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Taglienti, Claudio. "The User Attribution Problem and the Challenge of Persistent Surveillance of User Activity in Complex Networks." NSUWorks, 2014. http://nsuworks.nova.edu/gscis_etd/319.
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In the context of telecommunication networks, the user attribution problem refers to the challenge faced in recognizing communication traffic as belonging to a given user when information needed to identify the user is missing. This is analogous to trying to recognize a nameless face in a crowd. This problem worsens as users move across many mobile networks (complex networks) owned and operated by different providers. The traditional approach of using the source IP address, which indicates where a packet comes from, does not work when used to identify mobile users.
Recent efforts to address this problem by exclusively relying on web browsing behavior to identify users were limited to a small number of users (28 and 100 users). This was due to the inability of solutions to link up multiple user sessions together when they rely exclusively on the web sites visited by the user.
This study has tackled this problem by utilizing behavior based identification while accounting for time and the sequential order of web visits by a user. Hierarchical Temporal Memories (HTM) were used to classify historical navigational patterns for different users. Each layer of an HTM contains variable order Markov chains of connected nodes which represent clusters of web sites visited in time order by the user (user sessions). HTM layers enable inference "generalization" by linking Markov chains within and across layers and thus allow matching longer sequences of visited web sites (multiple user sessions). This approach enables linking multiple user sessions together without the need for a tracking identifier such as the source IP address.
Results are promising. HTMs can provide high levels of accuracy using synthetic data with 99% recall accuracy for up to 500 users and good levels of recall accuracy of 95 % and 87% for 5 and 10 users respectively when using cellular network data. This research confirmed that the presence of long tail web sites (rarely visited) among many repeated destinations can create unique differentiation. What was not anticipated prior to this research was the very high degree of repetitiveness of some web destinations found in real network data.
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Bowman, Rebecca Jane. "A Comparison of Two Models Used to Predict Student Strategy Choice for Classroom Conflicts." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1124736662.
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Martin, Eleanor. "Attributional beliefs of recreational amphetamine users." Thesis, University of East London, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.532425.
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Seatter, Barbara J. "Casual Attributions for Teen Problem Drinking." PDXScholar, 1994. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/5234.
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Teen problem-d1inking is a pervasive problem in our society. Teens with drinking problems utilize treatment centers and then return to school attempting to stay sober. However, many return to affiliate with problem drinkers instead of with non-drinkers, and risk for relapse is high. One explanation may be that teens without drinking problems do not accept teen problem drinkers into their peer group due to negative reactions toward problem drinkers. One way to examine their attitudes is to examine differences between teen problem drinkers and non-drinkers regarding causal attributions. Attribution theory proposes that various attributions will elicit different emotional reactions and will motivate teens to behave in certain ways. The purpose of this study was to determine if teens with prior experience in treatment (problem drinkers) and teens without that experience (non-problem drinkers) make different causal attributions for teen problem drinking. Furthermore, group differences in emotional reactions, beliefs about how to offset the problem, and help-giving behaviors were also examined. This study also sought to determine whether there was a predictable link between attributions and emotional reactions, and between emotional reactions and helpgiving behaviors. One hundred twenty-one teenagers aged 13 to 20 were recruited as subjects, 79 from Portland area schools and 42 from treatment centers. Subjects completed a written survey measuring causal attributions for teen problem drinking, emotional reactions toward teen problem drinkers, beliefs regarding how to offset the problem, and help-giving behaviors. Four MANOYAs were used to determine group differences. Results revealed group differences on causal attributions, emotional reactions, and offset controllability, but not on help-giving behaviors. Two multiple regressions were used to determine whether attributions predicted emotional reactions and whether emotional reactions predicted help-giving behaviors; results revealed no link. Although results revealed group differences, these were found not to be consistent with the hypothesis based on attribution theory. Results did reveal positive outcomes regarding attitudes toward teen problem drinkers by nonproblem drinkers, which is important as it suggests that teens without prior experience in treatment may be more accepting of teen problem drinkers than was expected.
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Gasser, Thomas. "Attribution régionalisée des causes anthropiques du changement climatique." Thesis, Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066543/document.
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Cette thèse traite du Brazilian Proposal, c'est-à-dire de la détermination des contributions nationales au changement climatique d'origine humaine. Pour répondre à cette question, nous avons développé un modèle compact du système Terre, OSCAR v2.1. Ce modèle intègre une représentation du cycle du carbone (CO2, CH4), de la chimie atmosphérique des gaz à effet de serre (CH4, N2O, O3, composés halogénés), mais également des aérosols et de la dynamique climatique. Il est forcé en émissions anthropiques de composés actifs et en changements d'usage des sols. Après avoir constaté la bonne capacité du modèle à reproduire les observations passées des principales grandeurs climatiques, et après avoir énoncé les grands principes régissant les exercices d'attribution, nous attribuons les causes anthropiques du changement climatique. Nous trouvons que la rétroaction climatique, sur le cycle du carbone et sur la chimie atmosphérique, a un effet prépondérant qui exacerbe l'importance relative de chaque forçage anthropique. Par ordre décroissant, émissions de dioxyde de carbone fossile, de dioxyde de soufre, de méthane, et usages des sols, sont trouvés comme étant les plus importants contributeurs au changement climatique en 2008. A travers ces forçages, les pays dits en développements sont dorénavant de plus grands contributeurs au changement climatique que les pays dits développés. C'est cependant toujours l'inverse si l'on résonne en contribution par tête ; mais nous montrons qu'un tel raisonnement rend incompatibles une trajectoire de réchauffement inférieur à deux degrés et équitableThis PhD thesis deals with the Brazilian Proposal, that is the assessment of national contributions to anthropogenic climate change. To answer the Proposal, we have developed a compact Earth system model, named OSCAR v2.1. The carbon cycle (CO2, CH4), the atmospheric chemistry of greenhouse gases (CH4, N2O, O3, halogenated compounds), as well as aerosols and climate dynamics are included in this model. It is driven by anthropogenic emissions of active compounds, and by land-use changes. After acknowledging the ability of the model to reproduce past observations of the main climatic variables, and after exposing the fundamental principles of attribution exercises, we attribute climate change to its anthropogenic causes. We find that the climate feedback -- over both the carbon cycle and the atmospheric chemistry -- has a prominent effect that exacerbates the relative importance of each anthropogenic forcing. In decreasing order, emissions of fossil carbon dioxide, of sulfur dioxide, of methane, and land-use changes, are found to be the most important contributors to climate change in 2008. Through these forcings, the so-called developing countries are now contributing more to climate change than the so-called developed countries. It is however still the contrary on a per capita basis; but we show that such an accounting approach makes it impossible to reach equity within a less-than-two-degree warming trajectory
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Eyre, Heidi L. "The use of covariation information in the causal attribution of others' emotion." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/MQ51339.pdf.
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Moreira, Rafael de Lacerda. "Impression management strategies: the effects of attribution and presentantion order." reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/24500.
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Purpose - This research analyzes how corporate narrative disclosure can be manipulated by preparers of accounting information to create a favorable impression of the company through an examination of two different impression-management (IM) strategies: (i) attribution, and (ii) ordering or physical location of information. Design/Methodology - We conducted a 4×2 mixed-design experiment to examine the impact of attribution and optimal direction of information order on earnings forecast and the impression created about the company. Findings - Results show that the favorable report read first, without attribution, positively affects the investor, and that the favorable information read first, with attribution, undermines the positive effect. Conversely, presenting unfavorable information, with attribution, first, minimizes the impact of this information. Our findings confirm self-promoter’s paradox idea. We also tested a sandwich and an interspersed ordering (control) group; these had the worst results. In a mediation analysis, we found that perceived impression about the company mediates the relationship between information and decision-making. In addition, our results show a significant difference in decision-making influenced by users’ characteristics. In a robustness test, we tested credibility of information as an alternative explanation, finding that credibility was not an alternative explanation for investors’ decision found in the experiment. We conclude by offering suggestions for further study of IM. Originality – To our knowledge, this is the first study that analyses the effects of both attribution and ordering strategies at the same time. Literature has addressed both strategies separately but has not discussed their interactive effect. This research addresses this gap.
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Troyer, Richard. "Attributions of Responsibility Among Caregivers of the Frail Elderly: Predicting Formal Service Use." TopSCHOLAR®, 1989. https://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/2920.
