Relevant bibliographies by topics / Usage

Academic literature on the topic 'Usage'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 30 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Usage"

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Kim, Mingwan, and Neunghoe Kim. "Mining Hidden and Fragmented API Usages in Android Applications." Applied Sciences 10, no. 24 (December 17, 2020): 9048. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10249048.

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Application Programming Interface (API) usage mining is an approach used to extract the common API usage to help developers get used to the APIs. However, in Android applications, the usage can be hidden or fragmented due to class inheritance. Such hidden or fragmented usages could decrease the coverage and accuracy of the existing API mining approaches. Our method aims to resolve the problem of hidden and fragmented usages through API generalization. This generalized usage is expected to be applicable to every class that inherits a class in the usage. In the experiment, among 442,809 Android API usages, 104,839 usages either were hidden or fragmented. By revealing such usages, the accuracy of the code completion was improved by at most 6.66%. The usage generalization was efficient for extracting API usages in Android applications in which the APIs are used through class inheritance.
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Charara, H. "Usage." Literary Imagination 9, no. 3 (May 26, 2007): 290–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/litimag/imm089.

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Charara, Hayan. "Usage." Poem 2, no. 2 (January 2014): 105–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/20519842.2014.11415473.

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Bresson, Marie, Vincent Cirimele, Marion Villain, and Pascal Kintz. "Stéroïdes anabolisants : usage thérapeutique ou usage détourné ?" Annales de Toxicologie Analytique 18, no. 1 (2006): 65–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/ata:2006030.

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Newmeyer, Frederick J. "Grammar is Grammar and Usage is Usage." Language 79, no. 4 (2003): 682–707. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/lan.2003.0260.

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BARTOLETTI, MASSIMO, PIERPAOLO DEGANO, GIAN LUIGI FERRARI, and ROBERTO ZUNINO. "Model checking usage policies." Mathematical Structures in Computer Science 25, no. 3 (November 10, 2014): 710–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s096012951200093x.

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We study usage automata, a formal model for specifying policies on the usage of resources. Usage automata extend finite state automata with some additional features, parameters and guards, that improve their expressivity. We show that usage automata are expressive enough to model policies of real-world applications. We discuss their expressive power, and we prove that the problem of telling whether a computation complies with a usage policy is decidable. The main contribution of this paper is a model checking technique for usage automata. The model is that of usages, i.e. basic processes that describe the possible patterns of resource access and creation. In spite of the model having infinite states, because of recursion and resource creation, we devise a polynomial-time model checking technique for deciding when a usage complies with a usage policy.
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Sadler, Misumi. "From a spatial to a subjective framework." Journal of Historical Pragmatics 9, no. 1 (January 15, 2008): 94–139. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jhp.9.1.06sad.

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The current study examines pre-modern and modern Japanese texts from the seventh ~ twentieth century, and documents the semantic and pragmatic change of ni-marked NPs, which include “dative subjects” and NPs which appear to refer to human referents. The data demonstrates that what are called “dative subjects” in modern Japanese are diachronically and synchronically related to the most prototypical meaning/usage of ni-marked NPs as a spatial framework. The original function underwent changes from more propositional to more subjective usages — from its most basic usage, indicating stative locations, to its metonymic usage, marking locations where individuals worthy of respect reside so as to avoid their explicit mention, and finally to its extended usage, indicating human referents. This extended usage further developed into a subjective framework for propositions in contemporary Japanese novels written in the first person perspective. This shift from propositional to expressive/subjective usages is not binary, but rather continual, and the transition from one usage to another involves each new usage coexisting with the prior ones.
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Li, Zhaocai, Wen Hu, Xiaoan Cao, Ping Liu, Youjun Shang, and Jizhang Zhou. "Synonymous Codon Usages as an Evolutionary Dynamic for Chlamydiaceae." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 19, no. 12 (December 12, 2018): 4010. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms19124010.

