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Academic literature on the topic 'User attribution'

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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "User attribution"

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Romero Leguina, Jesús, Ángel Cuevas Rumín, and Rubén Cuevas Rumín. "Digital Marketing Attribution: Understanding the User Path." Electronics 9, no. 11 (November 2, 2020): 1822. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics9111822.

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Digital marketing is a profitable business generating annual revenue over USD 200B and an inter-annual growth over 20%. The definition of efficient marketing investment strategies across different types of channels and campaigns is a key task in digital marketing. Attribution models are an instrument used to assess the return of investment of different channels and campaigns so that they can assist in the decision-making process. A new generation of more powerful data-driven attribution models has irrupted in the market in the last years. Unfortunately, its adoption is slower than expected. One of the main reasons is that the industry lacks a proper understanding of these models and how to configure them. To solve this issue, in this paper, we present an empirical study to better understand the key properties of user-paths and their impact on attribution models. Our analysis is based on a large-scale dataset including more than 95M user-paths from real advertising campaigns of an international hoteling group. The main contribution of the paper is a set of recommendation to build accurate, interpretable and computationally efficient attribution models such as: (i) the use of linear regression, an interpretable machine learning algorithm, to build accurate attribution models; (ii) user-paths including around 12 events are enough to produce accurate models; (iii) the recency of events considered in the user-paths is important for the accuracy of the model.
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Bogumil, David Daniel. "SUBSTANCE ABUSE AND ATTRIBUTION STATES: THE COVALENT SECURITY ATTRIBUTION MODEL." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 30, no. 2 (January 1, 2002): 127–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2002.30.2.127.

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The attribution of the causality regarding the quality of life in a community and the security within a community differs between user and non-user groups of illegal drugs. An attribution theoretical model based on intergroup relations presents a new conceptualization of dyadic relations as the Covalent Security Attribution model. The Covalent Security Attribution model of user and non-user intergroup dynamics provides an exegesis of group cognitive consistency and the attribution process. This inquiry provides a heuristic examination of the Covalent Security Attribution model of adolescent substance abuse.
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Niels, Adelka, and Monique Janneck. "The Influence of Computer-Related Attributions on System Evaluation in Usability Testing." i-com 16, no. 1 (April 1, 2017): 15–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/icom-2017-0001.

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AbstractComputer-related attributions are cognitions related to the causes and effects of user interactions – or, in other words, subjective explanations of users of why specific system reactions occur. Prior research has revealed different attribution styles, which influence how users interact with computers and how they perceive situations of failure and success. In this paper, we report on a study investigating how computer-related attributions influence users’ perceptions and evaluations of interactive systems. To that end, we conducted usability tests with $\mathrm{N}=74$ users and measured both system evaluations and attributions. Results show correlations between attributions and usability as well as user experience measures, indicating that users’ attributions do influence their evaluations of the test systems. Furthermore, gender differences were revealed. Practical and research implications are described.
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PEI, XUEKE, ZHENGWEI HUANG, YANNI YANG, and OTHMAN BESTOON. "Research on user donation and information sharing in textile crowdfunding." Industria Textila 73, no. 06 (December 20, 2022): 671–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.35530/it.073.06.202195.

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Exploring the mechanism of user donation and information sharing behaviour in textile crowdfunding under the social network environment provides the theoretical basis for researching the behaviour of users and suggestions for the operation and management of textile crowdfunding platform. Based on the grounded theory, it appeared that there were only a few studies examining the empirical relation between the two constructs, particularly in textile crowdfunding. The study investigated 35 users with semi-structured interviews. Nvivo11 qualitative analysis software was used to encode and analyse the interview data. The attribution theory was used to construct the model of influencing factors of textile crowdfunding user donation and information-sharing behaviour and the theoretical saturation test of the coded result. This study divided the influencing factors of textile crowdfunding user donation and information-sharing behaviour into trait attribution and situation attribution and extracted eight main categories that affect user participation behaviour. Emotional factors, interpersonal relationships, and perceived risks are the key factors affecting participants' donation and information sharing. In addition, the study found that compared with the behaviour of donating for textile crowdfunding projects, the willingness of user information sharing behaviour was low.
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Taglienti, Claudio, and James Cannady. "The user attribution problem and the challenge of persistent surveillance of user activity in complex networks." Journal of Computer Security 24, no. 2 (April 19, 2016): 235–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jcs-160546.

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Ikuesan, Adeyemi Richard, Shukor Abd Razak, Mazleena Salleh, and Hein S. Venter. "Leveraging Human Thinking Style for User Attribution in Digital Forensic Process." International Journal on Advanced Science, Engineering and Information Technology 7, no. 1 (February 2, 2017): 198. http://dx.doi.org/10.18517/ijaseit.7.1.1383.

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Hyman, Geoff, and Andrew Daly. "The attribution of transport user benefits by source using discrete choice models." Research in Transportation Economics 47 (November 2014): 103–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.retrec.2014.09.023.

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Ikuesan, Adeyemi R., and Hein S. Venter. "Digital behavioral-fingerprint for user attribution in digital forensics: Are we there yet?" Digital Investigation 30 (September 2019): 73–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.diin.2019.07.003.

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Irma Sukmawati, Ade, and Irma Handayani. "Function Consuming sebagai Tingkat Kecakapan Literasi Media Digital Masyarakat Yogyakarta." Jurnal Komunikasi 16, no. 2 (April 25, 2022): 187–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.20885/komunikasi.vol16.iss2.art6.

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Digital competence is one of the skills for users in using digital media. Research on mapping the digital competence category of the people of Yogyakarta was carried out to know the media digital positioning competence of digital media users. The position of digital media user skills is categorized by the k-NN (k Nearest Neighbor) technique data mining method. The objective of this research using the k-NN technique data mining method was carried out by compiling categories that refer to attributions where the attribution refers to the ten competencies of Japelidi's digital media users. The digital media user skills category has four quadrants: Function Consuming, Function Prosuming, Critical Consuming, and Critical Prosuming. This research was conducted in Yogyakarta from June-July 2020 because, during this period, there was a surge in digital media users due to the pandemic. The findings in this research provide information that the competence of using digital media for Yogyakarta residents in the period of June-July 2020 is in the Function Consuming section, and it is in the first quadrant
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Sebba, Mark. "Iconisation, attribution and branding in orthography." Written Language and Literacy 18, no. 2 (August 31, 2015): 208–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/wll.18.2.02seb.

