Journal articles: 'Urine recycling'

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Gerding, Johannes, Claudia Peters, Wolfgang Wegscheider, Johanna Stranzinger, Frederik Lessmann, Katrin Pitzke, Volker Harth, Udo Eickmann, and Albert Nienhaus. "Metal exposure of workers during recycling of electronic waste: a cross-sectional study in sheltered workshops in Germany." International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health 94, no. 5 (January 24, 2021): 935–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00420-021-01651-9.

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Abstract Objectives In Germany, the initial step of electronic waste (e-waste) recycling frequently takes place in sheltered workshops for physically and mentally handicapped workers (Werkstätten für behinderte Menschen (WfbM), in german language). E-waste recycling involves a potential risk of exposure to toxic metals. Therefore, we assessed the occupational exposure of recycling workers to toxic metals to identify potential health risks and insufficient protective measures. Methods We used a combined air- and bio-monitoring approach to determine exposure of recycling workers to toxic metals. Air and urine samples were collected in five sheltered workshops in Germany and were analysed for their content of aluminium, antimony, arsenic, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, mercury and nickel. Results were compared to German and international occupational limit values and to metal exposures of workers in conventional e-waste recycling firms. Results Exposure of recycling workers in five German sheltered workshops to the studied metals and their compounds was below German and international occupational limit values across all facilities studied considering both air and urine samples. Workers in the present study were not exposed to higher amounts of toxic metals than workers in conventional e-waste recycling firms. Conclusion This is the first study on toxic metal exposure of recycling workers in sheltered workshops. The results of this study revealed a low occupational exposure of e-waste recycling workers to toxic metals in this type of enterprises. Current work methods and safety measures provide the workers with adequate protection.

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Noe-Hays, Abraham, Kim Nace, Neil Patel, Rebecca Lahr, Heather Goetsch, Rachel Mullen, Nancy Love, et al. "Urine Diversion for Nutrient Recovery and Micropollutant Management: Results from a Regional Urine Recycling Program." Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2015, no. 19 (January 1, 2015): 3993–4002. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/193864715819538921.

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Zhang, Mian, Yonggang Liu, Huipan Yu, Xiaowei Meng, Pengpeng Liu, Honggui Zhang, and Jianwei Zhang. "A Potential Method for Recycling of Gastrodin Separated from Urine." Asian Journal of Chemistry 25, no. 8 (2013): 4603–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2013.14251.

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FENG, D., Z. WU, and S. XU. "Nitrification of human urine for its stabilization and nutrient recycling." Bioresource Technology 99, no. 14 (September 2008): 6299–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2007.12.007.

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Moreira, Aline Paiva, Fernando Jorge Correa Magalhaes Filho, and Paula Loureiro Paulo. "Are human urine recycling technologies becoming a worldwide trend in Agri-Food sector? A review by bibliometric analysis from 1999 to 2020." Research, Society and Development 10, no. 17 (December 20, 2021): e41101724143. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v10i17.24143.

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The recovery of organic fertilizers from human urine as one of the solutions for the sustainable management of effluents and sanitation can be very promising, by the strategy of reuse urban wastewater, combined with the development of agricultural input. The aim of this study was to conduct a bibliometric analysis of the publications available in the ScienceDirect and Wiley Online Library databases on the subject of human urine nutrient recovery for the period from 1999 to 2020 to respond whether human urine recycling can improve cities resilience, through urban water management has the potential to become a competitive solution in the Agri-Food global market based on scientific findings. The process of bibliometric analysis exploring databases were divided in 8 steps: 1) Key-word selection, 2) Period selection, 3) Database selection, 4) Scanning the publications, 5) Removal of duplicates, 6) Verification of publications, 7) Selection of the publications with the highest adherence, 8) Final classification. A total of 985 scientific publications were selected from the Wiley Online Library and 996 from Science Direct. Out of these, only 45 were selected for being potentially aligned with urine recycling technologies relate to water management in a worldwide perspective. Human urine as a bio-fertilizer has the potential to the Agribusiness market, based on statistical data analysis, however to become a marketable product, especially in low-middle income countries, sustainability assessment studies of urine technologies, integrating economic, social and environmental aspects are needed.

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Shkembi, Abas, Kowit Nambunmee, Siripond Jindaphong, Denisse Parra-Giordano, Karla Yohannessen, Pablo Ruiz-Rudolph, Richard L. Neitzel, and Aubrey Arain. "Work Task Association with Lead Urine and Blood Concentrations in Informal Electronic Waste Recyclers in Thailand and Chile." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 20 (October 9, 2021): 10580. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182010580.

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The informal recycling of electronic waste (“e-waste”) is a lucrative business for workers in low- and middle-income countries across the globe. Workers dismantle e-waste to recover valuable materials that can be sold for income. However, workers expose themselves and the surrounding environment to hazardous agents during the process, including toxic metals like lead (Pb). To assess which tools, tasks, and job characteristics result in higher concentrations of urine and blood lead levels among workers, ten random samples of 2 min video clips were analyzed per participant from video recordings of workers at e-waste recycling sites in Thailand and Chile to enumerate potential predictors of lead burden. Blood and urine samples were collected from participants to measure lead concentration. Boosted regression trees (BRTs) were run to determine the relative importance of video-derived work variables and demographics, and their relationship with the urine and blood concentrations. Of 45 variables considered, five job characteristics consisting of close-toed shoes (relative importance of 43.9%), the use of blunt striking instruments (14%), bending the back (5.7%), dismantling random parts (4.4%), and bending the neck (3.5%) were observed to be the most important predictors of urinary Pb levels. A further five job characteristics, including lifting objects <20 lbs. (6.2%), the use of screwdrivers (4.2%), the use of pliers/scissors (4.2%), repetitive arm motion (3.3%), and lifting objects >20 pounds (3.2%) were observed to be among the most important factors of blood Pb levels. Overall, our findings indicate ten job characteristics that may strongly influence Pb levels in e-waste recycling workers’ urine and blood.

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Dox, Kris, Renz Pareijn, Maarten Everaert, and Erik Smolders. "Phosphorus recycling from urine using layered double hydroxides: A kinetic study." Applied Clay Science 182 (December 2019): 105255. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2019.105255.

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Wuang, Ren, Jin Pengkang, Liang Chenggang, Wang Xiaochang, and Zhang Lei. "A study on the migration and transformation law of nitrogen in urine in municipal wastewater transportation and treatment." Water Science and Technology 68, no. 5 (September 1, 2013): 1072–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2013.336.