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The family of Chlamydiaceae contains a group of obligate intracellular bacteria that can infect a wide range of hosts. The evolutionary trend of members in this family is a hot topic, which benefits our understanding of the cross-infection of these pathogens. In this study, 14 whole genomes of 12 Chlamydia species were used to investigate the nucleotide, codon, and amino acid usage bias by synonymous codon usage value and information entropy method. The results showed that all the studied Chlamydia spp. had A/T rich genes with over-represented A or T at the third positions and G or C under-represented at these positions, suggesting that nucleotide usages influenced synonymous codon usages. The overall codon usage trend from synonymous codon usage variations divides the Chlamydia spp. into four separate clusters, while amino acid usage divides the Chlamydia spp. into two clusters with some exceptions, which reflected the genetic diversity of the Chlamydiaceae family members. The overall codon usage pattern represented by the effective number of codons (ENC) was significantly positively correlated to gene GC3 content. A negative correlation exists between ENC and the codon adaptation index for some Chlamydia species. These results suggested that mutation pressure caused by nucleotide composition constraint played an important role in shaping synonymous codon usage patterns. Furthermore, codon usage of T3ss and Pmps gene families adapted to that of the corresponding genome. Taken together, analyses help our understanding of evolutionary interactions between nucleotide, synonymous codon, and amino acid usages in genes of Chlamydiaceae family members.
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Reydams-Schils, Gretchen. "Faire Usage." Ancient Philosophy 28, no. 2 (2008): 453–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/ancientphil200828232.

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Hautefeuille, Michel. "Usage, mésusage." Psychotropes 14, no. 1 (2008): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/psyt.141.0005.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Usage"

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Reusser, Hannah Katharina. "In-between usage." Master's thesis, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Arquitetura, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/18041.