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This paper discusses three processes relating to the social meaning of scripts and orthographies, all of which are potentially mediated by the role of script-as-image. One of these processes, iconisation, was introduced to the field by Irvine and Gal (2000) and is widely known. Attribution is a process which precedes iconisation, whereby a group of people associate a linguistic feature or language-related practice with a group of people who (supposedly) use that feature or engage in that practice. Orthographic branding involves a specific visual/graphical element of written language such as an alphabetic character. Through ‘branding,’ this element becomes an emblem of a group of people who use the element in question in their writing practices. Branding may involve iconisation, but the processes are distinct. This paper describes and distinguishes the three processes and provides examples from different languages and user communities.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "User attribution"

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Taglienti, Claudio. "The User Attribution Problem and the Challenge of Persistent Surveillance of User Activity in Complex Networks." NSUWorks, 2014. http://nsuworks.nova.edu/gscis_etd/319.

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In the context of telecommunication networks, the user attribution problem refers to the challenge faced in recognizing communication traffic as belonging to a given user when information needed to identify the user is missing. This is analogous to trying to recognize a nameless face in a crowd. This problem worsens as users move across many mobile networks (complex networks) owned and operated by different providers. The traditional approach of using the source IP address, which indicates where a packet comes from, does not work when used to identify mobile users. Recent efforts to address this problem by exclusively relying on web browsing behavior to identify users were limited to a small number of users (28 and 100 users). This was due to the inability of solutions to link up multiple user sessions together when they rely exclusively on the web sites visited by the user. This study has tackled this problem by utilizing behavior based identification while accounting for time and the sequential order of web visits by a user. Hierarchical Temporal Memories (HTM) were used to classify historical navigational patterns for different users. Each layer of an HTM contains variable order Markov chains of connected nodes which represent clusters of web sites visited in time order by the user (user sessions). HTM layers enable inference "generalization" by linking Markov chains within and across layers and thus allow matching longer sequences of visited web sites (multiple user sessions). This approach enables linking multiple user sessions together without the need for a tracking identifier such as the source IP address. Results are promising. HTMs can provide high levels of accuracy using synthetic data with 99% recall accuracy for up to 500 users and good levels of recall accuracy of 95 % and 87% for 5 and 10 users respectively when using cellular network data. This research confirmed that the presence of long tail web sites (rarely visited) among many repeated destinations can create unique differentiation. What was not anticipated prior to this research was the very high degree of repetitiveness of some web destinations found in real network data.
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Bowman, Rebecca Jane. "A Comparison of Two Models Used to Predict Student Strategy Choice for Classroom Conflicts." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1124736662.

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Martin, Eleanor. "Attributional beliefs of recreational amphetamine users." Thesis, University of East London, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.532425.

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Seatter, Barbara J. "Casual Attributions for Teen Problem Drinking." PDXScholar, 1994. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/5234.

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Teen problem-d1inking is a pervasive problem in our society. Teens with drinking problems utilize treatment centers and then return to school attempting to stay sober. However, many return to affiliate with problem drinkers instead of with non-drinkers, and risk for relapse is high. One explanation may be that teens without drinking problems do not accept teen problem drinkers into their peer group due to negative reactions toward problem drinkers. One way to examine their attitudes is to examine differences between teen problem drinkers and non-drinkers regarding causal attributions. Attribution theory proposes that various attributions will elicit different emotional reactions and will motivate teens to behave in certain ways. The purpose of this study was to determine if teens with prior experience in treatment (problem drinkers) and teens without that experience (non-problem drinkers) make different causal attributions for teen problem drinking. Furthermore, group differences in emotional reactions, beliefs about how to offset the problem, and help-giving behaviors were also examined. This study also sought to determine whether there was a predictable link between attributions and emotional reactions, and between emotional reactions and helpgiving behaviors. One hundred twenty-one teenagers aged 13 to 20 were recruited as subjects, 79 from Portland area schools and 42 from treatment centers. Subjects completed a written survey measuring causal attributions for teen problem drinking, emotional reactions toward teen problem drinkers, beliefs regarding how to offset the problem, and help-giving behaviors. Four MANOYAs were used to determine group differences. Results revealed group differences on causal attributions, emotional reactions, and offset controllability, but not on help-giving behaviors. Two multiple regressions were used to determine whether attributions predicted emotional reactions and whether emotional reactions predicted help-giving behaviors; results revealed no link. Although results revealed group differences, these were found not to be consistent with the hypothesis based on attribution theory. Results did reveal positive outcomes regarding attitudes toward teen problem drinkers by nonproblem drinkers, which is important as it suggests that teens without prior experience in treatment may be more accepting of teen problem drinkers than was expected.
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Gasser, Thomas. "Attribution régionalisée des causes anthropiques du changement climatique." Thesis, Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066543/document.

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Cette thèse traite du Brazilian Proposal, c'est-à-dire de la détermination des contributions nationales au changement climatique d'origine humaine. Pour répondre à cette question, nous avons développé un modèle compact du système Terre, OSCAR v2.1. Ce modèle intègre une représentation du cycle du carbone (CO2, CH4), de la chimie atmosphérique des gaz à effet de serre (CH4, N2O, O3, composés halogénés), mais également des aérosols et de la dynamique climatique. Il est forcé en émissions anthropiques de composés actifs et en changements d'usage des sols. Après avoir constaté la bonne capacité du modèle à reproduire les observations passées des principales grandeurs climatiques, et après avoir énoncé les grands principes régissant les exercices d'attribution, nous attribuons les causes anthropiques du changement climatique. Nous trouvons que la rétroaction climatique, sur le cycle du carbone et sur la chimie atmosphérique, a un effet prépondérant qui exacerbe l'importance relative de chaque forçage anthropique. Par ordre décroissant, émissions de dioxyde de carbone fossile, de dioxyde de soufre, de méthane, et usages des sols, sont trouvés comme étant les plus importants contributeurs au changement climatique en 2008. A travers ces forçages, les pays dits en développements sont dorénavant de plus grands contributeurs au changement climatique que les pays dits développés. C'est cependant toujours l'inverse si l'on résonne en contribution par tête ; mais nous montrons qu'un tel raisonnement rend incompatibles une trajectoire de réchauffement inférieur à deux degrés et équitable
This PhD thesis deals with the Brazilian Proposal, that is the assessment of national contributions to anthropogenic climate change. To answer the Proposal, we have developed a compact Earth system model, named OSCAR v2.1. The carbon cycle (CO2, CH4), the atmospheric chemistry of greenhouse gases (CH4, N2O, O3, halogenated compounds), as well as aerosols and climate dynamics are included in this model. It is driven by anthropogenic emissions of active compounds, and by land-use changes. After acknowledging the ability of the model to reproduce past observations of the main climatic variables, and after exposing the fundamental principles of attribution exercises, we attribute climate change to its anthropogenic causes. We find that the climate feedback -- over both the carbon cycle and the atmospheric chemistry -- has a prominent effect that exacerbates the relative importance of each anthropogenic forcing. In decreasing order, emissions of fossil carbon dioxide, of sulfur dioxide, of methane, and land-use changes, are found to be the most important contributors to climate change in 2008. Through these forcings, the so-called developing countries are now contributing more to climate change than the so-called developed countries. It is however still the contrary on a per capita basis; but we show that such an accounting approach makes it impossible to reach equity within a less-than-two-degree warming trajectory
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Eyre, Heidi L. "The use of covariation information in the causal attribution of others' emotion." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/MQ51339.pdf.

