Journal articles on the topic 'Urine iodine concentration'
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1
Herzig, I., B. Písaříková, I. Diblíková, and P. Suchý. "Iodine concentrations in porcine blood, urine, and tissues after a single dose of iodised oil." Veterinární Medicína 46, No. 6 (January 1, 2001): 153–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/7875-vetmed.
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Experimental groups of pigs were treated orally with 120 mg (Group O 120), or 480 mg (Group O 480) of iodine per animal, or intramuscularly with 240 mg (Group I 240) of iodine per animal. Iodine was administered in the form of iodised fatty acid esters (IFAE). The treatment resulted in significantly increased iodine concentrations in tissues and a single dose was sufficient to meet the requirement for the whole fattening period (180 days). Urinary iodine concentrations in all the experimental groups were higher than in the control group C receiving iodine only from conventional feed. Urinary excretion of iodine between days 2 and 5 was more distinctive in orally treated than in intramuscularly treated animals (Figure 1). Iodine concentrations at the end of the fattening period (day 180) were higher in the treated than in the control groups. The treatment effect was more marked in Groups O 480 and I 240 than in Group O 120. The dynamics of blood serum iodine concentrations was similar to urinary concentrations (Figure 2). Mean thyroid gland weights in the groups O 120, O 480, I 240, and C were 9.19, 8.51, 7.10, and 12.01 g, respectively. An opposite tendency was observed for iodine concentrations in thyroid gland dry matter (Figure 3). No effects of any of the treatments on total protein, albumin, total lipids, or cholesterol concentrations in blood serum were observed. Group C showed lower tissue iodine concentrations than any of the experimental groups. The only exception was hepatic tissue in which approximately the same iodine concentrations were found in all the groups. Data obtained in Groups O 120, O 480, and I 240 indicate that decisive for tissue concentrations was rather the dose of iodine than the route of administration. Iodine is stored above all in the thyroid gland and adipose tissue. As can be seen in Figure 4, its concentration was higher in muscles with a higher proportion of fat (neck) than in lean muscles (ham).
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Putri, Widya Ayu Kurnia, Dodik Briawan, Hidayat Syarief, and Leily Amelia. "Status iodium pada anak usia sekolah berdasarkan ekskresi iodium urin dan asupan iodium." Jurnal Gizi Klinik Indonesia 15, no. 4 (April 30, 2019): 146. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ijcn.37577.
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Iodine status in school-age children determined from iodine urine excretion and iodine intakeBackground: School-age children are more at risk if they experience deficiencies and excess iodine. The concentration of iodine in urine is a good biomarker for assessing iodine intake, 90% of iodine intake will be excreted through urine. Objective: This study aimed to analyze the iodine status of school-age children based on urinary iodine excretion (UIE) and iodine intake.Method: The study design used a cross-sectional study on 44 healthy school-aged children in Bogor Regency. Subject selection was done purposively in healthy 5th-grade elementary school students. The data taken in this study was urine iodine excretion concentration and food recall (1x24 hours). Data were analyzed using descriptive analysis and Pearson correlation test.Results: Median iodine excretion concentration in urine was 157 μg/l and the average daily iodine intake of children was 83.29 mg/day. Conclusion: The concentration of iodine excretion in the urine of the children is in the category of sufficient iodine as recommended by WHO / UNICEF / ICCID while the daily intake of iodine for children is still in the less category. The results showed that there was no association of iodine daily intake with iodine excretion concentration in urine(p=0.469).
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Mikulska, Aniceta A., Dorota Filipowicz, Franciszek K. Główka, Ewelina Szczepanek-Parulska, Marek Ruchała, Michał Bartecki, and Marta Karaźniewicz-Łada. "HPLC Analysis of the Urinary Iodine Concentration in Pregnant Women." Molecules 26, no. 22 (November 10, 2021): 6797. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26226797.
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Iodine is an essential component for fetal neurodevelopment and maternal thyroid function. Urine iodine is the most widely used indicator of iodine status. In this study, a novel validated ion-pair HPLC–UV method was developed to measure iodine concentration in clinical samples. A sodium thiosulfate solution was added to the urine sample to convert the total free iodine to iodide. Chromatographic separation was achieved in a Pursuit XRs C8 column. The mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile and a water phase containing 18-crown-6-ether, octylamine and sodium dihydrogen phosphate. Validation parameters, such as accuracy, precision, limits of detection and quantification, linearity and stability, were determined. Urinary samples from pregnant women were used to complete the validation and confirm the method’s applicability. In the studied population of 93 pregnant women, the median UIC was lower in the group without iodine supplementation (117 µg/L, confidence interval (%CI): 95; 138) than in the supplement group (133 µg/L, %CI: 109; 157). In conclusion, the newly established ion-pair HPLC–UV method was adequately precise, accurate and fulfilled validation the criteria for analyzing compounds in biological fluids. The method is less complicated and expensive than other frequently used assays and permits the identification of the iodine-deficient subjects.
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Rajatanavin, Rajata. "Iodine deficiency in pregnant women and neonates in Thailand." Public Health Nutrition 10, no. 12A (December 2007): 1602–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980007360990.