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A review of the research on family caregivers of the frail elderly indicates that although caregivers often experience high levels of burden, they make only minimal use of available professional, or formal, services. A theoretical model of helping and coping proposed by Brickman, Rabinowitz, Karuza, Coates, Cohn, and Kidder (1982) suggests that attributions of responsibility for causing and for solving problems define four distinct attributional styles, each determining how people will respond to outside help. The current study of 40 family caregivers attempted to validate an attribution instrument based on the Brickman et al. (1982) model, and to determine whether scores from the instrument were predictive of formal service use. Four models were hypothesized to be identified through factor analysis, each coinciding with one of Brickman's attributional styles. It was also hypothesized that score totals for each of the attributional style models would be predictive of formal service use. Neither hypothesis was supported. However, evidence which did not reach statistical significance suggests the existence of the models in this group. Also, regression analysis found several demographic variables to be predictive of formal service use. These include; care receiver age, caregiver education level, and whether or not the caregiver lives with the care-receiver. Caution must be taken in generalizing the findings from this study due to the questionable validity of the measurement instruments and to the small sample size. Suggested future research includes further validation work on the assessment instruments, and the recruitment of a larger sample group.
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Scott, Mark Robert. "Nuclear forensics: attributing the source of spent fuel used in an RDD event." Texas A&M University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/2368.
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An RDD attack against the U.S. is something America needs to prepare against. If such
an event occurs the ability to quickly identify the source of the radiological material used
in an RDD would aid investigators in identifying the perpetrators. Spent fuel is one of
the most dangerous possible radiological sources for an RDD. In this work, a forensics
methodology was developed and implemented to attribute spent fuel to a source reactor.
The specific attributes determined are the spent fuel burnup, age from discharge, reactor
type, and initial fuel enrichment. It is shown that by analyzing the post-event material,
these attributes can be determined with enough accuracy to be useful for investigators.
The burnup can be found within a 5% accuracy, enrichment with a 2% accuracy, and age
with a 10% accuracy. Reactor type can be determined if specific nuclides are measured.
The methodology developed was implemented into a code call NEMASYS. NEMASYS
is easy to use and it takes a minimum amount of time to learn its basic functions. It will
process data within a few minutes and provide detailed information about the results and
conclusions.
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Pak, Anthony. "Use of future world scenarios within an attributional input-output framework." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for energi- og prosessteknikk, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-19093.
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Background and contextGeneral and far reaching scenarios of possible futures for humanity's social metabolism have been put forth, outlining strikingly contrasting potential environmental prospects. Lifecycle assessment (LCA) and environmentally extended input-output (EEIO) —the dominant methodologies for environmental assessment of production and consumption activities— have been little used to analyse specific activities within these possible futures.Most LCAs and EEIOs are attributional and retrospective; they use past data with a central tendency approach to determine the impact of activities that are already embedded within a production-consumption system. On the other hand, so-called prospective-consequential LCAs analyse perturbations to a system, e.g. the introduction of new technologies or a change in consumption levels, and are therefore targeted at guiding decisions in the present and near-future. For large scale perturbations or more long-term decisions into the future, however, the consequential approach has been criticised as either losing transparency through complex modelling or relying overly much on ceteris paribus assumptions. It has recently been proposed that a prospective attributional approach to lifecycle studies could fill this void. Such an approach involves estimating the environmental impacts that can be attributed to the lifecycle of a future good or service embedded within exogenously defined scenarios of the future economy. Little has been done in this direction so far.Already in retrospective studies, the separate use of process-based LCA and EEIO has been criticised as leading to either truncated or heavily aggregated assessments. The advantages of using hybridizations of these two techniques seems even greater for prospective attributional analyses, considering how the EEIO framework is a robust vehicle for future economic scenarios. There is thus a need for further development in the direction of prospective attributional hybrid EEIO-LCAs.
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Heggeness, Luke Franklin. "COPING VIA SUBSTANCE USE AND THE DEPRESSOGENIC INTERPLAY OF INTERNAL ATTRIBUTION BIAS: A THREE-WEEK DAILY DIARY STUDY." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1523846055576536.
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Weisberg, James N. (James Noah). "Back Pain Patients' Compliance with Vocational Rehabilitation: Use of the MMPI and HAT to Predict Outcome." Thesis, North Texas State University, 1987. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc500504/.
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The use of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) and the Health Attribution Test (HAT) for predicting referral compliance to a state vocational rehabilitation program was evaluated. Subjects included 53 patients (26 males, 27 females) who were chosen at random three to 18 months following discharge from an inpatient chronic and spinal pain center. Subjects were administered the MMPI and HAT upon hospital admission and seven outcome measures of referral compliance were obtained. A discriminant analysis was performed to test the hypothesis that certain items would best discriminate compliance. Most discriminative of compliance was the MMPI validity scale K (Wilks Lambda = .751, p ≤ .033). A regrouping of data into two groups, active and inactive, yielded ego strength (MMPI, ES) and ability to trust others (PA) as significant differentiating variables.
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Mkoko, Egbert. "Journalism sourcing and credibility: a study of Raia Mwema’s use of anonymous sources." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1013219.
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This study analyses how readers impute credibility to the Tanzanian investigative newspaper Raia Mwema which, as a matter of routine journalistic practice, uses a high number of anonymous sources. Against the backdrop of a strong theoretical position, espoused by media studies theorists in both Western media contexts and in Africa, in which this practice is deemed to diminish the credibility of both journalists and their stories, the study’s main purpose is to examine how readers make sense of this very prevalent practice in a country that has recently opened up to media plurality. It also investigates where they locate the source of credibility for this high-selling newspaper, if not in the traditional way through its named sources of information. The study surveys the frequency of appearance of anonymous sources in this newspaper for the period of one year from January 2011 to December 2011. Then the study considered how this practice is viewed and understood by the wider journalistic community in Tanzania as well as looking into how the journalists and owners of Raia Mwema make choices about attributing their journalism. Lastly, the study engaged with particular readers to understand what sense they make of this practice in the wider landscape of Tanzanian media and the post-repressive political situation. The study makes use of theories of the sociology of news production so as to understand the context in which Raia Mwema has routinised the practice of anonymous attribution and whether the journalistic community and newspaper readers find the practice credible. The study also employs reception analysis in order to understand to what extent Raia Mwema readers negotiate and make sense of the mainly political, and often critical, media messages they get from newspaper. In this way, it introduces the importance of the reader in the production of meaning and of assessment of credibility of journalism. The interviews – ranging from journalists working at the paper, through the wider journalistic community and taking in the readership of the paper – show that theoretical considerations of journalistic credibility must take into account the political, social and media context in which journalism is produced. Pronouncements on the overuse of anonymous sources, without understanding the way readers and journalists negotiate the complexities of an actual situation, do not tell us much about credibility and how readers understand the messages they are given. From this study, it is clear that in African countries embarking on opening media systems, credibility involves more factors than have been discussed in the literature and that readers and journalists are sophisticated consumers and producers of media messages in countries that place a host of obstacles in the way of investigative journalism and open political communication.
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Koehrsen, Jennifer. "The Role of Group Status and Personal Repute in Information use in Self-evaluation." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2004. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1108062138.
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Yngvén, Anna. "Har sättet att resa betydelse för betraktarens uppfattning om en person? : En jämförelse mellan cyklist och bilist." Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för hälsa, vård och välfärd, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-24773.
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Goldstein, Benjamin I. "Coping style and attributional style as mediators of alcohol use and depression among young adults." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/NQ58990.pdf.
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Mavridis, Panagiotis. "Utilisation d'une hiérarchie de compétences pour l'optimisation de sélection de tâches en crowdsourcing." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017REN1S060/document.