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Many studies suggest that the total nitrogen (TN) in urine is around 9,000 mg/L and about 80% of nitrogen in municipal wastewater comes from urine, because nitrogen mainly occurs in the form of urea in fresh human urine. Based on this fact, the study on the migration and transformation law of nitrogen in urine and its influencing factors was carried out. It can be seen from the experimental results that the transformation rate of urea in urine into ammonia nitrogen after standing for 20 days is only about 18.2%, but the urea in urine can be hydrolyzed into ammonia nitrogen rapidly after it is catalyzed directly with free urease or indirectly with microorganism. Adding respectively a certain amount of urease, activated sludge and septic-tank sludge to urine samples can make the maximum transformation rate achieve 85% after 1 day, 2 days and 6 days, respectively. In combination with some corresponding treatment methods, recycling of nitrogen in urine can be achieved. The results are of great significance in guiding denitrification in municipal wastewater treatment.

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Fittschen, Imke, and Hermann H. Hahn. "Characterization of the municipal wastewaterpart human urine and a preliminary comparison with liquid cattle excretion." Water Science and Technology 38, no. 6 (September 1, 1998): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1998.0231.

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In separation toilets, human urine and faeces are separated at source in order to keep them away from the aquatic environment and to enable recycling. 24-hour urine samples of 19 individuals were analysed for several wastewater parameters. The daily loads and their mean variation are presented, and the contribution of human urine to the total daily load in municipal wastewater is calculated. The concentration of plant nutrients in human urine was compared with those of liquid cattle excretion as traditional organic fertilizer. Nearly all investigated chemical parameters showed great differences. Cations and anions could not be balanced. During storage, the urea in both human urine and cattle urine was quickly converted to ammonium. During 41 days, storage of human urine with passive gas transfer did not lead to significantly higher nitrogen losses than closed storage. Cattle urine reached highly significantly better results than human urine in a germination test with summer barley and in most of the cases highly significantly or significantly worse results in a germination test with cress. The results indicate that the effects of liquid cattle excretion on plant growth are not the same as those of human urine.

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Udert, K. M., T. A. Larsen, and W. Gujer. "Fate of major compounds in source-separated urine." Water Science and Technology 54, no. 11-12 (December 1, 2006): 413–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2006.921.

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Urine separation is a promising alternative to present-day waste water management. It can help to manage our nutrient flows in a sustainable way. Currently, techniques are being developed to recycle and treat source-separated urine. These techniques, however, must consider the spontaneous processes that change the separated urine. The initial cause of changes is the contamination with microorganisms, which can hardly be avoided in urine-collecting systems. The most important transformation processes are microbial urea hydrolysis, mineral precipitation and ammonia volatilisation. Additionally, a variety of microorganisms may grow in source-separated urine, because the content of biodegradable organic compounds is very high. These microorganisms may also include pathogens. In this paper we give an overview of the effects that the spontaneous transformation processes may have. We focus on nitrogen, phosphorus, magnesium, calcium, potassium, sulphur, organic substances, pathogens and the buffering capacity. The discussion is based on own experiences and literature reviews. This overview will help to develop appropriate technologies for urine recycling.

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Yang, Baoxue, and Lise Bankir. "Urea and urine concentrating ability: new insights from studies in mice." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 288, no. 5 (May 2005): F881—F896. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00367.2004.

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Urea is the most abundant solute in the urine in humans (on a Western-type diet) and laboratory rodents. It is far more concentrated in the urine than in plasma and extracellular fluids. This concentration depends on the accumulation of urea in the renal medulla, permitted by an intrarenal recycling of urea among collecting ducts, vasa recta and thin descending limbs, all equipped with specialized, facilitated urea transporters (UTs) (UT-A1 and 3, UT-B, and UT-A2, respectively). UT-B null mice have been recently generated by targeted gene deletion. This review describes 1) the renal handling of urea by the mammalian kidney; 2) the consequences of UT-B deletion on urinary concentrating ability; and 3) species differences among mice, rats, and humans related to their very different body size and metabolic rate, leading to considerably larger needs to excrete and to concentrate urea in smaller species (urea excretion per unit body weight in mice is 5 times that in rats and 23 times that in humans). UT-B null mice have a normal glomerular filtration rate but moderately reduced urea clearance. They exhibit a 30% reduction in urine concentrating ability with a more severe defect in the capacity to concentrate urea (50%) than other solutes, despite a twofold enhanced expression of UT-A2. The urea content of the medulla is reduced by half, whereas that of chloride is almost normal. When given an acute urea load, UT-B null mice are unable to raise their urinary osmolality, urine urea concentration (Uurea), and the concentration of non-urea solutes, as do wild-type mice. When fed diets with progressively increasing protein content (10, 20, and 40%), they cannot prevent a much larger increase in plasma urea than wild-type mice because they cannot raise Uurea. In both wild-type and UT-B null mice, urea clearance was higher than creatinine clearance, suggesting the possibility that urea could be secreted in the mouse kidney, thus allowing more efficient excretion of the disproportionately high urea load. On the whole, studies in UT-B null mice suggest that recycling of urea by countercurrent exchange in medullary vessels plays a more crucial role in the overall capacity to concentrate urine than its recycling in the loops of Henle.

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Norden, Anthony G. W., Marta Lapsley, Takashi Igarashi, Catherine L. Kelleher, Philip J. Lee, Takeshi Matsuyama, Steven J. Scheinman, et al. "Urinary Megalin Deficiency Implicates Abnormal Tubular Endocytic Function in Fanconi Syndrome." Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 13, no. 1 (January 2002): 125–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1681/asn.v131125.

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ABSTRACT. Normal reabsorption of glomerular filtrate proteins probably requires recycling of the endocytic receptors megalin (gp330) and cubilin. Both receptors are located on the luminal surface of the renal proximal tubule epithelium. Whether abnormal amounts of receptor are present in the urine of patients with Dent’s disease, Lowe’s syndrome, or autosomal dominant idiopathic Fanconi syndrome was explored. They are all forms of the renal Fanconi syndrome and are associated with tubular proteinuria. Urine samples of equal creatinine contents were dialyzed, lyophilized, and subjected to electrophoresis on nonreducing sodium dodecyl sulfate-5% polyacrylamide gels. Proteins were blotted and probed with anti-megalin IgG, anti-cubilin IgG, or receptor-associated protein. Megalin and cubilin levels detected by immunochemiluminescence were measured as integrated pixels and expressed as percentages of the normal mean values. A striking deficiency of urinary megalin, compared with normal individuals (n = 42), was observed for eight of nine families with Dent’s disease (n = 10) and for the two families with Lowe’s syndrome (n = 3). The family with autosomal dominant idiopathic Fanconi syndrome (n = 2) exhibited megalin levels within the normal range. The measured levels of cubilin were normal for all patients. These results are consistent with defective recycling of megalin to the apical cell surface of the proximal tubules and thus decreased loss into urine in Dent’s disease and Lowe’s syndrome. This defect would interfere with the normal endocytic function of megalin, result in losses of potential ligands into the urine, and produce tubular proteinuria.