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AbstractObjective: To present data on the relationship between the concentration of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) in whole blood or serum from neonates and the concentration of iodine in their mother's urine collected at birth to contribute to the contention that the recommended iodine intake during pregnancy should be increased.Design and Setting: Data were provided by current programmes of neonatal screening of congenital hypothyroidism in Bangkok and rural areas of Thailand.Subjects: A total of 5144 cord serum samples were collected in 2003 and measured for TSH concentrations. Paired samples of blood and urine were collected in 2000 from 203 infants and their mothers and from 1182 infant-mother pairs in 2002-03 in six rural provinces. Iodine was measured in the urine and TSH was measured in cord serum.Results: The urinary iodine concentration of mothers in rural Thailand is adequate, with a median of 103 μg l-1. However, in 2000, the median urinary iodine concentration of mothers in Bangkok was only 85 μg l-1. The concentration of TSH in whole blood collected on filter paper from neonates was not sensitive enough to be used as a monitoring tool for iodine nutrition in the neonates, as there was no relationship with the concentration of iodine in the urine of the children's mothers. This was in contrast to the concentration of TSH in serum collected from cord blood.Conclusions: Several conclusions were drawn from this data: 1) Neonatal TSH screening using whole blood collected from a heel prick at 3 days of age is not sensitive enough to assess the iodine nutrition of neonates; 2) Neonatal TSH screening using cord sera can be used to assess iodine nutrition in neonates; 3) The optimum median maternal urinary iodine concentration in Thailand appears to be 103 μg l-1; 4) The criteria proposed by WHO, UNICEF, and ICCIDD to assess iodine nutrition using data on neonatal TSH concentrations should be reassessed; and 5) Neonatal TSH screening can be effectively performed by collecting cord serum in district hospitals in Thailand.
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Bakken, Kjersti Sletten, Ingvild Oma, Synne Groufh-Jacobsen, Beate Stokke Solvik, Lise Mette Mosand, Mina Marthinsen Langfjord, Elin Lovise Folven Gjengedal, Sigrun Henjum, and Tor Arne Strand. "The Reliability of Iodine Concentration in Diaper-Retrieved Infant Urine Using Urine Collection Pads, and in Their Mothers’ Breastmilk." Biomolecules 10, no. 2 (February 13, 2020): 295. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom10020295.
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Mild to moderate iodine deficiency is common among women of childbearing age. Data on iodine status in infants are sparse, partly due to the challenges in collecting urine. Urinary iodine concentration (UIC) is considered a good marker for recent dietary iodine intake and status in populations. The aim of this study was to investigate the reliability of iodine concentration measured in two spot-samples from the same day of diaper-retrieved infant urine and in their mothers’ breastmilk. We collected urine and breastmilk from a sample of 27 infants and 25 mothers participating in a cross-sectional study at two public healthcare clinics in Norway. The reliability of iodine concentration was assessed by calculating the intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) and the coefficient of variation (CV). The ICC for infants’ urine was 0.64 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.36–0.82), while the ICC for breastmilk was 0.83 (95% CI 0.65–0.92) Similarly, the intraindividual CV for UIC was 0.25 and 0.14 for breastmilk iodine concentration (BIC). Compared to standard methods of collecting urine for measuring iodine concentration, the diaper-pad collection method does not substantially affect the reliability of the measurements.
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Nanda, Rachita, Suprava Patel, Prasant Kumar Nayak, Eli Mohapatra, and Sarita Agrawal. "Thyroid Peroxidase Antibodies as a Marker of Iodine Status in Healthy Euthyroid Women in First Trimester of Pregnancy Visiting a Tertiary Care Hospital in Raipur, India." Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences 10, no. 25 (June 21, 2021): 1857–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.14260/jemds/2021/384.
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BACKGROUND The importance of adequate iodine status in pregnancy is undoubted as its deficiency is associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes for the mother as well as the foetus and neonate. Although median urine iodine concentration can assess iodine status of the population but not at an individual level. The purpose of this study was to assess the nutritional status of iodine and identify its effects on thyroid function during the first trimester of pregnancy. METHODS The study was carried out on 341 euthyroid healthy pregnant women using urine iodine concentration and other parameters of thyroid panel at a tertiary care hospital. RESULTS Median (interquartile range) urine iodine concentration and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) were 227.37 (161.7, 343.86) μg / L and 1.8 (1.1, 2.7) mIU / L respectively and Mean ± SD of free thyroxine and thyroid peroxidase antibodies were 14.53 ± 2.02 pmol / L and 38.23 ± 9.29 kIU / L respectively. Only thyroid peroxidase antibodies showed significant difference across groups with different iodine status. A positive correlation of urine iodine concentration (UIC) with thyroid peroxidase antibodies was observed (r = 0.137, P = 0.011). Multiple regression analysis revealed that thyroid peroxidase antibodies can serve as an independent predictor of iodine status in the presence of normal levels of TSH and FT4 (t - 3.063, CI; 0.880, 4.038, P = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS Thyroid peroxidase antibodies progressed positively with increase in urine iodine concentration indicating its role as a marker of iodine nutritional status and for early identification of women who can develop autoimmune thyroiditis resulting in hypothyroidism even prior to elevation of thyroid stimulating hormone levels. KEY WORDS Anti-TPO Ab, Free Thyroxine, Thyroid Stimulating Hormone, Urine Iodine Concentration
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Heen, Espen, Maria Romøren, Amal A. Yassin, and Ahmed A. Madar. "Household Water Is the Main Source of Iodine Consumption among Women in Hargeisa, Somaliland: A Cross-Sectional Study." Journal of Nutrition 152, no. 2 (October 29, 2021): 587–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jn/nxab377.