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Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Arquitetura, com a especialização em Arquitetura apresentada na Faculdade de Arquitetura da Universidade de Lisboa para obtenção do grau de Mestre.
Tomemos como exemplo um edifício vazio; os donos que ainda não lhe encontraram um novo uso e não querem investir dinheiro nos custos de manutenção; e pessoas que procuram um espaço a custo acessível. Nestas circunstâncias, a opção por usos intermediários deveria ser mais frequentemente considerada e simples, mas na realidade ainda não o é. Por um lado, enfrentamos um período crítico na oferta de habitação e espaços de trabalho acessíveis. Por outro lado, existem inúmeros espaços vazios e inutilizados. Terrenos vagos podem ser recursos importantes para o desenvolvimento de cidades e regiões mas têm de ser analisados e reativados. Re-imaginar e propor novos usos para estes lugares requer não apenas coragem, mas também estratégias e linhas de intervenção concretas. O principal objectivo do trabalho apresentado é o de clarificar as possibilidades e potencial dos usos temporários dos edifícios e espaços, desenvolvendo um manual de procedimentos relativos a como intervir em terrenos ou edifícios vagos, desde o fim da vida útil do seu uso actual e até que um novo uso permanente lhe seja encontrado. Expressa-se a intenção de simplificar e otimizar soluções e processos, com vista a abordar a questão dos espaços e edifícios vazios e inutilizados. Este trabalho de Mestrado consistirá em duas partes principais: a primeira trata-se do estudo teórico, e a segunda do projecto prático. Na primeira parte os aspectos teóricos dos usos temporários e processos participativos serão clarificados com base na literatura científica corrente, análise e estudos de caso prévios e actuais. Na segunda parte, prática, será introduzido o projeto que consiste também em duas partes, um guia de procedimentos para o uso intermediário dos espaços abandonados de Lisboa e a introdução da fábrica Tinturaria Portugália. A minha proposta de intervenção tem como objectivo demonstrar as possibilidades de um projecto intermidiário de âmbito comunitário. A Tinturaria Portugália é apenas um exemplo dos numerosos edifícios abandonados que podem ser encontrados na zona do Vale de Chelas. É importante notar a clara falta de um sentimento coeso de comunidade, e do interesse que terá desenvolver iniciativas que potenciem o crescimento e integrem a comunidade durante o desenvolvimento e vida útil do projecto. A ideia é a criação de um sistema que possa ser inserido em qualquer espaço vago e que possa ser o início do desenvolvimento de um projecto intermediário. A comunidade local deverá ser envolvida tanto quanto possível na reinvenção destes espaços e no estabelecimento de uma ligação mais directa entre os utilizadores e o espaço. No caso da Tinturaria Portugália, o ponto de partida para o desenvolvimento do seu novo uso será a plataforma de informação Come In - We’re Open!. Com a ajuda do processo de desenho participativo que foi iniciado com a plataforma de intervenção Come In - We’re Open!, será desenvolvido um uso temporário adequado. A fábrica Tinturaria Portugália será transformada num centro cultural, social e económico que servirá primeiramente a comunidade local, mas criará também um ecossistema que atrairá um espectro diverso de actores externos ao bairro e facilitará a partilha de conhecimento e de experiências.
ABSTRACT: Let’s take for example an empty building, the owners who don’t have a use for it yet and don’t want to spend money on operating costs and people who are looking for affordable spaces. In circumstances like this the in-between use of such a building should actually be simple to realise but in reality, it isn’t. On one hand we’re facing problems in finding affordable living and working spaces but on the other hand a lot of empty and unused spaces exist. Vacant lands could be important resources for the development of cities and villages but they have to be analysed and reactivated. To re-imagine or repurpose these empty spaces for new use requires not only courage but concrete strategies and frameworks. The main goal of my presented study is to make people more aware of the possibility and potential for the temporary use of buildings and spaces by developing a kind of a procedural manual on how to deal with vacant buildings or places at the end of their currant use and until a new permanent use for them can be found. This intends to simplify and optimise solutions and processes in order to address the issue of vacant and unused buildings and spaces. My masters thesis will consist of two main parts: first the theoretical and secondly the practical part. In the first part the theoretical aspects of temporary use and participatory processes will be clarified on the basis of current literature, analysis and studies of past and currant examples. And in the second practical part I intend to introduce my project which consists of two parts, a procedural guideline for the in-between use of Lisbon’s abandoned spaces and secondly the introduction of Tinturaria Portugalia my proposed intervention aimed at demonstrating the possibilities of a community focused in-between use project. Tinturaria Portugalia is just one example of numerous abandoned buildings that can be found around the Valley of Chelas. It is also important to note the distinct lack of a cohesive community feel and it would be interesting to find a way to develop initiatives that foster growth and integrates the community during the development process and lifetime of the project. The idea is to create a system one can insert in any kind of empty space to serve as a starting point for the development of an in-between use project. The local community should be involved as much as possible to reinvent the vacant spaces and to establish a more direct connection between the users and the spaces. In the case of Tinturaria Portugalia the starting point for the development of it’s new use will be the information platform Come in - We’re open! With the aid of the participative design process that started in the (Come in - We’re open!) information platform a suitable temporary use will be developed. Tinturaria Portugalia will be transformed into a cultural, social and economic centre that serves primarily the local community but also creates an ecosystem that attracts diverse range of actors from outside the neighbourhood and facilitates the sharing of knowledge and experiences.
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Benkovská, Petra. "Web Usage Mining." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2007. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-3950.

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General characteristic of web mining including methodology and procedures incorporated into this term. Relation to other areas (data mining, artificial intelligence, statistics, databases, internet technologies, management etc.) Web usage mining - data sources, data pre-processing, characterization of analytical methods and tools, interpretation of outputs (results), and possible areas of usage including examples. Suggestion of solution method, realization and a concrete example's outputs interpretation while using above mentioned methods of web usage mining.
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Christ, Mario. "Lay internet usage." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Wirtschaftswissenschaftliche Fakultät, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/14815.