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Des nombreuses applications participatives, commerciales et académiques se appuient sur des volontaires ("la foule") pour acquérir, désambiguiser et nettoyer des données. Ces applications participatives sont largement connues sous le nom de plates-formes de crowdsourcing où des amateurs peuvent participer à de véritables projets scientifiques ou commerciaux. Ainsi, des demandeurs sous-traitent des tâches en les proposant sur des plates-formes telles que Amazon MTurk ou Crowdflower. Puis, des participants en ligne sélectionnent et exécutent ces tâches, appelés microtasks, acceptant un micropaiement en retour. Ces plates-formes sont confrontées à des défis tels qu'assurer la qualité des réponses acquises, aider les participants à trouver des tâches pertinentes et intéressantes, tirer parti des compétences expertes parmi la foule, respecter les délais des tâches et promouvoir les participants qui accomplissent le plus de tâches. Cependant, la plupart des plates-formes ne modélisent pas explicitement les compétences des participants, ou se basent simplement sur une description en terme de mots-clés. Dans ce travail, nous proposons de formaliser les compétences des participants au moyen d'une structure hiérarchique, une taxonomie, qui permet naturellement de raisonner sur les compétences (détecter des compétences équivalentes, substituer des participants, ...). Nous montrons comment optimiser la sélection de tâches au moyen de cette taxonomie. Par de nombreuses expériences synthétiques et réelles, nous montrons qu'il existe une amélioration significative de la qualité lorsque l'on considère une structure hiérarchique de compétences au lieu de mots-clés purs. Dans une seconde partie, nous étudions le problème du choix des tâches par les participants. En effet, choisir parmi une interminable liste de tâches possibles peut s'avérer difficile et prend beaucoup de temps, et s’avère avoir une incidence sur la qualité des réponses. Nous proposons une méthode de réduction du nombre de propositions. L'état de l'art n'utilise ni une taxonomie ni des méthodes de classement. Nous proposons un nouveau modèle de classement qui tient compte de la diversité des compétences du participant et l'urgence de la tâche. À notre connaissance, nous sommes les premiers à combiner les échéances des tâches en une métrique d'urgence avec la proposition de tâches pour le crowdsourcing. Des expériences synthétiques et réelles montre que nous pouvons respecter les délais, obtenir des réponses de haute qualité, garder l'intérêt des participants tout en leur donnant un choix de tâches cibléA large number of commercial and academic participative applications rely on a crowd to acquire, disambiguate and clean data. These participative applications are widely known as crowdsourcing platforms where amateur enthusiasts are involved in real scientific or commercial projects. Requesters are outsourcing tasks by posting them on online commercial crowdsourcing platforms such as Amazon MTurk or Crowdflower. There, online participants select and perform these tasks, called microtasks, accepting a micropayment in return. These platforms face challenges such as reassuring the quality of the acquired answers, assisting participants to find relevant and interesting tasks, leveraging expert skills among the crowd, meeting tasks' deadlines and satisfying participants that will happily perform more tasks. However, related work mainly focuses on modeling skills as keywords to improve quality, in this work we formalize skills with the use a hierarchical structure, a taxonomy, that can inherently provide with a natural way to substitute tasks with similar skills. It also takes advantage of the whole crowd workforce. With extensive synthetic and real datasets, we show that there is a significant improvement in quality when someone considers a hierarchical structure of skills instead of pure keywords. On the other hand, we extend our work to study the impact of a participant’s choice given a list of tasks. While our previous solution focused on improving an overall one-to-one matching for tasks and participants we examine how participants can choose from a ranked list of tasks. Selecting from an enormous list of tasks can be challenging and time consuming and has been proved to affect the quality of answers to crowdsourcing platforms. Existing related work concerning crowdsourcing does not use either a taxonomy or ranking methods, that exist in other similar domains, to assist participants. We propose a new model that takes advantage of the diversity of the parcipant's skills and proposes him a smart list of tasks, taking into account their deadlines as well. To the best of our knowledge, we are the first to combine the deadlines of tasks into an urgency metric with the task proposition for knowledge-intensive crowdsourcing. Our extensive synthetic and real experimentation show that we can meet deadlines, get high quality answers, keep the interest of participants while giving them a choice of well selected tasks
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Carneiro, Ana Luiza Marinho. "Buying money : indebted´s profile and causal attributions by consumers, bank managers and financial educators in credit use." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UnB, 2016. http://repositorio.unb.br/handle/10482/22207.
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Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Psicologia, Departamento de Psicologia Social e do Trabalho, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Psicologia Social, do Trabalho e das Organizações, 2016.Submitted by Albânia Cézar de Melo (albania@bce.unb.br) on 2017-01-11T12:14:55Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2016_AnaLuízaMarinhoCarneiro.pdf: 609300 bytes, checksum: 2b3f20272ee431bacedc78774aba8915 (MD5)
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A crise econômica global de 2008 conferiu aos problemas do uso do crédito um grande destaque. No entanto, as pesquisas ainda parecem se concentrar muito mais em avaliações macroeconômicas do fenômeno e pouco se conhece sobre a sua psicologia social. O Brasil pratica uma das maiores taxas de juros do mundo, o que pode ser visto como causa e como consequência de um cenário alarmante de endividamento dos consumidores. Esta dissertação está estruturada em dois manuscritos, que investigaram diferentes fenômenos do endividamento pelo uso do crédito. O Manuscrito 1 descreve a análise de um banco de dados (n = 1.581) de uma empresa de consultoria e educação financeira, que oferece oficinais online. O objetivo da pesquisa foi identificar o perfil de endividados e de não-endividados em função de diferentes variáveis psicossociais. Além do frequente relato de gastos maiores ou iguais à renda, baixa frequência de investimentos pessoais e (ab)usos do cartão de crédito, testes com dados categóricos revelaram que realizar algum tipo de controle financeiro está associado a não ter dívidas, a fazer investimentos e a ter mais patrimônio. A idade não se mostrou relevantes nesses comportamentos e mulheres relataram mais dívidas que homens. A discussão trata, portanto, das questões metodológicas e aplicadas que envolvem estratégias de planejamento e controle financeiro via educação financeira, mas sobretudo os processos de autorregulação do comportamento frente aos arranjos de mercado que favorecem o endividamento. No Manuscrito 2 foram investigadas, em três estudos, as atribuições causais da dívida por gerentes de agências bancárias que concedem ou refinanciam empréstimos (n = 210), por consumidores (n = 390) e por consultores e educadores financeiros (n = 82). Os instrumentos envolveram a elaboração de uma medida de atitudes sobre crédito e endividamento, uma medida de motivos para o endividamento e itens de auto e heteroatribuição causal da dívida. Análises fatoriais mostraram que as potenciais explicações do endividamento são quase sempre organizadas em dois fatores, confirmando hipóteses como as do modelo de Weiner em relação a lócus de controle. Os resultados revelaram assimetrias sistemáticas entre as amostras. Gerentes e consultores atribuíram as causas do endividamento de consumidores a fatores internos e avaliaram que os consumidores o fazem de maneira externa. Já os consumidores fizeram atribuições externas às suas próprias dívidas, mas perceberam causas internas nas dívidas dos outros. Essas tendências são interpretadas à luz de vieses de cognição social. Discutem-se os resultados e suas implicações no contexto do movimento de pesquisa transformativa, voltada para os benefícios ao próprio consumidor. _________________________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT
The global economic crisis of 2008 gave problems related to credit use a major focus. However, research still focus more on macroeconomic analyses of the phenomenon, while little is known about its sociopsychological aspects. Brazil has one of the highest interest rates in the world, which can be seen both as a cause and as a consequence of an alarming cenario of consumer debt. This thesis is structured in two manuscripts that investigated different phenomena of debt by credit use. Manuscript 1 describes the analysis of a database (n = 1,581) of a consulting and financial education firm that offers online workshops. The objective of the research was to profile indebted and non-indebted consumers, based on several sociopsychological variables. In addition to a high frequency of spending more than or total income, low frequency of personal investments and (ab)use of credit cards, categorical tests revealed that performing some sort of financial control is associated with not having debt, making investments and having more assets. Age was not relevant in these behaviors and women reported more debt than men. The discussion deals, therefore, with the practical and methodological issues involving strategic planning and financial control through financial education, but also self-regulation of behavior to cope with market arrangements that favor indebt. Manuscript 2 was planned in the form of three studies that investigated causal attributions of debt by banks managers who sell or refinance loans (n = 210), by consumers (n = 390) and by consultants and financial educators (n = 82). Instruments involved constructing a measure of attitudes on credit use and debt, a measure of reasons for indebt, and items for self- and other-attributions. Factor analyses showed that potential debt explanations are often organized in two factors, confirming hypotheses related to locus of control and stability, by such models as Weiner's. Results revealed systematic asymmetries between the samples. Managers and consultants assigned consumer debt causes to internal factors, by assume that consumers blame external factors. On the other hand, consumers blame external factors for their debts, while perceive internal causes for the debts of others. These trends are interpreted in light of common biases in social cognition. Results and their implications are discussed in the context of the transformative research movement, by focusing on the benefits to consumer welfare.
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Durand, Marianne. "The use of repertory grid to investigate care staff's attributions towards clients with intellectual disabilities who exhibit challenging behaviour." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.525895.
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Stein, Jan-Philipp, and Peter Ohler. "Saving Face in Front of the Computer? Culture and Attributions of Human Likeness Influence Users' Experience of Automatic Facial Emotion Recognition." Frontiers Media S.A, 2018. https://monarch.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A31524.