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ABSTRACT Background Iodine status surveys of women in Somaliland present widely conflicting results. Previous research indicates elevated concentrations of iodine (IQR 18–72 μg/L) in groundwater used for drinking and cooking, but the relation with iodine intake is not well characterized. Objectives We aimed to investigate the contributions of household water iodine concentration (WIC), breastfeeding, total fluid intake, hydration levels, and urine volume on urinary iodine concentration (UIC) and excretion (UIE) over a 24-h period and to define iodine status from iodine intake estimates and median UIC, normalized to a mean urine volume of 1.38 L/d (hydration adjusted). Methods The study sample comprised 118 nonpregnant, healthy women aged 15–69 y. All participants resided in Hargeisa, and 27 were breastfeeding. Data collection consisted of a 24-h urine collection, a 24-h fluid intake diary, a beverage frequency questionnaire, and a structured recall interview. We measured UIC and WIC in all urine and in 49 household water samples using the Sandell-Kolthoff reaction. Results WIC ranged between 3 and 188 μg/L, with significant median differences across the water sources and city districts (P < 0.003). Nonbreastfeeding women were borderline iodine sufficient [hydration-adjusted median urinary iodine concentration (mUIC) 109 μg/L; 95% CI: 97, 121 μg/L], whereas breastfeeding women showed a mild iodine deficiency (73 μg/L; 95% CI: 54, 90 μg/L). There were strong correlations (ρ: 0.50–0.69, P = 0.001) between WIC and UIC, with iodine from household water contributing more than one-half of the total iodine intake. Multivariate regression showed hydration and breastfeeding status to be the main predictors of UIC. Conclusions Iodine from household water is the main contributor to total iodine intake among women in Hargeisa, Somaliland. Variation in female hydration and spatial and temporal WIC may explain diverging mUIC between studies. Water sources at the extremes of low and high iodine concentrations increase the risk of subpopulations with insufficient or more than adequate iodine intake.
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Chakma, Tapas, Suyesh Shrivastava, and Arvind Kavishwar. "Wrangle with hypertension: lowered salt intake may not compromise iodine status among tribes of Central India." Public Health Nutrition 25, no. 4 (January 17, 2022): 1118–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980022000131.
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AbstractObjectives:The most important risk factor of cardiovascular disease is hypertension and high salt intake contributes to high blood pressure. However, to prevent iodine deficiency disorders, the iodisation of salt is a proven strategy. So, on one hand, we suggest people reduced salt consumption but on the other hand, we also fear an increase in the prevalence of iodine deficiency disorders. In the present study, we investigated the possibility of salt intake at WHO recommended levels resulting in higher or lower iodine status in India by assessing the urinary iodine status and its relation with blood pressure.Design:It was a cross-sectional study.Setting:It was a community-based study.Participants:We collected 24-hour urine samples for estimation of iodine concentrations in urine from 411 adult hypertensives in the Mandla district of central India. Urinary iodine was estimated using Thermo ORION make ion-selective electrodes.Results:The median urinary iodine excretion was 162·6 mcg/l. Interestingly 371 (90·26 %) subjects were observed with > 200 mcg/l urinary iodine concentration level indicating iodine sufficiency. Individuals with high urine Na significantly had high blood pressure as compared with individuals with low urinary Na excretion (P < 0·01). There is a higher probability of high urine iodine levels among individuals with higher urine Na levels.Conclusion:The study revealed that 90 % of the population were excreting excessive iodine in urine, which is more than adequate iodine uptake. This excess uptake enables a scope for reduction in salt intake to control hypertension.
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Şentürk, S., E. M. Temizel, A. Ö. Karakuş, S. Kasap, and F. Akkaya. "Iodine Intoxication in Beef Cattle in Turkey - Clinical, Hematological and Biochemical Evaluation." Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society 69, no. 4 (February 4, 2019): 1247. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/jhvms.19611.
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Iodine is an essential trace element for humans and animals. The incidence of iodine poisoning in cattle is low. In the present study, we evaluated the clinical findings, serum glucose and cholesterol, thyroid hormone and urine iodine levels in cattle exposed to excess iodine. All of the clinical data were determined following the addition of potassium iodide to the drinking water. Inappetence, cough, and hyperthermia were notable clinical findings. We detected a very high iodine level (470 μg /L) in an analysis of the drinking water samples. A biochemical analysis revealed that the serum cholesterol levels in the affected cattle were significantly lower (p<0.05) than in healthy cattle. However, the serum glucose in the affected cattle was significantly higher (p<0.05) compared to healthy cattle. The iodine concentration in the urine of the affected animals was also significantly higher (p<0.05) than in the healthy animals. Importantly, a hematological analysis indicated leukocytosis with neutrophilia. Several clinical signs, including hyperthermia, tachycardia, alopecia, and a naso-oral discharge, based on suspected history can suggest iodine intoxication. In addition, biochemical parameters, such as urine iodine, serum glucose and cholesterol levels, were observed to be different between healthy and affected cattle. The thyroid function in affected cattle should also be studied.
