Books: 'User categories'

1

Therapists, College of Occupational, ed. Wheelchairs: Guidelines for purchasers & providers based on categories of users. London: College of Occupational Therapists, 1995.

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2

Lewis, Kara D. Differentiating the health risks of categories of tobacco products. Bethesda, Md: Lifes Sciences Research Office, 2008.

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Molina-Rivera, Wanda L. Accuracy of data for selected categories compiled in the Puerto Rico Water-Use Information Program. [Reston, Va.?]: U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1997.

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4

Siamak, Khorram, ed. Mapping and GIS development of land use and land cover categories for the Albemarle-Pamlico drainage basin. [Raleigh, N.C.]: Albemarle-Pamlico Estuarine Study, NC Dept. of Environment, Health, and Natural Resources, 1992.

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5

Antonov, Vladislav. qualification of crimes. ru: Publishing Center RIOR, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.29039/02074-6.

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The textbook examines the theoretical aspects of the qualification of crimes, highlights the problems of practical application of the norms and institutions of criminal legislation. The paper analyzes the concepts and categories of criminal law, reveals the organizational and methodological aspects of the legal assessment of criminal encroachments. When preparing the manual, materials of judicial and investigative practice, guiding explanations of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the USSR, the Russian Federation were used. The manual is addressed to law enforcement officials, lawyers, investigators, law students and anyone interested in the qualification of crimes.

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6

Communities, Commission of the European. Commission directive of 13 June 1991 laying down the categories of ingredients which may be used for the purposes of labelling compund feeding stuffs for animals other than pet animals. Brussels: Commission of the European Communities, 1991.

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7

Vlasyenko, Nikolay, Artem Tsirin, YEkatyerina Spyektor, Natalya Povetkina, Zarina Bedoeva, Yuliya Belyaeva, Maksim Zaloilo, Elena Rafalyuk, and E. Sidorova. Dictionary on the Subject of Anti-Corruption. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/18663.

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Currently, the problem of combating corruption is in the center of attention of Russian society and the state. The legal and organizational framework for combating corruption has been formed. Anti-corruption legislation is constantly being improved, becoming more holistic and systematic, so further classification of its concepts is required. The Glossary contains more than 500 terms of Russian and foreign language origin, which are basic in the practice of combating corruption and are used in criminal, administrative and financial law of Russia; it guides the reader in a complex system of modern legal categories related to anti-corruption topics; uses the tools of international agreements ratified by the Russian Federation; it will help clarify the conceptual apparatus of normative legal acts and eliminate contradictions in existing documents. The publication is intended to be used in the educational process in the framework of scientific and educational support for combating corruption. For employees of scientific institutions and government agencies, teachers, students, postgraduates of higher educational institutions and practicing lawyers.

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8

Tobacco and its use: A bibliography of periodical literature, essays, short stories, poems, theses and dissertations, chapters in books, book reviews, quotations, and comparable sources, with an extensive table of contents and finding aid and an index to topical categories. 3rd ed. Green Bay, Wisc: E. Umberger, 2009.

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9

Umberger, Eugene. Tobacco and its use: A bibliography of periodical literature, essays, short stories, poems, theses and dissertations, chapters in books, book reviews, quotations, and comparable sources, with an extensive table of contents and finding aid and an index to topical categories. 3rd ed. Green Bay, Wisc: E. Umberger, 2009.

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Umberger, Eugene. Tobacco and its use: A bibliography of periodical literature, essays, short stories, poems, theses and dissertations, chapters in books, book reviews, quotations, and comparable sources, with an extensive table of contents and finding aid and an index to topical categories. 2nd ed. Rochester, N.Y. (267 Oxford St., Rochester, NY 14607): E. Umberger, 1996.

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11

Peterstone, John. OnePlus 10 Pro 5G User Guide: A Convenient Manual for All Categories. Independently Published, 2022.

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12

Peterstone, John. King Samsung Galaxy Tab S8 Series User Manual: Basic Guide for New Users, Dummies, Seniors and All Categories. Independently Published, 2022.

