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Reusser, Hannah Katharina. "In-between usage." Master's thesis, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Arquitetura, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/18041.
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Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Arquitetura, com a especialização em Arquitetura apresentada na Faculdade de Arquitetura da Universidade de Lisboa para obtenção do grau de Mestre.Tomemos como exemplo um edifício vazio; os donos que ainda não lhe encontraram um novo uso e não querem investir dinheiro nos custos de manutenção; e pessoas que procuram um espaço a custo acessível. Nestas circunstâncias, a opção por usos intermediários deveria ser mais frequentemente considerada e simples, mas na realidade ainda não o é. Por um lado, enfrentamos um período crítico na oferta de habitação e espaços de trabalho acessíveis. Por outro lado, existem inúmeros espaços vazios e inutilizados. Terrenos vagos podem ser recursos importantes para o desenvolvimento de cidades e regiões mas têm de ser analisados e reativados. Re-imaginar e propor novos usos para estes lugares requer não apenas coragem, mas também estratégias e linhas de intervenção concretas. O principal objectivo do trabalho apresentado é o de clarificar as possibilidades e potencial dos usos temporários dos edifícios e espaços, desenvolvendo um manual de procedimentos relativos a como intervir em terrenos ou edifícios vagos, desde o fim da vida útil do seu uso actual e até que um novo uso permanente lhe seja encontrado. Expressa-se a intenção de simplificar e otimizar soluções e processos, com vista a abordar a questão dos espaços e edifícios vazios e inutilizados. Este trabalho de Mestrado consistirá em duas partes principais: a primeira trata-se do estudo teórico, e a segunda do projecto prático. Na primeira parte os aspectos teóricos dos usos temporários e processos participativos serão clarificados com base na literatura científica corrente, análise e estudos de caso prévios e actuais. Na segunda parte, prática, será introduzido o projeto que consiste também em duas partes, um guia de procedimentos para o uso intermediário dos espaços abandonados de Lisboa e a introdução da fábrica Tinturaria Portugália. A minha proposta de intervenção tem como objectivo demonstrar as possibilidades de um projecto intermidiário de âmbito comunitário. A Tinturaria Portugália é apenas um exemplo dos numerosos edifícios abandonados que podem ser encontrados na zona do Vale de Chelas. É importante notar a clara falta de um sentimento coeso de comunidade, e do interesse que terá desenvolver iniciativas que potenciem o crescimento e integrem a comunidade durante o desenvolvimento e vida útil do projecto. A ideia é a criação de um sistema que possa ser inserido em qualquer espaço vago e que possa ser o início do desenvolvimento de um projecto intermediário. A comunidade local deverá ser envolvida tanto quanto possível na reinvenção destes espaços e no estabelecimento de uma ligação mais directa entre os utilizadores e o espaço. No caso da Tinturaria Portugália, o ponto de partida para o desenvolvimento do seu novo uso será a plataforma de informação Come In - We’re Open!. Com a ajuda do processo de desenho participativo que foi iniciado com a plataforma de intervenção Come In - We’re Open!, será desenvolvido um uso temporário adequado. A fábrica Tinturaria Portugália será transformada num centro cultural, social e económico que servirá primeiramente a comunidade local, mas criará também um ecossistema que atrairá um espectro diverso de actores externos ao bairro e facilitará a partilha de conhecimento e de experiências.
ABSTRACT: Let’s take for example an empty building, the owners who don’t have a use for it yet and don’t want to spend money on operating costs and people who are looking for affordable spaces. In circumstances like this the in-between use of such a building should actually be simple to realise but in reality, it isn’t. On one hand we’re facing problems in finding affordable living and working spaces but on the other hand a lot of empty and unused spaces exist. Vacant lands could be important resources for the development of cities and villages but they have to be analysed and reactivated. To re-imagine or repurpose these empty spaces for new use requires not only courage but concrete strategies and frameworks. The main goal of my presented study is to make people more aware of the possibility and potential for the temporary use of buildings and spaces by developing a kind of a procedural manual on how to deal with vacant buildings or places at the end of their currant use and until a new permanent use for them can be found. This intends to simplify and optimise solutions and processes in order to address the issue of vacant and unused buildings and spaces. My masters thesis will consist of two main parts: first the theoretical and secondly the practical part. In the first part the theoretical aspects of temporary use and participatory processes will be clarified on the basis of current literature, analysis and studies of past and currant examples. And in the second practical part I intend to introduce my project which consists of two parts, a procedural guideline for the in-between use of Lisbon’s abandoned spaces and secondly the introduction of Tinturaria Portugalia my proposed intervention aimed at demonstrating the possibilities of a community focused in-between use project. Tinturaria Portugalia is just one example of numerous abandoned buildings that can be found around the Valley of Chelas. It is also important to note the distinct lack of a cohesive community feel and it would be interesting to find a way to develop initiatives that foster growth and integrates the community during the development process and lifetime of the project. The idea is to create a system one can insert in any kind of empty space to serve as a starting point for the development of an in-between use project. The local community should be involved as much as possible to reinvent the vacant spaces and to establish a more direct connection between the users and the spaces. In the case of Tinturaria Portugalia the starting point for the development of it’s new use will be the information platform Come in - We’re open! With the aid of the participative design process that started in the (Come in - We’re open!) information platform a suitable temporary use will be developed. Tinturaria Portugalia will be transformed into a cultural, social and economic centre that serves primarily the local community but also creates an ecosystem that attracts diverse range of actors from outside the neighbourhood and facilitates the sharing of knowledge and experiences.
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Benkovská, Petra. "Web Usage Mining." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2007. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-3950.
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General characteristic of web mining including methodology and procedures incorporated into this term. Relation to other areas (data mining, artificial intelligence, statistics, databases, internet technologies, management etc.) Web usage mining - data sources, data pre-processing, characterization of analytical methods and tools, interpretation of outputs (results), and possible areas of usage including examples. Suggestion of solution method, realization and a concrete example's outputs interpretation while using above mentioned methods of web usage mining.
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Christ, Mario. "Lay internet usage." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Wirtschaftswissenschaftliche Fakultät, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/14815.
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Trotz substantieller ökonomischer und sozialer Implikationen des World Wide Webs existiert noch immer eine überraschend große Forschungslücke in Bezug auf empirische Untersuchungen der Webnutzung. Insbesondere bezüglich der individuellen Webnutzung weiß man heute noch wenig über Schlüsselthemen dieses Forschungsfeldes, wie zum Beispiel die Anzahl der Webseitenbesuche von Individuen, der Loyalität von Nutzern, und den demographischen Charakteristika, die bestimmend für die Internetnutzung sind. Deshalb sieht sich diese Dissertation als Schritt zur Überbrückung dieser Forschungslücke. Sie präsentiert die gewonnenen Erkenntnisse verschiedener, voneinander abhängiger, empirischer Studien der individuellen Webnutzung Pittsburgher Bürger. Diese Dissertation erweitert die Forschung im Bereich individuellen Webnutzungsverhaltens durch: - die Analyse des Einflusses der steigenden Anzahl von Webangeboten auf die individuelle Webnutzung, - die anwendung sessionbasierter Maße auf individuelle Webnutzungsdaten, um Einsichten in den Verlauf der Webnutzung bei gleichzeitigem Anstieg der individuellen Weberfahrung zu erhalten, - die Analyse der Loyalitaet im Web von einzelnen Nutzergruppen, um die Frage zu beantworten, ob Nutzergruppen zu favorisierten Seiten im Web konvergieren, - spezifisches Herangehen an das Thema der Portalnutzung im Web und das Beantworten der Frage, ob sich Portalnutzer von durchschnittlichen Internetnutzern unterscheiden. Aus betriebswirtschaftlicher und volkswirtschaftlicher Sicht interessante Webnutzungsmaße werden entwickelt und diskutiert. Die Anwendung dieser Maße führt zu Erkenntnissen bezüglich signifikanter Trends. So wird beispielsweise deutlich, dass keinesfalls eine Gleichverteilung der Nutzung über Nutzer und Zeit besteht. Nutzer können in vier Gruppen mit verschiedenen Entwicklungskurven eingeteilt werden. Alle Nutzergruppen nähern sich über die Zeit Sättigungsgrenzen der Webnutzung an. Außerdem verbringen die meisten Nutzer nur wenig Zeit im Internet. Auch wird deutlich dass Loyalität im Web äußerst gering ist und Webnutzer trotz steigender Erfahrung im Umgang mit dem Internet nicht sonderlich gezieltes Surfverhalten entwickeln. Zusätzlich führt die Anwendung von Regressionsmodellen zu Erkenntnissen über die individuellen Charakteristika, welche die Webnutzung beeinflussen. Solch Charakteristika sind zum Beispiel ethnische Herkunft, Geschlecht, Haushaltseinkommen, Telefon- und Emailnutzung und Computerkenntnisse. Daher