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Wald, Chelsea. "The urine revolution: how recycling pee could help to save the world." Nature 602, no. 7896 (February 9, 2022): 202–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/d41586-022-00338-6.

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Contreras, Francisco, Keisuke Hanaki, Toshiya Aramaki, and Claudia R. Binder. "Application of the analytic hierarchy process to the analysis of wastewater nutrient recycling options: a case based on a group study of residents in the city of Zurich." Water Science and Technology 68, no. 12 (October 25, 2013): 2645–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2013.545.

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The recycling of anthropogenic nutrients derived from the wastewater management systems is often characterized by a complex and uncertain scenario, due not only to the nature of the process but also to the involvement of different stakeholder groups. Over the past 10 years in Switzerland, policies regarding the use of sewage sludge as fertilizer have gradually shifted to a ban on use in agriculture. As a result, alternative methods for the recycling of anthropogenic nutrients may play a relevant role in the near future. This paper uses the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) to examine more closely the nutrient-recycling dilemma by analysing the preferences of a group of German-speaking residents in the city of Zurich for various management scenarios. Nutrient recycling by the use of urine separation toilets and the BioCon treatment process are presented as possible management alternatives in addition to current practice. The study shows that AHP can incorporate the respondents' preferences and multiple objectives when evaluating alternatives with different attributes.

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Vieira, Peter A., He Zhizhuang, Shi-Kit Chan, and Akbar Montaser. "Evaluation of Recycling Cyclone Spray Chambers for ICP-AES." Applied Spectroscopy 40, no. 8 (November 1986): 1141–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702864507512.

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Two cyclone spray chambers of different sizes are evaluated for inductively coupled plasma/atomic emission spectrometry. On the basis of a simplified mathematical model, the cut-off diameters of the aerosol droplets are estimated to be 2.2 to 4.3 and 1.8 to 3.5 μm for the large and the small cyclones, respectively. The sample consumption rate can be reduced to about 50 μL/min when the cyclone chamber is used in a recycling mode. In general, the signal-to-background ratios, detection limits, and precisions of the analyte signal intensities obtained with the small cyclone chamber are slightly superior to those achieved with a Scott spray chamber and a recycling gravitational sedimentation chamber. The performance of the recycling cyclone chamber is also evaluated for the determination of copper in the NBS freeze-dried urine.

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Rahman, Ausaf-ur, and Jan-Olof Drangert. "Workshop 7 (synthesis): towards a recycling society: systems approach to small-scale reuse of human waste." Water Science and Technology 43, no. 4 (February 1, 2001): 175–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0213.

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Population increase and growing quantities of human excreta create serious problems and high risks for people's health. Alternative solutions are becoming crucial to improve urban living conditions, and to shorten water and nutrient flows into circulation of used water and nutrient in human excreta. The speakers presented a wide range of experiences of “closing the loops” and thereby turning potential waste into productive use. The focus of the workshop deliberations was on simplifying the hygienisation of urine and faeces and the reuse in food production by using urine-diverting toilets, as well as innovative ways to recycle sewage after various stages of treatment.

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Kuzmina, L. P., A. G. Khotuleva, and L. M. Bezrukavnikova. "Genetic polymorphism of calcium metabolism regulators in differential susceptibility to the effects of lead." Russian Journal of Occupational Health and Industrial Ecology, no. 9 (March 19, 2020): 669. http://dx.doi.org/10.31089/1026-9428-2019-59-9-669-670.

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Based on an examination of 102 employees of lead-acid batteries recycling plant, there have been determined associations of single nucleotide polymorphisms of calcium metabolism regulators genes VDR (rs10735810) and CALCR (rs187197) and blood lead levels, urine ALA, erythrocytic parameters, that indicates significance of these genetic markers as indicators of susceptibility to lead exposure.

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Blair, GJ, AR Till, and C. Boswell. "Rate of recycling of sulfur from urine, feces and litter applied to the soil surface." Soil Research 32, no. 3 (1994): 543. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9940543.

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The recycling of S from plant litter, dung and urine is an important process for supplying S for pastures. A pot experiment was conducted where 35S-labelled litter (25% white clover/38% ryegrass/21% weed) and S-35-labelled urine and faeces collected from sheep fed the same herbage as was used as litter was surface applied to pots and the fate of the applied S was followed for 100 days with ryegrass as the test plant. In camp soil, 45% of the S applied in urine was taken up by ryegrass plants within 12 days of application. In non-camp soil, the uptake of urine-S was about 20% over the same period. Cumulative uptake of 35S from urine in camp soil was subsequently restricted, with a maximum of 60% eventually measured in plants after 100 days. Mean rates of release of S (0-37 days) from litter and faeces was respectively 16.2 and 4.5 mg g-1 day-1. The calculated half-times from S in the two materials were respectively 43 and 154 days under controlled environmental conditions with adequate moisture. Litter S followed organic matter (OM) decomposition, but faecal S release was initially more rapid than faecal OM decomposition. There was little S release from faeces after day 25. Rather, S was immobilized in faeces during the 25-100 day period. The decomposition of litter and faeces was divided into an initial rapid process during which soluble S and more labile S was released, followed by a slower process involving the release of S from tissues more resistant to mineralization. The uptake of 35S from labelled materials was initially more rapid than would be expected for total S released from the added litter and faeces and the 35Suptake effect was short-lived relative to the continued effect of added material on total S uptake. The preferential uptake of 35S from the surface-applied material appears to be due to limited root development at the early stages of the experiment. Movement of 35S into the soil organic matter pool was very rapid; 58.4% of urine S was in the soil organic matter fraction in the non-camp soil by day 6. The amount of applied S in the organic matter equilibrated at about day 75. The accumulation of applied S from the materials added was greater than that recorded in previously reported studies for inorganic sulfate (e.g. about 50%). Soil P and S status had little effect on rates of release of S. from the applied materials, however, the effect of the camp and non-camp soil on total S recycling was markedly different as a result of the different amounts of plant growth and thus S uptake in the two soils. The decomposition of litter indicated peak rates of S release at two specific times over the 100 days and indicated successional changes in micro-organism activity. With faeces, the experiment was not continued for sufficiently long to show micro-organism effects.

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Fitzke, B., and S. U. Geißen. "Sustainable removal of iodinated X-ray contrast media (XRC) by ozonation in a complex wastewater matrix – urine as example." Water Science and Technology 55, no. 12 (June 1, 2007): 293–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2007.426.

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Pharmaceutical and diagnostic substances like antibiotics, cytostatics and iodised X-ray contrast media (XRC) are well-known for not being metabolised and are excreted soon after application. As a result, these preparations are difficult to biodegrade and their adsorption behaviour is rather poor. Finally, the refractory properties of these substances are leading to an accumulation in the natural waterbody depending on the hydrological situation. The elimination of contrast media from urine and diluted urine solutions by ozonation was investigated using a bubble column reactor to remove and recover the formed elemental iodine from the solution by gas stripping and down stream absorption. The experiments showed that the destruction of XRCs from concentrated solutions like urine is feasible and a recycling of elemental iodine from the exhaust gas is technically and economically possible.