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13

Favor, James. Google Pixel 6 and 6 Pro User Guide for All Categories: A Comprehensive Manual with Illustrations for All Categories. the Best Ever. Independently Published, 2021.

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14

Johnson, Mary. Samsung Galaxy S21 Fe 5g User Manual for All Categories: A Suitable Manual for Easy Configuration and Better Utilization. Independently Published, 2022.

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15

Ren, Xiang. Evaluating work zone strategies: Matching rehabilitation categories with work strategies and evaluation of strategies for improving worker and user safety. 2005.

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16

Bentley, C. A methodology for eliciting user-implicit knowledge of word categories for use in connection with a speech driven word processor. 1987.

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17

Peters, Nice. Latest Amazon Fire Hd 10 for All Categories User Guide: This Guide Is Designed to Answer Those Questions You Have Been Longing For. Independently Published, 2022.

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18

Paul, Winning. Apple Watch Series 7 User Manual for All Categories: An Holistic and Well-Written Guide That Will Make You Get Closer to Your Apple Watch. Independently Published, 2021.

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19

BROOKER, Martin. Samsung Galaxy S22 5G User Guide: A Well Detailed Manual for Beginners, Seniors and All Categories with Step by Step Instructions on How to Use the New Galaxy S22, Galaxy S22 Plus and Galaxy S22 Ultra. Independently Published, 2022.

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20

Pal, Nishant, and Shubhangi Maheshwari. Mountain Biking - Introduction, Equipment's Used, Categories of Mountain Biking. Independently Published, 2021.

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21

McDaniel, Kris. Categories of Being. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198719656.003.0005.

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This chapter focuses on the nature of ontological categories. The author argues that, insofar as the notion of an ontological category is theoretically fruitful, we should take ontological categories to be modes of being. The chapter discusses one way in which ontological categories as modes of being could be used to formulate interesting and powerful principles about what is metaphysically possible. This way appeals to the idea that there are type restrictions in the metaphysically perfect language. The chapter also discusses whether it is necessary what ontological categories there are, and the prospects for a putative discipline of formal ontology, understood as that which studies the essence of an object qua object.

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22

Heunen, Chris, and Jamie Vicary. Categories for Quantum Theory. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198739623.001.0001.

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Monoidal category theory serves as a powerful framework for describing logical aspects of quantum theory, giving an abstract language for parallel and sequential composition and a conceptual way to understand many high-level quantum phenomena. Here, we lay the foundations for this categorical quantum mechanics, with an emphasis on the graphical calculus that makes computation intuitive. We describe superposition and entanglement using biproducts and dual objects, and show how quantum teleportation can be studied abstractly using these structures. We investigate monoids, Frobenius structures and Hopf algebras, showing how they can be used to model classical information and complementary observables. We describe the CP construction, a categorical tool to describe probabilistic quantum systems. The last chapter introduces higher categories, surface diagrams and 2-Hilbert spaces, and shows how the language of duality in monoidal 2-categories can be used to reason about quantum protocols, including quantum teleportation and dense coding. Previous knowledge of linear algebra, quantum information or category theory would give an ideal background for studying this text, but it is not assumed, with essential background material given in a self-contained introductory chapter. Throughout the text, we point out links with many other areas, such as representation theory, topology, quantum algebra, knot theory and probability theory, and present nonstandard models including sets and relations. All results are stated rigorously and full proofs are given as far as possible, making this book an invaluable reference for modern techniques in quantum logic, with much of the material not available in any other textbook.

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23

Ásta. Categories We Live By. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190256791.001.0001.

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We are women, we are men. We are refugees, single mothers, people with disabilities, and queers. We belong to social categories that frame their action, self-understanding, and life options. But what are social categories? How are they created and sustained? How does one come to belong to them? To answer these questions is to offer a metaphysics of social categories, and that is the project of Categories We Live By. The key component in the story offered is a theory of what it is for a feature of an individual to be socially meaningful in a context. People have a myriad of features, but only some of them make a difference socially in the contexts people travel. The author gives an account of what it is for a feature of an individual to matter socially in a given context. This the author does by introducing a conferralist framework to carve out a theory of social meaning, and then uses the framework to offer a theory of social construction, and of the construction of sex, gender, race, disability, and other social categories. Accompanying is also a theory of social identity that brings out the role of individual agency in the formation and maintenance of social categories.

