, Culture and Trust. Results: Each category presented one factor, which was divided into the sub-factors education of patients and professionals; online and offline media; policy and guidelines, drug availability and accessibility and stakeholder involvement; habit and behaviour, doctor-patient relationship, environment / surroundings; and trust in the system, in the healthcare professionals, among professionals and in medicine. Conclusion: All stakeholders need to unite their voices together to achieve a smarter use of antibiotics and increase the knowledge about antibiotic resistance.
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Bellair, Anne-Sophie. "Approche sémiotique des formes de résistances liées aux usages des supports numériques dans l'éducation." Thesis, Limoges, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LIMO0056/document.
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A partir du constat que les discours scientifiques se prononcent souvent en faveur de l'intégration du numérique à l’école, allant dans le sens des instructions officielles, nous nous demandons alors pourquoi les différents rapports et enquêtes sur le sujet montrent que les enseignants en ont un usage limité. Nous analysons le décalage observé à partir de deux corpus. Le premier, constitué d'écrits de recherche, nous amène à questionner l'objectivité de ces dernier et à mieux cerner les fondements des périmètres de la recherche en sciences humaines sur le thème du numérique à l'école. Le deuxième corpus s'appuie sur des entretiens effectués avec des enseignants de collège. Loin de résister volontairement à l'usage des TIC en classe, ils expriment d'autres façons de comprendre, percevoir et s'approprier ces supports. Le dispositif ainsi forme autour des TIC révèle une situation plus complexe qu une simple opposition entre une institution coercitive et des enseignants résistantsBased on the observation that scientific discourses are often in favour of digital technologies at school, following the line of official instructions, we wonder why different reports and inquiries show that teachers have limited uses. We analyse this discrepancy from two bodies of discourses. The first one, made of scientific writings, drives us to examine their objectivity and also to identify the theoretical bases and background in human sciences research about digital technologies at school. The second one relies on interviews made with teachers. Far from resisting on purpose to the uses of ICT, they express other ways to understand, perceive and appropriate these technologies. The so-formed dispositif reveals a much more complex situation than a mere opposition in-between a coercive institution and resistant teachers
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Christofilogiannis, Panagiotis. "Use of antibiotics in Greek mariculture." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/3250.
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Bacteriological survey of the fish pathogens in Greek mariculture between 1994- 1997 was followed by analysis of prevalence in sea bass, sea bream, sharpsnout bream and common Dentex and discussion of the impact of various fish pathogens. In addition antibiotic resistance profiles and frequencies were studied using quantitative antibiogram and MIC analysis for the two most commonly used antibiotics Oxolinic acid and Oxytetracycline and clinically relevant MIC breakpoints were extrapolated for different fish species and main fish pathogens. The kinetics of the above antimicrobials were analysed in eight experiments where two fish species namely sea bass and sea bream as well as two water temperatures were employed. Muscle, liver, serum, skin samples were analysed by two HPLC methods and two bioassay methods were developed. The relative importance and significance of these findings was evaluated in the general context of pharmacokinetic studies in fish. Kinetic data were compared to clinical data and practical implications were evaluated. Issues like antibiotic resistance and its implications, the implications of residues and resistance in human health and the environment were analysed in order to put this study in context. Conclusions tackled important aspects of antimicrobial chemotherapy and future work was suggested.
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Al-Jameel, W. H. "FABP5-related signalling pathway used as therapeutic target for castration-resistance prostate cancer." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2017. http://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/3007987/.
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Castration resistant-prostate cancer is largely impervious to feather hormonal therapy and hence the outlook for patients is grim. Increased FABP5 expression plays a crucial role in promoting castration-resistant prostate cancer. Here we use an approach to attach the recently discovered Achilles heel. The experimental treatment established in this study is based on the recent discovery that it is the FABP5-PPARγ-VEGF signalling axis, rather than the androgen receptor pathway, played a dominant role in promoting the malignant progression of castration resistant prostate cancer cells. Treatments have been established in mice by suppressing the biological activity of FABP5 using a chemical inhibitor SBFI26 and a novel bio-inhibitor, dmrFABP5. Both inhibitors significantly suppressed the proliferation, migration, invasiveness and colony formation of castration-resistant prostate cancer PC3-M cells in vitro. They also produced a highly significant suppression of both metastatic rates and average sizes of primary tumours developed from cancer cells implanted orthotopically into the prostate gland of the mice. Strikingly, the bio-inhibitor dmrFABP5, a mutated FABP5 incapable of binding to fatty acids, produced a much better suppression of both primary tumour growth and metastasis. Both inhibitors interfere with the FABP5-PPARγ- signalling pathway, but by different mechanisms. The inhibitor SBFI26 interferes with the FABP5-PPARγ-signalling pathway at the initial stage of the signal transduction by binding competitively to FABP5 to inhibit cellular fatty acid uptake. This avoids the fatty-acid stimulation of PPARγ and prevents it activating the down-stream regulated cancer-promoting genes. In contrast, dmrFABP5 can block the fatty-acid stimulation of PPARγ and prevent it activating the down-stream regulated cancer-promoting genes. This is an entirely novel experimental approach and completely different from current treatments that are based on androgen-blockade therapy.