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Vinnerås, Björn, Göran Bölske, Helene Wahlström, and Ann Albihn. "Survival of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium bovis in human urine." Water Science and Technology 63, no. 6 (March 1, 2011): 1075–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2011.344.

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Tuberculosis is a zoonotic disease that mainly causes respiratory infection. However, it can also infect other organs such as the kidneys and bladder, which can lead to high counts of the organisms in the urine. Introducing urine diversion systems and reuse of the urine in agriculture may introduce new transmission routes for infection, increasing the risk of spread. This study evaluated the inactivation rate of mycobacteria in human urine for ensuring safe reuse in agriculture and examined whether current World Health Organization recommendations on storage time are sufficient for inactivating Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium bovis. In this study, a decimal reduction in M. tuberculosis and M. bovis in human urine containing 7 and 3 g NH3-N L−1, respectively, was obtained in just over 10 days at 4°C and below three days at 22°C. This is considerably faster than previously reported reduction rates of mycobacteria in animal slurry at similar temperatures. Based on the present results, a storage time of five weeks at temperatures below 20°C or of two weeks at temperatures above 20°C is sufficient to prevent transmission of mycobacteria when recycling human urine. These values lie within the WHO recommended storage period.

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Schürmann, B., W. Everding, D. Montag, and J. Pinnekamp. "Fate of pharmaceuticals and bacteria in stored urine during precipitation and drying of struvite." Water Science and Technology 65, no. 10 (May 1, 2012): 1774–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2012.041.

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Experiments were conducted to measure the behaviour of eight pharmaceuticals during urine treatment as part of the project ‘SANIRESCH – Sustainable sanitary recycling Eschborn’. Urine was collected from 200 people in a public building via waterless urinals and NoMix toilets. It was then stored at room temperature at different pH values to analyse the extent to which bacteria and pharmaceuticals are eliminated over time. Although a partial elimination of pharmaceuticals could be detected, the storage at defined pH values cannot be advised. As the persons tested used pharmaceuticals with different structures, in different amounts and at varying intervals, this method of treatment is insufficient for removing them from urine. Precipitating the urine with MgO, washing it with saturated struvite solution and drying it at 30 °C will result in a free-flowing granular powder of struvite (NH4MgPO4·6H2O) that is free of pharmaceuticals and pathogens and can be used as fertiliser and a source of nitrogen, magnesium and phosphorus.

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Latifian, Maryam, Olle Holst, and Jing Liu. "Nitrogen and Phosphorus Removal from Urine by Sequential Struvite Formation and Recycling Process." CLEAN - Soil, Air, Water 42, no. 8 (November 18, 2013): 1157–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/clen.201300070.

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Wolcott, Donna L. "Nitrogen excretion is enhanced during urine recycling in two species of terrestrial crab." Journal of Experimental Zoology 259, no. 2 (August 1991): 181–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jez.1402590206.

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Jönsson, Håkan, Thor-Axel Stenström, Jan Svensson, and Annika Sundin. "Source separated urine-nutrient and heavy metal content, water saving and faecal contamination." Water Science and Technology 35, no. 9 (May 1, 1997): 145–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1997.0338.

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Human urine is by far the largest contributor of nutrients to household wastewater. Source separation of urine can significantly decrease the nutrient load on the recipients. By recycling the urine to agriculture as a fertiliser, with very low levels of heavy metals, the nutrients are made into resources instead of becoming pollutants. The amounts and concentrations of nutrients and heavy metals in urine solution from a source separating sewage system were measured. The concentrations of nutrients were high. The ratio of nitrogen to phosphorus was close to the expected value, indicating that the system did not have any large nitrogen loss. The heavy metal concentrations in the urine were low, much lower than that in most chemical fertilisers. Per inhabitant and day, 1.34 litres of urine solution were collected. Of this, 0.34 litres was flush water. The low flush water volume was due to the double flush mechanism of the toilets, which saved 48% of the flush water compared with conventional water closets. Per inhabitant and day, 4.9 g of nitrogen and 0.42 g of phosphorus were collected, which was 86 and 81% respectively of the expected amount. The contamination level of faecal material in the source separated urine was low.

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Sarraseca, A., E. Milne, M. J. Metcalf, and G. E. Lobley. "Urea recycling in sheep: effects of intake." British Journal of Nutrition 79, no. 1 (January 1998): 79–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn19980011.

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The effect of intake on urea production, entry into the digestive tract and return of N to the ornithine cycle was studied in four sheep. Each sheep received 0–6, 1–2 and 1.8 × estimated maintenance energy intake quantities of grass pellets for 9 d. After 4 d of adjustment, N balance measurements were conducted between days 5 and 8. From day 7 to day 9 animals were continuously infused, via the jugular vein, with [15N15N]urea and three urine samples were collected at approximately 2h intervals 48–54h after the start of infusion. Total urea and enrichments of [15N15N]- and [14N15N]urea in the urine samples were determined. Urea production was calculated from the isotopic dilution of [15N15N]urea and entry into the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) obtained from the difference between this and urinary urea elimination. Urea which enters the GIT undergoes hydrolysis to liberate NH3which may be reabsorbed and enter the ornithine cycle, in which case the product is [14N15N]urea, based on the probabilities of labelled and unlabelled N providing ureagenic precursors. The quantity of urea-N which returns to the ornithine cycle from the GIT can thus be calculated. Existing models based on this approach yield overestimates of the fate of individual urea molecules due to a failure to allow for multiple recycling of [14N15N]urea species through the GIT. Refinements introduced to cover this resulted in a 33–48 % reduction in calculated return of label for the current study. The present model also predicted that 95 % of the label movements across the GIT could be accommodated by three or fewer entries and returns of urea-N and 99 % by recycling for a maximum of six occasions. Urea-N production increased with intake (P< 0.001) and exceeded digestible N values at all intakes. Urea which entered the digestive tract, both in absolute terms (P< 0.001) and as a proportion of production (0.62, 0.69, 0.73;P= 0.027), increased with intake. The proportion of entry into the digestive tract which was returned to the ornithine cycle remained reasonably constant (0.37–0.41) across all intakes but the absolute amount increased (5.6, 9.2 and 15.0gN/d;P< 0.001) with intake. If allowance is included for losses of15N in faeces then the approach offers a relatively simple means of estimating anabolic reuse of urea by digestive tract micro-organisms and can complement data obtained from the technically more demanding arterio-venous and multiple-isotope techniques used hitherto.Urea: Gastrointestinal tract: [15N]kinetics: Sheep

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Peter-Fröhlich, A., L. Pawlowski, A. Bonhomme, and M. Oldenburg. "EU demonstration project for separate discharge and treatment of urine, faeces and greywater – Part I: Results." Water Science and Technology 56, no. 5 (September 1, 2007): 239–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2007.577.