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Fu, Min, Yuanpeng Gao, Wenxing Guo, Qi Meng, Qi Jin, Rui Yang, Ying Yang, Yaqi Zhang, and Wanqi Zhang. "Mechanisms of Sodium/Iodide Symporter-Mediated Mammary Gland Iodine Compensation during Lactation." Nutrients 14, no. 17 (August 31, 2022): 3592. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu14173592.
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This research aimed to investigate the compensation mechanism of iodine deficiency and excess in the mammary gland during lactation. Female rats were divided into the low iodine group (LI), the normal iodine group (NI), the 10-fold high iodine group (10HI) and the 50-fold high iodine group (50HI). We measured the iodine levels in the urine, blood, milk, and mammary gland. The protein expression of sodium/iodide symporter (NIS), DPAGT1, and valosin-containing protein (VCP) in the mammary gland was also studied. The 24-hour urinary iodine concentration, serum total iodine concentration, serum non-protein-bound iodine concentration, breast milk iodine concentration, and mammary gland iodine content in the 50HI group were significantly higher than those in the NI group (p < 0.05). Compared with the NI group, NIS expression in the 50HI group significantly decreased (p < 0.05). DAPGT1 expression was significantly higher in the LI group than in the NI group (p < 0.05). The expression level of VCP was significantly increased in the 10HI and 50HI groups. In conclusion, milk iodine concentration is positively correlated with iodine intake, and the lactating mammary gland regulates the glycosylation and degradation of NIS by regulating DPAGT1 and VCP, thus regulating milk iodine level. However, the mammary gland has a limited role in compensating for iodine deficiency and excess.
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Arns-Glaser, Leonie, Lizelle Zandberg, Vincent D. Assey, Jeannine Baumgartner, Fatma Abdallah, Valeria Galetti, Omar Dary, Michael B. Zimmermann, and Maria Andersson. "Seasonal effects on urinary iodine concentrations in women of reproductive age: An observational study in Tanzania and South Africa." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 115, no. 1 (October 28, 2021): 298–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqab327.
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ABSTRACT Background Iodine intake in populations is usually assessed by measuring urinary iodine concentrations (UICs) in spot samples. Hot climate conditions may reduce urine volume, thus leading to overestimations of UIC and thereby masking inadequate iodine intake. Objectives We investigated the effects of season on UICs in 2 populations exposed to high-temperature climates. Methods In this observational study, we examined women (18–49 years) in Tanzania (ncold = 206; nhot = 179) and South Africa (ncold = 157; nhot = 126) during cold and hot seasons. From each woman in both seasons, we obtained two 24-hour urine collections and 2 spot urine samples, as well as salt, water, and cow's milk samples. We measured the urine volume, UIC, and urinary creatinine concentration (UCC). The 24-hour urinary iodine excretion (UIE) was calculated and used to estimate the iodine intake. We used linear mixed-effects models to test for differences between seasons. Results In Tanzanian women, we observed no seasonal effect on the urine volume, 24-hour UIE, 24-hour UIC, spot UIC, spot UIC:UCC ratio, or salt iodine concentration. In South African women, the median 24-hour urine volume was 1.40 L (IQR, 0.96–2.05 L) in the winter and 15% lower in the summer (P < 0.001). The median 24-hour UIE was 184 µg/day (IQR, 109–267 µg/day) in the winter and 34% lower in the summer (P < 0.001), indicating a lower iodine intake. As a result, UICs did not significantly differ between seasons in 24-hour collections and spot samples, whereas the spot UIC:UCC ratio differed by 21% (P < 0.001) and reflected the lower iodine intake. In both study populations, the within- and between-person variabilities in urine volume, 24-hour UICs, and spot UICs were higher than the variability between seasons. Conclusions Spot UIC may slightly overestimate the iodine intake in hot temperatures due to concentrated urine, and methods to correct for urine volume may be considered. Local seasonal differences in iodine intakes may also occur in some populations. This trial was registered at http://www.clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03215680.
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Hamada, Aiko, Mairash Zakupbekova, Sagadat Sagandikova, Maira Espenbetova, Toshinori Ohashi, Noboru Takamura, and Shunichi Yamashita. "Iodine prophylaxis around the Semipalatinsk Nuclear Testing Site, Republic of Kazakstan." Public Health Nutrition 6, no. 8 (December 2003): 785–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/phn2003496.