liefert die vorliegende Arbeit Erkenntnisse, welche sowohl aus betriebswirtschaftlicher Sicht als auch aus volkswirtschaftlicher Sicht Relevanz haben. Insbesondere können Marketingabteilungen, vor allem in der Informations- und Kommunikationsindustrie, von den vorliegen Resultaten profitieren. Themen wie Webloyalität und Webnutzung, die in der vorliegenden Arbeit angesprochen werden, sind insbesondere relevant für Geschäftsmodelle aus dem B2C Bereich. Adressaten sind dementsprechend zum Beispiel Internetfirmen, welche von Werbeeinkünften aus Bannerwerbung abhängig sind und Firmen, welche einen hohen Grad an Loyalität unter Ihren Webnutzern suchen. Außerdem bilden die Erkenntnisse die Grundlage für staatliche Initiativen, die der Sicherstellung des Zugangs zum Internet alle Gruppen der Bevölkerung dienen. Die vorliegende Arbeit reichert die empirische Grundlage, welche zum Verständnis individueller Webnutzung nötig ist, an. Die Erkenntnisse sind insbesondere für am neuen Informationszeitalter teilhabenden Individuen und Institutionen, auch staatlicher Art, interessant.Despite the substantial social and economic implications of the World Wide Web, there is still a surprising lack of empirical research on Web usage. Specifically, at the level of the individual user, little is known about key issues of Internet usage, such as the trajectory of change over time in the number of visits to Web sites, the degree of individual loyalty to Web sites, and the demographics that determine Web usage. In order to overcome this lack of research, we report in this dissertation the results of several interrelated studies of individual Web usage patterns of average citizens from the Pittsburgh area. This dissertation advances the research on individual Web usage by: - analyzing the impact of increasing Web site visiting opportunities on Web utilization rates of individual users, - employing session-based measures to data on individual Web usage in order to identify how Web users change the way they use the Web as their level of expertise increases, - analyzing whether different user groups also differ in loyalty to Web sites and whether users converge over time to a set of favorite Web sites, - specifically dealing with the issue of Web portal utilization to answer the question whether Web portal users are different from average Web users. We develop measures of Web usage that are particularly relevant from a business and public policy perspective. By applying these measures to longitudinal data on Web usage, we identify significant trends in individual Internet usage. For example, we reveal that individual Web usage is not distributed equally across subgroups of users. Web users can be clustered into four groups with distinct trajectories of Web usage. All groups reach saturation in their extent of Web usage after following a downward path. Further, most Web users spent only limited time in the Web and only a small group of users uses the Web heavily. Also, users show consistently little loyalty to Web sites. Surprisingly, as Web users gain experience in using the Web, there does not seem to be a significant shift from undirected browsing to directed access of Web sites over time. We apply regression models in order to predict the determinants of Web utilization. Individual characteristics, such as ethnic background, gender, household income, phone usage, e-mail usage, and computer skill level, determine Web usage. Thus, the results have implications for both electronic commerce and public policy as it pertains to the digital divide. They are particularly useful for marketing departments, especially in the information and communication industry. Discussions of Web user loyalty and Web visiting opportunities as conducted in this dissertation are relevant to business models in use in business-to-consumer electronic commerce, especially for Internet companies that rely on advertising income generated from serving banner advertisements and companies that need to maintain a high degree of customer loyalty. The results also provide the factual foundation for key policy initiatives to promote access to the Internet for all groups of people. Policy makers need data on Internet usage in order to measure the size of a possible digital divide and ensure that everybody belonging to the present and the next generation - and not a subgroup of people only - has access to the Internet. In summary, this study advances the empirical foundation for understanding individual Web use. The findings of this dissertation will be useful to stakeholders in the new Information Age, in particular marketing departments and policy makers.
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Sitasuwan, Kanlayanee. "Language usage in Kyōgen /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/11110.
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Misan, Gary M. H. "Hospital drug usage evaluation /." Cover title, title page, table of contents and abstract only, 1997. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phm6776.pdf.
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Wansbrough, Keith Stuart. "Simple polymorphic usage analysis." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.619586.
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Peden, John F. "Analysis of codon usage." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.311834.
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Garnier, Martine. "Le prêt à usage." Nancy 2, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002NAN20008.
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Doté d'une réglementation simple (articles 1875 à 1891 du Code Civil), inchangée depuis l'élaboration du Code Civil, le prêt à usage fait partie de ces contrats que l'on conclut au quotidien sans y porter attention. Malgré sa fréquente utilisation, tant dans les relations familiales, amicales ou de voisinage que dans le monde des affaires, il n'a pas fait l'objet d'études fouillées. Il n'attire en effet pas l'attention des juristes qui le voient comme un petit contrat, presque rudimentaire, et le présentent toujours sous son visage traditionnel, sans s'interroger davantage sur ses particularités. L'objet de cet ouvrage est de connaître en profondeur cette figure contractuelle qui mérite sa place parmi les contrats spéciaux. Depuis sa formation jusqu'à son dénouement, en passant par l'étude de la gratuité, toutes les règles du commodat sont ici examinées. Cette étude pose systématiquement la question du fondement des règles applicables au prêt à usage, ce qui aboutit à des résultats assez éloignés de la perception traditionnelle de ce contrat. En effet, celui-ci est habituellement présenté comme un contrat réel, unilatéral et gratuit, dont l'obligation essentielle est l'obligation de restitution pesant sur l'emprunteur. Or, après examen, le prêt à usage se révèle être un contrat consensuel, synallagmatique parfait, gratuit ou intéressé, dont l'élément central est la jouissance de la chose. L'étude réalisée permet également de constater la souplesse de ce contrat et la sécurité qu'il présente pour ses utilisateurs, qualités qui expliquent sa parfaite adaptation au monde contemporain et son utilisation fréquente dans le monde des affaires. Le revers de la médaille est naturellement le risque de voir qualifier de prêt à usage toute mise à disposition non ostensiblement onéreuse. Ceci oblige à vérifier minutieusement la qualification, opération qui permet de déclencher les utilisations abusives et de conserver son identité au véritable contrat de prêtEndowed with a simple regulation (articles 1875 to 1891 of Code Civil), which haven't changed since 1804, the loan with the right of user is a part of daily contracts concluded without paying attention to them. Despite of its common use, in family, friendly or neighbourly relationships, but also in business connections, few of detailed studies exist. In fact, lawyers do not turn their attention to this contract, which is considering as an agreement without any particularities. The subject of this work is to know more deeply this agreement which earns its place within special contracts. From its conclusion to its issue, each rule of the loan with the right of user are here examinated. This study systematically asks question about the reasons of the loan's rules, and the result differ in traditional view if this contract. Indeed the latter is usually presented as a real, free and unilateral contract which main loaner's obligation is the return of the object. But, after investigation, loan proves it's a consensual, deeply bilateral agreement, free or motivated, which main element is the use of the thing. This study also lay stress on the flexibility and security that allow this kind of contract. In this way, that it's perfectly suitable to contemporary world and business world. The other side of the picture is that undoubtly a simple unconspicuously free disposal could be regard as a loan. The risk urges to check deeply the nature of the loan with the right f user, to look at the abuse uses of the term of loan and to keep its identity to the real contract of loan
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Bakun, O. V., A. Y. Kopelchuk, and J. I. Gaydash. "PECULIARITIES OF HYSTEROSALPINGOGRAPHY USAGE." Thesis, Буковинський державний медичний університет, 2014. http://dspace.bsmu.edu.ua:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/9604.
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Soares and coworkers showed that hysterosalpingography (HSG)a sensitivity of 58% and a positive-predictive value of 28,6% for polypoid lesions, and a sensitivity of 0% for endometrial hyperplasia. The same study showed HSG to have a sensitivity of 44,4% for uterine malformations, and a sensitivity of 75% for the detection of intrauterine adhession.This contraindication can be avoided by performing the examination before the ovulation phase, between the 7th to 10th day of the menstrual cycle. Because of the scattering risk, the examination should be avoided when there is active intrapelvic inflammation. The procedure is performed in the first half of the menstrual cycle following cessation of bleeding. The endometrium is thin during this proliferative phase, which facilitates better image interpretation and shouldalso ensure that there is no pregnancy.