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24

Narrog, Heiko. The Expression of Non-Epistemic Modal Categories. Edited by Jan Nuyts and Johan Van Der Auwera. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199591435.013.5.

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This chapter gives an overview of the cross-linguistic expression of non-epistemic modality. Following the issue of morphological expression, including covert (implicit) expression, deviations from one-meaning–one-form, and biases in the expression of non-epistemic possibility and necessity are presented. Then morphosyntactic aspects of the expression of non-epistemic modality are discussed, especially non-canonical case marking associated with the use of non-epistemic modal expressions, and the question of order between modal expressions and expressions of other grammatical categories. The chapter ends with a brief subsection on modal concord and on the use of non-epistemic modal expressions in discourse.

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25

Ehresmann, Andrée. Applications of Categories to Biology and Cognition. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198748991.003.0015.

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Mathematical models used in biology are generally adapted from physics and relate to specific local processes. Category theory helps developing global dynamic models account for the main specificities of living systems: (i) The system is evolutionary, with a tangled hierarchy of interacting components, which change over time. (ii) It develops a robust and flexible memory up to the emergence of components and processes of increasing complexity. (iii) It has a multi-agent, multi-temporality, self-organization. This chapter presents such a model, the Memory Evolutive Systems, which in particular characterizes the property at the root of emergence and flexibility. A main application is the model MENS for a neurocognitive system which proposes a physically based “theory of mind”, up to the emergence of higher cognitive processes such as consciousness, anticipation, and creativity.

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26

Suzuki, Kazuko, and Diego A. von Vacano. A Critical Analysis of Racial Categories in the Age of Genomics. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190465285.003.0001.

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This introduction discusses perspectives on race after the genomics revolution, which posed a serious question to those who had accepted the synthetic or nonnatural foundations of the idea and the phenomenon of race. Some argued that the new genomics data affirmed either the existence of biologically distinctive human subgroups or the need to use these new findings to address apparent health disparities along “racial” lines. Although some scholars have argued that we should discard the idea of race altogether, the fact remains that it is a widely used concept in social reality. Due to the tensions between biological, medical, and genetic understandings of race, there is no term that properly describes the distinction between a genetically rooted racial concept and a socioculturally rooted racial concept. A new concept, clusivity, is proposed here to make analytical distinctions for further explorations of “race” in the postgenomic age.

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27

Division, Abbe Research. Butter -Analysis, Composition, Uses and Flavorings: Index of New Information With Authors, Subjects, Research Categories & References. Abbe Pub Assn of Washington Dc, 1997.

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28

Howell, Gerald J. Sodium hypochlorite--uses and importance: Index of new information with authors, subjects, research categories and references. Abbe Publishers Association, 1997.

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29

Division, Abbe Research. Butter -Analysis, Composition, Uses and Flavorings: Index of New Information With Authors, Subjects, Research Categories & References. Abbe Pub Assn of Washington Dc, 1997.

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30

Root, Michael. Race in the Biomedical Sciences. Edited by Naomi Zack. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190236953.013.40.

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Racial categories are used in the biomedical sciences both at the population and individual level. At the population level, race is used in fields like epidemiology, to describe and explain variations in the rate or risk of morbidity and mortality within the United States, and at the individual level, race is used in the hospital and clinic, in the diagnosis and treatment of disease. Both uses are controversial and raise questions about the nature and importance of racial categories, such as which uses benefit individuals and which benefit groups.

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31

Hodson, Jane. Literary Uses of Dialect. Edited by David Duff. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199660896.013.33.