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Trotz substantieller ökonomischer und sozialer Implikationen des World Wide Webs existiert noch immer eine überraschend große Forschungslücke in Bezug auf empirische Untersuchungen der Webnutzung. Insbesondere bezüglich der individuellen Webnutzung weiß man heute noch wenig über Schlüsselthemen dieses Forschungsfeldes, wie zum Beispiel die Anzahl der Webseitenbesuche von Individuen, der Loyalität von Nutzern, und den demographischen Charakteristika, die bestimmend für die Internetnutzung sind. Deshalb sieht sich diese Dissertation als Schritt zur Überbrückung dieser Forschungslücke. Sie präsentiert die gewonnenen Erkenntnisse verschiedener, voneinander abhängiger, empirischer Studien der individuellen Webnutzung Pittsburgher Bürger. Diese Dissertation erweitert die Forschung im Bereich individuellen Webnutzungsverhaltens durch: - die Analyse des Einflusses der steigenden Anzahl von Webangeboten auf die individuelle Webnutzung, - die anwendung sessionbasierter Maße auf individuelle Webnutzungsdaten, um Einsichten in den Verlauf der Webnutzung bei gleichzeitigem Anstieg der individuellen Weberfahrung zu erhalten, - die Analyse der Loyalitaet im Web von einzelnen Nutzergruppen, um die Frage zu beantworten, ob Nutzergruppen zu favorisierten Seiten im Web konvergieren, - spezifisches Herangehen an das Thema der Portalnutzung im Web und das Beantworten der Frage, ob sich Portalnutzer von durchschnittlichen Internetnutzern unterscheiden. Aus betriebswirtschaftlicher und volkswirtschaftlicher Sicht interessante Webnutzungsmaße werden entwickelt und diskutiert. Die Anwendung dieser Maße führt zu Erkenntnissen bezüglich signifikanter Trends. So wird beispielsweise deutlich, dass keinesfalls eine Gleichverteilung der Nutzung über Nutzer und Zeit besteht. Nutzer können in vier Gruppen mit verschiedenen Entwicklungskurven eingeteilt werden. Alle Nutzergruppen nähern sich über die Zeit Sättigungsgrenzen der Webnutzung an. Außerdem verbringen die meisten Nutzer nur wenig Zeit im Internet. Auch wird deutlich dass Loyalität im Web äußerst gering ist und Webnutzer trotz steigender Erfahrung im Umgang mit dem Internet nicht sonderlich gezieltes Surfverhalten entwickeln. Zusätzlich führt die Anwendung von Regressionsmodellen zu Erkenntnissen über die individuellen Charakteristika, welche die Webnutzung beeinflussen. Solch Charakteristika sind zum Beispiel ethnische Herkunft, Geschlecht, Haushaltseinkommen, Telefon- und Emailnutzung und Computerkenntnisse. Daher liefert die vorliegende Arbeit Erkenntnisse, welche sowohl aus betriebswirtschaftlicher Sicht als auch aus volkswirtschaftlicher Sicht Relevanz haben. Insbesondere können Marketingabteilungen, vor allem in der Informations- und Kommunikationsindustrie, von den vorliegen Resultaten profitieren. Themen wie Webloyalität und Webnutzung, die in der vorliegenden Arbeit angesprochen werden, sind insbesondere relevant für Geschäftsmodelle aus dem B2C Bereich. Adressaten sind dementsprechend zum Beispiel Internetfirmen, welche von Werbeeinkünften aus Bannerwerbung abhängig sind und Firmen, welche einen hohen Grad an Loyalität unter Ihren Webnutzern suchen. Außerdem bilden die Erkenntnisse die Grundlage für staatliche Initiativen, die der Sicherstellung des Zugangs zum Internet alle Gruppen der Bevölkerung dienen. Die vorliegende Arbeit reichert die empirische Grundlage, welche zum Verständnis individueller Webnutzung nötig ist, an. Die Erkenntnisse sind insbesondere für am neuen Informationszeitalter teilhabenden Individuen und Institutionen, auch staatlicher Art, interessant.