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AbstractObjective:This study aimed to clarify the iodine deficiency status in the Semipalatinsk region that has been contaminated by radioactive fallout from nuclear testing during the period of the former USSR.Design:Based on the Japan–Kazakstan joint project of adult cancer screening around the Semipalatinsk Nuclear Testing Site (SNTS), from May to October 2002 spot urine specimens were collected at random in each village. Separately, children aged 5–15 years from around the SNTS were chosen at random and spot urine specimens were collected from them.Setting:Area contaminated by radioactive fallout around the SNTS, Republic of Kazakstan.Subjects:A total of 2609 adults aged >40 years from 16 settlements in three regions and one city, and 298 children aged 5–15 years from two regions and one city.Results:Median urinary iodine concentrations of adults and children in all regions were in the range of 116.0–381.7 and 127.7–183.0 μg l−1, respectively. The highest prevalence of values <50 μg l−1(14.1%) did not exceed 20%. Distributions within each group, adults and children, showed almost the same pattern, except for one region where more than 50% of adults had urinary iodine concentration >100 μg l−1.Conclusions:In agreement with our previous studies, the urinary iodine concentration data showed no clear evidence of iodine deficiency around the SNTS. Kazakstan is geographically and nutritionally at moderate risk of iodine deficiency disorders without fortification or iodine replacement by iodised salt. The socio-medical prophylaxis against iodine deficiency has been successfully maintained in East Kazakstan.
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Pearce, Elizabeth N., John H. Lazarus, Peter P. A. Smyth, Xuemei He, Daniela Dall'Amico, Arthur B. Parkes, Robert Burns, et al. "Perchlorate and Thiocyanate Exposure and Thyroid Function in First-Trimester Pregnant Women." Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 95, no. 7 (July 1, 2010): 3207–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2010-0014.
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Context: Thyroid hormone, requiring adequate maternal iodine intake, is critical for fetal neurodevelopment. Perchlorate decreases thyroidal iodine uptake by competitively inhibiting the sodium/iodide symporter. It is unclear whether environmental perchlorate exposure adversely affects thyroid function in pregnant women. Thiocyanate, derived from foods and cigarette smoke, is a less potent competitive sodium/iodide symporter inhibitor than perchlorate. Objective: Our objective was to determine whether environmental perchlorate and/or thiocyanate exposure is associated with alterations in thyroid function in pregnancy. Design and Setting: We conducted a cross-sectional study at health centers in Cardiff, Wales, and Turin, Italy. Patients: During 2002–2006, 22,000 women at less than 16 wk gestation were enrolled in the Controlled Antenatal Thyroid Screening Study. Subsets of 261 hypothyroid/hypothyroxinemic and 526 euthyroid women from Turin and 374 hypothyroid/hypothyroxinemic and 480 euthyroid women from Cardiff were selected based on availability of stored urine samples and thyroid function data. Main Outcome Measures: Urinary iodine, thiocyanate, and perchlorate and serum TSH, free T4 (FT4), and thyroperoxidase antibody were measured. Results: Urinary iodine was low: median 98 μg/liter in Cardiff and 52 μg/liter in Turin. Urine perchlorate was detectable in all women. The median (range) urinary perchlorate concentration was 5 μg/liter (0.04–168 μg/liter) in Turin and 2 μg/liter (0.02–368 μg/liter) in Cardiff. There were no associations between urine perchlorate concentrations and serum TSH or FT4 in the individual euthyroid or hypothyroid/hypothyroxinemic cohorts. In multivariable linear analyses, log perchlorate was not a predictor of serum FT4 or TSH. Conclusions: Low-level perchlorate exposure is ubiquitous but did not affect thyroid function in this cohort of iodine-deficient pregnant women.
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García-Fuentes, Eduardo, Manuel Gallo, Laureano García, Stephanie Prieto, Javier Alcaide-Torres, Piedad Santiago, Inés Velasco, and Federico Soriguer. "Amniotic fluid iodine concentrations do not vary in pregnant women with varying iodine intake." British Journal of Nutrition 99, no. 6 (June 2008): 1178–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114507862398.
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Iodine deficiency is an important clinical and public health problem. Its prevention begins with an adequate intake of iodine during pregnancy. International agencies recommend at least 200 μg iodine per d for pregnant women. We assessed whether iodine concentrations in the amniotic fluid of healthy pregnant women are independent of iodine intake. This cross-sectional, non-interventional study included 365 consecutive women who underwent amniocentesis to determine the fetal karyotype. The amniocentesis was performed with abdominal antisepsis using chlorhexidine. The iodine concentration was measured in urine and amniotic fluid. The study variables were the intake of iodized salt and multivitamin supplements or the prescription of a KI supplement. The mean level of urinary iodine was 139·0 (sd94·5) μg/l and of amniotic fluid 15·81 (sd7·09) μg/l. The women who consumed iodized salt and those who took a KI supplement had significantly higher levels of urinary iodine than those who did not (P = 0·01 andP = 0·004, respectively). The urinary iodine levels were not significantly different in the women who took a multivitamin supplement compared with those who did not take this supplement, independently of iodine concentration or multivitamin supplement. The concentrations of iodine in the amniotic fluid were similar, independent of the dietary iodine intake. Urine and amniotic fluid iodine concentrations were weakly correlated, although the amniotic fluid values were no higher in those women taking a KI supplement. KI prescription at recommended doses increases the iodine levels in the mother without influencing the iodine levels in the amniotic fluid.
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Lukindo, Tedson, Ray Masumo, Adam Hancy, Sauli E. John, Heavenlight A. Paulo, Abraham Sanga, Ramadhan Noor, et al. "Factors associated with inadequate urinary iodine concentration among pregnant women in Mbeya region Tanzania." F1000Research 10 (September 12, 2022): 858. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.55269.2.