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In human-to-human contexts, display rules provide an empirically sound construct to explain intercultural differences in emotional expressivity. A very prominent finding in this regard is that cultures rooted in collectivism—such as China, South Korea, or Japan—uphold norms of emotional suppression, contrasting with ideals of unfiltered self-expression found in several Western societies. However, other studies have shown that collectivistic cultures do not actually disregard the whole spectrum of emotional expression, but simply prefer displays of socially engaging emotions (e.g., trust, shame) over the more disengaging expressions favored by the West (e.g., pride, anger). Inspired by the constant advancement of affective technology, this study investigates if such cultural factors also influence how people experience being read by emotion-sensitive computers. In a laboratory experiment, we introduce 47 Chinese and 42 German participants to emotion recognition software, claiming that it would analyze their facial micro-expressions during a brief cognitive task. As we actually present standardized results (reporting either socially engaging or disengaging emotions), we manipulate participants' impression of having matched or violated culturally established display rules in a between-subject design. First, we observe a main effect of culture on the cardiovascular response to the digital recognition procedure: Whereas Chinese participants quickly return to their initial heart rate, German participants remain longer in an agitated state. A potential explanation for this—East Asians might be less stressed by sophisticated technology than people with a Western socialization—concurs with recent literature, highlighting different human uniqueness concepts across cultural borders. Indeed, while we find no cultural difference in subjective evaluations of the emotion-sensitive computer, a mediation analysis reveals a significant indirect effect from culture over perceived human likeness of the technology to its attractiveness. At the same time, violations of cultural display rules remain mostly irrelevant for participants' reaction; thus, we argue that inter-human norms for appropriate facial expressions might be loosened if faces are read by computers, at least in settings that are not associated with any social consequence.
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Wolpert, Miranda. "An investigation of families and their systemic therapists' use of attributions of blame and exoneration in relation to the presenting problem." Thesis, University of Surrey, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.246069.
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Martin, Scott Lawrence. "An attributional analysis of differences in rating type in a performance evaluation context: A use of verbal protocol analysis /." The Ohio State University, 1987. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487585645575791.
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Gan, Haiying. "A Study of Adjective Use in NPs as an Indicator of Syntactic Development in Swedish L2 Learers' English." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för pedagogik, didaktik och utbildningsstudier, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-242691.
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This is a corpus-based study on adjective use in eighty written compositions by Swedish learners of English from Grade 7 and Grade 9 in junior high school, and from Year 1 and Year 3 in senior high school. The aims of the study are to conduct an analysis of the use of attributive adjectives in noun phrases, and to investigate how attributive adjective use contributes to the syntactic complexity of noun phrases. This study proposes a hypothesis of the complexity of noun phrases in relation to different types of attributive adjectives, that is to say, an assumption that more complex types of attributive adjectives contain more compact information that requires more effort to learn and use. The investigation shows that Swedish learners of English in junior and senior high school use an overwhelming number of noun phrases without premodifiers. The findings confirm that less proficient students use more adjectives as premodifiers in noun phrases than nouns as premodifiers. The results of the examination also reveal that students from the four school levels investigated use the most common attributive adjectives frequently, which accouts for more than half of the attributive adjectives used. However, a positive trend is that the use of more complex types of adjectives, such as derivational and participial adjectives, steadily increases in number when students advance in school level. The comparision of the most common attributive adjectives in proportion to other adjectives used in the data from each grade shows that more proficient students use a richer variety of adjectives than less proficient students. Some pedagogical implications in this connection are the need to raise Swedish students’ awareness of different types of adjectives in language teaching and learning. Other pedagogical suggestions are the need to develop students’ skills in elaborating ideas and consolidating syntactic structures in their writing. Keywords: syntactic development, noun premodification, attributive adjective, Swedish learners of English
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Likoya, Emmanuel. "Attribution of the risk of extreme flood events to climate change in the context of changing land use and cover: case study of the shire river basin flood of 2015." Master's thesis, Faculty of Science, 2019. https://hdl.handle.net/11427/31607.
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The 2015 flood event in the Shire River basin was characterised by Malawi Government’s Department of Disaster Management (DoDMA) as the worst on record. It led to the damage in property worth millions of dollars with recovery still ongoing 3 years later. Over 150 fatalities were confirmed at the time with hundreds of others missing. The extent of the damage of the disaster was perhaps underlined by the swift adoption of the disaster management policy which was still in draft format then and the adoption of the climate change management policy a year later. In the aftermath of the disaster, as with most extreme weather events elsewhere around the world, questions were asked as to whether climate change might have had a hand in the occurrence of such an event and whether, going into a warmer climate, events of that nature of extremity will be the new normal. By using the risk-based event attribution methodology based on dedicated attribution experiments with a global climate model, and focusing on one of the sub-catchments of the Shire River basin, this study explored whether climate change from anthropogenic sources might have influenced the likelihood of such an event occurring. However, given the nature of hydrological events and the land use history of the basin, land use and cover change is another potential flood risk factor which, if overlooked, might affect conclusions with regards to the contribution of external factors to the risk of flooding. To account for both climate change and land use and land change, four sets of rainfallrunoff simulations were run using the Hydrologiska Byrans Vattenbalans-avdelning (HBV) hydrological model which has the ability to simulate the impact of land use and climate change on rainfall-runoff relationships. Each set was a combination of a climate scenario-either “factual” or “counter-factual”- and land use and cover change scenario-either factual (historical) or counterfactual (current). The climate scenarios were based on simulated rainfall and temperature from the HadAM3p model run in two modes-the “factual” and “counter-factual”- simulating the climate with atmospheric conditions closely resembling the atmosphere at the time of occurrence of the event and the climate as it would have been without human emissions of greenhouse gases. The proportion of the risk was calculated to determine how the risk of experiencing a flood of the January-April 2015 magnitude (for 1-day, 10- day, and 30-day maximum flows) changes with climate change only, land use and cover change only, as well as both climate change and land use and cover change. The results demonstrated that the probability of exceeding the 1-day maximum flow of the 2015 magnitude was lower in the factual (current) climate than in the counter-factual. However, changes in land use modify the flood risk such that, when land use change was accounted for, the extent of the reduction in the risk was lower. On the other hand, exceedance probabilities for 10-day and 30-day maximum flows were higher in the factual (current) climate. This was further heightened by changes in land use and cover. The study also established that observational uncertainties typical of the region may influence event attribution results to some extent. The results, which are based on a single attribution method and a single global climate model, do not span the method-model uncertainty range. As a consequence, the results are limited and do not constitute a fully defensible attribution statement.
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Turnipseed, Thomas Robert Ian. "Being an effective custodian of communication theory an examination of theory construction, methodological streamlining, and special population use between constitutive rhetoric, attribution theory, and the third person effect /." Thesis, [Tuscaloosa, Ala. : University of Alabama Libraries], 2009. http://purl.lib.ua.edu/2144.
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Richards, Andrew John. "Optimism and English school children : reliability, validity and use of the Children's Attributional Style Questionnaire (CASQ) and the Youth Life Orientation Test (YLOT)." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10036/3624.
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This study explores the use of two tests of optimism: the Youth Life Orientation Test (YLOT) and the Children’s Attributional Style Questionnaire (CASQ) in six English primary schools with children aged between 9 years and 12 years. The study grew out of some problems I was confronted with as part of my professional practice regarding the outcomes for children in a school that was failing to meet Government Targets in attainment. In the study I worked with the staff and 9 – 11 year old children in six primary schools in rural, town, suburban and inner-city contexts. The total number of children was 305. The children were tested using the CASQ and YLOT and a range of other measures. Cronbach alpha internal consistency coefficients (coefficient alpha) and test-retest coefficients for the subscales and overall scale of the CASQ and YLOT were calculated. The validity of each measure was explored using evidence from: test content; internal structure; relations to other variables; and from the consequences of testing. Lastly the use of the YLOT as a proxy and nature of any associations between the measures used was explored looking at individual; school and community level data. The study found that the YLOT has good psychometric properties and could be used as a basis for further work both professionally and for research. The Cronbach alpha reliability coefficient for the whole scale was 0.81. The psychometric properties of the CASQ were poor in that the subscales had very low reliability coefficients and the aggregated total scale reliability coefficient was still too low at 0.53 to be able to recommend the use of the CASQ. Before the CASQ could be used there would need to be extensive work to increase its reliability and validity through lengthening the test or changing the format of the questions to reduce their specificity. The use of the YLOT as a proxy indicator of mental health and associations with school and community level data were discussed. The YLOT could provide an indication of well being particularly in relation to childhood depression. The community level data were not sensitive enough to discern hypothesised associations between communities and the children attending the schools sited in the communities.
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Checon, Bianca Quirantes. "Limited attention, the use of accounting information and its impacts on individual investment decision making." Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/12/12136/tde-24082018-153805/.