Despite the substantial social and economic implications of the World Wide Web, there is still a surprising lack of empirical research on Web usage. Specifically, at the level of the individual user, little is known about key issues of Internet usage, such as the trajectory of change over time in the number of visits to Web sites, the degree of individual loyalty to Web sites, and the demographics that determine Web usage. In order to overcome this lack of research, we report in this dissertation the results of several interrelated studies of individual Web usage patterns of average citizens from the Pittsburgh area. This dissertation advances the research on individual Web usage by: - analyzing the impact of increasing Web site visiting opportunities on Web utilization rates of individual users, - employing session-based measures to data on individual Web usage in order to identify how Web users change the way they use the Web as their level of expertise increases, - analyzing whether different user groups also differ in loyalty to Web sites and whether users converge over time to a set of favorite Web sites, - specifically dealing with the issue of Web portal utilization to answer the question whether Web portal users are different from average Web users. We develop measures of Web usage that are particularly relevant from a business and public policy perspective. By applying these measures to longitudinal data on Web usage, we identify significant trends in individual Internet usage. For example, we reveal that individual Web usage is not distributed equally across subgroups of users. Web users can be clustered into four groups with distinct trajectories of Web usage. All groups reach saturation in their extent of Web usage after following a downward path. Further, most Web users spent only limited time in the Web and only a small group of users uses the Web heavily. Also, users show consistently little loyalty to Web sites. Surprisingly, as Web users gain experience in using the Web, there does not seem to be a significant shift from undirected browsing to directed access of Web sites over time. We apply regression models in order to predict the determinants of Web utilization. Individual characteristics, such as ethnic background, gender, household income, phone usage, e-mail usage, and computer skill level, determine Web usage. Thus, the results have implications for both electronic commerce and public policy as it pertains to the digital divide. They are particularly useful for marketing departments, especially in the information and communication industry. Discussions of Web user loyalty and Web visiting opportunities as conducted in this dissertation are relevant to business models in use in business-to-consumer electronic commerce, especially for Internet companies that rely on advertising income generated from serving banner advertisements and companies that need to maintain a high degree of customer loyalty. The results also provide the factual foundation for key policy initiatives to promote access to the Internet for all groups of people. Policy makers need data on Internet usage in order to measure the size of a possible digital divide and ensure that everybody belonging to the present and the next generation - and not a subgroup of people only - has access to the Internet. In summary, this study advances the empirical foundation for understanding individual Web use. The findings of this dissertation will be useful to stakeholders in the new Information Age, in particular marketing departments and policy makers.
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Sitasuwan, Kanlayanee. "Language usage in Kyōgen /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/11110.