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This chapter argues that the Romantic period was a formative one in terms of dialect representation, marking a shift from the representation of a narrow range of dialects for primarily comic purposes in the eighteenth century to a much broader range of dialects with a greater range of literary functions in the nineteenth century. The chapter identifies three key challenges that arise when analysing historical representations of dialect: changes in understandings of the concept of ‘dialect’, the different trajectories taken by specific dialects, and the ideological implications of representing dialect in literature. The chapter identifies Scots as the most significant literary dialect of the Romantic period, and demonstrates that representations of dialect occur at the intersection of a number of highly contested categories, including class, nation, and region.

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32

Water use by categories in New Mexico counties and river basins, and irrigated acreage in 2000. Santa Fe, NM: New Mexico Office of the State Engineer, 2003.

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33

Arpaçukuru, Osman, and Abdullah Demir. İSNAD Atıf Sistemi 2. Edisyon Citavi Şablonu Kullanım Kılavuzu. Oku Okut Yayınları, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.55709/okuokutyayinlari.5.

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Citavi is a software that helps academicians in all processes, especially in the field of theology, in scientific research, and writing, from literature review to writing drafts of the research report (article, thesis, book) before the final revision. It differs from its peers with its features and tools that facilitate and accelerate research activities and processes and complete it with a solid weave. It fully supports many languages, including Arabic and Turkish, and offers error-free writing in these languages. It allows all kinds of date and page number entries to be written as written by the user. Citavi has brought together resource-reference management and information organization under the same roof. In this way, it has many features and useful tools such as creating bibliography and information slips, editing and changing the slips, dividing them into various categories, linking them to the chapters and headings shown in the table of contents of the research, and easily exporting them to a Word file. In this way, it transforms the time-consuming and tiring classical bibliography and information filing stage into an enjoyable and easily sustainable research process, thanks to its useful interface and advanced tools. In particular, the bibliography and information slips creation system will be welcomed by researchers with great pleasure and will be used with pleasure. Thanks to its features and tools, thesis, article, and book pre-edit drafts can be written directly in Citavi without the need for Word. Thus, the researcher can easily continue and complete his/her work directly through a single program without going back and forth between Citavi and Word applications. We wanted to ensure that researchers in our country benefit from this software, as it facilitates and accelerates the work of the researcher in almost all of the scientific research and writing processes in all fields, especially in the field of theology, and allows it to be built with a solid weave. For this purpose, a year ago, we presented the appropriate add-on for the ISNAD Citation System and the user guide to the use of researchers. Now, we are happy to present the same user manual to researchers as revised, supplemented, and visually improved.

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34

Horne, Cynthia M. Trust and Transitional Justice. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198793328.003.0002.

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Chapter 1 provides a literature review upon which to build the theoretical scaffolding of this book and explicates the development of the lustration typology. The chapter reviews the trust literature, highlighting differences in the origins and effects of trust in public institutions, trust in government, interpersonal trust, and trust in social institutions. Chapter 1 also reviews the literature on lustration and transitional justice, highlighting the design and use of measures in the post-communist region. From this literature, Chapter 1 develops a transitional justice typology consisting of four different categories of lustration and public disclosure programs based on the scope and implementation of programs and the degree of bureaucratic and symbolic change characteristic of the different programs. This typology is then used to categorize post-communist countries in Chapter 2.

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35

Lederkremer, Javier. 1500 Sonidos para la PC en CD-ROM, los mejores WAVs en 25 Categorias: Users Especial, en Espanol, for English and Spanish Users. M.P. Ediciones, 1999.

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36

Dutoit, Thierry, and Yannis Stylianou. Text-to-Speech Synthesis. Edited by Ruslan Mitkov. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199276349.013.0017.

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This article gives an introduction to state-of-the-art text-to-speech (TTS) synthesis systems, showing both the natural language processing and the digital signal processing problems involved. Text-to-speech (TTS) synthesis is the art of designing talking machines. The article begins with brief user-oriented description of a general TTS system and comments on its commercial applications. It then gives a functional diagram of a modern TTS system, highlighting its components. It describes its morphosyntactic module. Furthermore, it examines why sentence-level phonetization cannot be achieved by a sequence of dictionary look-ups, and describes possible implementations of the phonetizer. Finally, the article describes prosody generation, outlining how intonation and duration can approximately be computed from text. Prosody refers to certain properties of the speech signal, which are related to audible changes in pitch, loudness, and syllable length. This article also introduces the two main existing categories of techniques for waveform generation: synthesis by rule and concatenative synthesis.

