Academic literature on the topic 'Usage and WSUD'

Following the implementation of GWP (Global Water Partnership) in 1996 by UN the countries around the world began to implement the principles of IWRM to minimize water waste and maximize its beneficial use. The Ministry of Local Government, Rural Development and Cooperative in Bangladesh also adapted the idea and created IWRM unit in 2003 through WARPO, CEGIC and IWM. Bangladesh is going through serious shortages of fresh water resources. Major reasons are: diversion of natural river flow in the upstream area; rapid siltation on river beds which have seriously reduced water holding capacity causing regular floods destroying crops, making people homeless and even loosing many lives, destroying economic progress; and change of climate pattern, seawater encroachment due to sea level rise destroying fresh water resources and cropping lands due to climate change impact and greenhouse gas emission. To overcome these issues the country must adapt the following steps: implementation of IWRM practices to its maximum capacity. IWRM will include surface water, groundwater, waste water and sewage water resources to design its maximum utilization. In addition WSUD techniques; urgent dredging of rivers; positive negotiation with the neighbors for surface water sharing and storing excess surface water during monsoon at series of reservoirs built in upstream locations and use them during dry season. The biggest task of Bangladesh IWRM is to educate all stake holders; establish proper coordination among all water management sectors and train up end users to transform them as guardian angels of water conservation.

This study examines the use of geology journals at Washington State University (WSU), before and after electronic access was provided, to determine if the use of the print collection increased as in the previous studies at WSU of three other science disciplines. The number and source of articles cited by WSU geologists from 1998 to 2004 is also examined to determine the impact of electronic access on citation patterns. In light of inflation and package deals, librarians need to understand how faculty use journals. This analysis will assist librarians in better understanding journal usage to inform future serial purchasing decisions.

Abstract Automatic word sense disambiguation (WSD) has proven to be an important technique in many natural language processing tasks. For many years the problem of sense disambiguation has been approached with a wide range of methods, however, it is still a challenging problem, especially in the unsupervised setting. One of the well-known and successful approaches to WSD are knowledge-based methods leveraging lexical knowledge resources such as wordnets. As the knowledge-based approaches mostly do not use any labelled training data their performance strongly relies on the structure and the quality of used knowledge sources. However, a pure knowledge-base such as a wordnet cannot reflect all the semantic knowledge necessary to correctly disambiguate word senses in text. In this paper we explore various expansions to plWordNet as knowledge-bases for WSD. Semantic links extracted from a large valency lexicon (Walenty), glosses and usage examples, Wikipedia articles and SUMO ontology are combined with plWordNet and tested in a PageRank-based WSD algorithm. In addition, we analyse also the influence of lexical semantics vector models extracted with the help of the distributional semantics methods. Several new Polish test data sets for WSD are also introduced. All the resources, methods and tools are available on open licences.

Abstract Whether or not word sense disambiguation (WSD) can improve information retrieval (IR) results represents a topic that has been intensely debated over the years, with many inconclusive or contradictory conclusions. The most rarely used type of WSD for this task is the unsupervised one, although it has been proven to be beneficial at a large scale. Our study builds on existing research and tries to improve the most recent unsupervised method which is based on spectral clustering. It investigates the possible benefits of “helping” spectral clustering through feature selection when it performs sense discrimination for IR. Results obtained so far, involving large data collections, encourage us to point out the importance of feature selection even in the case of this advanced, state of the art clustering technique that is known for performing its own feature weighting. By suggesting an improvement of what we consider the most promising approach to usage of WSD in IR, and by commenting on its possible extensions, we state that WSD still holds a promise for IR and hope to stimulate continuation of this line of research, perhaps at an even more successful level.

Word sense disambiguation (WSD) is an old and important task in computational linguistics that still remains challenging, to machines as well as to human annotators. Recently there have been several proposals for representing word meaning in context that diverge from the traditional use of a single best sense for each occurrence. They represent word meaning in context through multiple paraphrases, as points in vector space, or as distributions over latent senses. New methods of evaluating and comparing these different representations are needed. In this paper we propose two novel annotation schemes that characterize word meaning in context in a graded fashion. In WSsim annotation, the applicability of each dictionary sense is rated on an ordinal scale. Usim annotation directly rates the similarity of pairs of usages of the same lemma, again on a scale. We find that the novel annotation schemes show good inter-annotator agreement, as well as a strong correlation with traditional single-sense annotation and with annotation of multiple lexical paraphrases. Annotators make use of the whole ordinal scale, and give very fine-grained judgments that “mix and match” senses for each individual usage. We also find that the Usim ratings obey the triangle inequality, justifying models that treat usage similarity as metric. There has recently been much work on grouping senses into coarse-grained groups. We demonstrate that graded WSsim and Usim ratings can be used to analyze existing coarse-grained sense groupings to identify sense groups that may not match intuitions of untrained native speakers. In the course of the comparison, we also show that the WSsim ratings are not subsumed by any static sense grouping.