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The main aim of this EU demonstration project was to test two new sanitation concepts to determine if these concepts are more sustainable, compared with the conventional sanitation system, particularly with regard to nutrient recycling. Two different sanitation concepts were tested. One concept comprised the use of gravity separation toilets, the other used vacuum separation toilets. Results from a life-cycle-assessment investigation show that the new sanitation concepts are more sustainable. A cost analysis for an existing residential area did not prove lower costs for the new sanitation concepts in this special case. The experience from this demonstration project shows that prior to a widespread use of the new sanitation concepts, several improvements have to be made. One important issue is the improvement of separation toilets. Since nutrient recycling, water saving and reuse as well energy reduction become more and more important, further research should be undertaken in this field.

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Hamzah, A. Hadian Pratama. "Pemanfaatan Ozon Sebagai Teknologi Berkelanjutan Daur Ulang Air Limbah Domestik Hotel X Lembang." INSOLOGI: Jurnal Sains dan Teknologi 1, no. 2 (April 28, 2022): 96–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.55123/insologi.v1i2.234.

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Domestic waste water comes from various daily human activities such as water from bathing or from toilets (feces and urine), used washing clothes, used washing cooking and eating utensils, leftover food or drinks in liquid form. WHO underlines the importance; management of human waste (feces and urine) safely, and disposed of safely. To reduce the negative impact on the environment, comprehensive and sustainable efforts are needed so that domestic wastewater can be disposed of safely or recycled so that it can be reused. This experiment was conducted in Lembang, West Bandung Regency, which took domestic wastewater from hotel X activities. The use of ozone in the wastewater recycling process is simpler than conventional chemical treatment processes that rely on chemical-based coagulants and flocculants, and has been shown to be able to reduce TSS. by 77.27%; Ammonia 96.17%; Oils & fats decreased 6%; Total Coliform 99.61% .. The use of ozone can be an option in the process of recycling domestic wastewater in a sustainable manner. environmental management is also related to the use of technology and methods in accordance with regional conditions and resource potential.

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Cirio, A., and R. Boivin. "Urea recycling from the renal pelvis in sheep: a study with [14C]urea." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 258, no. 5 (May 1, 1990): F1196—F1202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.1990.258.5.f1196.

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To test the hypothesis that urea can be recycled from the renal pelvis, [14C]urea diluted in native urine (1 microCi/ml) was perfused (0.5 ml/min) into one of the pelvises of sheep fed either normal (NP) or low (LP)-protein diets. Blood samples were obtained from the ipsilateral renal vein and from the carotid artery throughout the perfusions. 14C activity determinations in urine and plasma demonstrated a flux of [14C]urea from the pelvis to renal vein blood (40,000 in NP and 130,000 disintegrations/min in LP sheep, P less than 0.01). The corresponding flux of native urea was only 1.5 times higher in NP than in LP sheep (6.8 +/- 1.1 vs. 4.7 +/- 2.9 mumol/min, not significant) despite their 8 times higher urinary concentration of urea. The fraction of filtered urea that was reabsorbed in the pelvis was larger in LP sheep (7.5 +/- 3.7 vs. 1.9 +/- 0.7% in NP sheep, P less than 0.05). A fraction of urea is thus actually recycled from the renal pelvis in sheep, and this pelvic retention is enhanced in LP animals. The importance of this phenomenon in the nitrogen economy is discussed.

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Dong, Liang Fei, Yao Xu, Yong Wei, Feng’e Zhang, and Bao Hua Tu. "Fate of Nitrogen and Phosphorous in Source-Separated Urine." Advanced Materials Research 183-185 (January 2011): 328–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.183-185.328.

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In this paper, we focus on the fate of nitrogen (N) and phosphorous (P) in source-separated urine. Fresh mixed urine of pH 6.7 was diluted with different factors and stored openly and closed respectively. With pH increasing concentration of total phosphate (TP), total nitrogen (TN), ammonia nitrogen(NH3-N) and dissolved phosphate(PO43-) were measured to understand the fate of N and P in urine. Because of volatilization and precipitation, concentration of NH4+-N and PO43- in the urine stored closed was higher than them of stored openly with the equal dilution. Under same storing conditions, the higher dilution factor, the higher concentration of NH4+-N. When stored openly the pH of the samples increasing due to urea-hydrolysis resulted in precipitation which consumed N and P, and could be promoted by dilution with tap water containing hardness ions. Because of a few of hardness ions in the urine and tap water, the amount of precipitations containing calcium, magnesium, N and P in the urine sludge of every sample were not high enough to be detected by XRD. Although more flushing water would caused more precipitation, which is also helpful for nutrient recycling, using of large deal of tap water is not economic and environmentally friendly.

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Engelhardt, Sebastian, Katey Bender, Jörg Vogel, Stephen Duirk, Francisco Moore, and Hazel Barton. "Urine volume reduction during long-duration cave exploration by a light-weight and portable forward osmosis system." International Journal of Speleology 49, no. 3 (September 2020): 229–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5038/1827-806x.49.3.2336.

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The preservation of caves is a challenge during long-duration cave expeditions where human waste can add significant nitrogen to the cave ecosystem. Since the removal of urine that accumulates during a multi-day caving trip is not always feasible due to weight and volume constraints, a light-weight and portable filtration system that is capable of reducing urine volume would be desirable. In this study we tested the Aquaporin Inside hollow fiber membrane in a forward osmosis (FO) setup to evaluate its capability to reduce urine volume while rejecting nitrogenous compounds using different draw solution chemistries and water recovery rates. As a result, we introduce a light-weight and portable FO prototype that was able to reduce urine volume by over 80%. Although total nitrogen (TN) rejection in this process did not exceed 70%, allowing some nitrogen to move across the membrane into the draw solution, evaporation allowed draw solution recycling without loss of nitrogenous compounds into the atmosphere. These data suggest that FO may be a suitable strategy to reduce urine volume and improve methods for nitrogenous waste handling during long-term cave exploration.

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El-Nakhel, Christophe, Danny Geelen, Jolien De Paepe, Peter Clauwaert, Stefania De Pascale, and Youssef Rouphael. "An Appraisal of Urine Derivatives Integrated in the Nitrogen and Phosphorus Inputs of a Lettuce Soilless Cultivation System." Sustainability 13, no. 8 (April 10, 2021): 4218. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13084218.