Antibiotics might be required 1 day before and fora few days after the examination if previous inflammations are present in the patient’s clinical history. Antibiotics are required after the examination when the maneuvers are fairly sanguineous or if the fallopian tubes present a certain degree of dilation. The suggested antibiotic regimen is metronidazole 1 grectally at the time of the procedure, plus doxycycline 100 mg twice daily for 7 days. The cervix is localized and cleansed with iodine solution. Afterward, the uterine cervix is straightened by one (at the 12 o’clock position) or two (at the 9 and 3 o’clock positions) surgical forceps exercising a degree of pulling. Next, the outside uterine cervix ostium is catheterized. The catheterization can be performed in two ways. In the past, oil- soluble contrast media were mainly used. Today, we use all available iodinated hydrosoluble contrast media.Results Examination of different patient population has resulted in widely disparate estimates, with a reported prevalence that ranges from 0,16 to 10%. As a result of selection bias, a prevalence of 8 to 10% has been reported in women being evaluated with HSG because of recurrent pregnancy loss. The overall data suggest that the prevalence both in women with normal fertility and infertility is approximately 1%, and the prevalence repeated pregnancy loss is approximately 3%.While the majority of women with mullerian duct anomalies have little problem conceiving, they have higher associated rates of spontaneous abortion, premature delivery, and abnormal fetal position and dystocia at delivery. Most studies report an approximate frequency of 25% for reproductive problems, compared with 10% in the general population.Кафедра акушерства та гінекології
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Frandsen, Jacob F. "Interpreting Standard Usage Empirically." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2014. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/3986.
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Writers, editors, and everyday language users look to dictionaries, style guides, usage guides, and other published works to help inform their language decisions. They want to know what is Standard English and what is not. Commentators have been prescribing and proscribing certain usages for centuries; however, their advice has traditionally been based on the subjective opinions of the authors. Recent works have analyzed usage by relying wholly or partly on statistical and descriptive data rather than traditional opinion alone; however, no work has presented statistical usage data in a user-friendly and consistent format. This study presents a statistically based methodology for analyzing the standardness of disputed English usage points that can be presented in a dictionary-like format useful to writers and editors. Using data from the Corpus of Contemporary American English, this study determined the percent of use of several disputed usage items. Percents of use were then applied to a statistically based "standardness" scale with several levels. The scale presented in this study is adapted from scales that have been used previously to study language change. In addition, returns from the Corpus of Historical American English were used to present historical trends, if any, for each usage item. It was found that traditional sentiments about certain prescribed and proscribed usage items differ markedly from actual observed usage. Corpus data make it clear that even usage guides that purport to rely at least partly on descriptive data are often wrong about the prevalence and acceptability of usage items. To produce truly objective and accurate analysis, usage advice must depend on corpus data and use a standard usage-trend scale that accounts for how language changes.
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Kanoun, Sonia. "Information médicale et médicaments à usage humain : des essais cliniques à la mise sur le marché du médicament à usage à usage humain." Paris 8, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA083047.
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Les expériences médicales des médecins nazis, la reconnaissance de principes fondamentaux telle la dignité humaine, le respect de la personne ou l'acceptation d'une autonomie certaine du sujet, même du plus vulnérable, tout conduit vers un déclin du paternalisme médical, prémice direct d'une information médicale généralisée. Produit de consommation d'exception, le médicament doit faire l'objet d'une information étendue, tant au moment des essais cliniques qu'après sa mise sur le marché. Il participe d'une intention thérapeutique dont le principe premier est "d'abord, ne pas nuire". Ainsi, le médicament doit répondre à des garanties spécifiques sur son efficacité ou la supériorité de ses bénéfices eu égard aux risques encourus. Plus efficace, plus invasif, plus agressif aussi, le médicament appelle le consentement du patient avant sa consommation. En quelques années, l'industrie du médicament a été secouée par un nombre impressionnant de crises entrainant une montée des interrogations sur la façon dont ces produits, pourtant censés être dispensés pour le plus grand bien des patients, ont pu avoir des répercussions catastrophiques sur la santé de certains. L'information sur les sciences relatives à la vie humaine revêt un aspect tout à fait particulier. Par exemple, les progrès de la pharmacie doivent répondre aux exigences légales du Droit et notamment à l'obligation d'information. Et il est aussi impératif que le Droit distingue les informations communicables de celles qui ne doivent pas l’être. Enfin, l'information s'oppose à la publicité dans une ambiguïté persistante. Est-il alors vraiment bon de tout savoir ?Medical experiments conducted by Nazi doctors along with the recognition of fundamental principles such as human dignity, respect of the individual or acceptance of some autonomy for subjects – even the most vulnerable – together led to a decline of medical paternalism, which is the direct result of generalized medical information. As a product that is consumed for a particular purpose, medication must be accompanied by extensive information, equally as much during clinical trials as after release on the market. With medication there is a therapeutic goal in which the fundamental principle is "first of all, do not harm". Therefore medication must meet specific guarantees regarding its effectiveness or primacy of benefits over risks. Medication that is more efficient, invasive, and aggressive requires patient consent prior to consumption. In recent years, the pharmaceutical industry has been shaken by an impressive number of crises leading to increased questioning of how those products – ostensibly administered for patients' well being – could have such catastrophic repercussions on the health of a few patients. Any information about human life sciences takes a clearly defined position in several respects. For example, the advancement of pharmaceutical development must meet legal requirements, particularly the obligation to publish. It is also imperative that the law distinguishes what information can be made public. Finally, information is inherently ambiguous in advertising. Is it good to know it all?
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Hayes, Michelle. "Social Media Usage Among Elite Athletes: An exploration of athlete usage during major events." Thesis, Griffith University, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/389666.
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Social media platforms have proliferated the sport industry. Social media is constantly evolving, with platforms being adopted by many sport stakeholders including sport governing bodies, leagues, teams, sporting events, fans, coaches, managers, and athletes. For athletes, social media have provided new avenues to share personal and professional news, manage their personal image and brand, and develop deeper interactions with fans. However, since the rise of social media, sport stakeholders have debated the extent of athlete social media use at major sport events. The purpose of this research was threefold: (1) to investigate why athletes use social media, the gratifications they receive, and the challenges they experience during a major sport event, (2) explore the elements of social media athletes perceive to be distracting, the practices they undertake to address distractions, and the support they receive from sport organisations, and (3) to examine how national sport organisations manage athlete social media use and their perceptions of social media as a distraction.
To better understand athlete social media use during major sport events, three studies were conducted sequentially. Each study gathered qualitative data, allowing the researcher to delve deeper into the perceptions of athletes and sport administrators.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Dept Tourism, Sport & Hot Mgmt
Griffith Business School
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Jotterand, Arnaud. "Usage control in secure messaging." Zürich : ETH, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, Department of Computer Science, 2008. http://e-collection.ethbib.ethz.ch/show?type=dipl&nr=362.
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Cevik, Helsin. "Map usage in virtual environments." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 1998. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA355675.
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Thesis (M.S. in Computer Science) Naval Postgraduate School, September 1998."September 1998." Thesis advisor(s): Rudolph P. Darken, John S. Falby. Includes bibliographical references (p. 117-118). Also available online.
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GERONTIN, MARIA. "Geospatial Analysison Mobile Application Usage." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för datavetenskap och kommunikation (CSC), 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-137999.
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Imsand, Eric Shaun Hamilton John A. "Applications of GUI usage analysis." Auburn, Ala, 2008. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/EtdRoot/2008/SPRING/Computer_Science_and_Software_Engineering/Dissertation/Imsand_Eric_35.pdf.
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King, Robert A. "Determinants of auditory display usage." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/29422.
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Emery, Laura R. "Codon usage bias in Archaea." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/4893.