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As technology and capital markets complexity increases, so does the amount of accounting information disclosed by companies in their financial reports. Nowadays, we reached an impasse, where it is questionable if more information will in fact reduce information asymmetry. Previous authors strongly criticize the length of financial statements and annual reports, arguing that they should communicate more rather than just be voluminous as the current volume of information can be counterproductive to the average individual to acquire, retain and process all available information. Based on evidence of previous accounting literature on presentation format and the psychology theories of attribution theory and cognitive load theory, we hypothesize that, by manipulating accounting information using a more general accessible format such as the narrative one, individual investors are able to better understand accounting information and, thereafter, make a more effective use of it versus the concurrent non-fundamental information available in a standard investment decision making setting. To achieve our research goal, we use a mixed method research strategy with an Exploratory Sequential Design: the qualitative method act as a preparation for the quantitative one. Concerning the qualitative method, we interview- using the Q methodology approach - 31 subjects, being 13 analysts/professional investors and 18 individual investors. Our objective in this phase is to identify patterns in the usage of accounting/non-accounting information by analysts/professional investors, in contrast to individual investors\' information choices. By doing so, we can use the obtained results to base our experimental information choices regarding (a) which accounting information pieces were most preferable to professional investors and (b) the information presentation sequence to be followed in the experimental setting. Next, we develop a 2 X 2 between-subjects experimental design in which we manipulate the presentation format of a hypothetical company between the traditional \'tabular and footnotes\' design versus the narrative content-only design. We also vary the financial performance between \'good\' and \'bad\' to check if the variables of interest would impact (a) investment propensity on the company\'s shares and (b) the amount of information retrieved from memory. As our main results, we find that the narrative format per se does not impact investment propensity and that the alternative presentation format is beneficial for participants with less than 5 years of investment experience in capital markets in the poor financial performance condition, adjusting their investment propensity to the same investment propensity level of more experienced investors.A medida que a complexidade da tecnologia e dos mercados de capitais aumentou, o montante da informação contábil divulgada pelas empresas em seus relatórios financeiros também aumentou. Atualmente, chegamos a um impasse, onde é questionável se mais informações reduzem a assimetria de informações. Autores anteriores criticam fortemente o tamanho das demonstrações financeiras e relatórios anuais, argumentando que eles devem comunicar mais ao invés de apenas serem volumosos, já que o atual volume de informações pode ser contraproducente para o indivíduo médio adquirir, reter e processar todas as informações disponíveis. Com base na evidência de literatura contábil anterior sobre o formato de apresentação e as teorias de psicologia, teoria da atribuição e teoria da carga cognitiva, temos a hipótese de que, ao manipular informações contábeis através de um formato amplamente mais acessível, como a narrativa, os investidores individuais serão capazes de compreender melhor as informações contábeis e, posteriormente, ter um uso mais proeminente delas em relação às atuais informações não fundamentais disponíveis para uma avaliação de decisão de investimento. Para alcançar nosso objetivo de pesquisa, utiliza-se uma estratégia de pesquisa de método misto com um Desenho Sequencial Exploratório, o método qualitativo atua como uma preparação para o quantitativo. Como método qualitativo, entrevistou-se - usando a abordagem da Metodologia Q - 31 sujeitos, sendo 13 analistas/investidores profissionais e 18 investidores individuais. O objetivo nesta fase foi entender o padrão de comportamento de uso de informações contábeis/não-contábeis por analistas/investidores profissionais, em comparação com as escolhas de informações de investidores individuais. Ao fazê-lo, puderam-se usar os resultados obtidos das entrevistas para basear as escolhas de informações experimentais em relação a (a) quais peças de informação contábil eram mais preferíveis aos investidores profissionais e (b) a sequência de apresentação de informações a seguir na configuração experimental. Em seguida, desenvolve-se um design experimental 2 x 2 entre os sujeitos em que manipulamos o formato de apresentação de uma empresa hipotética entre o design tradicional \'tabular e notas explicativas\' versus o design narrativo apenas de conteúdo. Foi alterado também o desempenho financeiro entre \'bom\' e \'ruim\' para verificar se as variáveis de interesse impactam (a) propensão de investimento nas ações da empresa e (b) a quantidade de informações recuperadas da memória. Como nossos principais resultados, identificamos que o formato narrativo individualmente não afeta a propensão de investimento e que o formato de apresentação alternativa beneficiou os participantes com menos de 5 anos de experiência de investimento nos mercados de capitais na condição de má performance financeira, ajustando sua propensão ao mesmo nível de investimento de investidores mais experientes.
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Howell, Michael. "INTAKE DECISION MAKING IN CHILD PROTECTIVE SERVICES: EXPLORING THE INFLUENCE OF DECISION-FACTORS, RACE, AND SUBSTANCE ABUSE." VCU Scholars Compass, 2009. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/1801.
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Child protective services begin with an intake (screening) decision to accept or reject maltreatment reports. This crucial decision may lead to significant positive or negative outcomes for children and families. Little is known about characteristics that intake decision-makers share or factors that influence the decision-making process. Racially-biased intake practices have been blamed for contributing to African American children’s disproportionate overrepresentation in the child welfare system. Concerns have emerged that social workers may hold negative stereotypes about African Americans and parents who use drugs. Stereotypical biases may influence decisions in reports alleging parental drug use and/or involving African American families. This study was conducted to examine the influence of race and parental drug-use allegations on intake decision-making. It was also conducted to identify factors that influence decision-making and to determine whether concepts drawn from naturalistic decision theory and attribution theory are relevant to intake decision-making. A conceptual model for describing decision-making was proposed and tested. Equivalent materials design was employed. Respondents completed an on-line questionnaire that included 24 vignettes describing hypothetical maltreatment concerns. Race and drug use were manipulated between two instrument versions. Respondents completed a 45-item scale measuring racial and parental drug use bias. They also described their application of policy to decision-making and the degree to which they engaged in different types of mental simulation (a naturalistic decision theory strategy) in making decisions. Eighty-seven child protective services intake decision-makers in Virginia participated (67% response rate). The findings suggest that respondents’ decisions were not influenced by racial bias but were influenced by parental drug use bias. Respondents’ parental drug use bias scores were higher than their racial bias scores. Social workers’ racial bias scores were higher than other respondents’ scores. A set of nine primary decision-factors used frequently in decision-making was identified. Finally, respondents reported using their discretion in adhering to CPS policy depending upon their concern for children’s safety. The research contributes to understanding the intake decision-making process. Findings related to worker characteristics, relevant decision-factors, and decision-making behaviors may influence practice and future research. Findings also suggest that naturalistic decision theory concepts warrant further attention and study.
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Swanston, Heather Yvette. "Five Years After Child Sexual Abuse." University of Sydney. Paediatrics and Child Health, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/573.
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Introduction Child sexual abuse is a common problem. Psychological and behavioural problems in children and adults who have experienced child sexual abuse have been associated with the abuse. Little research has been conducted which has been long-term, prospective, involved substantiated sexual abuse, included a control group, took into account mediating factors, utilised multiple data sources, relied on standardised measures and had a high follow-up rate. Aim The aims of this study were to compare a cohort of sexually abused young people with a group of nonabused peers and to establish predictors of psychological and behavioural outcome. Method This study was a follow-up which was long-term, prospective, involved a sample of children with substantiated sexual abuse, included a control group, took into account mediating factors, utilised multiple data sources, relied on standardised measures and had a high follow-up rate. Eighty-four sexually abused young people were followed up five years after presenting to Children�s Hospitals� Child Protection Units for sexual abuse and were compared to a group of 84 nonabused young people of similar age and sex. The two groups were compared on the basis of demographic variables, family functioning, mother�s mental health and life events; the outcome measures of depression, self-esteem, anxiety, behaviour, criminal activity, alcohol and other drug use, eating problems, running away, suicide attempts, self-injury, hopefulness, despair and attributional style; and potential mediating factors such as further notifications to the Department of Community Services, receipt of psychological treatment, legal action against offenders and victims compensation. Potential predictors of outcome were (1) demographic variables, (2) sexual abuse characteristcs, (3) intake data and (4) five year follow-up variables. Main findings Follow-up rates were 81percent (n equals 68) for cases and 89percent (n equals 75) for controls. Five years after presenting for the sexual abuse, the sexually abused young people were performing more poorly than their nonabused peers on various measures of psychological state and behaviour. Although the abused children had experienced more negative life events (p<.001), were from lower socio-economic groups (p<.0001), had more changes in parent figures (p<.001) and had mothers who were more psychologically distressed (p equals .03), multiple regression analysis showed that after allowing for these and other demographic and family factors, there were still significant differences between the groups after the 5 years. The abused children displayed more disturbed behavior (p equals .002), had lower self-esteem (p<.001), were more depressed or unhappy (p<.001) and were more anxious (p equals .03) than controls. Sexually abused children had significantly higher levels of bingeing (p equals .02), self-injury (p equals.009) and suicide attempts (p equals .03). Significant predictors of psychological and behavioural outcome were significantly related to family and parent functioning variables. Abuse status was not a significant predictor when offered to each of the predictive models. Significant predictors of outcome included the following intake variables: family functioning, mother�s mental health, whether parents were employed or not, behaviour scores, prior notifications for neglect, history of parental discord and whether there were caregiver changes or not prior to intake. The classification of the index sexual abuse event as indecent assault and whether there were notifications for sexual abuse prior to the index event also significantly predicted outcome. Five year follow-up variables which were significant predictors of outcome were the young person�s age, number of negative life events, attributional style, self-esteem, depression, number of parent changes, anxiety, despair, whether there were notifications for abuse/neglect after intake and having a parent with a history of drug/alcohol problems. Conclusions Difficulties associated with child sexual abuse continue for some years after the abuse event. Child sexual abuse needs to be considered as a possible antecedent of behaviour and psychological difficulties in young people. Treatment and monitoring should continue for some years after the abuse. Treatment may need to be directed more towards young people�s psychological states rather than focusing specifically on the sexual abuse. Family and parent functioning may need to be addressed early in order to prevent some of the behavioural and psychological difficulties associated with the long-term outcome of child sexual abuse.