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Misan, Gary M. H. "Hospital drug usage evaluation /." Cover title, title page, table of contents and abstract only, 1997. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phm6776.pdf.

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Wansbrough, Keith Stuart. "Simple polymorphic usage analysis." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.619586.

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Peden, John F. "Analysis of codon usage." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.311834.

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Garnier, Martine. "Le prêt à usage." Nancy 2, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002NAN20008.

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Doté d'une réglementation simple (articles 1875 à 1891 du Code Civil), inchangée depuis l'élaboration du Code Civil, le prêt à usage fait partie de ces contrats que l'on conclut au quotidien sans y porter attention. Malgré sa fréquente utilisation, tant dans les relations familiales, amicales ou de voisinage que dans le monde des affaires, il n'a pas fait l'objet d'études fouillées. Il n'attire en effet pas l'attention des juristes qui le voient comme un petit contrat, presque rudimentaire, et le présentent toujours sous son visage traditionnel, sans s'interroger davantage sur ses particularités. L'objet de cet ouvrage est de connaître en profondeur cette figure contractuelle qui mérite sa place parmi les contrats spéciaux. Depuis sa formation jusqu'à son dénouement, en passant par l'étude de la gratuité, toutes les règles du commodat sont ici examinées. Cette étude pose systématiquement la question du fondement des règles applicables au prêt à usage, ce qui aboutit à des résultats assez éloignés de la perception traditionnelle de ce contrat. En effet, celui-ci est habituellement présenté comme un contrat réel, unilatéral et gratuit, dont l'obligation essentielle est l'obligation de restitution pesant sur l'emprunteur. Or, après examen, le prêt à usage se révèle être un contrat consensuel, synallagmatique parfait, gratuit ou intéressé, dont l'élément central est la jouissance de la chose. L'étude réalisée permet également de constater la souplesse de ce contrat et la sécurité qu'il présente pour ses utilisateurs, qualités qui expliquent sa parfaite adaptation au monde contemporain et son utilisation fréquente dans le monde des affaires. Le revers de la médaille est naturellement le risque de voir qualifier de prêt à usage toute mise à disposition non ostensiblement onéreuse. Ceci oblige à vérifier minutieusement la qualification, opération qui permet de déclencher les utilisations abusives et de conserver son identité au véritable contrat de prêt
Endowed with a simple regulation (articles 1875 to 1891 of Code Civil), which haven't changed since 1804, the loan with the right of user is a part of daily contracts concluded without paying attention to them. Despite of its common use, in family, friendly or neighbourly relationships, but also in business connections, few of detailed studies exist. In fact, lawyers do not turn their attention to this contract, which is considering as an agreement without any particularities. The subject of this work is to know more deeply this agreement which earns its place within special contracts. From its conclusion to its issue, each rule of the loan with the right of user are here examinated. This study systematically asks question about the reasons of the loan's rules, and the result differ in traditional view if this contract. Indeed the latter is usually presented as a real, free and unilateral contract which main loaner's obligation is the return of the object. But, after investigation, loan proves it's a consensual, deeply bilateral agreement, free or motivated, which main element is the use of the thing. This study also lay stress on the flexibility and security that allow this kind of contract. In this way, that it's perfectly suitable to contemporary world and business world. The other side of the picture is that undoubtly a simple unconspicuously free disposal could be regard as a loan. The risk urges to check deeply the nature of the loan with the right f user, to look at the abuse uses of the term of loan and to keep its identity to the real contract of loan
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Bakun, O. V., A. Y. Kopelchuk, and J. I. Gaydash. "PECULIARITIES OF HYSTEROSALPINGOGRAPHY USAGE." Thesis, Буковинський державний медичний університет, 2014. http://dspace.bsmu.edu.ua:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/9604.

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Soares and coworkers showed that hysterosalpingography (HSG)a sensitivity of 58% and a positive-predictive value of 28,6% for polypoid lesions, and a sensitivity of 0% for endometrial hyperplasia. The same study showed HSG to have a sensitivity of 44,4% for uterine malformations, and a sensitivity of 75% for the detection of intrauterine adhession.This contraindication can be avoided by performing the examination before the ovulation phase, between the 7th to 10th day of the menstrual cycle. Because of the scattering risk, the examination should be avoided when there is active intrapelvic inflammation. The procedure is performed in the first half of the menstrual cycle following cessation of bleeding. The endometrium is thin during this proliferative phase, which facilitates better image interpretation and shouldalso ensure that there is no pregnancy. Antibiotics might be required 1 day before and fora few days after the examination if previous inflammations are present in the patient’s clinical history. Antibiotics are required after the examination when the maneuvers are fairly sanguineous or if the fallopian tubes present a certain degree of dilation. The suggested antibiotic regimen is metronidazole 1 grectally at the time of the procedure, plus doxycycline 100 mg twice daily for 7 days. The cervix is localized and cleansed with iodine solution. Afterward, the uterine cervix is straightened by one (at the 12 o’clock position) or two (at the 9 and 3 o’clock positions) surgical forceps exercising a degree of pulling. Next, the outside uterine cervix ostium is catheterized. The catheterization can be performed in two ways. In the past, oil- soluble contrast media were mainly used. Today, we use all available iodinated hydrosoluble contrast media.Results Examination of different patient population has resulted in widely disparate estimates, with a reported prevalence that ranges from 0,16 to 10%. As a result of selection bias, a prevalence of 8 to 10% has been reported in women being evaluated with HSG because of recurrent pregnancy loss. The overall data suggest that the prevalence both in women with normal fertility and infertility is approximately 1%, and the prevalence repeated pregnancy loss is approximately 3%.While the majority of women with mullerian duct anomalies have little problem conceiving, they have higher associated rates of spontaneous abortion, premature delivery, and abnormal fetal position and dystocia at delivery. Most studies report an approximate frequency of 25% for reproductive problems, compared with 10% in the general population.
Кафедра акушерства та гінекології
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Frandsen, Jacob F. "Interpreting Standard Usage Empirically." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2014. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/3986.