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Reinforcing and optimizing sustainable food production is an urgent contemporary issue. The depletion of natural mineral resources is a key problem that is addressed by recycling mined potassium and phosphorus, and nitrogen, whose production depends on very high energy input. A closed-loop approach of fertilizer use asserts the necessity for efficient management and practices of organic waste rich in minerals. Human-derived urine is an underutilized yet excellent source for nitrogen fertilizer, and, in this study, processed urine fertilizer was applied to greenhouse soilless cultivation of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) cv. Grand Rapids. Biomass increase, biometric parameters, soil plant analysis development (SPAD) index, minerals, and organic acids content of lettuce were analyzed. From eight different urine fertilizer products generated, K-struvite, urine precipitate-CaO, and the liquid electrodialysis (ED) concentrate supported the growth of lettuce similar to that of commercial mineral fertilizer. ED concentrate application led to the accumulation of potassium (+17.2%), calcium (+82.9%), malate (+185.3%), citrate (+114.4%), and isocitrate (+185.7%); K-struvite augmented the accumulation of magnesium (+44.9%); and urine precipitate-CaO induced the highest accumulation of calcium (+100.5%) when compared to the control, which is an added value when supplemented in daily diet. The results underlined the potential of nitrogen- and phosphate-rich human urine as a sustainable source for the fertilization of lettuce in soilless systems.

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Segrè Cohen, Alex, Nancy G. Love, and Joseph Árvai. "Communicating the Risks and Benefits of Human Urine-Derived Fertilizer." Sustainability 12, no. 23 (November 28, 2020): 9973. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12239973.

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Ensuring long-term access to nutrients needed for food production is a growing global challenge. Human urine diversion and recycling is a viable and energy-efficient means of recovering nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium from wastewater. Before implementation, however, it is critical to understand how communicating differently about human urine-derived fertilizer may influence its public acceptance. This study tests how different strategies of communication (video compared to texts), as well as different amounts of information, impact public acceptance. We also explored how specific characteristics, such as age and education level, may impact the usefulness of the different strategies of communication. The results indicate that short and long videos are the most useful risk communication strategies, and age fully moderates this relationship. This research may serve as a jumping off point for future studies focused on how risk communication strategies may affect consumer acceptance of other emerging food technologies.

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POWELL, J. M., F. N. IKPE, Z. C. SOMDA, and S. FERNÁNDEZ-RIVERA. "URINE EFFECTS ON SOIL CHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND THE IMPACT OF URINE AND DUNG ON PEARL MILLET YIELD." Experimental Agriculture 34, no. 3 (July 1998): 259–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479798343069.

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Most farming systems in semi-arid West Africa rely on organic matter recycling for maintaining soil fertility. The cycling of biomass through ruminant livestock into dung (faeces) and urine that fertilize the soil has long been an important factor in t he nutrient cycling processes of these integrated, mixed crop/livestock systems. While dung greatly improves soil properties and crop yields, little is known about the effects of urine on soil chemical properties and the impact of dung and urine on crop p roduction. An average voiding of sheep urine applied to a sandy, siliceous soil in the Republic of Niger increased soil pH, available phosphorus and ammonium levels dramatically in the upper 10–15 cm of soil, especially during the first week following application. Losses of applied urine nitrogen via volatilization were in the order of 30–50%. A four-year field trial was conducted on the same soil type to evaluate the effects on pearl millet and weed yields of corralling cattle o r sheep overnight on cropland (dung plus urine application) for one, two or three nights, every one, two or three years versus the effects of applying only dung at the same application rates and intervals achieved with corralling. The main results of this field trial were that (1) urine had large positive effects on millet grain, threshed panicle, leaf, stem and weed yields, (2) sheep dung was more effective than cattle dung in increasing yield, (3) two nights of dung application was adequate for maximum yield and (4) the positive effects of dung and urine on yield lasted two to three cropping seasons after application.

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Bankir, Lise, Kai Chen, and Baoxue Yang. "Lack of UT-B in vasa recta and red blood cells prevents urea-induced improvement of urinary concentrating ability." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 286, no. 1 (January 2004): F144—F151. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00205.2003.

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Recycling of urea within the renal medulla is known to play an important role in the capacity of the kidney to concentrate urine. This recycling occurs simultaneously through a tubular and a vascular route (i.e., through the loops of Henle and vasa recta, respectively). In the present study, transgenic mice with a selective deficiency in UT-B (the urea transporter protein expressed in descending vasa recta and red blood cells), were used to evaluate the specific contribution of vascular urea recycling to overall urine-concentrating ability (UCA). The renal handling of urea was studied in normal conditions and after acute or chronic alterations in urea excretion (acute urea loading or variations in protein intake, respectively). In normal conditions, UT-B null mice exhibited a 44% elevation in plasma urea (Purea), a normal creatinine clearance, but a 25% decrease in urea clearance, with no change in that of sodium and potassium. Acute urea loading induced a progressive increase in urinary urea concentration (Uurea) in wild-type mice and a subsequent improvement in their UCA in contrast to UT-B null mice, in which urinary osmolality and Uurea did not rise, due to the failure to accumulate urea in the medulla. With increasing protein intake (from 10 to 40% protein in diet, leading to a 5-fold increase in urea excretion), Purea was further increased in null mice while little change was observed in wild-type mice, and null mice were not able to increase Uurea as did wild-type mice. In conclusion, this study in UT-B-deficient mice reveals that countercurrent exchange of urea in renal medullary vessels and red blood cells accounts for a major part of the kidney's concentrating ability and for the adaptation of renal urea handling during a high-protein intake.

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Kuntawee, Chalermkhwan, Kraichat Tantrakarnapa, Yanin Limpanont, Saranath Lawpoolsri, Athit Phetrak, Rachaneekorn Mingkhwan, and Suwalee Worakhunpiset. "Exposure to Heavy Metals in Electronic Waste Recycling in Thailand." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 9 (April 26, 2020): 2996. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17092996.

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Electronic waste recycling can release heavy metals into the environment and cause adverse health effects. We assessed the association between exposure to heavy metals from electronic waste recycling and the prevalence of asthma in a nested case-control study of 51 subject pairs with and without asthma. House dust, airborne dust, blood, and urine were collected from residents of two neighboring sites in Ubon Ratchathani province, Thailand. Multiple electronic waste-handling activities are conducted in the first site, while the second site is mostly agricultural. Concentrations of chromium, mercury, nickel, and lead in house dust and airborne dust were higher in the electronic waste-handling site (p < 0.05), but levels of exposure were similar in subjects with and without asthma. Although we did not find an association between exposure to these metals and the prevalence of asthma, control measures should be implemented to reduce health risks from long-term exposure to heavy metals.

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Combet, Sophie, Nancy Geffroy, Véronique Berthonaud, Bernhard Dick, Laurent Teillet, Jean-Marc Verbavatz, Bruno Corman, and Marie-Marcelle Trinh-Trang-Tan. "Correction of age-related polyuria by dDAVP: molecular analysis of aquaporins and urea transporters." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 284, no. 1 (January 1, 2003): F199—F208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00167.2002.