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Background: Insufficient and excessive iodine intake during pregnancy can lead to serious health problems. In Tanzania, information available on iodine status during pregnancy is minimal. The aim of this study was to assess the iodine status and its association with socio-demographic factors in pregnant women in the Mbeya region, Tanzania. Method: A cross sectional survey involving 420 pregnant women (n=420) registered in Reproductive and Child Health Clinics was conducted. Data were collected via interviews and laboratory analysis of urinary iodine concentration (UIC). Results: Median UIC was 279.4μg/L (+/-26.1) to 1915μg/L. Insufficient iodine intake (UIC below 150μg/L) was observed in 17.14% of participants, sufficient intake in 24.29% and 58.57% had intakes above the recommended level (>250μg/L). Pregnant women who consume fish had an increased risk of insufficient iodine [Adjusted OR7= 2.60 (95%CI 1.31-5.15)] while the risk was lower for those who attended primary education compared to non-formal education [Adjusted OR= 0.29 (95%CI 0.08-0.99)]. Pregnant women resident in Mbarali district aged between 35-49 years were associated with an increased risk of UIC above recommended level [Adjusted OR=4.09 (95%CI 1.85-9.010] and [Adjusted OR=2.51 (95%CI 0.99-6.330] respectively . Conclusion: This study demonstrated a significant relationship between geographical factors (residence in the Mbarali district) and excess median urine iodine concentration, in addition, this study also found an association between consumption of freshwater fish and insufficient mean urine iodine concentration as indicated by the World Health Organization recommendation. Therefore, educational programs on iodine intake are needed as attending primary education was found to be a protective factor for insufficient median urine iodine concentration.
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Ueda, J., A. Nygren, M. Sjöquist, E. Jacobsson, H. R. Ulfendahl, and Y. Araki. "Iodine concentrations in the rat kidney measured by x-ray microanalysis." Acta Radiologica 39, no. 1 (January 1998): 90–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02841859809172157.
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Purpose: To measure the iodine concentrations in the proximal tubules and renal pelvis after i.v. injections of contrast media (CM) at 1600 mg I/kg b.w., using a micro-puncture technique and X-ray microanalysis Material and Methods: The correlation between the viscosity of each CM and its iodine concentration was evaluated and the viscosity of the fluid in the proximal tubule and renal pelvis was estimated in rats Results: After iotrolan injection, the iodine concentration in the proximal tubular fluid had increased to values about three times higher than those reached with diatrizoate, iohexol and ioxaglate. Similarly, iotrolan tended to produce a higher iodine concentration in the renal pelvis than did the other CM. the urine viscosity in the renal pelvis was much higher after the iotrolan injection than after the other CM injections Conclusion: High urine viscosity after iotrolan injection can at least partly explain our previous findings of a prolonged increase in tubular hydrostatic pressure and a prolonged decrease in the single nephron glomerular filtration rate after administration of this CM
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AB, Mendes, Seabra FCA, de Sousa Bechtlufft IM, Costa JA, Ajeje LS, Guimarães MM, Rodrigues VO, et al. "Urinary Iodine Concentration in 24-Hour Urine of Pregnant Women and Its Association with Food and Salt Intake." Asploro Journal of Biomedical and Clinical Case Reports 3, no. 2 (May 18, 2020): 119–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.36502/2020/asjbccr.6198.
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Introduction: Iodine is a human body essential element, which exists in various chemical forms, of which iodide, iodine, and elemental iodine are outstanding, existing in constant amounts in saltwater. Methods: It was an observational cross-sectional study, where 37 pregnant women attended under low-risk and high-risk prenatal care were studied from October 2016 to July 2018, attended by the Obstetrics Service of the Barbacena Medicine College and a private clinic in the city of Juiz de Fora. Exclusion criteria were incomplete records and refusal to participate in the study or urine inadequate collection. Results: We studied 37 patients with an average of 1.5 ± 0.84 gestations, 0.45 ± 0.62 births and 0.15 ± 0.84 abortions. The mean age of the patients was 32.1 ± 7.2 years. Due to the consumption of salt, milk, and fish, there was an association between urinary iodine significant (p < 0,05). Conclusion: It should be noted that the present study concluded that it is important to take into account the eating habits of these patients.
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Wan, Siyuan, Mengying Qu, Huaiyong Wu, Bingxuan Ren, Wen Jiang, Xiaoming Wang, Lixiang Liu, and Hongmei Shen. "Autoimmune thyroid diseases after 25 years of universal salt iodisation: an epidemiological study of Chinese adults in areas with different water iodine levels." British Journal of Nutrition 124, no. 8 (May 21, 2020): 853–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114520001786.