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Saleem, Baber. "Microstructure of CRA bolts used subsea in relation to resistance to hydrogen embrittlement." Thesis, University of Leicester, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/40291.
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The physical characteristics of hydrogen embrittlement failure of subsea bolts operating under CP are surface cracks at thread and shank area and for some cases they are completely ruptured from the shank area. The metallurgical reason for failure already reported by researchers (including for Inconel718) was the interaction of hydrogen atoms with grain boundary precipitates (Ni3Nb δ) resulting in hydrogen assisted intergranular cracking. Inconel 718 was received as rectangular block (RB) and bolts (Φ28mm). They were heat treated as per API 6A718 specifications. The yield strength and vickers hardness found for API aged RB specimen S2API was 840MPa and 340HV respectively. On the other hand API bolt was found with bulk yield strength of 880MPa and vickers hardness in the range 370-400 HV (bulk to edge of the bolt). The structure of bolt (bulk, shank and thread) and rectangular block was investigated, using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), to understand the reason for this difference. The experimental results were compared with theoretical predictions. The microstructure of the API bolt shows no evidence of intergranular (Ni3Nb δ) precipitates and the nano-structure revealed γ’ and Ni3Nb γ’’ precipitates. This suggest that for Inconel718 in the form of bolts the theory of intergranular cracking hydrogen enhanced de-cohesion at the grain boundary matrix precipitate interfaces is not specifically relevant instead the transgranular oversized γ’ precipitates (50nm γ’ at thread edge of the bolt) and the elongated metastable γ’’ discs (50-100nm at shank and thread edge of the bolt) could act as initiation point for HEDE. Moreover, it was also found that threading of the bolt (after heat treatment) results in shearing of γ’ precipitates at threads edge. These sheared γ’ precipitates could aid in trapping hydrogen atoms under CP in service leading to HEDE. The newly developed bolting materials Incoloy 945 and its higher strength version 945x (as rectangular and cylindrical blocks) were added for structural investigation because of lower content of Nb present in their matrix than 718. Finally, as future work, the structure of 718, 945 and 945x alloys were selected for assessing susceptibility to hydrogen embrittlement using slow strain rate testing under CP.
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Todorovic, Zorica. "Flow resistance of modular geosynthetic materials used for conveyance in stormwater source control." Thesis, University of Salford, 2003. http://usir.salford.ac.uk/26945/.
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Growing demand for sustainable urban drainage systems (SUDS) to limit run-off has opened new areas of research into the application of plastic materials to form underground voids that are used either to attenuate (built in layers of boxes as tanks), or to convey storm water (laid down in rows as panels). This solution replaces the more expensive use of holes filled with gravel and crushed stones. Although a limited number of flow experiments had previously been carried out on thin geocomposite materials, there was no prior research into the panel of boxes used in SUDS. This thesis presents results of a programme of laboratory tests performed to investigate the hydraulic capacities of a panel of boxes for lateral conveyance of stormwater. The results highlighted two design cases, *box' structures where voids in the boxes are unfilled and blocks' structures where the voids are filled with granular material. A physical based mathematical model to simulate the flow through either type of structure is presented in the thesis. The computer model developed from the laboratory studies is a 'compartment model' comprising two main components. In zone 1 calculations are performed for gradual losses in hydraulic conditions that range from open channel flow to the flow through porous media. The modified Manning's equation, or Izbach's exponential equation are both used depending upon the flow type. In zone 2 the orifice equation is used to calculate local losses at the end of each box. A set of three unique calibration parameters is required for each type of material. Close correlation between measured and calculated data confirmed that the theory was the appropriate one to describe the flow through different types of geosynthetic panel of materials with varying number of boxes in height, width and length and ranging from highly voided boxes, to more dense grids filled with different types of aggregates.
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Macleod, Dominic Paul. "Use of a within-breath forced oscillation technique : development and clinical applications." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.298301.
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