A Review of: Cummings, J., Merrill, A., & Borrelli, S. (2010). The use of handheld mobile devices: Their impact and implications for library services. Library Hi Tech, (28)1, 22-40. https://doi.org/10.1108/07378831011026670 Abstract Objective – The authors undertook this study to understand the relatively new phenomenon of handheld computing and the use of small-screen devices among academic library users. They sought to determine if users would be inclined to search the online library catalogue on their devices and, by extension, if there would be a growing demand for small-screen compatible library services. Design – Online and paper surveys were used with both closed and open questions. Respondents included students, faculty, and staff at Washington State University (WSU). Setting – Washington State University Library, Pullman, Washington, United States of America. Subjects – The survey was open to any user of the Washington State University (Pullman) Library. The 206 respondents included 126 (61.2%) undergraduates, 26 (12.6%) graduate or professional students, 32 (15.3%) WSU employees, and 15 (7.3%) faculty members. Methods – A survey was distributed both online and on paper. The online version used Surveymonkey.com and participation was solicited through various social media. It was open for three months during the Spring semester, 2007. The paper version was distributed to all library users on two days in June 2007. Eighty-four online and 122 paper responses were received. Main Results – Most of the respondents (58.4%) who owned a personal digital assistant (PDA) or Web-enabled cell phone (WECP) indicated that they would search the library catalogue on a small-screen device. Responses to the open question “How would you use the OPAC [online public access catalogue] if it was available on a PDA or WECP?” were mixed, both positive and negative. The positive responders noted the possible time savings associated with the availability of more information on their devices. The negative responders noted the cost of data, the annoyance of public phone use, and the complex format of the current catalogue that would not transfer to a small screen. Conclusion – The authors cited the growing usage trends in handheld devices, along with the willingness of current owners to use their devices, to predict an increase in usage of small screen searching. They speculated that further research should investigate how small screens would be used and what would that experience look like, rather than if patrons would use them.

Abstract Lassen, H., Kelly, C., and Sissenwine, M. 2014. ICES advisory framework 1977–2012: from Fmax to precautionary approach and beyond. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 71: 166–172. The International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) provides fishery advice in the context of international agreements and addressing the policy and legal needs of ICES Member Countries. This advice is often formulated for an annual total allowable catch based on decisions made by the North East Atlantic Fisheries Commission (NEAFC) during the first half of the 1970s. Although this early advice was initially focused on the best usage of the growth potential of the fish stocks, the collapse of important pelagic stocks in the late 1960s and the early 1970s suggested that the biological advice should include serious considerations of the spawning–stock biomass (SSB). ICES responded with a new advisory framework in 1976. Over the next 30 years, the advisory framework evolved, with increasing emphasis placed on ensuring SSB to avoid impairing recruitment. The Plan of Implementation of the 2002 UN World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) calls for the restoration and maintenance of fish stocks to levels than can produce the fisheries that provide maximum sustainable yield (MSY). In 2009, ICES revised its advisory framework now formulated as a harvest control rule aimed at achieving MSY.

Purpose This study aims to examine relationships between several key technology acceptance variables that predict workers’ wearable sensing devices (WSDs) acceptance in the construction industry by using technology acceptance model, theory of planned behavior and unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT) model. The study proposes a hybrid conceptual model to measure construction field workers’ intentions to use WSDs and their usage behaviors. The study introduces variables that are instrumental in understanding and improving WSD acceptance in construction. Design/methodology/approach The study was carried out using a structured literature review, online survey and structural equation modeling. A total of 195 field workers across the USA, with experience in using WSDs, participated in the study. Findings Results indicate that all three theories predict WSD acceptance with variables explaining at least 89% of the variance in actual use, with the UTAUT outperforming other models (91%). However, the differences between the predictive power of these models were not statistically significant. A hybrid conceptual model is proposed using findings from the present study. Practical implications The study contributes to knowledge and practice by highlighting key variables that influence WSD acceptance. Findings from this study should provide stakeholders with critical insights needed to successfully drive WSD acceptance in the construction industry. Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study that evaluates the predictive strength of multiple technology acceptance theories and models within the construction worker safety technology domain. Additionally, the study proposes a hybrid conceptual model which could provide practitioners and researchers with information pertinent to enhancing WSD acceptance.

Melbourne, the capital of Victoria Australia leads the world in having the highest quality drinking water. The Victorian State Government has set targets for reducing per capita water consumption by 15%, 25% and 30% by 2010, 2015 and 2020 respectively and has announced stringent water restrictions to curtail water demand. In this resource constraint environment it is opportune to look for alternative sources of water to supplement Melbourne's traditional water supply. In Melbourne, legislation has been changed to make it possible to use rainwater harvested from domestic tanks for non potable purposes. The annual rainfall in Melbourne's metropolitan area varies from 450mm in the West to 850mm in the East to over 1000mm in the North East mountain ranges. The objectives of the current study are to develop a methodology to estimate the optimal size of the rainwater tank at a particular location considering the local rainfall, roof area, demand for water and the reliability of supply (supply security) required; to quantify the rainwater volume that could be harvested at site using domestic rainwater tanks to minimise pressure on the potable water supply secured from traditional catchment sources until the desalination plant is commissioned in 2013; to analyse the efficacy of rainwater tanks to reduce the stormwater runoff and improve the quality of the stormwater that will otherwise flow into urban drains and to estimate the cost effectiveness ratio and payback period of inst alling rainwater tanks. A simple water balance model was developed to calculate the tank size based on daily rainfall, roof area and the expected demand. The concept of 'reliability' was introduced to measure supply security. Rainfall data from 20 rainfall stations scattered around Melbourne were used to determine the variation in the rainwater tank size dependent on the above stated parameters. It was observed that to achieve the same supply reliability (90%) and to meet a specific demand (toilet and garden use), the tank size required in the western side of Melbourne is as high as 7 times as that required in the north-east side. As a result, the