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AbstractThe present study aimed to evaluate the status of iodine nutrition and thyroid function in adults, to understand the distribution of thyroid disease in people with autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) in different water iodine areas and to explore the relationship between serum iodine, urine iodine and thyroid function in people with AITD. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in areas of Shandong Province with different water iodine levels, and subsequently 1225 adults were enrolled from iodine-deficient (ID), iodine-adequate (IA) and iodine-excess (IE) areas. Urinary iodine, water iodine, salt iodine, serum iodine and thyroid function were measured. According to the urine iodine concentration, the ID and IA areas were defined as iodine sufficient and the IE area as iodine excessive. Urine iodine, serum iodine, free thyroxine (FT4) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels were comparatively higher in the IE area. The positive rate of thyroglobulin antibody (19·1 %) and the prevalence of AITD (21·8 %) were higher in the ID areas; the prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism was lowest in the ID areas (7·3 %) and highest in the IE area (16·3 %). Among the AITD population, urinary iodine concentration, free triiodothyronine, FT4 and TSH had a non-linear correlation with serum iodine; abnormal TSH level, serum iodine concentration > 110 µg/l and goitre were risk factors for AITD in adults, especially females. Our data collectively suggest that universal salt iodisation has improved the iodine nutritional status of the population in ID areas in China. Non-step-by-step iodine fortification may induce the transformation of thyroid autoimmune diseases from recessive-to-dominant in susceptible people. Moreover, enhanced monitoring of thyroid function in people with AITD is important.
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Hutchings, Nicholas, Elena Aghajanova, Sisak Baghdasaryan, Mushegh Qefoyan, Catherine Sullivan, Xuemei He, Mariam Manoukian, et al. "A STRATIFIED CROSS-SECTIONAL CLUSTER MODEL SURVEY OF IODINE NUTRITION IN ARMENIA AFTER A DECADE OF UNIVERSAL SALT IODIZATION." Endocrine Practice 25, no. 10 (October 2019): 987–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4158/ep-2018-0634.
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Objective: Iodine is a necessary nutrient for the synthesis of thyroid hormones and essential in human development. Being naturally deficient in iodine, Armenia launched a national universal salt iodization (USI) strategy in 2004. Although high rates of goiter continued to be reported, iodine status has not been studied since 2005. Therefore, this study sought to assess the current situation of population iodine nutrition in Armenia.Methods: We used a selective cross-sectional model to recruit three groups: school-age children (SAC), pregnant women (PW), and nonpregnant women of reproductive age (WRA) from each province. We collected casual urine and table salt samples from each participant, which were analyzed for iodine concentration. A repeat urine sample was collected in a subset of participants to adjust the results for within-person variation in iodine concentration. Group-wise urinary iodine concentrations (UICs) were compared with international reference criteria for iodine status.Results: Urine samples were collected from 1,125 participants from 13 different towns in Armenia; a total of 1,078 participants were included in the final analysis: 361 SAC (mean age, 10.5 years, 46.6% female), 356 PW (mean age, 26.1 years), and 361 WRA (mean age, 35.5 years). Population and geographically weighted median UIC were: SAC, 242 μg/L ([25th percentile] 203 to [75th percentile] 289 μg/L); PW, 226 μg/L (209 to 247 μg/L); WRA, 311 μg/L (244 to 371 μg/L). A total of 1,041 table salt samples were sufficient for laboratory analysis: 973 (93.4%) of the salt iodine measurements were within the national standard range of 40 ± 15 mg/kg.Conclusion: The results of household salt sampling indicated a successful USI strategy. While the present study did not achieve a truly representative sample of Armenia's population, the UIC results support the conclusion that iodine deficiency has not recurred and is not an underlying factor for any remaining high goiter prevalence in Armenia.Abbreviations: PW = pregnant women; SAC = school-age children; SI = salt iodine; UIC = urinary iodine concentration; USI = universal salt iodization; WHO = World Health Organization; WRA = women of reproductive age
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Kung, Annie WC. "Iodine nutrition of pregnant and lactating women in Hong Kong, where intake is of borderline sufficiency." Public Health Nutrition 10, no. 12A (December 2007): 1600–1601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980007360989.
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AbstractObjective: To describe the iodine nutrition of pregnant and lactating women in Hong Kong, where intake is of borderline sufficiency.Design: Review of cross-sectional and prospective studies.Setting: China, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (SAR).Subjects: Pregnant and lactating women.Results: Studies of pregnant women in Hong Kong SAR have revealed an increase in the urinary iodine (UI) concentration as pregnancy advances. A significant percentage of women had a sub-normal serum thyroid hormone concentration at full term. Although iodine is concentrated by the mammary gland, 19% of all mothers had low iodine concentrations in their breast milk. The moderate correlation between the concentrations of iodine in breast milk and urine suggests that an adequate maternal urinary iodine concentration cannot reliably indicate that an infant is getting enough iodine in breast milk. Therefore, some breast-fed infants may still be at risk of low iodine intake, and additional iodine supplements, other than salt iodisation, would be warranted in this population.Conclusions: The currently recommended intake of iodine through universal salt iodisation may not be adequate for pregnant and lactating women, and supplementation during pregnancy and lactation should be further considered in light of the latest recommendations.
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Lu, Ying, Sazia Suliman, Helle R. Hansen, and Jörg Feldmann. "Iodine Excretion and Accumulation in Seaweed-Eating Sheep from Orkney, Scotland." Environmental Chemistry 3, no. 5 (2006): 338. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/en06041.