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Senescent female WAG/Rij rats exhibit polyuria without obvious renal disease or defects in vasopressin plasma level or V2 receptor mRNA expression. Normalization of urine flow rate by 1-desamino-8-d-arginine vasopressin (dDAVP) was investigated in these animals. Long-term dDAVP infusion into 30-mo-old rats reduced urine flow rate and increased urine osmolality to levels comparable to those in control 10-mo-old rats. The maximal urine osmolality in aging rat kidney was, however, lower than that in adult kidney, despite supramaximal administration of dDAVP. This improvement involved increased inner medullary osmolality and urea sequestration. This may result from upregulation of UT-A1, the vasopressin-regulated urea transporter, in initial inner medullary collecting duct (IMCD), but not in terminal IMCD, where UT-A1 remained low. Expression of UT-A2, which contributes to medullary urea recycling, was greatly increased. Regulation of IMCD aquaporin (AQP)-2 (AQP2) expression by dDAVP differed between adult and senescent rats: the low AQP2 abundance in senescent rats was normalized by dDAVP infusion, which also improved targeting of the channel; in adult rats, AQP2 expression was unaltered, suggesting that IMCD AQP2 expression is not regulated by dDAVP directly. Increased AQP3 expression in senescent rats may also be involved in improved urine-concentrating capacity owing to higher basolateral water and urea reabsorption capacity.

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Peng, Lin, Wang Xu, Qinghuai Zeng, Feiyun Sun, Ying Guo, Shan Zhong, Fei Wang, and Da Chen. "Exposure to perfluoroalkyl substances in waste recycling workers: Distributions in paired human serum and urine." Environment International 158 (January 2022): 106963. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2021.106963.

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Ganesapillai, M., Prithvi Simha, Kunal Gupta, and Mahesh Jayan. "Nutrient Recovery and Recycling from Human Urine: A Circular Perspective on Sanitation and Food Security." Procedia Engineering 148 (2016): 346–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2016.06.461.

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Lamichhane, Krishna M., and Roger W. Babcock. "Survey of attitudes and perceptions of urine-diverting toilets and human waste recycling in Hawaii." Science of The Total Environment 443 (January 2013): 749–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.11.039.

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Feldt, Torsten, Julius N. Fobil, Jürgen Wittsiepe, Michael Wilhelm, Holger Till, Alexander Zoufaly, Gerd Burchard, and Thomas Göen. "High levels of PAH-metabolites in urine of e-waste recycling workers from Agbogbloshie, Ghana." Science of The Total Environment 466-467 (January 2014): 369–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.06.097.

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Nordin, Annika, Charles Niwagaba, Håkan Jönsson, and Björn Vinnerås. "Pathogen and indicator inactivation in source-separated human urine heated by the sun." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 3, no. 2 (June 1, 2013): 181–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2013.174.

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Source-separation of urine enables energy-efficient recycling of large quantities of high quality plant nutrients from the wastewater system to food production. To manage the risk of diseases transmission the urine should be sanitised, which is commonly done by storage. The sanitisation of urine at three ambient exposures, resulting in fluctuating storage temperatures, was studied in 10 L plastic jerry cans in Kampala, Uganda. Follow-up studies using similar temperature cycles were performed under laboratory conditions. Daily mean mid-point temperature in jerry cans in full sun, adjacent to a wall and indoors was 24, 24 and 22 °C (amplitude 7.5, 4.7 and 1.2 °C), respectively. In urine stored at full sun (total ammonia nitrogen 4 ± 1.5 g L−1, pH 9) Escherichia coli, Salmonella and Enterococcus spp. (initially 105–106cfu mL−1) were not detected (<101cfu mL−1) after 11 h, 14 h and 50 d, respectively. No viable Ascaris suum eggs were found after 40 d. The t90 for enterobacteria phage MS2, coliphage Φx 174 and Salmonella typhimurium phage 28B in sun-exposed cans was 8.2, 37 and 55 d respectively. Fluctuating temperatures in combination with ammonia gave faster inactivation of bacteria and Ascaris suum eggs than the same constant mean temperature.

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Maurer, M., P. Schwegler, and T. A. Larsen. "Nutrients in urine: energetic aspects of removal and recovery." Water Science and Technology 48, no. 1 (July 1, 2003): 37–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2003.0011.

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The analysis of different removal and recovery techniques for nutrients in urine shows that in many cases recovery is energetically more efficient than removal and new-production from natural resources. Considering only the running electricity and fossil energy requirements for the traditional way of wastewater treatment and fertiliser production, the following specific energy requirements can be calculated: 45 MJ kg-1N for denitrification in a WWTP, 49 MJ kg-1P for P-precipitation in a WWTP, 45 MJ kg-1N for N-fertiliser and 29 MJ kg-1P for P-fertiliser production. These numbers are higher than the values derived for thermal volume reduction of urine (35 MJ kg-1N for eliminating 90% water) or production of struvite (102 MJ kg-1N, including 2.2 kg P). Considering only the electricity and fossil energy for the traditional way of wastewater treatment and fertiliser production, the energy value of 1 PE urine is 0.87 MJ PE-1d-1 (fertiliser value: 0.44, wastewater treatment: 0.43 MJ PE-1d-1). A more detailed life cycle assessment (LCA) of the entire urine collection system, including the required materials and the environmental burden, support the energy analysis. The LCA compares conventional denitrification in a wastewater treatment plant with collecting urine in households, reducing the volume by evaporation and using it as a multi-nutrient fertiliser. The primary energy consumption for recovery and reuse of urine, including the nutrients N, P and K, is calculated with 65 MJ kg-1N, compared with 153 MJ kg-1N derived for the conventional 'recycling over the atmosphere'.

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Cid, Clément A., Yan Qu, and Michael R. Hoffmann. "Design and preliminary implementation of onsite electrochemical wastewater treatment and recycling toilets for the developing world." Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology 4, no. 10 (2018): 1439–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ew00209f.

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Self-contained toilet wastewater treatment system prototypes based on electrochemical oxidation of feces and urine using bi-layered semiconductor anodes ([Bi₂O₃]_z[TiO₂]_1−z/Ir_xTa_yO₂/Ti) have been designed, constructed, and implemented in regions where access to proper and sufficient sanitation is limited.

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Neitzel, Richard L., Stephanie K. Sayler, Aubrey L. Arain, and Kowit Nambunmee. "Metal Levels, Genetic Instability, and Renal Markers in Electronic Waste Workers in Thailand." International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 11, no. 2 (March 31, 2020): 72–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.34172/ijoem.2020.1826.