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37

Perakslis, Eric D., Martin Stanley, and Erin Brodwin. Digital Health. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197503133.001.0001.

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Digital health has been touted as a true transformation of health care, but all medical interventions have associated risks that must be understood and quantified. The Internet has brought many advancements, which quickly jumped from our computers into our pockets via powerful and completely connected mobile devices that are now being envisioned as devices for medical diagnostics and care delivery. As health care struggles with cost, inequity, value, and rapid virtualization, solid models of benefit-risk determination, new regulatory approaches for biomedical products, and clear risk-based conversations with all stakeholders are essential. Detailed examination of emerging digital health technologies has revealed 10 categories of digital side effects or “toxicities” that must be understood, prevented when possible, and managed when not. These toxicities include cyberthreat, loss of privacy, cyberchondria and cyber addiction, threats to physical security, charlatanism, overdiagnosis and overtreatment, medical/user error, and the plague of medical misinformation. For digital health to realize its promise, these toxicities must be understood, measured, warned against, and managed as concurrent side effects, in the same fashion as any other medical side effect.

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38

Donaghue, Ngaire. Discursive Psychological Approaches to the (Un)making of Sex/Gender. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190658540.003.0006.

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Discursive psychologists question the taken-for-granted status of the categories that are used to classify and investigate human experience (Potter & Edwards, 1996). Instead of assuming the “reality” of sex/gender and conducting empirical investigations into the qualities that characterize “each” of the sexes, discursive psychologists investigate how the concepts of “sex” and “gender” are constructed through their use in both scientific and everyday contexts. For discursive psychologists, there are no “pregiven” meanings attached to the categories of sex/gender. What these categories mean, what they signify, is a matter of negotiation and consensus. This chapter concerns how discursive psychologists have challenged the various assumptions underlying traditional sex differences research and considers alternate approaches drawn from discursive psychology to asking questions about sex/gender.

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39

Roberts, Michael. The semantics of demonyms in English. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198736721.003.0008.

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This chapter explores the semantics of demonyms, as they are used in the English language, and demonstrates using the Natural Semantic Metalanguage (NSM) that demonyms can be divided into a number of categories. Using ‘semantic templates’, it shows that the demonyms Germans, Queenslanders, and Londoners can be separated into categories based on their relationship to the semantic molecule ‘country’, and that without this semantic molecule, subtle differences in the use of the demonyms cannot be fully explained. For instance, corpus analysis reveals that the terms used refer to people from countries (Australians, Germans, Danes) do not occur with terms that refer to people from cities or town (Melbournians, Londoners, Parisians). Conceptually, people seem to understand that all demonyms are not the same, and that there are different types of demonyms. Therefore, this study focuses on identifying the types of demonyms, by exploring both their use and their semantic characteristics.

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40

Pool, Christopher A. Mesoamerica—Olmec Figurines. Edited by Timothy Insoll. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199675616.013.012.

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The study of Olmec figurines has proven contentious with respect to defining Olmec style, the relation of Olmec style to the Olmec archaeological culture of Mexico’s southern Gulf lowlands, and the representation of social categories, particularly gender categories. Focusing on the Early and Middle Formative ceramic figurine traditions of Olman, the ‘Olmec heartland’ of the southern Gulf lowlands, this chapter reviews previous classifications, examines variation and change in technical and aesthetic styles from a community-of-practice perspective, and discusses the figural representation of gender, age, and other social categories. Variation in the contexts and social uses of Olmec-style figurines outside of the southern Gulf lowlands underscores their reinterpretation within different webs of social identities. Viewing variation in figurine assemblages as the consequence of differential participation of makers and users in overlapping communities of practice offers advantages for conceptualizing the formal variation within Formative figurine styles.

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41

Lowe, John J. Typological and theoretical implications. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198793571.003.0007.