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Synonymous codon usage bias has been extensively studied in Bacteria and Eukaryotes and yet there has been little investigation in the third domain of life, the Archaea. In this thesis I therefore examine the coding sequences of nearly 70 species of Archaea to explore patterns of codon bias. Heterogeneity in codon usage among genes was initially explored for a single species, Methanococcus maripaludis, where patterns were explained by a single major trend associated with expression level and attributed to natural selection. Unlike the bacterium Escherichia coli, selection was largely restricted to two-fold degenerate sites. Analyses of patterns of codon usage bias within genomes were extended to the other species of Archaea, where variation was more commonly explained by heterogeneity in G+C content and asymmetric base composition. By comparison with bacterial genomes, far fewer trends were found to be associated with expression level, implying a reduced prevalence of translational selection among Archaea. The strength of selected codon usage bias (S) was estimated for 67 species of Archaea, and revealed that natural selection has had less impact in shaping patterns of codon usage across Archaea than across many species of Bacteria. Variation in S was explained by the combined effects of growth rate and optimal growth temperature, with species growing at high temperatures exhibiting weaker than expected selection given growth rate. Such a relationship is expected if temperature kinetically modulates growth rate via its impact upon translation elongation, since rapid elongation rates at high temperatures reduce the selective benefit of optimal codon usage for the efficiency of translation. Consistent with this, growth temperature is negatively correlated with minimal generation time, and numbers of rRNA operons and tRNA genes are reduced at high growth temperatures. The large fraction of thermophilic Archaea relative to Bacteria account for the lower values of S observed. Two major trends were found to describe variation in codon usage among archaeal genomes; the first was attributed to GC3s and the second was associated with arginine codon usage and was linked both with growth temperature and the genome-wide excess of G over C content. The latter is unlikely to reflect thermophilic adaptation since the codon primarily underlying the trend appears to be selectively disfavoured. No correlations were observed with genome wide GC3s and optimal growth temperature and neither was GC3s associated with aerobiosis. The identities of optimal codons were explored and found to be invariant across U and C-ending two-fold degenerate amino acid groups. The identity of optimal codons and anticodons across four and six-fold degenerate amino acid groups was found to vary with mutational bias. As was first observed in M. maripaludis, selected codon usage bias was consistently greater across two-fold relative to four-fold degenerate amino acid groups across Archaea. This broad pattern could reflect ancestral patterns of optimal codon divergence, prevalent among four-fold but not two-fold degenerate amino acid groups. Consistent with this, the strength of selected codon usage bias was found to be reduced following the divergence of optimal codons, and implies that optimal codon divergence typically proceeds following the relaxation of selection. Finally, a method was developed to partition the strength of selection (S) into separate components reflecting selection for translational efficiency (Seff) and selection for translational accuracy (Sacc) by comparing the codon usage across conserved and nonconserved amino acid residues. While estimates of Sacc are somewhat sensitive to the designation of conserved sites, a general pattern emerged whereby accuracy-selected codon usage bias was consistently strongest across a subset of the most highly conserved sites. Several estimates of Sacc were consistently higher than the 95% range of null values regardless of the dataset, providing evidence for accuracy-selected codon usage bias in these species.
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Howarth, C. "Brain energy supply and usage." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2008. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1443966/.
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Although a coupling between cerebral energy consumption and neuronal activity was initially suggested over a hundred years ago, the exact relationship remains unclear. This thesis addresses four aspects of the energy supply to the brain. First, blood flow is increased to areas where neurons are more active, and it is this blood flow increase which forms the basis of functional imaging techniques. In contrast to the common assumption that blood flow regulation occurs solely at the arteriole level, I have demonstrated experimentally that blood flow control, mediated by pericytes, also occurs in capillaries. Second, it has been proposed that glutamate transporters coordinate CNS glucose and oxygen usage: glutamate released from neurons is taken up into astrocytes, evoking glycolysis which is suggested to export lactate to power neuronal oxidative phosphorylation. I tested this hypothesis by measuring oxygen use when glial glutamate uptake was blocked, and found that this had little effect on the oxygen use evoked by neural activity, arguing against the idea that glutamate uptake and astrocyte lactate export regulate neuronal oxidative phosphorylation. Third, although it is known that most of the brain's energy is used on reversing the ion fluxes which generate action potentials and synaptic currents, in general it is unknown how the energetic resources to the brain are allotted to carry out different aspects of neuronal information processing. I constructed an energy budget for the cerebellum using the measured properties of cells in this area. This provides insight into how evolution has allocated energy at the cellular and subcellular levels to different parts of a neural computation. Finally, I estimated the amount of brain energy use expended on conscious perception of stimuli, as opposed to being used on unconscious information processing. Surprisingly, only a small percentage of brain energy is used on conscious perception.
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Truong, Ngoc Cuong. "Algorithms for appliance usage prediction." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2014. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/367540/.
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Demand-Side Management (DSM) is one of the key elements of future Smart Electricity Grids. DSM involves mechanisms to reduce or shift the consumption of electricity in an attempt to minimise peaks. By so doing it is possible to avoid using expensive peaking plants that are also highly carbon emitting. A key challenge in DSM, however, is the need to predict energy usage from specific home appliances accurately so that consumers can be notified to shift or reduce the use of high energy-consuming appliances. In some cases, such notifications may be also need to be given at very short notice. Hence, to solve the appliance usage prediction problem, in this thesis we develop novel algorithms that take into account both users' daily practices (by taking advantage of the cyclic nature of routine activities) and the inter-dependency between the usage of multiple appliances (i.e., the user's typical consumption patterns). We propose two prediction algorithms to satisfy the needs for fast prediction and high accuracy respectively: i) a rule-based approach, EGH-H, for scenarios in which notifications need to be given at short notice, to find significant patterns in the use of appliances that can capture the user's behaviour (or habits), ii) a graphical{model based approach, GM-PMA (Graphical Model for Prediction in Multiple Appliances) for scenarios that require high prediction accuracy. We demonstrate through extensive empirical evaluations on real{world data from a prominent database of home energy usage that GM-PMA outperforms existing methods by up to 41%, and the runtime of EGH-H is 100 times lower on average, than that of other benchmark algorithms, while maintaining competitive prediction accuracy. Moreover, we demonstrate the use of appliance usage prediction algorithms in the context of demand{side management by proposing an Intelligent Demand Responses (IDR) mechanism, where an agent uses Logistic Inference to learn the user's preferences, and hence provides the best personalised suggestions to the user. We use simulations to evaluate IDR on a number of user types, and show that, by using IDR, users are likely to improve their savings significantly.
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Dahl, Oskar, and Fredrik Johansson. "Understanding usage of Volvo trucks." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för informationsteknologi, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-40826.
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Trucks are designed, configured and marketed for various working environments. There lies a concern whether trucks are used as intended by the manufacturer, as usage may impact the longevity, efficiency and productivity of the trucks. In this thesis we propose a framework divided into two separate parts, that aims to extract costumers’ driving behaviours from Logged Vehicle Data (LVD) in order to a): evaluate whether they align with so-called Global Transport Application (GTA) parameters and b): evaluate the usage in terms of performance. Gaussian mixture model (GMM) is employed to cluster and classify various driving behaviors. Association rule mining was applied on the categorized clusters to validate that the usage follow GTA configuration. Furthermore, Correlation Coefficient (CC) was used to find linear relationships between usage and performance in terms of Fuel Consumption (FC). It is found that the vast majority of the trucks seemingly follow GTA parameters, thus used as marketed. Likewise, the fuel economy was found to be linearly dependent with drivers’ various performances. The LVD lacks detail, such as Global Positioning System (GPS) information, needed to capture the usage in such a way that more definitive conclusions can be drawn.This thesis was later conducted as a scientific paper and was submit- ted to the conference of ICIMP, 2020. The publication was accepted the 23th of September (2019), and will be presented in January, 2020.
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LaBonte, Luc Rene. "Thermogenic Usage in College Students." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1447879737.
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Verley, Bénédicte. "Bon usage des anti-ulcéreux." Paris 5, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA05P023.
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Chapotot, Emilie. "Proposition d'une approche Usage Lifecycle Management (ULM) pour capitaliser les usages et favoriser la génération de concepts innovants de produits et services." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009BOR13887/document.
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Le contexte économique actuel fait naître de nouveaux besoins chez les entreprises. L’élargissement du marché et la multiplication de la concurrence impliquent de nouveaux objectifs pour les industriels et doivent adapter leur mode de fonctionnement et leur organisation pour les atteindre. Les efforts se portent sur la minimisation de la distance existante entre concepteurs et clients. Cet éloignement est souvent à l’origine de mauvaises compréhensions et de dérivations par rapport à la demande client initiale. Désormais, le client est placé au cœur du processus de conception pour mieux intégrer ses exigences et ainsi satisfaire ses besoins. Ces nouvelles pratiques se démocratisent grâce à l’évolution du web vers le web 2.0 facilitant la communication et la formation de réseaux sociaux. Les systèmes de management de l’information actuellement implémentés dans les entreprises présentent des limites. Les systèmes PLM gérant les informations relatives au produit tout au long de son cycle de vie, traitent peu de l’interaction utilisateur/produit qui pourtant s’avère porteuse d’informations stratégiques pour l’amélioration de la conception et l’innovation de produits. En considérant l’interaction entre un utilisateur et un produit dans un contexte donné, il est possible d’identifier les contraintes liées aux usages de cet utilisateur. C’est sur ces informations d’usage que notre recherche s’est orienté afin d’améliorer la compréhension des besoins clients et déceler des idées innovantes de produits. En élargissant la notion d’utilisateur plutôt associé au client, nous souhaitons y inclure également les employés, les revendeurs et détaillants qui sont à leurs tours à un moment donnée du cycle de vie du produit des utilisateurs. Dans cette optique, nous proposons une approche appelée ULM (Usage Lifecycle Management) qui s’inscrit dans une dynamique de management des usages de divers produits, utilisateurs et environnements. Notre travail s’est axé sur la phase de capitalisation de ces usages à travers les processus aval du cycle de vie, utilisation/commercialisation, maintenance et recyclage. Pour cela, nous proposons l’approche ULM au travers d’une plateforme web externalisée qui se situe au carrefour de plusieurs utilisateurs. Cet outil baptisé C 3 pour Conception Consommation Communication s’oriente autour d’un trièdre utilisateur/produit/contexte pour capitaliser et formaliser les informations d’usage d’un produit. C’est en pensant conjointement les usages et les concepts qu’il sera possible d’aboutir à des produits innovants capables de faire la différence sur un marché ultra concurrentielThe current economical context implies news needs for companies. Market spread and competitor’s multiplication imply new objectives for companies which must adapt their functioning process and organization to succeed. Efforts focus on minimizing the distance between designers and customers. This distance often originates misunderstandings and deviations related to the initial customer’s demands. The customer is now placed at the core of the design process in order to better integrate his expectations and satisfy his needs. These new practices democratize themselves thanks to the web evolution towards web 2.0, which facilitates communication and triggered the apparition of social networks. Current information management system implement in companies have limitations. Product-Life Management (PLM) systems manage product-related information over its lifetime. They only slightly encompass the user/product interactions, hence missing strategic information for improving products design and innovations. We consider the interactions between a user and a product within a given context and identify the constraints linked to the use of the product. We oriented our research toward this usage information in order to detect the customer’s needs and better initiate product-related innovations. We widen the notion of user to include employees, retailers and suppliers who punctually interact with the product in its lifecycle. To address this issue, we suggest an approach named ULM (Usage Lifecycle Management). This approach involves a new dynamic for managing usage for several product, users and environments. Our work is axed on the usages capitalization phase through downstream lifecycle processes, use/commercialization, maintenance and recycling. We hence concretize our ULM approach trough an outsourced web platform placed as a center point for users. This tool, named C³ for Conception Consumption Communication, is articulated around the user/product/context triangle to capitalize and formalize product usage information. Only through joint reflexion over usages and concepts will it be to reach innovative products able to make a difference in an ultra-competitive market
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Dumas, Jean-Luc. "Etude de l'activité du triméthoprime et du sulfaméthoxazole ainsi que des plus récents macrolides dans la prévention et le traitement de la toxoplasmose chez la souris." Aix-Marseille 2, 2000. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/PHA_2000_1528.pdf.