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Nguyen, Thi Tuyet Hanh. "Analyse de cycle de vie de la production bovine : exploration de pratiques et de changements de système pour réduire les impacts environnementaux." Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00844398.
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Cette thèse porte sur l'étude des impacts environnementaux de systèmes de production de bovins. Le premier objectif était d'analyser et de comparer les impacts environnementaux de systèmes de production de viande et de lait par analyse de cycle de vie (ACV) attributionnelle. Les effets de pratiques d'atténuation de ces impacts ont été évalués pour les systèmes de production de viande. Le second objectif était un développement méthodologique afin d'explorer les conséquences possibles d'une préférence accrue pour un lait produit à base d'herbe, par ACV conséquentielle. Dans un système de production de viande par le troupeau allaitant, le méthane entérique a été le principal contributeur à l'impact changement climatique, et la production de l'herbe a été la principale contributrice aux autres impacts (demande énergétique cumulée, eutrophisation, acidification, occupation du sol). L'atelier naisseur (vaches allaitantes et leurs veaux, génisses) a contribué de manière majeure aux impacts du système allaitant dans son ensemble. La pratique d'atténuation la plus efficace pour le système a été la diminution de l'âge au vêlage de 3 à 2 ans. L'utilisation de lipides riches en acides gras oméga-3 dans le régime a très peu affecté les impacts du système. L'application simultanée de plusieurs pratiques d'atténuation compatibles entre elles réduit sensiblement les impacts. L'application de pratiques telles que la réduction du gaspillage d'herbe, l'engraissement des génisses non utilisées pour le renouvellement et la diminution de l'âge au vêlage réduisent l'occupation du sol. Un usage alternatif des terres libérées tel que la plantation de forêt pour séquestrer du carbone dans la biomasse semble prometteur. L'étude de systèmes de production de lait a été centrée sur les comparaisons de systèmes à base d'herbe ou d'ensilage de maïs, d'une race spécialisée (Holstein) ou mixte (Normande) et sur l'effet du niveau de production laitière par ACV attributionnelle. Quelle que soit la méthode d'attribution des impacts aux co-produits, les impacts par kg de lait ont été plus faibles pour les systèmes à base d'ensilage de maïs et pour les Holstein, sauf pour l'eutrophisation. L'accroissement de la production de lait par vache grâce à une consommation d'énergie accrue et au vêlage à 2 ans a permis de réduire les impacts du lait et de son co-produit viande. Les conséquences de la conversion d'une exploitation laitière utilisant beaucoup de maïs ensilage vers une exploitation utilisant de l'herbe comme unique source de fourrage pour répondre à une demande de lait produit à base d'herbe en France ont été évaluées par ACV conséquentielle. Cette conversion entraîne des changements notables de l'utilisation des sols en dehors de l'exploitation, et donc un fort accroissement des impacts du système dans son ensemble et du lait produit.
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CHEN, KUAN-LIANG, and 陳冠良. "The influence of lifestyle and user motivation on attribution emphases and Satisfaction of online customized clothes--- FASHION COOKIE website as an example." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/31070920419363876242.
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碩士明新科技大學
管理研究所碩士在職專班
101
The network customized service will be the latest e-commerce research issue both in industry and academia field because of the online shopping becomes emerging consumer behavior which caused by the popularity internet job. In additional, consumers seeking personalized merchandise and companies lowering the risk of production and reducing inventory are also matched to this issue. In this study, the relationship of user motivation of online customized clothes, attribution emphases and Satisfaction of purchasing online and consumer behavior was investigated according by lifestyle and variables of marketing science and practical case study. The results showed significantly effect of lifestyle and user motivation on attribution emphases and satisfaction of purchasing online and consumer behavior.
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Robson, Scott J. "Can Infants Use Transitive Inference in Attribution of Goals to Others?" Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1974/7369.
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Transitive inference refers to the ability to use knowledge of pre-existing relationships to infer relationships between entities that have not been directly compared. This form of logical inference is an important skill for many social species, and has been thought to arise in an immature form in humans between the ages of four and six years. The experimental methods used to test this ability in humans often require some verbal skill, gross or fine motor coordination, a memory capable of containing numerous relationships, and often a great deal of time and repetition in testing. These methods of testing may have been too demanding on other physical and cognitive abilities to be successfully completed by children under four years of age, regardless of their ability to make transitive inferences.
The present study used methods sensitive to infant cognition to test the current theory that the ability to make transitive inferences does not develop until the age of four. Nine-month-old infants were tested in three separate experiments using a visual habituation paradigm similar to that used by Woodward (1998) and through investigation of infants’ own imitative actions. Experiment 1 verified that infants can track the goals of others in a habituation paradigm when the goal object changes position throughout habituation trials, both through looking time measures and imitative action. Experiment 2 used an extension of this paradigm to examine the ability to make transitive inferences across a three item chain, serially ordered by the actor’s object preference, and no evidence of transitive inference was observed. Experiment 3 tested infants’ ability to habituate to and recall multiple goals using context as a cue to actor choice. Infants were able to consistently track only one of the pairings, suggesting that avoidance, in addition to selection, may play a role in infant performance in the visual habituation paradigm.Thesis (Master, Neuroscience Studies) -- Queen's University, 2012-08-14 09:10:37.385
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Tsun-WeiChu and 儲存為. "The Influence of Advertorial Attributions on Forum User Responses via M-R Theory: Materialism as Moderator." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/63255608777668637549.
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碩士國立成功大學
企業管理學系
103
In business activities today, online advertisements act as an important channel in interacting with forum user and communicating product information. Since there is lack of past literature discussing the relationship between online advertisement attributes and users, this research focuses on the forums, especially advertorials, with the M-R theory, using advertorial attributes such of informativeness, credibility, irritation and entertainment as online environmental stimulus, to study forum user’s reaction to advertorials, and understand their emotional states, including control, arousal and pleasure. In addition, materialism will be manipulated as a moderating variable to further discuss its moderating effect between advertorial attributes and forum users control. This study focuses on respondents who have forum browsing experience and SEM was used to analysis the 421 valid questionnaires collected. Results indicate the causal relationship among control, arousal and pleasure. Advertorial attributes will influence forum user’s emotional states via control, and emotional states will directly affect the information acceptance and purchase intention. Partial moderating effect of materialism was present between advertorial attributes and control, among which credibility and pleasure were significant. As this study discovered, online forum user indeed care about advertorial attributes, it suggested that when editorial writers are publishing advertorials, they should provide high credibility information and detailed descriptions regarding product characteristics, combined with interspersed entertaining images and videos to reduce lengthy, confusing and tedious layout in order to minimize negative impact of users’ emotions. In addition, if writers can increase readers’ acceptance of contents and positive emotions by providing true detailed information, the promotion effect of advertorials can be significantly enhanced.
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Golubovic, Nedeljko. "BLAME ATTRIBUTION IN RAPE CRIMES: THE EFFECTS OF WILLING SUBSTANCE USE, RACE, AND RAPE MYTH ACCEPTANCE." 2017. http://scholarworks.gsu.edu/cps_diss/123.