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Background: Informal electronic waste (e-waste) recycling is an increasingly important industry worldwide. However, few studies have studied the health risks in this group of workers. Objective: To assess the associations between occupational exposures to metals and genetic instability and renal markers among e-waste recycling workers. Methods: We recruited informal e-waste recycling workers from a community in northeastern Thailand. Participants completed a questionnaire, several health measurements, and provided urine and blood samples, which we then analyzed for a number of metals including lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), and manganese (Mn). Samples were analyzed for a marker of RNA and DNA damage (ie, oxidative stress), 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG). Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and fractional excretion of calcium (FECa%) were measured as markers of renal function. Correlations and regression models were used to assess associations between these various factors. Results: We found significantly higher levels of Cd and Pb in blood of men compared with those in women. Men who worked >48 hours/week had significantly higher levels of 8-OHdG compared with men who worked ≤48 hours/week. Smoking was significantly associated with higher blood Pb and Cd concentrations among men. Conclusion: Our results suggest gender differences in both blood concentrations of metals associated with e-waste recycling and smoking and highlight potentially elevated oxidative stress associated with longer work hours. Health promotion efforts are needed among informal e-waste recyclers to reduce possible risks of renal damage and cancer

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Ilyasov, O. R., S. N. Koshelev, A. M. Asonov, and M. N. Kostomakhin. "Wastewater free supply in animal husbandry." Sel'skohozjajstvennaja tehnika: obsluzhivanie i remont (Agricultural Machinery: Service and Repair), no. 7 (July 1, 2021): 25–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/sel-10-2107-03.

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The main component of waste water of livestock enterprises is the urine of cattle and pigs. The chemical composition of urine is determined by diet and animal species and can not be changed under any techniques. Analysis of water balances allows to make the conclusion that the termination of the reset of highly concentrated waste water by recycling in hydroponicum opens up the prospect of the creation of undrained water supply in animal breeding farms. The use of household waste water for the purposes of technical water supply will allow dramatically reduce the withdrawal of fresh water from a natural water pool, and discharge into it of waste water. Implementation of complex of measures on rational use of water in livestock enterprises allows to move from the closed water systems of individual plants (production of green feed by hydroponic method) to undrained water supply enterprises at all.

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Yang, Jie, Jie Che, Xin Jiang, Yangchun Fan, Daojiang Gao, Jian Bi, and Zhanglei Ning. "A Novel Turn-On Fluorescence Probe Based on Cu(II) Functionalized Metal–Organic Frameworks for Visual Detection of Uric Acid." Molecules 27, no. 15 (July 27, 2022): 4803. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27154803.

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As an important biomarker in urine, the level of uric acid is of importance for human health. In this work, a Cu(II) functionalized metal–organic framework (Cu2+@Tb-MOFs) is designed and developed as a novel fluorescence probe for wide-range uric acid detection in human urine. The study shows that this fluorescence platform demonstrated excellent pH-independent stability, high water tolerance, and good thermal stability. Based on the strong interaction between metal ions and uric acid, the designed Cu2+@Tb-MOFs can be employed as efficient turn-on fluorescent probes for the detection of uric acid with wide detection range (0~104 µM) and high sensitivity (LOD = 0.65 µM). This probe also demonstrates an anti-interference property, as other species coexisted, and the possibility for recycling. The sensing mechanisms are further discussed at length. More importantly, we experimentally constructed a molecular logic gate operation based on this fluorescence probe for intelligent detection of uric acid. These results suggest the Cu(II) functionalized metal–organic framework can act as a prominent candidate for personalized monitoring of the concentration of uric acid in the human urine system.

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Christenson, Dylan, Ritesh Sevanthi, Audra Morse, and Andrew Jackson. "Assessment of Membrane-Aerated Biological Reactors (MABRs) for Integration into Space-Based Water Recycling System Architectures." Gravitational and Space Research 6, no. 2 (July 21, 2020): 12–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/gsr-2018-0007.

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AbstractThis work investigates the suitability of membrane aerated biological reactors (MABRs) for biological treatment of a space-based waste stream consisting of urine, hygiene/grey water, and humidity condensate within an overall water recycling system. Water represents a critical limiting factor for human habitation and travel within space; thus, water recycling systems are essential. Biological treatment of wastewater provides a more efficient sustainable means of stabilizing the waste stream within water recycling system architectures in comparison to current chemical stabilization processes that utilize harsh chemicals, which represent both a hazardous and an unsustainable approach. To assess the capabilities of MABRs for providing microgravity compatible biological treatment and verify long duration operation and integration with desalination processes, two full-scale MABR systems were challenged with various loading rates and operational scenarios during sustained operation for over 1 year. The MABRs were able to maintain 196 g-C/m3-d and 194 g-N/m3-d volumetric conversion rates. Additionally the systems were able to handle intermittent loading and recover rapidly from system hibernation periods of up to 27 days. Overall, the use of MABRs within a wastewater treatment system architecture provides several potential benefits including minimizing the use of toxic chemical pretreatment solutions and providing an effluent solution that is easier to desalinate and dewater.

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Aubrac, Gwen, Ashley Bastiansz, and Niladri Basu. "Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Mercury Exposure among Populations and Environments in Contact with Electronic Waste." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 19 (September 20, 2022): 11843. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191911843.

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Electronic waste (e-waste) recycling releases mercury (Hg) into the environment, though to our knowledge Hg levels at such sites have yet to be examined on a worldwide basis. A systematic review of scientific studies was conducted to extract, analyze, and synthesize data on Hg levels in e-waste products, environments near recycling sites, and in people. Data were extracted from 78 studies from 20 countries, and these included Hg levels in 1103 electrical and electronic products, 2072 environmental samples (soil, air, plant, food, water, dust), and 2330 human biomarkers (blood, hair, urine). The average Hg level in products was 0.65 μg/g, with the highest levels found in lamps (578 μg/g). Average soil and sediment Hg levels (1.86 μg/g) at e-waste sites were at least eight times higher than at control sites. Average urinary Hg levels (0.93 μg/g creatinine) were approximately two-fold higher among e-waste workers versus control groups. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that e-waste recycling may lead to Hg contamination in environments and human populations in close proximity to processing sites. These findings contribute to a growing knowledge base of mercury exposure through diverse source–exposure pathways, and the work has potential policy implications in the context of the Minamata Convention.

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Beler Baykal, Bilsen. "Recycling/reusing grey water and yellow water (human urine): motivations, perspectives and reflections into the future." DESALINATION AND WATER TREATMENT 172 (2019): 212–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2019.24667.

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Bruzzone, Chiara, Ana Loizaga-Iriarte, Pilar Sánchez-Mosquera, Rubén Gil-Redondo, Ianire Astobiza, Tammo Diercks, Ana R. Cortazar, et al. "1H NMR-Based Urine Metabolomics Reveals Signs of Enhanced Carbon and Nitrogen Recycling in Prostate Cancer." Journal of Proteome Research 19, no. 6 (May 8, 2020): 2419–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jproteome.0c00091.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Urine recycling'

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