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Writers, editors, and everyday language users look to dictionaries, style guides, usage guides, and other published works to help inform their language decisions. They want to know what is Standard English and what is not. Commentators have been prescribing and proscribing certain usages for centuries; however, their advice has traditionally been based on the subjective opinions of the authors. Recent works have analyzed usage by relying wholly or partly on statistical and descriptive data rather than traditional opinion alone; however, no work has presented statistical usage data in a user-friendly and consistent format. This study presents a statistically based methodology for analyzing the standardness of disputed English usage points that can be presented in a dictionary-like format useful to writers and editors. Using data from the Corpus of Contemporary American English, this study determined the percent of use of several disputed usage items. Percents of use were then applied to a statistically based "standardness" scale with several levels. The scale presented in this study is adapted from scales that have been used previously to study language change. In addition, returns from the Corpus of Historical American English were used to present historical trends, if any, for each usage item. It was found that traditional sentiments about certain prescribed and proscribed usage items differ markedly from actual observed usage. Corpus data make it clear that even usage guides that purport to rely at least partly on descriptive data are often wrong about the prevalence and acceptability of usage items. To produce truly objective and accurate analysis, usage advice must depend on corpus data and use a standard usage-trend scale that accounts for how language changes.
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Books on the topic "Usage"

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Tim, Storrie, and Matson James 1967-, eds. English usage. London: Cassell, 1994.

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Henri, Béjoint, ed. French usage. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996.

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United States. National Bureau of Standards., ed. Password usage. [Washington, D.C.?]: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards, 1985.

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United States. National Bureau of Standards., ed. Password usage. [Washington, D.C.?]: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards, 1985.

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Miles, Ian. Usage indicators. Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 1993.

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Roger, Odin, and Réseau européen de recherche sur le cinéma et l'audiovisuel., eds. Le film de famille: Usage privé, usage public. Paris: Méridiens Klincksieck, 1995.

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Peng, Jo-sen. Comparative herbal usage. [Sacramento, CA]: Astroway Electronic Pub., 1998.

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Swan, Michael. Practical English usage. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991.

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Hudson, Nicholas. Modern Australian usage. Melbourne: Oxford University Press, 1993.

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Agarwal, Sumit, and Brent W. Ambrose, eds. Household Credit Usage. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230608917.

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Book chapters on the topic "Usage"

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Bährle-Rapp, Marina. "usage." In Springer Lexikon Kosmetik und Körperpflege, 575. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-71095-0_10913.

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Weik, Martin H. "usage." In Computer Science and Communications Dictionary, 1870. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-0613-6_20554.

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Bährle-Rapp, Marina. "usage externe." In Springer Lexikon Kosmetik und Körperpflege, 575. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-71095-0_10914.

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Jones, Peter F. "Efficient usage." In CAD/CAM: Features, Applications and Management, 293–97. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-22141-7_31.

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Shekhar, Shashi, and Hui Xiong. "Mobile Usage." In Encyclopedia of GIS, 677. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-35973-1_798.