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Rape is a highly prevalent crime, and it is one of the most severe traumatic events experienced by women. Previous researchers have found that, unlike other crimes, blame attribution in rape cases is inconsistent and influenced by many external elements (Bieneck & Krahe, 2011; Grubb & Turner, 2012; Masser, Lee, & McKimmie, 2010; Stewart & Jacquin, 2010). In this study, the influence of willing substance use and race on attribution of blame from a sample of 316 undergraduate students attending a large, Southeastern, public, urban university was examined. More specifically, results from this investigation described how the type of substance (alcohol, marijuana, and heroin) consumed by female survivors and survivors’ race/ethnicity (Black, Hispanic, and White) influenced the level of blame assigned to them. Additionally, the researcher explored the interactive effect of the drug type and survivors’ race. The results of the analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that both survivors’ substance use and race significantly influenced blame attribution. Survivors who consumed alcohol prior to the assault were blamed more than survivors who used heroin or marijuana and survivors who did not consume any substances. Regarding the influence of survivors’ race/ethnicity, White female survivors were attributed significantly higher levels of blame than Black and Hispanic female survivors. In addition to the examined conditions of substance use and race/ethnicity, the results of this study indicated that observers’ demographic characteristics influenced blame attribution as well. Observers’ gender, race, and knowledge of a person who has survived rape were all significant factors effecting attribution of blame.
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Chittleborough, Olivia Kate. "The Double Stigma of Mental Illness Associated with Substance Use: Stereotypes, Causal Attributions and Emotional Reactions." Thesis, 2017. https://hdl.handle.net/2440/134453.
Full textAbstract:
This item is only available electronically.Despite the large body of research exploring mental illness stigma, few studies have examined the stigmatisation of comorbid mental and substance use disorders. The present study aims to expand this research by evaluating differences in stereotypes, causal attributions and emotions elicited by an individual with a mental illness and substance use issue compared to a mental illness alone. Participants (N = 121) were randomly assigned to one of two conditions (drug/no drug). Each condition contained a vignette describing a man experiencing psychotic symptoms, the drug condition also revealed he had been using illicit drugs for some time. Measures used to evaluate participant perceptions of the subject in the vignette included stereotype content (warmth, competence), emotional reactions (pity, anger, fear) and causal attributions (dispositional, biological, environmental). Mixed factorial analysis of variance (ANOVA) found significant interactions between condition (drug/no drug) and causal attributions, F(1.75, 206.18)=19.60, p< .000, hp 2=.142 and emotional reactions, F(2,236)=6.47, p=.002, hp 2=.052. A main effect of condition (drug/no drug) showed statistically significant differences in stereotyping across the two groups, F(1,118)=5.83, p=.017, hp 2 =.047. The comorbid substance abuse and psychotic disorder was significantly more negatively perceived than the psychotic disorder alone, presenting implications for future research and efforts to reduce stigma.
Thesis (B.PsychSc(Hons)) -- University of Adelaide, School of Psychology, 2017
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HUA, LEE MEI, and 李美華. "The Research of MSCI Barra’s performance attribution system–use Jih Sun Investment Trust’s six equity funds as an example." Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/22743887733470750965.
Full textAbstract:
碩士中國文化大學
國際企業管理研究所
94
There are many ways to evaluate fund performance, but most of them are limited to sin-gle, two, or three factor models. They fail to provide thorough analysis of fund managers in different perspectives. Our research is based on Aegis, MSCI Barra’s performance attribu-tion system. We use Jih Sun Investment Trust’s （JSIT）six domestic equity funds as an example and explain how this decision support system helps fund managers improve their performance as well as fund’s selling point. With the calculation of t statistics, fund managers thus can be identified if they have the abilities to outperform in various ways, including market timing, risk indices, industries, asset selection, trading, as well as transaction cost. Based on MSCI Barra’s system, we evaluated JSIT’s six domestic equity funds from Jan 1st to Dec. 30th of Y2004. We would like to know if fund manager’s t-test result in each of the factor is statistically significant. This result will help fund manager improve their port-folio management. Alternatively, we can also identify JS funds’ aggregated strength and weakness, thus promote them more efficiently.
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Saraiva, Carolina de Sousa Letras Sales. "Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and emergency departments: the impact of attributing a general practitioner." Master's thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/69203.
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With an increasing prevalence of chronic diseases, people are experiencing more
emergency episodes. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) will be, by 2020, the
third leading cause of death and its acute exacerbations will pose major challenges on primary
and secondary health care management. This study uses a database comprising all emergency
admissions between 2014 and 2015. A probit model is estimated to assess the impact of
different factors on the probability of being a frequent user. Results show it increases (within
COPD patients) for men, with 80+ years of age and an assigned General Practitioner. These
patients are vulnerable and will need timely access to health care. Accordingly, the creation of
health policies, such as the attribution of a general practitioner to these patients, is of crucial
importance.
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Tyson, Amanda. "Date rape and alcohol use : an examination of attributions of blame and their effect upon rape empathy /." Diss., 2005. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3203829.
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Lim, Hye-yeon. "Effects of task values, attributions, and cultural constructs on foreign language use anxiety among international teaching assistants." Thesis, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/1134.
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Lim, Hye-yeon Horwitz Elaine Kolker. "Effects of task values, attributions, and cultural constructs on foreign language use anxiety among international teaching assistants." 2004. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/fullcit?p3126151.
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Leo, Tan-Ju, and 羅丹汝. "Attributing the Users'' Continuous Usage Behavior to Online Games: Application of the Theory of Reasoned Action." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/22801977730800130613.
Full textAbstract:
碩士銘傳大學
資訊管理學系碩士在職專班
101
With the gradual arrival of the Internet era, the competition within the online gaming industry has grown more intense. This study focuses on the factors that influence the behaviors of online gamers in order to provide domestic online gaming companies a clearer direction in the areas of software design and operational management. More specifically, the behaviors of online gamers will be analyzed with respect to both the Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) and the Attribution Theory. Participants were online gamers in Taiwan. Both paper and online questionnaires were used in data collection, whereby online questionnaires were distributed via PTT network games. The statistical software SPSS was used in data analysis. The results show that the behaviors of online gamers are related to their self-expression and the expansion of interpersonal relationships. The convenience, aesthetics, entertainment value, and interactive nature of online games are factors deemed important to the players. In addition, the amount of peer participation also influences them. Interestingly, the intent of online gamers seems to be affected by their attitudes and views on society. Based on the results of this study, factors to consider in software design and operational management are: a) self-expression, b) interpersonal relationship expansion, c) perceived convenience, d) perceived aesthetics, e) perceived entertainment value, and f) perceived interactivity.
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Ferraris-Baron, Dyan Angela Ludeña. "Does Gender Matter in the Evaluation of Successful Physicians? Examining How Evaluators Use Stereotype-Based Attributions in Determining Outcomes at Work." Thesis, 2017. https://doi.org/10.7916/D8445ZR0.
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The purpose of this study was to understand whether physician leaders are subject to gender bias in the form of differential work outcomes. Specifically, the primary goal was to examine whether the gender of a successful physician leader, the medical specialty in which he or she works (surgery or pediatrics), and participant level of social dominance orientation (SDO; level of egalitarianism) influenced the allocation of workplace outcomes (i.e., evaluations of performance, promotion recommendations, and characterizations of ability and effort). This study further explored if ability and effort characterizations mediated the relationship between gender, specialty, and participant SDO on evaluations of performance and promotion recommendations. Attempting to elucidate the atypical but increasing phenomenon in which successful female leaders in male-typed jobs receive higher performance evaluations, but lower rates of promotion as compared to equivalent males; this study drew on attribution theory to explain that characterizations of successful women as “hard workers” (effort) may be seen as deserving of high evaluations of performance but not promotions, while being “brilliant” (ability) may be seen as deserving of promotions and reserved for successful men. Results revealed an unexpected overall boost for female surgeons, awarded especially by participants low in SDO (those most egalitarian) such that female surgeons received significantly better outcomes as compared to female pediatricians and equivalent outcomes as compared to male physicians. Male surgeons and pediatricians were largely awarded equivalent outcomes across all levels of participant SDO. Further, mediation was supported only for female surgeons, such that higher characterizations of effort explained higher evaluations of performance, particularly by those low in SDO. Further research is required to understand why successful women receive higher evaluations of performance, but not promotions.
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Lin, Ying-Yu, and 林盈妤. "From Employee Attributions Discuss Work-Life Balance Practices, the Use of Work-Life Balance Practices, Work-Family Conflict and Corporate Image." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/73493267816636520478.