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Puigbó, Avalos Pedro. "Codon usage adaptation in prokaryotic genomes." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/8663.
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La tesi esta basada en l'adaptació de l'ús de codons a genomes procariotes, especialment l'adaptació de l'ús de codons a una alta expressió. Hi ha un grup de genomes procariotes, els quals estan sota una selecció traduccional, que tenen un grup de gens amb un ús de codons esbiaixat de la resta de gens del genoma i adaptats a l'abundància dels tRNA. Hem desenvolupat un nou algoritme per a avaluar si un genoma esta sota selecció traduccional i predir els gens altament expressat de tots els genomes sota selecció traduccional. Aquestes prediccions són públiques a la base de dades HEG-DB (http://genomes.urv.cat/HEG-DB), la qual s'ha publicat a la revista Nucleic Acids Research. Les prediccions de gens altament expressats s'han fet servir com a filtre en les prediccions de gens adquirits per transferència horitzontal, ja que els gens altament expressats molts cops son predits com a falsos positius en la predicció de gens adquirits. Amb les dades de la predicció de gens altament expressats, també hem desenvolupat una nova eina Bioinformàtica, anomenada OPTIMIZER (http://genomes.urv.cat/OPTIMIZER) i publicada al Nucleic Acids Research, per tal d'optimitzar l'ús de codons d'un gen per a incrementar la seva expressió en experiments d'expressió heteròloga de proteïnes. També hem estudiat un cas particular d'adaptació de l'ús de codons. El cas de l' 'amelioration', que és l'adaptació de l'ús de codons que pateix un gen inserit en un genoma hoste. Aquest cas l'hem estudiat amb els gens mitocondrials que varen saltar al genoma nuclear i varen haver d'adaptar el seu us de codons mitocondrial a l'ús de codons del genoma nuclear. Per tal d'estudiar l''amelioration', hem desenvolupat un nou índex anomenat CAI esperat (eCAI) i una nova eina Bioinformàtica anomenada CAIcal (http://genomes.urv.cat/CAIcal), que està en procés de revisió a la revista BMC Bioinformatics. Analitzant l'anàlisi de l'ús de codons dels genomes completament sequenciats vàrem realitzar una troballa que s'aparta una mica del tema central de la tesi. Vàrem veure que els genomes que estan adaptats a la (hiper)termofília tenen un patró de l'ús de codons i d'aminoàcids diferent a la resta de genomes (mesòfils). Aquest fet ens ha permès descobrir casos de guany i pèrdua (recents i antics) de la capacitat d'adaptació termofílica en genomes procariotes. Aquests resultats han donat lloc a una publicació a la revista Trends in Genetics. Durant la tesi he realitzat una estada de 4 mesos (Febrer - Juny, 2006) en el laboratori de bioinformàtica del departament de biologia de la universitat nacional d'Irlanda a Maynooth sota la supervisió del Dr James McInerney on vaig desenvolupar un nou programa per a la comparació d'arbres filogenètics anomenat TOPD/FMTS (http://genomes.urv.cat/topd) el qual està publicat a la revista Bioinformatics.This thesis is based in codon usage adaptation in prokaryotic genomes, especially the codon usage adaptation to a high expression. In genomes under translational selection, the group of highly expressed genes has a codon usage adapted to the most abundant tRNA species. We have developed a new iterative algorithm which predicts a group of highly expressed genes in genomes under translational selection by using the Codon Adaptation Index and the group of ribosomal protein genes as a seed. We have developed a new genomic database, called HEG-DB, to store genes that are predicted as highly expressed in prokaryotic complete genomes under strong translational selection. The database is freely available at http://genomes.urv.cat/HEG-DB and it has been published in Nucleic Acids Research. The predicted highly expressed genes are used as an initial filter to reduce the number of false positives of the Horizontal Gene Transfer Database, due to highly expressed genes are usually false positive in predictions of acquired genes. We have developed a new web sever, called OPTIMIZER (http://genomes.urv.cat/OPTIMIZER), which has been published in Nucleic Acids Research, to optimize the codon usage of DNA or RNA sequences. This new web server can be used to predict and optimize the level expression of a gene in heterologous gene expression or to express new genes that confer new metabolic capabilities in a given species. We have also analyzed an especial case of codon usage adaptation, which is called 'amelioration'. The 'amelioration' is the adaptation of foreign genes to a new genome. This is the case of mitochondrial genes encoded in the human nuclear genome and originally encoded in the proto-mitochondria. To test the 'amelioration' process we have developed an expected value of CAI (eCAI) to find out whether the differences in the CAI are statistically significant or whether they are the product of biased nucleotide and/or amino acid composition and a new bioinformatics tool called CAIcal (http://genomes.urv.cat/CAIcal). We have also analyzed the evolution of thermophilic adaptation in prokaryotes and we suggest that the amino acid composition signature in thermophilic organisms is a consequence of or an adaptation to living at high temperatures, not its cause. Our findings suggest that there have been several cases where the capacity for thermophilic adaptation has been gained or lost throughout the evolution of prokaryotes. These results have been published in Trends in Genetics. During my thesis I have worked for four months in the Bioinformatics Laboratory of the Biology Department at the National University of Ireland under the supervision of Dr James O. McInerney where I developed a new software program to compare phylogenetic trees called TOPD/FMTS (http://genomes.urv.cat/topd), that has been published in Bioinformatics.
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Kroksgård, Andreas. "Regional Variance in Sickness Insurance Usage." Thesis, Jönköping University, JIBS, Economics, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-10115.
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Which factors best explain the regional variation in sick-listing and early retirement? Data from the Swedish Social Insurance Agency is fitted against variables describing different regional characteristics that have been linked to sickness insurance consumption in the literature. Results, in line with earlier empirical investigation, suggest that particularly the employment rate, the populations‟ age, and its wealth are strong determinants of regional insurance usage. Two further factors, though less discussed in the literature, appear to have some relevance as well: A high share of large workplaces is found to predict higher rates of early retirement, while a large share of foreign-born predict lower sick-listing rates. Both effects have been found before, though the first one perhaps not in Swedish cross section analysis and the latter does not appear to be well understood in the literature. A tentative explanation for it is given here.
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Cheang, Koc Wai. "Extracting usage patterns from collaboration systems." Thesis, University of Macau, 2007. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b1684529.
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Kirci, Niyazi Berkay. "Unfair Usage Of Trademarks Via Internet." Master's thesis, METU, 2008. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/3/12610174/index.pdf.
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One of the aims of thesis is to examine and describe current trademark law in Turkey and point out the fact that an excessive trademark protection is being implemented and that this kind of a protection does not automatically bring wealth to Turkey. Main aim of this thesis is to point out the fact that new circumstances of unfair usage of trademarks occured with the introduction of the internet and that important problems between the trademark law, which is of national character, and the internet, which does not have any limits arised in settlement of disputes.