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Noble, Elizabeth. "Hardware Usage." In Pro T-SQL 2019, 147–62. Berkeley, CA: Apress, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-5590-2_6.

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da Rocha, Ricardo Couto Antunes, and Markus Endler. "Usage Scenario." In Context Management for Distributed and Dynamic Context-Aware Computing, 49–57. London: Springer London, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-4020-7_5.

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Schalk, Gerwin, and Jürgen Mellinger. "Advanced Usage." In A Practical Guide to Brain–Computer Interfacing with BCI2000, 83–97. London: Springer London, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84996-092-2_6.

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Wallwork, Adrian. "Tense Usage." In English for Academic Correspondence, 207–30. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-26435-6_15.

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Weik, Martin H. "usage map." In Computer Science and Communications Dictionary, 1870. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-0613-6_20555.

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Conference papers on the topic "Usage"

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Kelly, James. "Fuel usage." In Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.1994-3919.

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Kort, Joke, and Henk de Poot. "Usage analysis." In CHI '05 extended abstracts. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1056808.1057117.

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Shainer, Gilad. "Multi-core usage---Multi-core clusters usage model." In the 2006 ACM/IEEE conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1188455.1188489.

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Imsand, Eric S., and John A. Hamilton. "Impact of daily computer usage on GUI usage analysis." In the 4th annual conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1409908.1409941.

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Interciso, Mateus, and Plínio Barrio Garcia. "Usage of a genetic algorithm for optimizing stock usage." In GECCO '20: Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3377929.3398159.

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THEODORE, APOSTOLOPOULOS, COHEN SANDRA, COURCOUBETIS COSTAS, and PSIAKKI XANTHI. "USAGE-BASED CHARGING FOR INTERNET USAGE: A CASE STUDY." In Proceedings of the 7th Hellenic Conference on Informatics (HCI '99). WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812793928_0006.

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Kilgard, Mark J. "Modern OpenGL usage." In ACM SIGGRAPH ASIA 2008 courses. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1508044.1508093.

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Rahmati, Ahmad, Chad Tossell, Clayton Shepard, Philip Kortum, and Lin Zhong. "Exploring iPhone usage." In the 14th international conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2371574.2371577.

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Cranor, Lorrie Faith, and Rebecca N. Wright. "Influencing software usage." In the tenth conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/332186.332210.

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Senapathi, Mali, and Ananth Srinivasan. "Sustained agile usage." In the 17th International Conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2460999.2461016.

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Reports on the topic "Usage"

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Bigrigg, Michael W., Daniel Chieffallo, and Kathleen M. Carley. PileSort Module Usage. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, May 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada528609.

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Eggert, L., G. Fairhurst, and G. Shepherd. UDP Usage Guidelines. RFC Editor, March 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.17487/rfc8085.

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Frantz, Terrill L., and Kathleen M. Carley. CEMAP: General Usage Guide. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, May 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada501790.

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Boyle, J., R. Cohen, D. Durham, R. Rajan, and A. Sastry. COPS usage for RSVP. Edited by S. Herzog. RFC Editor, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.17487/rfc2749.

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Lear, E., R. Droms, and D. Romascanu. Manufacturer Usage Description Specification. RFC Editor, March 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.17487/rfc8520.

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Comin, Diego, Bart Hobijn, and Emilie Rovito. World Technology Usage Lags. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, November 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w12677.

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Smith, Micheal. DIF3D-VARIANT Usage Guide. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1873524.

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Spencer, B. W., M. Backman, P. Chakraborty, D. Schwen, Y. Zhang, H. Huang, X. Bai, and W. Jiang. Grizzly Usage and Theory Manual. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1261013.

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Grove, John W. Lecture 2: Basic Code Usage. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1532693.

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Bleakly, Denise R., Karl Emanuel Horak, and Michael McDaniel. Enhancing safeguards analysts' geospatial usage. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1059466.

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