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Moreira, Rafael de Lacerda. "Impression management strategies: the effects of attribution and presentantion order." reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/24500.

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Submitted by Rafael de Lacerda Moreira (rafaeldelacerdamoreira@gmail.com) on 2018-07-21T22:14:47Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Versão Final - Tese Rafael .pdf: 1250031 bytes, checksum: 3abf55725921846132052a1324efd6fa (MD5)
Approved for entry into archive by ÁUREA CORRÊA DA FONSECA CORRÊA DA FONSECA (aurea.fonseca@fgv.br) on 2018-07-26T16:40:59Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Versão Final - Tese Rafael .pdf: 1250031 bytes, checksum: 3abf55725921846132052a1324efd6fa (MD5)
Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-27T19:56:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Versão Final - Tese Rafael .pdf: 1250031 bytes, checksum: 3abf55725921846132052a1324efd6fa (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-05-30
Purpose - This research analyzes how corporate narrative disclosure can be manipulated by preparers of accounting information to create a favorable impression of the company through an examination of two different impression-management (IM) strategies: (i) attribution, and (ii) ordering or physical location of information. Design/Methodology - We conducted a 4×2 mixed-design experiment to examine the impact of attribution and optimal direction of information order on earnings forecast and the impression created about the company. Findings - Results show that the favorable report read first, without attribution, positively affects the investor, and that the favorable information read first, with attribution, undermines the positive effect. Conversely, presenting unfavorable information, with attribution, first, minimizes the impact of this information. Our findings confirm self-promoter’s paradox idea. We also tested a sandwich and an interspersed ordering (control) group; these had the worst results. In a mediation analysis, we found that perceived impression about the company mediates the relationship between information and decision-making. In addition, our results show a significant difference in decision-making influenced by users’ characteristics. In a robustness test, we tested credibility of information as an alternative explanation, finding that credibility was not an alternative explanation for investors’ decision found in the experiment. We conclude by offering suggestions for further study of IM. Originality – To our knowledge, this is the first study that analyses the effects of both attribution and ordering strategies at the same time. Literature has addressed both strategies separately but has not discussed their interactive effect. This research addresses this gap.
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Troyer, Richard. "Attributions of Responsibility Among Caregivers of the Frail Elderly: Predicting Formal Service Use." TopSCHOLAR®, 1989. https://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/2920.

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A review of the research on family caregivers of the frail elderly indicates that although caregivers often experience high levels of burden, they make only minimal use of available professional, or formal, services. A theoretical model of helping and coping proposed by Brickman, Rabinowitz, Karuza, Coates, Cohn, and Kidder (1982) suggests that attributions of responsibility for causing and for solving problems define four distinct attributional styles, each determining how people will respond to outside help. The current study of 40 family caregivers attempted to validate an attribution instrument based on the Brickman et al. (1982) model, and to determine whether scores from the instrument were predictive of formal service use. Four models were hypothesized to be identified through factor analysis, each coinciding with one of Brickman's attributional styles. It was also hypothesized that score totals for each of the attributional style models would be predictive of formal service use. Neither hypothesis was supported. However, evidence which did not reach statistical significance suggests the existence of the models in this group. Also, regression analysis found several demographic variables to be predictive of formal service use. These include; care receiver age, caregiver education level, and whether or not the caregiver lives with the care-receiver. Caution must be taken in generalizing the findings from this study due to the questionable validity of the measurement instruments and to the small sample size. Suggested future research includes further validation work on the assessment instruments, and the recruitment of a larger sample group.
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Scott, Mark Robert. "Nuclear forensics: attributing the source of spent fuel used in an RDD event." Texas A&M University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/2368.

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An RDD attack against the U.S. is something America needs to prepare against. If such an event occurs the ability to quickly identify the source of the radiological material used in an RDD would aid investigators in identifying the perpetrators. Spent fuel is one of the most dangerous possible radiological sources for an RDD. In this work, a forensics methodology was developed and implemented to attribute spent fuel to a source reactor. The specific attributes determined are the spent fuel burnup, age from discharge, reactor type, and initial fuel enrichment. It is shown that by analyzing the post-event material, these attributes can be determined with enough accuracy to be useful for investigators. The burnup can be found within a 5% accuracy, enrichment with a 2% accuracy, and age with a 10% accuracy. Reactor type can be determined if specific nuclides are measured. The methodology developed was implemented into a code call NEMASYS. NEMASYS is easy to use and it takes a minimum amount of time to learn its basic functions. It will process data within a few minutes and provide detailed information about the results and conclusions.
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Pak, Anthony. "Use of future world scenarios within an attributional input-output framework." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for energi- og prosessteknikk, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-19093.