Another aim is to point out that, currently, there is no agreed legal text regulating in detail the circumstances of unfair use of mark via Internet both at international and national levels.
In this context, basic concepts of current trademark law, birth and development of information and communications technologies and in this respect, the Internet, effect of Internet to current social structure and changes caused therein, national and international steps taken in this context, the question whether unfair usage of trademarks could be examined within current legal framework, problems arising
from the differences between Internet and Trademark Law also discussed.
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Karlsson, Jan. "Analyzes of a wheel loader usage." Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för innovation, design och teknik, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-11240.
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The wheel loader is a very versatile machine hence the layout of the machine and the software has to be a compromise of all the possible application. If the machine could detect the application and adapt the software settings to optimize the machine for the current application more application unique settings would be possible. To make the application identification cost efficient and possible to implement over the whole product range a minimum of added product cost is preferred. Therefore only using existing sensors of a wheel loader and using a software algorithm for the identification is suggested. In the following chapters three common applications are described from a generic point of view. The identification can be divided into different sections days, series, cycles and phases. The declaration of the phases is meant to be consistent regardless of application, however some phases may not be present in some application, 18 phases are identified to cover all application. Algorithms are developed to identify three different applications, bucket, pallet, timber and two different material classes. It is stated that it is possible to differentiate at least two different material classes with the suggested algorithms.
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Kamuhanda, Dany. "Visualising M-learning system usage data." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/11015.
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Data storage is an important practice for organisations that want to track their progress. The evolution of data storage technologies from manual methods of storing data on paper or in spreadsheets, to the automated methods of using computers to automatically log data into databases or text files has brought an amount of data that is beyond the level of human interpretation and comprehension. One way of addressing this issue of interpreting large amounts of data is data visualisation, which aims to convert abstract data into images that are easy to interpret. However, people often have difficulty in selecting an appropriate visualisation tool and visualisation techniques that can effectively visualise their data. This research proposes the processes that can be followed to effectively visualise data. Data logged from a mobile learning system is visualised as a proof of concept to show how the proposed processes can be followed during data visualisation. These processes are summarised into a model that consists of three main components: the data, the visualisation techniques and the visualisation tool. There are two main contributions in this research: the model to visualise mobile learning usage data and the visualisation of the usage data logged from a mobile learning system. The mobile learning system usage data was visualised to demonstrate how students used the mobile learning system. Visualisation of the usage data helped to convert the data into images (charts and graphs) that were easy to interpret. The evaluation results indicated that the proposed process and resulting visualisation techniques and tool assisted users in effectively and efficiently interpreting large volumes of mobile learning system usage data.
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Szymor, Nina. "Translation universals : a usage-based approach." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2017. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/18431/.
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The language used in translated texts is said to differ from the language used in other communicative contexts. Translation-specific linguistic behaviour (translation universals) has been shown to explain those differences at the levels of syntax, lexicon, discourse, and semantics. Scholars seem to disagree as to the roots of this behaviour - some turn to socio-cultural and economic factors such as risk-avoidance while others argue that cognitive processing inherent in translation and unique to it affects the linguistic choices made by translators. The aim of this thesis is to shed new light on translation universals from a usage-based perspective. The plausibility of universal translational behaviour is assessed with reference to what we know about implicit and explicit linguistic knowledge: how it is acquired and how it affects language use. I argue that there is little support for the idea that the process of translation constrains the linguistic choices of translators. Instead, I will show that the differences between translated and non-translated texts observed in many studies, which have been attributed to translation universals, are likely to result from differences between the content of translated and non-translated components of comparable corpora. My hypothesis is supported with corpus and experimental evidence which shows that differences in the use of modality and aspect in translated and non-translated Polish texts can be explained with frequency effects: the two corpora contain different verbs whose frequency of occurrence affects translators' and authors' aspectual choices, resulting in the observed differences. The thesis has important methodological and theoretical implications for Translation Studies. First, it shows the importance of looking at the comparability of comparable corpora before turning to translation universals to explain the linguistic choices made in translation. Second, it casts doubt on the plausibility of translation universals as a factor in linguistic decision-making in translation and thereby simplifies the theoretical account needed to explain choices in translation.
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Palidwor, Gareth A. "Tissue-specific codon usage in mouse." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/28932.
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Codon usage bias is due to a combination of biased mutation and selection effects. Isochore-related GC mutational bias has been shown to be the dominant cause of tissue-specific codon bias in adult human tissues and limited evidence for translational selection has been shown. This thesis is a comprehensive evaluation of the relative contribution of selection and mutation to variation in codon usage among different mouse embryonic tissues.
Through a detailed analysis of tissue-specific codon usage in relation to gene expression and gene location of mouse embryonic tissue-specific genes, I found that translational selection is partially responsible for some differences in codon usage among tissue-specific genes. This observation indicates profound impact of selection favouring codon-anticodon adaptation. The characteristic GC biases of tissue-specific gene sets are shown not to be caused by their clustering on the same isochore. Tissue-specific genes are no more clustered on the genome than randomly selected genes.
In mouse, the usage of some G-ending codons decreases with increasing GC bias, while all other G and C-ending codons increase. To understand this counterintuitive observation, we generate a continuous-time Markov chain model of GC-biased synonymous substitution which explains qualitative usage patterns of all codons, including non-linear and sometimes non-monotone codon usage in isoleucine, arginine and leucine. This effect is universal, extending to mouse and human genes as well as plant and prokaryotic genomes.
This work enriched our understanding of the codon-anticodon adaptation theory and extended it to the level of tissue-specific genes. The result suggests the possibility of tissue-specific tRNA pools mediating tissue-specific codon-anticodon adaptation. The methods developed in the thesis can be easily extended to characterize this previously little explored facet of codon-anticodon adaptation.
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Norguet, Jean-Pierre. "Semantic analysis in web usage mining." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210890.
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With the emergence of the Internet and of the World Wide Web, the Web site has become a key communication channel in organizations. To satisfy the objectives of the Web site and of its target audience, adapting the Web site content to the users' expectations has become a major concern. In this context, Web usage mining, a relatively new research area, and Web analytics, a part of Web usage mining that has most emerged in the corporate world, offer many Web communication analysis techniques. These techniques include prediction of the user's behaviour within the site, comparison between expected and actual Web site usage, adjustment of the Web site with respect to the users' interests, and mining and analyzing Web usage data to discover interesting metrics and usage patterns. However, Web usage mining and Web analytics suffer from significant drawbacks when it comes to support the decision-making process at the higher levels in the organization.Indeed, according to organizations theory, the higher levels in the organizations need summarized and conceptual information to take fast, high-level, and effective decisions. For Web sites, these levels include the organization managers and the Web site chief editors. At these levels, the results produced by Web analytics tools are mostly useless. Indeed, most of these results target Web designers and Web developers. Summary reports like the number of visitors and the number of page views can be of some interest to the organization manager but these results are poor. Finally, page-group and directory hits give the Web site chief editor conceptual results, but these are limited by several problems like page synonymy (several pages contain the same topic), page polysemy (a page contains several topics), page temporality, and page volatility.
Web usage mining research projects on their part have mostly left aside Web analytics and its limitations and have focused on other research paths. Examples of these paths are usage pattern analysis, personalization, system improvement, site structure modification, marketing business intelligence, and usage characterization. A potential contribution to Web analytics can be found in research about reverse clustering analysis, a technique based on self-organizing feature maps. This technique integrates Web usage mining and Web content mining in order to rank the Web site pages according to an original popularity score. However, the algorithm is not scalable and does not answer the page-polysemy, page-synonymy, page-temporality, and page-volatility problems. As a consequence, these approaches fail at delivering summarized and conceptual results.
An interesting attempt to obtain such results has been the Information Scent algorithm, which produces a list of term vectors representing the visitors' needs. These vectors provide a semantic representation of the visitors' needs and can be easily interpreted. Unfortunately, the results suffer from term polysemy and term synonymy, are visit-centric rather than site-centric, and are not scalable to produce. Finally, according to a recent survey, no Web usage mining research project has proposed a satisfying solution to provide site-wide summarized and conceptual audience metrics.
In this dissertation, we present our solution to answer the need for summarized and conceptual audience metrics in Web analytics. We first described several methods for mining the Web pages output by Web servers. These methods include content journaling, script parsing, server monitoring, network monitoring, and client-side mining. These techniques can be used alone or in combination to mine the Web pages output by any Web site. Then, the occurrences of taxonomy terms in these pages can be aggregated to provide concept-based audience metrics. To evaluate the results, we implement a prototype and run a number of test cases with real Web sites.