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碩士國立臺灣科技大學
企業管理系
103
The aim of this study was to explore the relationships among work-life balance practices, the use of work-life balance practices, work-family conflict, and corporate image. In addition, this study also interpreted the work-life balance practices from the employee's point of view, which is employee attributions, and examined the influence of the use of work-life balance practices, work-family conflict, and corporate image. The study was conducted by using the survey method. 374 valid questionnaires were collected from full-time employees. Results of hierarchical linear modeling analyses showed that the more work-life balance practices were provided, the more likely the employees would use these practices, and the less work-family conflict and better corporate images they would report. This study also found that the altruistic attribution toward corporate’s motives for having work-life balance practices was positively related with the use of work-life balance practices and corporate image, and negatively related with work-family conflict. Moreover, the egoistic attribution was positively related with work-family conflict. The managerial implications and future direction of the study were also presented at the end of the study.
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Tredoux, Yolanda. "The use of horseriding in the lives of children with cerebral palsy : an ecosystemic exploration." Diss., 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/16218.
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In the realm of therapeutic horseback riding one becomes aware of the
idiosyncratic way in which each unique individual depicts his or her experience of a
therapeutic riding endeavor. This study focuses on the meanings attributed to
therapeutic riding in the lives of children with cerebral palsy because the complementary
use of horses in therapy with these children may be of great importance to the medical
fraternity. This exploration investigated the influence of the children's relationship with a
horse, and the parents' perception of horseriding as a complementary therapy to
occupational- and physiotherapy. The theoretical background and a literature review on
therapeutic horseback riding and cerebral palsy were presented in this study.
This study followed a holistic, ecosystemic epistemology. Both a qualitative
approach and a quantitative approach were adopted as two complementary sides of a
more encompassing whole and provided rich descriptions of the context and research
process.Psychology
M.A. (Clinical Psychology)
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Canon, Elizabeth Bell. "The use of modal expression preference as a marker of style and attribution the case of William Tyndale and the 1533 English Enchiridion Militis Christiani /." 2008. http://purl.galileo.usg.edu/uga%5Fetd/canon%5Felizabeth%5Fb%5F200805%5Fphd.
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Bernard, David Lynn 1979. "On semantic reference and discerning referential intentions." Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/ETD-UT-2010-08-1916.
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In Speaker’s Reference and Semantic Reference, Saul Kripke posited two kinds of reference involved in every use of a designator—a semantic reference, to the object picked out by the meaning of the words used—and a speaker reference, to the object to which the speaker aimed to call attention by deploying the designator. Kripke tentatively defined the notion of the speaker’s referent as the object that (i) the speaker wishes to call attention to, on a given occasion, and (ii) that he believes fulfills the conditions for being the description’s semantic referent. Although offered as a definition, this account is best interpreted as a tentative statement of the normal success conditions of speaker reference. As such, it raises the question of how special a role semantic reference plays in successful speaker reference. This report addresses that question by evaluating Kripke’s tentative account in the light of an extended series of examples in which definite descriptions are used to speaker refer to objects other than the objects to which the descriptions uniquely semantically refer. The report concludes that words’ semantic characteristics are only one of several forms of evidence that audiences regularly rely on to discern what object a speaker intends to call attention to by a particular act of reference.text
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Singh, Raakhee. "Nirvana's story : exploring obsessive compulsive disorder." Diss., 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/1129.
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Text in EnglishThis exploratory study creates a post-modern narrative context for psychotherapy and extends these ideas to an individual living with a psychiatric disorder, namely obsessive-compulsive disorder. The present study explores OCD through the ecosystemic perspective and aims to obtain a holistic understanding of an individual's experience of living with OCD and to describe the recursive connections between OCD and the individual's ecological context. This investigation includes the re-authoring therapy of Michael White and David Epston and the application of their ideas to the individual's life story. A qualitative method within the naturalistic paradigm is employed focussing on the unique experience of the individual, which allows for an understanding of the individual's personal meaning. The dominant narratives, that emerged from the individual's life story, were deconstructed. Significant shifts in attribution of meaning took place.
Psychology
M.A.(Clinical Psychology)
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Michell, Colin Simon. "Investigating the use of forensic stylistic and stylometric techniques in the analyses of authorship on a publicly accessible social networking site (Facebook)." Diss., 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/13324.
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This research study examines the forensic application of a selection of stylistic and stylometric techniques in a simulated authorship attribution case involving texts on the social networking site, Facebook. Eight participants each submitted 2,000 words of self-authored text from their personal Facebook messages, and one of them submitted an extra 2,000 words to act as the ‘disputed text’. The texts were analysed in terms of the first 1,000 words received and then at the 2,000-word level to determine what effect text length has on the effectiveness of the chosen style markers (keywords, function words, most frequently occurring words, punctuation, use of digitally mediated communication features and spelling). It was found that despite accurately identifying the author of the disputed text at the 1,000-word level, the results were not entirely conclusive but at the 2,000-word level the results were more promising, with certain style markers being particularly effective.Linguistics
MA (Linguistics)
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Arnott, Amanda Margaret. "An educational psychological perspective on the use of filial therapy in mother-child relationships." Diss., 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/17925.
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The different reactions of parents to the discovery that their children had ADD/ADHD has an effect on the primary relationship established between mother and child. This is essential in the later involvement, experience and meaning attribution of the child with respect to all subsequent relationship formation on the child's journey towards his ultimate target, namely self-actualisation. It was felt that psychological intervention could help parents to bond, communicate with and relate to their children without experiencing negative feelings which would enhance parental acceptance. In this study, ten mothers were used to participate in an adapted group Filial Therapy
programme. This unique therapy involves parents as the primary agents to resolve child-related problems and to encourage children's healthy psycho-social development. Results were positive. The mothers felt that they had formed better relationship with their children. They were empowered with knowledge and coping mechanisms, such as reflective listening, setting limits and providing choices. For the first time they were enjoying their ADD/ADHD children.Psychology of Education
M. Ed. (Guidance and Counselling)
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Arseneau, Rosianne. "Favoriser le transfert de connaissances grammaticales en situation d'écriture : mise à l'essai d'une séquence didactique auprès d'élèves de troisième secondaire." Thèse, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/3726.
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Cette recherche-action vise à déterminer par quels moyens les enseignants de français peuvent contribuer à favoriser le transfert de connaissances grammaticales en situation d’écriture chez leurs élèves de niveau secondaire.
Nous avons d’abord constaté que, chez les élèves du secondaire en général, les accords sont plus facilement réussis en contexte d’exercice qu’en contexte de production écrite. Sur la base de propositions didactiques pertinentes concernant l’orthographe grammaticale et/ou le transfert de connaissances, propositions fondées notamment sur une approche inductive, centrée sur le questionnement de l’élève et sur l’analyse de phrases, nous avons conçu et élaboré une séquence didactique portant sur l’accord du participe passé employé avec être ou avec un verbe attributif. Dans un deuxième temps, nous l’avons mise à l’essai auprès d’un groupe d’élèves de troisième secondaire, puis nous en avons vérifié les effets à l’aide d’un prétest et d’un posttest composés respectivement d’un questionnaire, d’un exercice et d’une production écrite.
Les résultats révélés par l’analyse des données démontrent l’efficacité de la série de cours. En effet, le taux moyen de réussite des accords en contexte d’exercice passe de 53% à 75%, alors que, pour les productions écrites, il est de 48% avant la série de cours contre 82% après. Les questionnaires recueillis nous portent à attribuer en partie cette forte augmentation du taux de réussite des accords en contexte de production écrite au bon déroulement du processus de transfert grâce au travail effectué en cours de séquence sur les connaissances conditionnelles.This action research aims to determine by which means French teachers can contribute to help their secondary students in transferring their grammatical knowledge in writing situations. We first noticed that, for secondary students in general, agreements are more likely to be successful in exercise context than in writing context. Based on didactical propositions of researchers interested in grammatical spelling and/or transfer of knowledge, notably propositions consisting in an inductive approach, centered on student questioning and sentence analysis, we conceived and developed a didactical sequence about the agreement of past participle used with être or with an attributive verb. Then, we implemented it in a third grade secondary student group, and we observed its effects by pretesting and posttesting, using questionnaires, exercises and written productions. Results revealed by data analysis show the efficiency of the lessons built. Students succeeded a lot more often in making agreement of past participle used with être or with an attributive verb after the implement of the didactical sequence than before. The mean rate of successful agreement in exercises came from 53% to 75%, while agreement in written production is 48% successful before, against 82% after. The questionnaires collected incline us to believe that this augmentation of successful agreement rate in written productions is related to the right progress of the transfer process due to work done during lessons on conditional knowledge.