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Background and contextGeneral and far reaching scenarios of possible futures for humanity's social metabolism have been put forth, outlining strikingly contrasting potential environmental prospects. Lifecycle assessment (LCA) and environmentally extended input-output (EEIO) —the dominant methodologies for environmental assessment of production and consumption activities— have been little used to analyse specific activities within these possible futures.Most LCAs and EEIOs are attributional and retrospective; they use past data with a central tendency approach to determine the impact of activities that are already embedded within a production-consumption system. On the other hand, so-called prospective-consequential LCAs analyse perturbations to a system, e.g. the introduction of new technologies or a change in consumption levels, and are therefore targeted at guiding decisions in the present and near-future. For large scale perturbations or more long-term decisions into the future, however, the consequential approach has been criticised as either losing transparency through complex modelling or relying overly much on ceteris paribus assumptions. It has recently been proposed that a prospective attributional approach to lifecycle studies could fill this void. Such an approach involves estimating the environmental impacts that can be attributed to the lifecycle of a future good or service embedded within exogenously defined scenarios of the future economy. Little has been done in this direction so far.Already in retrospective studies, the separate use of process-based LCA and EEIO has been criticised as leading to either truncated or heavily aggregated assessments. The advantages of using hybridizations of these two techniques seems even greater for prospective attributional analyses, considering how the EEIO framework is a robust vehicle for future economic scenarios. There is thus a need for further development in the direction of prospective attributional hybrid EEIO-LCAs.
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Books on the topic "User attribution"

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Sainsbury, Mark. A Display Theory of Attitude Attribution. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198803348.003.0004.

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This is the central chapter in the book. It describes and defends display theory, a theory of attitude attribution according to which the words in the complement put concepts on display rather than using them in the normal attributive way. Attributions are true if the displayed concepts match the concepts subjects exercise in their intentional states. Display theory explains various features of intensionality. For example, there is no reason why a displayed concept in a true attribution need be true of some real entity: all that matters is whether the subject exercised it, not what, if anything, it refers to. A use of superscripts is developed which enables us to state with precision different ways in which attitude attributions can be true. The theory is extended to apply to non-conceptual intentional states.
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Guitton, Clement. Modelling Attribution. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190699994.003.0002.

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How and why does the attribution of an incident become the responsibility of the executive rather than the judiciary? How do the processes of attributing a criminal incident and attributing a national security incident differ? This chapter offers a two-pronged model for attribution, based on the nature of the process either as criminal or as a threat to national security. Criminal cases rarely rise to the level of "national threat," and are mostly dealt with by law enforcement agencies and subsequently by judiciary organizations. Several cases, based on certain criteria, fall within the remit of the executive rather than the judiciary, because government officials regard them as threats to national security. This transfer has several consequences. First and foremost, the question of knowing the full name of the attacker becomes less relevant than knowing who the enemy is and who the sponsors are; for instance, a state actor or a terrorist organization. Second, a national security incident usually implies broader investigative powers, especially those of intelligence services, which can use secret methods bordering legality.
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Plecháč, Petr. Versification and Authorship Attribution. Karolinum Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.14712/9788024648903.

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The technique known as contemporary stylometry uses different methods, including machine learning, to discover a poem’s author based on features like the frequencies of words and character n-grams. However, there is one potential textual fingerprint stylometry tends to ignore: versification, or the very making of language into verse. Using poetic texts in three different languages (Czech, German, and Spanish), Petr Plecháč asks whether versification features like rhythm patterns and types of rhyme can help determine authorship. He then tests its findings on two unsolved literary mysteries. In the first, Plecháč distinguishes the parts of the Elizabethan verse play The Two Noble Kinsmen written by William Shakespeare from those written by his coauthor, John Fletcher. In the second, he seeks to solve a case of suspected forgery: how authentic was a group of poems first published as the work of the nineteenth-century Russian author Gavriil Stepanovich Batenkov? This book of poetic investigation should appeal to literary sleuths the world over.
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Hilton, Denis. Social Attribution and Explanation. Edited by Michael R. Waldmann. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199399550.013.33.

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Attribution processes appear to be an integral part of human visual perception, as low-level inferences of causality and intentionality appear to be automatic and are supported by specific brain systems. However, higher-order attribution processes use information held in memory or made present at the time of judgment. While attribution processes about social objects are sometimes biased, there is scope for partial correction. This chapter reviews work on the generation, communication, and interpretation of complex explanations, with reference to explanation-based models of text understanding that result in situation models of narratives. It distinguishes between causal connection and causal selection, and suggests that a factor will be discounted if it is not perceived to be connected to the event and backgrounded if it is perceived to be causally connected to that event, but is not selected as relevant to an explanation. The final section focuses on how interpersonal explanation processes constrain causal selection.
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Sainsbury, Mark. Thinking about Things. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198803348.001.0001.

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In the blink of an eye, I can redirect my thought from London to Cairo, from cookies to unicorns, from former President Obama to the mythical flying horse, Pegasus. How is this possible? How can we think about things that do not exist, like unicorns and Pegasus? Thinking About Things addresses these and related questions, taking as its framework a representational theory of mind. It explains how mental states are attributed, what their aboutness consists in, whether or not they are relational, and whether any of them involve nonexistent things like unicorns. The explanation centers on display theory, a theory of what is involved in attributing attitudes like thinking, hoping, and wanting. These attributions are intensional: some of them seem to involve nonexistent things, and they typically have semantic and logical peculiarities, like the fact that one cannot always substitute one expression for another that refers to the same thing without affecting truth. Display theory explains away these seeming anomalies. For example, substituting coreferring expressions does not always preserve truth because the correctness of an attribution depends on what concepts it displays, not on what the concepts refer to. And a concept that refers to nothing may be used in an accurate display of what someone is thinking. The book describes how concepts can be learned, originated, and given a systematic semantic description, independently of whether there exist things to which they refer. There being no things we are thinking about does not mean that we are not thinking about things.
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Beebe, James R., and Jake Monaghan. Epistemic Closure in Folk Epistemology. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198815259.003.0003.

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This chapter reports the results of four empirical studies that investigate the extent to which an epistemic closure principle for knowledge is reflected in folk epistemology. Previous work by Turri (2015a) suggested our shared epistemic practices may only include a closure principle that applies to perceptual beliefs but not to inferential beliefs. The chapter argues that the results of these studies provide reason for thinking individuals are making a performance error when their knowledge attributions and denials conflict with the closure principle. When the chapter authors used research materials that overcome proposed difficulties with Turri’s original materials, they found that participants did not reject closure. Furthermore, when they presented Turri’s original materials to non-philosophers with expertise in deductive reasoning, they endorsed closure for both perceptual and inferential beliefs. These results suggest that an unrestricted closure principle provides a better model of folk patterns of knowledge attribution than a source-relative one.
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Guitton, Clement. Standards of Proof. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190699994.003.0004.