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This chapter briefly considers the evidence for transitive nouns and adjectives in early Indo-Aryan in both a typological and a theoretical perspective. The fact that most transitive nouns and adjectives in early Indo-Aryan fall under the traditional heading of ‘agent nouns’ (subject-oriented formations) is typologically notable, since while action nouns with verbal government are well-known, the possibility of relatively verbal agent nouns has not always been acknowledged. The theoretical analysis is framed within Lexical-Functional Grammar, and makes use of the concept of ‘mixed’ categories to effect a clear formalization of transitive nouns and adjectives which captures their transitivity while allowing them to remain fundamentally nouns and adjectives in categorial terms.

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42

Timothy, Spangler. 6 Governance Issues in Partnerships used as Private Investment Funds. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198807247.003.0006.

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This chapter examines issues of governance arising from partnerships used as private investment funds. A limited partnership has two categories of partner: general partners and limited partners. The chapter first considers the role and duties of general partners and limited partners before discussing the English law vs Delaware law on limited partnerships, focusing on the advantages and disadvantages of Delaware law. It then looks at the UK legal reform on limited partnership and how the limited partnership agreement can be used to address the governance challenge presented by private investment funds. It also explains the duties of partners with respect to the governance challenge, taking into account the fiduciary duty in Delaware partnerships, the fiduciary duty of the board of directors under Delaware law, the Delaware Court of Chancery’s ruling in USA Cafes, and developments following USA Cafes.

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43

Introvigne, Massimo. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190842420.003.0001.

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The chapter lists the different uses of the word ‘Brethren’ in modern Protestantism and defines the book’s focus on the group commonly called Exclusive Brethren (particularly, on the Plymouth Brethren Christian Church). The question is not merely linguistic and involves a discussion of two contested categories, ‘evangelicalism’ and ‘fundamentalism’. The two labels are used both for denominations and for groups or trends within denominations. The chapter examines the influential definition of ‘evangelicalism’ proposed by British historian David Bebbington, and concludes that the Exclusive Brethren represent a distinctive and idiosyncratic expression of evangelicalism. They can also be defined as part of ‘fundamentalism’, in a theological sense, although the polemical use of the label ‘fundamentalist’ in recent times has somewhat confused the issue.

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44

Brunstetter, Daniel R. Just and Unjust Uses of Limited Force. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192897008.001.0001.

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Limited force—no-fly zones, limited strikes, Special Forces raids, and drones strikes outside “hot” battlefields—has been at the nexus of the moral and strategic debates about just war since the fall of the Berlin Wall but has remained largely under-theorized. The main premise of the book is that limited force is different than war in scope, strategic purpose, and ethical permissions and restraints. By revisiting the major wars animating contemporary just war scholarship (Kosovo, Afghanistan, Iraq, the drone “wars,” and Libya) and drawing insights from the just war tradition, this book teases out an ethical account of force-short-of-war. It covers the deliberation about whether to use limited force (jus ad vim), restraints that govern its use (jus in vi), when to stop (jus ex vi), and the after-use context (jus post vim). While these moral categories parallel to some extent their just war counterparts of jus ad bellum, jus in bello, jus post bellum, and jus ex bello, the book illustrates how they can be reimagined and recalibrated in a limited force context, while also introducing new specific to the dilemmas associated with escalation and risk. As the argument unfolds, the reader will be presented with a view of limited force as a moral alternative to war, exposed to a series of dilemmas that raise challenges regarding when and how limited force is used, and provided with a more precise and morally enriched vocabulary to talk about limited force and the responsibilities its use entails.

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45

McGovern, Nathan. Taming the Snake and the Mongoose of Indian History. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190640798.003.0003.

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This chapter shows that, as we “peer over the horizon” of Indian history, most of the evidence we have for the use of the categories Brahman and śramaṇa together in Indian sources actually does not portray them as mutually antagonistic. On the one hand, the two terms are often used together to describe a single category of “others” against which early Buddhists and Jains constructed their own identities. On the other hand, they are also used together in the early Buddhist texts and Aśokan inscriptions to refer to a single undifferentiated class of worthy recipients of offerings.