According to the first experiments with our prototype and SQL Server OLAP Analysis Service, concept-based metrics prove extremely summarized and much more intuitive than page-based metrics. As a consequence, concept-based metrics can be exploited at higher levels in the organization. For example, organization managers can redefine the organization strategy according to the visitors' interests. Concept-based metrics also give an intuitive view of the messages delivered through the Web site and allow to adapt the Web site communication to the organization objectives. The Web site chief editor on his part can interpret the metrics to redefine the publishing orders and redefine the sub-editors' writing tasks. As decisions at higher levels in the organization should be more effective, concept-based metrics should significantly contribute to Web usage mining and Web analytics.
Doctorat en sciences appliquées
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
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Comeau, Troy O. "Fantasy football participation and media usage." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri-Columbia, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/4726.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2007.The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed on January 31, 2008) Vita. Includes bibliographical references.
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Beckman, Nels E. "Types for Correct Concurrent API Usage." Research Showcase @ CMU, 2010. http://repository.cmu.edu/dissertations/40.
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This thesis represents an attempt to improve the state of the art in our ability tounderstand and check object protocols, with a particular emphasis on concurrent pro-grams. Object protocols are the patterns of use imposed on clients of APIs in object-oriented programs. We show through an empirical study of open-source object-oriented programs that object protocols are quite common. We then present “Sync-or-Swim,” a methodology and suite of accompanying tools for checking at compile-time that object protocols are used and implemented correctly. This methodology isbased upon the existing access permissions method of alias control, which is hereextended to be sound in the face of shared-memory concurrency. The analysis isformalized as a type system for an object-oriented calculus, and then proven to befree from false-negatives using a proof of type safety. The type system is extendedwith parametric polymorphism, or “generics,” in order to increase its ability to checkcommonly occurring patterns. An implementation of the approach, a static analysisfor programs written in the Java programming language, is presented. This imple-mentation was used to perform a series of case studies whose goal was to evaluatethe ease of use, expressiveness and ability to verify commonly occurring patterns.These case studies are presented. Next, an approach and an associated tool for in-ferring access permission annotations is presented. This inference tool can reducethe burden of using our protocol-checking approach by automatically inferring therequired typing annotations. This inference is built upon a system of probabilisticconstraints, which allows the easy encoding of heuristics. Finally, an optimization ofsoftware transactional memory runtimes is presented. This optimization is enabledby the typing annotations required to use the concurrent protocol checker and canremove some of the overhead typically associated with transactional memory sys-tems. As a result of the work presented in this thesis, it is possible to guarantee theabsence of certain API usage errors even in concurrent programs, and to do so witha low burden on programmers. By adhering to such an approach, programmers canproduce more reliable software.
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Henry, Ian. "Evolution of codon usage in bacteria." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2007. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/10694/.
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Initially, this thesis investigates patterns of intragenomic codon usage within the genome of the Delta Proteobacterium Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus. Correspondence analyses revealed the primary factor influencing codon usage within this genome to be related to translational selection. The relationship between the degree of codon usage adaptation (as given by the ‘frequency of optimal codons’ statistic) and putative gene expression level was used to look for genes with unusually high or low expression levels in B. bacteriovorus, in comparison to Escherichia coli, in order to gain further insight into the unusual lifestyle of this Delta Proteobacterium. The scope was then broadened to explore intergenomic patterns of codon usage and initially extend a study measuring the strength of selected codon usage bias across bacterial genomes (Sharp et al. 2005). A dataset of 160 fully sequenced bacterial genomes was used and the strength of selected codon usage bias was seen to vary greatly between species. A correlation was observed between (log of) generation time and the strength of selected codon usage bias with fast growing bacteria showing a higher degree of selected codon usage bias than slow growing bacteria. In bacterial species exhibiting significant levels of selected codon usage bias optimal codon choice was examined. It was observed that optimal codon choice is not always conserved across all bacterial genomes under selection but broad trends in optimal codon choice were seen to be associated with particular bacterial clades. In general, optimal codon choice was seen to be linked with differences in mutational biases among the clades, as seen by a correlation between optimal codon choice in particular clades and the G+C content of their genomes. Clades that were A+U rich (Firmicutes, Gamma Proteobacteria main clade) were seen to largely prefer codons of the form NNA/U whilst G+C rich clades (Alpha Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria and Xanthomonas species) showed preference for codons of the form NNG/C in their highly expressed genes. Finally the relationship between optimal codon usage and tRNA abundances was explored. Changes in tRNA abundances were seen to coincide with switches in optimal codon usage. Therefore, switches in codon usage and tRNA abundance are thought to be influenced by changing mutational bias within the genome as reflected by the correlation between optimal codon choice, tRNA gene complements and genomic G+C content.
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Romaniuk, Helena. "Analysis of product usage panel data." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.326798.
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Chanboualapha, Sonexay, and Md Rofiqul Islam. "Internet usage for improvement of learning." Thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Institutionen Handels- och IT-högskolan, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-16600.
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The internet usage is increasing rapidly, especially for learning in the field ofeducation and informatics. The investigation of indentifying and analyzing internetusage for learning improvement is necessary to implement with students. In order toensure the use of the internet improve students’ learning, it is necessary to investigatewith developed and developing countries in the term of comparison. In our researchconducted examining with students in one developed country (Sweden) and onedeveloping country (Laos) to identify and analyze the relationship between internetusage and students’ learning. We collected data with survey through questionnaires byquantitative research, and analyzed the relationship by correlation analysis. Findingindicated that internet usage has the positive relationship with students’ learning ashigher of using internet and higher of grade. However, the use of era technology andstudents’ learning in developed country are absolutely higher than developingcountry. Thus, we ensure that internet usage is a positive relationship with students’learning.Program: Masterutbildning i Informatik
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Love, Andrea S. M. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "Material impacts on operational energy usage." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/65440.
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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 2011.This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Cataloged from student submitted PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 96-103).
Decisions regarding materials and construction of a building are made all the time in the architectural process, but thought is not always given to how those choices may affect the buildings ultimate energy usage and the impact they may have on climate change. This thesis focuses on concrete structures and how the thermal mass and the thermal resistivity influence energy usage. The investigation was done looking at large commercial office buildings in the climates of Phoenix and Chicago. A comparison was conducted between a steel frame and concrete frame structure, showing how the differing thermal mass impact energy usage. An investigation was also undertaken to better understand thermal bridging in concrete commercial building envelopes and the impact they have.
by Andrea Love.
S.M.
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Tramel, Nathan, Jacob Dill, and Hussam Almuqallad. "Remote Monitoring of Residential Energy Usage." International Foundation for Telemetering, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/579583.
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ITC/USA 2013 Conference Proceedings / The Forty-Ninth Annual International Telemetering Conference and Technical Exhibition / October 21-24, 2013 / Bally's Hotel & Convention Center, Las Vegas, NVA substantial amount of the energy usage in developed countries is consumed by climate control of residential and commercial structures. Collecting information on the usage patterns of heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) systems can allow a consumer to better understand the cost and effectiveness of these systems, and allow landlords and others to monitor their use. This paper describes a system which can easily be retrofitted onto legacy HVAC systems to monitor their activity, and then transmit the information over a wireless radio network for archiving and analysis
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AlAdraj, Resala A. "Security and collaborative groupware tools usage." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2015. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/73319/.
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This thesis investigates the usage problems of Online Collaborative Groupware (OCG) tools for learning at the University of Bahrain (UOB) in the Kingdom of Bahrain. An initial study revealed that the main problems faced by students when they use OCG tools in the learning process are security and trust. SWFG (Skype, Wiki, Facebook, and Gmail) tools were proposed as being effective and commonly used OCG tools for learning. A quasi-experiment has been done with UOB students to identify the perceptions of the students towards security, privacy and safety relating to use of SWFG tools. Based on this experiment the researcher has derived the following results: Secure Skype has a positive relationship with Skype usage; Private Skype has a positive relationship with Skype trust; Secure Gmail has a negative relationship with Gmail usage and trust; Wiki usage has a negative relationship with trust in Wikis. Additionally, the research revealed that students may be more motivated to use OCG tools if the security and privacy of these tools was to be improved. The thesis also focuses on security and trust within email. In order to evaluate the usage of secure emails, students‘ awareness of the secure email awareness was investigated using quantitative and qualitative methods. The results of this evaluation informed the design of an experiment that was then conducted by tracking secure email usage and gathering information about the students‘ usage and awareness of their secure emails. The aim of this activity was to identify a clear representation of secure email usage over specified periods for both academic and non-academic purposes by students in both the UK and Bahrain. It has been concluded from this experiment that there are differences between the usage of secure email in each country when applied to both academic and non-academic purposes. Finally, based on these results, the researcher developed a framework which derives from the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) model by testing security and trust effects on the ease of use and on usefulness. A case study has been conducted using a new secure email instructional model in order to validate the research framework. The study found that security provided by webmails and students‘ trust affects the webmail‘s perceived usefulness, and that in turn this leads to ease of use regardless of which type of email client is used. However, it was not proof that usefulness affects the usage of email. Evidence suggests that the model may be a suitable solution for increasing the usefulness of email in Computer Supported Collaborative Learning (CSCL), and can help to strengthen communication between faculty and students. This study has contributed valuable knowledge and information in this particular field of study. It has been able to gather a satisfactory amount of information from both students and teachers in both the University of Bahrain (UOB) and the University of Warwick (UOW). A number of different methods were used in this task – interviews, questionnaires, observations, experiments and student feedback, amongst others. The entire study was conducted in a way that it would empirically evaluate different dimensions of secure Online Collaborative Groupware (OCG) tools usage in the educational environment. The research framework applied in this investigation provided many insights into OCG tools. These new insights and information may be used to test and validate the framework with a large number of students.