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When can we consider that an attack is attributed, if attribution is not dependent on court proceedings? Do we need "appropriate" standards for the attribution of cyber attacks? What would such standards look like? This chapter starts by noting that there is a mismatch between how attribution functions, and how the law operates. Attribution is not contingent on legal proceedings, and can occur despite a lack of condemnation by a court. This lack of reliance on strict standards of evidence leads us to consider the following argument: that attribution is easily malleable. On top of the reliance of attribution on judgment, two factors notably underpin this malleability: an apparent lack of scrutiny for the evidence presented in cases of cyber attacks, and the use of non-conclusive criteria that are nevertheless presented as decisive. This malleability can be of great help to officials who seek to convince an audience of their attribution claims.
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Guitton, Clement. Private Companies. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190699994.003.0005.

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What specific constraints do private companies face? What is the role of private companies in outing state-sponsored attacks? States accused of cyber attacks use three commonly recurring arguments to try to undermine claims by private companies—but as with judgment inherent to attribution, these arguments are based on characteristics inherent to the functioning of cyber security companies. Accused states attempt to bring into question the companies’ independence, and so to undermine the validity of their claims. To do so, they point out that many former government officials work for the company in question; that the timing of reports being published can appear to be in support of a government’s policies; and that companies are not always keen on attributing any attacks at all, and are focused only on particular, official enemies of the state. This chapter will verify the strength of these arguments. It concludes that such critiques of private companies often lack an evidence base, exaggerate certain points, and can read at times closer to conspiracy theory than to serious counterarguments.
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Guitton, Clement. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190699994.003.0001.

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The introduction sets to explain why it is important to look at the question of attribution: in short, it is central to defense and deterrence strategies. Furthermore, the introduction presents the different nuances of sponsorships to distinguish: from writing code without being aware of its intended malicious use, to states refusing to cooperate in investigations. The chapter goes on with exposing three common misconceptions that have permeated the debate on attribution: that it is a technical problem; that it is unsolvable; and that it is unique. These misconceptions will be debunked in turns throughout the remaining chapters. Finally, the chapter summarizes the argument and key terms such as "attribution" and cyber attacks.
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Demichele, Jacqueline Therese. Disease models, attributions, and attitudes in the treatment of the mentally ill, chemically addicted (MICA) patients. 1995.

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Book chapters on the topic "User attribution"

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Nottorf, Florian. "Multi-channel Attribution Modeling on User Journeys." In E-Business and Telecommunications, 107–25. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-44788-8_7.

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Tsimperidis, Ioannis, Shahin Rostami, Kevin Wilson, and Vasilios Katos. "User Attribution Through Keystroke Dynamics-Based Author Age Estimation." In Selected Papers from the 12th International Networking Conference, 47–61. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-64758-2_4.

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Hu, Zhiqiang, Roy Ka-Wei Lee, Lei Wang, Ee-peng Lim, and Bo Dai. "DeepStyle: User Style Embedding for Authorship Attribution of Short Texts." In Web and Big Data, 221–29. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-60290-1_17.

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Shatte, Adrian, Jason Holdsworth, and Ickjai Lee. "Untangling the Edits: User Attribution in Collaborative Report Writing for Emergency Management." In Computational Science and Its Applications – ICCSA 2016, 319–30. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-42108-7_24.

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Ernsberger, Dominik, R. Adeyemi Ikuesan, S. Hein Venter, and Alf Zugenmaier. "A Web-Based Mouse Dynamics Visualization Tool for User Attribution in Digital Forensic Readiness." In Lecture Notes of the Institute for Computer Sciences, Social Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering, 64–79. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73697-6_5.

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Wang, Xiangyu, and Mizuho Iwaihara. "Integrating RoBERTa Fine-Tuning and User Writing Styles for Authorship Attribution of Short Texts." In Web and Big Data, 413–21. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-85896-4_32.

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Singh, Chandan, Wooseok Ha, and Bin Yu. "Interpreting and Improving Deep-Learning Models with Reality Checks." In xxAI - Beyond Explainable AI, 229–54. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-04083-2_12.

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AbstractRecent deep-learning models have achieved impressive predictive performance by learning complex functions of many variables, often at the cost of interpretability. This chapter covers recent work aiming to interpret models by attributing importance to features and feature groups for a single prediction. Importantly, the proposed attributions assign importance to interactions between features, in addition to features in isolation. These attributions are shown to yield insights across real-world domains, including bio-imaging, cosmology image and natural-language processing. We then show how these attributions can be used to directly improve the generalization of a neural network or to distill it into a simple model. Throughout the chapter, we emphasize the use of reality checks to scrutinize the proposed interpretation techniques. (Code for all methods in this chapter is available at "Image missing"github.com/csinva and "Image missing"github.com/Yu-Group, implemented in PyTorch [54]).
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Albini, Emanuele, Antonio Rago, Pietro Baroni, and Francesca Toni. "Descriptive Accuracy in Explanations: The Case of Probabilistic Classifiers." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 279–94. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-18843-5_19.

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AbstractA user receiving an explanation for outcomes produced by an artificially intelligent system expects that it satisfies the key property of descriptive accuracy (DA), i.e. that the explanation contents are in correspondence with the internal working of the system. Crucial as this property appears to be, it has been somehow overlooked in the XAI literature to date. To address this problem, we consider the questions of formalising DA and of analysing its satisfaction by explanation methods. We provide formal definitions of naive, structural and dialectical DA, using the family of probabilistic classifiers as the context for our analysis. We evaluate the satisfaction of our given notions of DA by several explanation methods, amounting to two popular feature-attribution methods from the literature and a novel form of explanation that we propose and complement our analysis with experiments carried out on a varied selection of concrete probabilistic classifiers.
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Tuuri, Kai. "Gestural Attributions as Semantics in User Interface Sound Design." In Gesture in Embodied Communication and Human-Computer Interaction, 257–68. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-12553-9_23.

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Niels, Adelka, Sophie Jent, Monique Janneck, and Christian Zagel. "Correlations Between Computer-Related Causal Attributions and User Persistence." In Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 242–51. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-94229-2_23.

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Conference papers on the topic "User attribution"

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Karana, Elvin, Wikke van Weelderen, and Ernst-Jan van Woerden. "The Effect of Form on Attributing Meanings to Materials." In ASME 2007 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2007-34646.