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46

Rez, Peter. Energy and Society. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198802297.003.0002.

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The more ‘developed’ the country and the higher the ‘standard of living’, the greater the energy use per person. Energy use can be broken down into three main categories—maintaining a comfortable environment in buildings, transportation of people and things and manufacturing stuff. More energy per person is used in colder countries than in warmer ones. Also, countries where people drive large cars over longer distances every year (United States, Canada and Australia) use more oil per person than European countries. Carbon dioxide emission is related to how much oil is used per person, and how electricity is generated. If a lot of electricity is generated from coal power stations, this will result in higher carbon dioxide emissions. As France has shown, substitution of coal by nuclear power results in a significant reduction in carbon dioxide emissions.

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47

Martin, Keith M. Entity Authentication. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198788003.003.0008.

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This chapter considers mechanisms for providing entity authentication. We begin with a discussion on randomness and why it is important in cryptography. We compare several different techniques for generating randomness. We then consider the related issue of freshness and why it is important for entity authentication. We compare several different techniques for providing freshness. We then identify various different categories of identification information which can be used in an entity authentication mechanism. We look at the role cryptography plays in supporting basic entity authentication mechanisms such as passwords. We close by examining how cryptography can be used to provide more sophisticated forms of entity authentication through the use of dynamic passwords.

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Elledge, C. D. Josephus. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199640416.003.0009.

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Abstract:

The only early Jewish author to have written a surviving description of what his contemporaries believed about the afterlife was Josephus, yet his testimonies about the afterlife are complex historical, literary, and apologetic descriptions. They cannot be immediately corroborated by contemporary writings; nor should they be exclusively categorized as a purely Hellenizing literary construction that had no relationship to actual Jewish eschatological beliefs. To understand his testimonies to the afterlife, it is ultimately necessary to address how Josephus wrote about the afterlife. This chapter argues that his treatment of the afterlife can be reasonably explained as an apologetic cultural translation that made use of established doxographic and ethnographic techniques. His descriptions of the afterlife are, thus, an important window into his own compositional methods. In translating Jewish eschatological hopes into the categories of Hellenistic philosophy, Josephus also anticipates the strategies of later Christian apologists.

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Stuart, Casey-Maslen, Clapham Andrew, Giacca Gilles, and Parker Sarah. Art.2 Scope. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198723523.003.0006.

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This chapter discusses Article 2 of the ATT. The article delineates the scope of the ATT, identifying the categories of conventional arms and types of activities that are formally subject to its provisions while specifying certain acts excluded from the treaty’s purview. Paragraph 1 describes the categories of arms to which the provisions of the treaty apply. It is not an exhaustive list, however, as Articles 3 and 4 identify two other categories—ammunition/munitions and parts and components—that are subject to some of the treaty’s provisions. The arms covered in sub-paragraphs (a) to (g) of paragraph 1 (i.e. battle tanks, armoured combat vehicles, large-calibre artillery systems, combat aircraft, attack helicopters, warships, missiles and missile launchers) were derived from the seven categories used in the United Nations Register of Conventional Arms (UNROCA) while an eighth category, small arms and light weapons, was added to the list in the ATT.

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Torres Mazzi, Caio, Gideon Ndubuisi, and Elvis Avenyo. Exporters and global value chain participation: Firm-level evidence from South Africa. UNU-WIDER, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.35188/unu-wider/2020/902-0.

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Using the South African Revenue Service and National Treasury firm-level panel data for 2009–17, this paper investigates how global value chain-related trade affects the export performance of manufacturing firms in South Africa. In particular, the paper uses extant classifications of internationally traded products to identify different categories of global value chain-related products and compares the productivity premium of international traders for these different categories. Also, the paper investigates possible differences in learning-by-exporting effects across the identified categories of global value chain-related products by estimating the effect of exporting before and after entry into foreign markets. The results confirm that global value chain-related trade is associated with a higher productivity premium compared with traditional trade. However, within the categories of exporters, only the firms that trade in global value chain-related products and simultaneously engage in research and development in the post-entry periods appear to learn from exporting.

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