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Weidman, Justin Earl. "Dust Control Usage: Strategic Technology Interventions." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/26562.
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An intervention to improve adoption of dust control technology is designed, implemented and evaluated using three theoretical frameworks: the Health Belief Model (HBM), Diffusion of Innovation, and the Technology Acceptance Model. A quasi-experimental design (pretest-posttest, with control group) was used to evaluate the effectiveness of the intervention. An integrated conceptual model, employing key constructs from these frameworks, was developed to predict and describe â adoption readinessâ . Adoption readiness combines the attitudes and perceptions about a technology with the capacity to implement the technology. The primary hypothesis was that the key construct scores of the three theoretical models would improve post-intervention, particularly, â adoption readinessâ . Workers in the drywall finishing industry have been found to be at risk of developing respiratory disease and disability. Studies have shown that drywall finish workers have been subject to overexposure to dust concentrations that contain respiratory heath hazardous particles including silica, talc, mica, and calcite. Prevention through Design (PtD) solutions, which are effective at reducing dust levels, do exist for these operations. Some of these PtD solutions include using vacuum sanders, wet sanding methods, pole sanding and using low dust joint compound in lieu of using personal protective equipment (PPE) as a primary form of exposure protection. Previous studies have determined barriers to adoption of current PtD solutions for dust exposure reduction. Usability, productivity, quality of finish and cost were all identified as barriers to adoption. An intervention directed at those involved in the drywall industry is needed to increase the usage of engineered dust control.
This dissertation project developed, implemented, and evaluated three interventions to address the barriers to adoption through education and marketing strategies. Development of the interventions included strategies to improve industry usage of dust control technologies. The interventions targeted workers, small companies, and large companies involved in drywall finishing.Ph. D.
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Blandeau, Jérôme. "Le cannabis et son usage thérapeutique." Bordeaux 2, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999BOR2P089.
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Cirelli, Claudia. "Environnement et usage de l' eau." Paris 8, 2006. http://octaviana.fr/document/11844736X#?c=0&m=0&s=0&cv=0.
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L’objectif de cette recherche est l’analyse de la remise en cause par la diffusion du paradigme environnemental de la pratique de l’épandage des eaux usées urbaines et du système socio-spatial qui lui est associé. L’épandage agricole, mode de traitement intimement lié à la modernisation des villes de la fin du XIX et du début du XX, est devenu objet de controverses, en raison de sa stigmatisation comme activité à risque. Il n’en reste pas moins une pratique généralisée autour des villes en croissance rapide et promue dans le cadre de politique de développement. Cette thèse étudie au niveau global, son émergence et les controverses qu’elle suscite et pour le cas mexicain (en particulier la ville de San Luis Potosi) les relations entre cette pratique, les politiques urbaines et environnementales, et la façon dont les acteurs des territoires façonnés par l’épandage tentent de construire les modalités de leur permanence aux marges des villesThis research analyses the controversial approaches of the use of the wastewater in irrigated agriculture and of the social and spacial system related to it. This use of wastewater, a mode of treatment closely related to the modernization of cities of the end of the XIXth and the beginning of the XXth century, is now regarded as hazardous. Nevertheless this pratice keeps spreading around fast growing cities and is often promoted as an efficient tool of development policies. This thesis approaches on a global level the emergence of these agricultural practices and the debate they give rise to. As far as the Mexican case is concerned (in particular the town of San Luis Potosi), it analyses the links between those practices and urban and environmental policies. It also studies the influence of those policies on the ways in which the actors of territories shaped by wastewater use try to maintain their activities in suburban areas
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Bakun, O. V., and A. Dixit. "USAGE PHYTOMEDICATIONS IN WOMEN WITH HYPOGALACTIA." Thesis, Буковинський державний медичний університет, 2013. http://dspace.bsmu.edu.ua:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/9638.
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Introduction. Rational nutrition means, first of all, feeding infants during the first year of their lives with mother’s breast milk. Among numerous problems of breast feeding the most frequent one is mother’s complaint of not having sufficient amount of milk.
The aim of this work was to study special features of clinical course of postnatal period and investigate the effect of "Shirafza” phytomedication on lactation in women in childbirth with a decreased lactational function.
Materials and methods. 60 women in childbirth have been examined who were divided into two groups: I main group - 30 women with a decreased lactational function. II - control group - 30 women in childbirth with a preserved lactational function. Lactational function in women was evaluated on the fourth-fifth day of postnatal period on the basis of clinical examinations of the woman in childbirth, day amount of milk that is produced, food supplements of mixtures to the infant’s feeding and indeces of weight loss and its restoration during first four-five days after birth. Normal lactation was regarded a condition without food supplements, when maximum weight loss
was no more than 6%, restoration of initial weight no less than 95% during early neonatal period. Results of the study and discussion. The formation of lactation during first 5 days after labor is influenced by the woman’s somatic health condition, her obstetrical-gynecologist status, obstetrical complications which were registered more frequently in women from the main group that’s why we have suggested recovery of lactational function in this group of patients by means of "Shirafza” phytomedication, stimulates all stages of lactation, prevents problems of overweight in feedings mothers and rise of glucose level in blood. Shirafza effect is conditioned by herbs in its composition. The preparation was taken by women from the main group because they complainted mostly of insufficient milk production. The preparation was-taken from the 4-th day of postnatal period by 1 capsule three times a day. 2 5 women-in labor (83,3%)were marked down to increase the volume of milk on the 5-6th day of the intakes as well as to improve milk quality which manifested inself in the absence of dry "swaddling clothes” syndrome, the baby was actively sucking mother’s breast.Кафедра акушерства та гінекології
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Лаврик, Тетяна Володимирівна, Татьяна Владимировна Лаврик, Tetiana Volodymyrivna Lavryk, and N. Saharova. "Open educational resources: some usage aspects." Thesis, Сумський державний університет, 2012. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/29422.
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Openness is one of the most influential drivers of change in education and training today, especially for educational organizations both in adult learning as well as in higher education. Open educational resources (ОER) as a manifestation of the principle of openness is gradually becoming an integral part of the educational environment in higher education.
When you are citing the document, use the following link http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/29422
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Amiel, Tel. "Individual Differences in Internet Usage Motives." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/33844.
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The relationship between the psychobiological model of personality types (psychoticism, extraversion, and neuroticism) devised by Eysenck & Eysenck (1985) and Internet use and usage motives was examined. A sample of 210 undergraduate students were asked to report on their motives for using the Internet and how often they engaged in a variety of Internet and web-based activities. The findings demonstrate distinctive patterns of Internet use and usage motives for those of different personality types. Specifically, those scoring high in neuroticism reported using the Internet to feel a sense of â belongingâ and to be informed. Extraverts rejected the communal aspects of the Internet, and made more instrumental and goal-oriented use of Internet services. Finally, those scoring high in psychoticism demonstrated an interest in more deviant, defiant, and sophisticated Internet applications. The role of personality in audience segmentation research is discussed along with implications of the findings in usability and interface design. Suggestions for future research are included.Master of Arts
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Gardner, Joni Smith. "Simultaneous Media Usage: Effects on Attention." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/26200.
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Media layering, the simultaneous use of multiple unrelated media sources, has been documented as an increasing behavior trend (Roberts, Foehr, & Rideout, 2005) that marks a qualitative and quantitative difference in the way media is experienced. Presently, the impact on consumers from media layering is unknown. A strong theoretical foundation of human information processing theory predicts negative consequences in terms of performance cost in learning, and degradation of attention. Related research on dual task performance and multiple-channel processing demonstrates a decline in performance. This study compared sustained attention performance on a cancellation task, the d2 Test of Attention (Brickenkamp & Zillmer, 1998), in four varying media conditions. Performance scores were evaluated to determine the effect of degrees of extraneous media saturation and media interaction on attention task performance.Ed. D.
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Jonot, André. "Les benzodiazepines : usage, abus et intoxications." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990STR1M117.
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