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Materials in product design used to be selected based especially on manufacturability concerns and technical aspects such as strength, conductivity, elasticity, etc. Nowadays, the increasing recognition for more intangible issues like meaning attribution or creating emotions in product design made designers shift their focus towards the intangible aspects in their materials selection activity as well. In this research, we aim to concentrate particularly on attributing meanings to materials. It is crucial to realize that several aspects (function, use, context, user, etc.) can be effective in attributing meanings to materials and they should be taken into consideration during the selection process. In this paper, we focus intensively on one of these aspects: the effect of form on attributing meanings to materials. The paper consists of four related studies exploring how people associate some forms with some particular materials and weather form can be effective in changing these ascribed meanings, or not.
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Yao, Di, Chang Gong, Lei Zhang, Sheng Chen, and Jingping Bi. "CausalMTA: Eliminating the User Confounding Bias for Causal Multi-touch Attribution." In KDD '22: The 28th ACM SIGKDD Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3534678.3539108.

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Ikuesan, Adeyemi R., and Hein S. Venter. "Digital forensic readiness framework based on behavioral-biometrics for user attribution." In 2017 IEEE Conference on Application, Information and Network Security (AINS). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ains.2017.8270424.

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Mohlala, Martha, Adeyemi R. Ikuesan, and Hein S. Venter. "User attribution based on keystroke dynamics in digital forensic readiness process." In 2017 IEEE Conference on Application, Information and Network Security (AINS). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ains.2017.8270436.

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Adeyemi, Ikuesan Richard, Shukor Abd Razak, Hein S. Venter, and Mazleena Salleh. "High-level online user attribution model based on human Polychronic-Monochronic tendency." In 2017 IEEE International Conference on Big Data and Smart Computing (BigComp). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/bigcomp.2017.7881753.

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"A Study on Problems of Behaviour-based User Attribution in Computer Forensic Investigation." In The 19th European Conference on Cyber Warfare. ACPI, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.34190/ews.20.117.

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Theophilo, Antonio, Luis A. M. Pereira, and Anderson Rocha. "A Needle in a Haystack? Harnessing Onomatopoeia and User-specific Stylometrics for Authorship Attribution of Micro-messages." In ICASSP 2019 - 2019 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icassp.2019.8683747.

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Huang, Zeping, and Mizuho Iwaihara. "Capsule Network Over Pre-Trained Language Model and User Writing Styles for Authorship Attribution on Short Texts." In CCRIS'22: 2022 3rd International Conference on Control, Robotics and Intelligent System. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3562007.3562027.

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Philipsen, Ralf, Philipp Brauner, Hannah Biermann, and Martina Ziefle. "I Am What I Am – Roles for Artificial Intelligence from the Users’ Perspective." In 13th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2022). AHFE International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1001453.

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With increasing digitization, intelligent software systems are taking over more tasks in everyday human life, both in private and professional contexts. So-called artificial intelligence (AI) ranges from subtle and often unnoticed improvements in daily life, optimizations in data evaluation, assistance systems with which the people interact directly, to perhaps artificial anthropomorphic entities in the future. How-ever, no etiquette yet exists for integrating AI into the human living environment, which has evolved over millennia for human interaction. This paper addresses what roles AI may take, what knowledge AI may have, and how this is influenced by user characteristics. The results show that roles with personal relationships, such as an AI as a friend or partner, are not preferred by users. The higher the confidence in an AI's handling of data, the more likely personal roles are seen as an option for the AI, while the preference for subordinate roles, such as an AI as a servant or a subject, depends on general technology acceptance and belief in a dangerous world. The role attribution is independent from the usage intention and the semantic perception of artificial intelligence, which differs only slightly, e.g., in terms of morality and controllability, from the perception of human intelligence.
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Wixon, Naomi, Sarah Schultz, Kasia Muldner, Danielle Allessio, Winslow Burleson, Beverly Woolf, and Ivon Arroyo. "Internal & External Attributions for Emotions Within an ITS." In UMAP '16: User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization Conference. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2930238.2930277.

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Reports on the topic "User attribution"

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Kristo, M., M. Robel, and I. Hutcheon. Nuclear Forensics and Attribution for Improved Energy Security: The Use of Taggants in Nuclear Fuel. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/908129.

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Hwang, Ho-Ling, and Stacy Cagle Davis. Off-Highway Gasoline Consuption Estimation Models Used in the Federal Highway Administration Attribution Process: 2008 Updates. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/969663.

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Scott, Mark Robert. Nuclear Forensics Attributing the Source of Spent Fuel Used in an RDD Event. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/876516.

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McCarthy, Noel, Eileen Taylor, Martin Maiden, Alison Cody, Melissa Jansen van Rensburg, Margaret Varga, Sophie Hedges, et al. Enhanced molecular-based (MLST/whole genome) surveillance and source attribution of Campylobacter infections in the UK. Food Standards Agency, July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.ksj135.

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This human campylobacteriosis sentinel surveillance project was based at two sites in Oxfordshire and North East England chosen (i) to be representative of the English population on the Office for National Statistics urban-rural classification and (ii) to provide continuity with genetic surveillance started in Oxfordshire in October 2003. Between October 2015 and September 2018 epidemiological questionnaires and genome sequencing of isolates from human cases was accompanied by sampling and genome sequencing of isolates from possible food animal sources. The principal aim was to estimate the contributions of the main sources of human infection and to identify any changes over time. An extension to the project focussed on antimicrobial resistance in study isolates and older archived isolates. These older isolates were from earlier years at the Oxfordshire site and the earliest available coherent set of isolates from the national archive at Public Health England (1997/8). The aim of this additional work was to analyse the emergence of the antimicrobial resistance that is now present among human isolates and to describe and compare antimicrobial resistance in recent food animal isolates. Having identified the presence of bias in population genetic attribution, and that this was not addressed in the published literature, this study developed an approach to adjust for bias in population genetic attribution, and an alternative approach to attribution using sentinel types. Using these approaches the study estimated that approximately 70% of Campylobacter jejuni and just under 50% of C. coli infection in our sample was linked to the chicken source and that this was relatively stable over time. Ruminants were identified as the second most common source for C. jejuni and the most common for C. coli where there was also some evidence for pig as a source although less common than ruminant or chicken. These genomic attributions of themselves make no inference on routes of transmission. However, those infected with isolates genetically typical of chicken origin were substantially more likely to have eaten chicken than those infected with ruminant types. Consumption of lamb’s liver was very strongly associated with infection by a strain genetically typical of a ruminant source. These findings support consumption of these foods as being important in the transmission of these infections and highlight a potentially important role for lamb’s liver consumption as a source of Campylobacter infection. Antimicrobial resistance was predicted from genomic data using a pipeline validated by Public Health England and using BIGSdb software. In C. jejuni this showed a nine-fold increase in resistance to fluoroquinolones from 1997 to 2018. Tetracycline resistance was also common, with higher initial resistance (1997) and less substantial change over time. Resistance to aminoglycosides or macrolides remained low in human cases across all time periods. Among C. jejuni food animal isolates, fluoroquinolone resistance was common among isolates from chicken and substantially less common among ruminants, ducks or pigs. Tetracycline resistance was common across chicken, duck and pig but lower among ruminant origin isolates. In C. coli resistance to all four antimicrobial classes rose from low levels in 1997. The fluoroquinolone rise appears to have levelled off earlier and among animals, levels are high in duck as well as chicken isolates, although based on small sample sizes, macrolide and aminoglycoside resistance, was substantially higher than for C. jejuni among humans and highest among pig origin isolates. Tetracycline resistance is high in isolates from pigs and the very small sample from ducks. Antibiotic use following diagnosis was relatively high (43.4%) among respondents in the human surveillance study. Moreover, it varied substantially across sites and was highest among non-elderly adults compared to older adults or children suggesting opportunities for improved antimicrobial stewardship. The study also found evidence for stable lineages over time across human and source animal species as well as some tighter genomic clusters that may represent outbreaks. The genomic dataset will allow extensive further work beyond the specific goals of the study. This has been made accessible on the web, with access supported by data visualisation tools.
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Hicks, Jacqueline. Defining and Measuring Diplomatic Influence. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.032.

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This review found no sources of straightforward indicators for use in measuring diplomatic influence. The literature and evaluations found to recommend the use of tailor-made evaluations to account for “differences in diplomatic settings, diplomatic activities and policy fields”. They hinge on developing a theory of change alongside questions and evaluation criteria that are context-specific. They rely on assessing intermediate goals as a ‘proxy’ for the immeasurable long-term influence, and causal contributions (contributed to a result) rather than causal attributions (caused a result). It was also frequently mentioned that programme designers tend to design programmes to support diplomatic influence without specific and measurable objectives because influencing processes are by nature non-linear. In these cases, evaluations will be correspondingly unable to provide specific and measurable indicators of achievement.
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Lubkovych, Igor. METHODS OF JOURNALISTIC COMMUNICATION. Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vjo.2021.50.11096.

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Journalistic communication is professional, its purpose is to obtain information and share it withthe audience. A journalist communicates when he intends to receive information directly from the interlocutor, from documents that the interlocutor has, or by observing the behavior of the interlocutor during the conversation. The most common method is communication in order to obtain verbal information. In the course of communication, a journalist succeeds when he adheres to politeness, clarity, brevity. It is important that the conditions of communication must be prepared or created: a place of communication, participants of communication, demonstration of listening skills, feedback. You should always try to get documentary evidence of what you have heard. An active reaction to what is heard by the journalist should be used to find out how much the interlocutor understands what is being said. At the beginning of the conversation, when the interlocutor expresses his attitude to the event or problem in question, it should not be interrupted. A journalist, like most people, often makes two mistakes when communicating: perceives as truth what is presented and attributes characteristics. Attribution of the characteristic as a psychological error is known since the beginning of the last century. And the perception of everything as the truth has long been inherent in our society.
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NARYKOVA, N. A., S. V. KHATAGOVA, and Yu R. PEREPELITSYNA. PEJORATIVE WORDS IN GERMAN MASS-MEDIA IN NOMINATIONS OF POLITICIANS. Science and Innovation Center Publishing House, April 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.12731/2077-1770-2021-14-1-3-57-68.

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One of the main functions of mass media is influence on public opinion. So emotionally-painted lexical means are widely used in mass media in relation to leading politicians who are the centre of political arena. They are exposed to the frequent criticism, a negative estimation. The present article is devoted to the consideration of pejorative lexicon which is applied in nominations for heads of states. An empirical material of research were electronic newspapers and editions: Der Spiegel, Die Zeit, Sueddeutsche Zeitung, Der Tagesspiegel, taz, Die Welt, Gegenblende. As the basic methods of research are the following: the componental analysis, the lexico-semantic analysis, the stylistic analysis. The result of research revealed, that in German mass media there is a significant amount of persons names pejorative colouring. They express censure, disrespect, sneer, hatred, antipathy, condemnation, mistrust and so on. There main word-formations for persons nominations are composition, a derivation with using of suffixes and subsuffixes, attributive word-combinations, metaphorically-metonymical way. The materials of the research work can be used in the course of learning German language, at the practical training in oral speech, and also in the course of lexicology, general and aspect lexicography.
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Wurl, Oliver. Biofilm-like habitat at the sea-surface: A mesocosm study, Cruise No. POS537, 14.09.2019 – 04.10.2019, Malaga (Spain) – Cartagena (Spain) - BIOFILM. University of Oldenburg, November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3289/cr_pos537.

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OceanRep OceanRep Startseite Kontakt Schnellsuche Einfache Suche Erweiterte Suche Blättern Autor Forschungsbereich Publikationsart Jahr Studiengang Neuzugänge Artikel – begutachtet Alle Über uns GEOMAR Bibliothek Open Access Policies Grundsätze Hilfe FAQs Statistik Impressum Biofilm-like habitat at the sea-surface: A mesocosm study, Cruise No. POS537, 14.09.2019 – 04.10.2019, Malaga (Spain) – Cartagena (Spain) - BIOFILM . Logged in as Heidi Düpow Einträge verwaltenManage recordsManage shelvesProfilGespeicherte SuchenBegutachtungAdminLogout - Tools Wurl, Oliver, Mustaffa, Nur Ili Hamizah, Robinson, Tiera-Brandy, Hoppe, Jennifer, Jaeger, Leonie, Striebel, Maren, Heinrichs, Anna-Lena, Hennings, Laura Margarethe, Goncalves, Rodrigo, Ruiz Gazulla, Carlota und Ferrera, Isabel (2020) Biofilm-like habitat at the sea-surface: A mesocosm study, Cruise No. POS537, 14.09.2019 – 04.10.2019, Malaga (Spain) – Cartagena (Spain) - BIOFILM . Open Access . POSEIDON Berichte . University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, 35 pp. [img] Text Cruise_Reports_POS537_final.pdf - publizierte Version Available under License Creative Commons: Attribution 4.0. Download (2417Kb) | Vorschau Abstract Biofilm-like properties can form on sea surfaces, but an understanding of the underlying processes leading to the development of these biofilms is not available. We used approaches to study the development of biofilm-like properties at the sea surface, i.e. the number, abundance and diversity of bacterial communities and phytoplankton, the accumulation of gel-like particles and dissolved tracers. During the expedition POS537 we used newly developed and free drifting mesocosms and performed incubation experiments. With these approaches we aim to investigate the role of light and UV radiation as well as the microbes themselves, which lead to the formation of biofilms. With unique microbial interactions and photochemical reactions, sea surface biofilms could be biochemical reactors with significant implications for ocean and climate research, e.g. with respect to the marine carbon cycle, diversity of organisms and oceanatmosphere interactions.
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Удріс, Ірина Миколаївна, and Наталя Сергіївна Удріс-Бородавко. Design of the Franco-Belgian Exhibition Poster of the 1890-s in the Context of the Art Nouveau Style Formation. КНУКіМ, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.31812/123456789/5087.

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The purpose of the article is to determine the artistic and graphic peculiarities of the Franco-Belgian exhibition poster of the 1890s in the context of the formation of the Art Nouveau style. The research methodology of the work is based on the use of traditional art methods: historical and cultural, reconstructive and model, historical and attributive, which contributed to the revealing of artistic and graphic transformations in the field of Franco-Belgian spectacular poster. The scientific novelty of the article lies in the author’s artistic interpretation of the stylistic manner of the creators of the spectacular poster in “style floreale” as one of the leading directions of the development of the artistic style of that period. The distinctive features of this type of the artistic work are outlined on the basis of the review of the stylistic and image transformations of exhibition posters of the famous artists – J. Chéret, A. Toulouse-Lautrec, E. Grasset, A. Mucha, A. Privat-Livemont and others. Attention is focused on the identification of the presentation features of the advertised exhibition events as an important cultural events of that time. Means of artistic visualization of information are studied taking into consideration the specific nature of the poster. Conclusions. In the general cultural and historical context of that time, the poster has become a significant component of the formation of national trends in the artistic style of the day, in particular - the Franco-Belgian Art Nouveau style. The exhibition poster, reflecting the stylistic landmarks of the time, contributed to the formation of the artistic vision as a manifestation of the cultural and artistic landmarks of the studied period.
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Holland, Darren, and Nazmina Mahmoudzadeh. Foodborne Disease Estimates for the United Kingdom in 2018. Food Standards Agency, January 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.squ824.

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In February 2020 the FSA published two reports which produced new estimates of foodborne norovirus cases. These were the ‘Norovirus Attribution Study’ (NoVAS study) (O’Brien et al., 2020) and the accompanying internal FSA technical review ‘Technical Report: Review of Quantitative Risk Assessment of foodborne norovirus transmission’ (NoVAS model review), (Food Standards Agency, 2020). The NoVAS study produced a Quantitative Microbiological Risk Assessment model (QMRA) to estimate foodborne norovirus. The NoVAS model review considered the impact of using alternative assumptions and other data sources on these estimates. From these two pieces of work, a revised estimate of foodborne norovirus was produced. The FSA has therefore updated its estimates of annual foodborne disease to include these new results and also to take account of more recent data related to other pathogens. The estimates produced include: •Estimates of GP presentations and hospital admissions for foodbornenorovirus based on the new estimates of cases. The NoVAS study onlyproduced estimates for cases. •Estimates of foodborne cases, GP presentations and hospital admissions for12 other pathogens •Estimates of unattributed cases of foodborne disease •Estimates of total foodborne disease from all pathogens Previous estimates An FSA funded research project ‘The second study of infectious intestinal disease in the community’, published in 2012 and referred to as the IID2 study (Tam et al., 2012), estimated that there were 17 million cases of infectious intestinal disease (IID) in 2009. These include illness caused by all sources, not just food. Of these 17 million cases, around 40% (around 7 million) could be attributed to 13 known pathogens. These pathogens included norovirus. The remaining 60% of cases (equivalent to 10 million cases) were unattributed cases. These are cases where the causal pathogen is unknown. Reasons for this include the causal pathogen was not tested for, the test was not sensitive enough to detect the causal pathogen or the pathogen is unknown to science. A second project ‘Costed extension to the second study of infectious intestinal disease in the community’, published in 2014 and known as IID2 extension (Tam, Larose and O’Brien, 2014), estimated that there were 566,000 cases of foodborne disease per year caused by the same 13 known pathogens. Although a proportion of the unattributed cases would also be due to food, no estimate was provided for this in the IID2 extension. New estimates We estimate that there were 2.4 million cases of foodborne disease in the UK in 2018 (95% credible intervals 1.8 million to 3.1 million), with 222,000 GP presentations (95% Cred. Int. 150,000 to 322,000) and 16,400 hospital admissions (95% Cred. Int. 11,200 to 26,000). Of the estimated 2.4 million cases, 0.9 million (95% Cred. Int. 0.7 million to 1.2 million) were from the 13 known pathogens included in the IID2 extension and 1.4 million1 (95% Cred. Int. 1.0 million to 2.0 million) for unattributed cases. Norovirus was the pathogen with the largest estimate with 383,000 cases a year. However, this estimate is within the 95% credible interval for Campylobacter of 127,000 to 571,000. The pathogen with the next highest number of cases was Clostridium perfringens with 85,000 (95% Cred. Int. 32,000 to 225,000). While the methodology used in the NoVAS study does not lend itself to producing credible intervals for cases of norovirus, this does not mean that there is no uncertainty in these estimates. There were a number of parameters used in the NoVAS study which, while based on the best science currently available, were acknowledged to have uncertain values. Sensitivity analysis undertaken as part of the study showed that changes to the values of these parameters could make big differences to the overall estimates. Campylobacter was estimated to have the most GP presentations with 43,000 (95% Cred. Int. 19,000 to 76,000) followed by norovirus with 17,000 (95% Cred. Int. 11,000 to 26,000) and Clostridium perfringens with 13,000 (95% Cred. Int. 6,000 to 29,000). For hospital admissions Campylobacter was estimated to have 3,500 (95% Cred. Int. 1,400 to 7,600), followed by norovirus 2,200 (95% Cred. Int. 1,500 to 3,100) and Salmonella with 2,100 admissions (95% Cred. Int. 400 to 9,900). As many of these credible intervals overlap, any ranking needs to be undertaken with caution. While the estimates provided in this report are for 2018 the methodology described can be applied to future years.
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