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Environmental Context. Iodine is an essential element of mammals and iodine deficiency of mammals has been recorded in more than 100 countries worldwide. Additionally, radioactive iodine is a major threat from nuclear fallout and so-called ‘dirty bombs’. Iodine supplementation is able to counteract deficiency and to reduce the potential for uptake of radioactive iodine. Seaweed, one of the best natural sources of iodine, has often been advocated for use as feed for livestock in order to increase the iodine concentration of our diets. The danger of excess iodine, however, has not been studied extensively. Here we investigate the bioavailability of iodine from brown kelps (Laminaria digitata and Laminaria hyperborea) and the adaptation of sheep to excess iodine intake. Abstract. Iodine concentrations in tissue and urine samples of 11 seaweed-eating sheep from North Ronaldsay in Orkney, Scotland, were measured during a feeding experiment. Two groups of six sheep (control was kept on grass five months before experiment, while the trial group were caught at the beach) each ate 0.5 ± 0.1 kg dry mass of seaweed (Laminaria digitata and Laminaria hyperborea) each day in an 11-day feeding trial and had a body burden of around 2300 mg iodine daily, almost entirely as iodide. This iodine intake of 124 mg I kg bodyweight–1 is more than 60 000 times higher than the recommended daily intake for humans. The iodine concentration in the urine within 4 h after the seaweed meal was 1295 ± 369 mg I kg–1. Thus, more than 66% of the total iodine ingested by the sheep was excreted within 24 h. The iodine excretion of the control group was slightly slower (T1/2 = 15.9 ± 7.2 h) than that of the trial group (T1/2 = 9.1 ± 1.6 h). In the same experiment, the excretion of iodine was faster than that of arsenic (T1/2 = 24.3 h). Tissue samples from feral North Ronaldsay sheep taken directly from the beach showed elevated iodine levels (liver: 2710 ± 505 μg I kg–1 > kidney: 1827 ± 618 μg I kg–1 > neck muscles: 404 ± 117 μg I kg–1 based on fresh weight), pointing to insufficient homeostatic control of iodine uptake, so that iodine concentrations were 17 times higher than those of non-exposed sheep. A trend of continuous accumulation of iodine in the liver and kidney throughout the life of the sheep was observed. In contrast to arsenic, iodine was higher in the liver and kidney than in the muscle.
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Winder, Mateusz, Zofia Kosztyła, Aleksandra Boral, Piotr Kocełak, and Jerzy Chudek. "The Impact of Iodine Concentration Disorders on Health and Cancer." Nutrients 14, no. 11 (May 26, 2022): 2209. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu14112209.
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Iodine deficiency is an ongoing problem. The implementation of salt iodization has significantly reduced the effects of iodine deficiency worldwide in recent years, and the remaining iodine deficiency is mild to moderate. Iodine is an essential substrate for the synthesis of thyroid hormones in the thyroid gland. It can also act as an antioxidant, as well as an anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic factor. Pregnant women, breastfeeding women, and children are particularly affected by iodine deficiency. It leads to thyroid diseases and metabolic and developmental disorders, as well as cancer. However, an excessive iodine intake may, similarly to iodine deficiency, lead to the development of goiter, and toxic amounts of iodine can lead to thyroiditis, hyperthyroidism, and hypothyroidism, and even to the development of papillary thyroid cancer. Correcting iodine deficiency potentially reduces the chance of developing malignancies. Additional research is needed to better understand both the effect of iodine on carcinogenesis and the clinical outcome of iodine deficiency compensation on cancer patients’ prognosis. The upcoming public health challenge appears to be reducing salt consumption, which could result in a lower iodine intake. Thus, an iodine enrichment vehicle other than salt could be considered if salt iodine levels are not increased to compensate, and urine iodine levels should be monitored more frequently.
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Cui, Tingkai, Wei Wang, Wen Chen, Ziyun Pan, Shu Gao, Long Tan, Elizabeth N. Pearce, Michael B. Zimmermann, Jun Shen, and Wanqi Zhang. "Serum Iodine Is Correlated with Iodine Intake and Thyroid Function in School-Age Children from a Sufficient-to-Excessive Iodine Intake Area." Journal of Nutrition 149, no. 6 (May 9, 2019): 1012–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jn/nxy325.
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ABSTRACT Background An alternative feasible and convenient method of assessing iodine intake is needed. Objective The aim of this study was to examine the utility of serum iodine for assessing iodine intake in children. Methods One blood sample and 2 repeated 24-h urine samples (1-mo interval) were collected from school-age children in Shandong, China. Serum free triiodothyronine (FT3), free thyroxine (FT4), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), thyroglobulin (Tg), total iodine (StI), and non-protein-bound iodine (SnbI) concentrations and urine iodine (UIC) and creatinine (UCr) concentrations were measured. Iodine intake was estimated based on two 24-h urine iodine excretions (24-h UIE). Associations between serum iodine and other factors were analyzed using the Spearman rank correlation test. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to illustrate diagnostic ability of StI and SnbI. Results In total, 1686 children aged 7–14 y were enrolled. The median 24-h UIC for the 2 collections was 385 and 399 μg/L, respectively. The median iodine intake was estimated to be 299 μg/d and was significantly higher in boys than in girls (316 μg/d compared with 283 μg/d; P < 0.001). StI and SnbI were both positively correlated with FT4 (ρ = 0.30, P < 0.001; and ρ = 0.21, P < 0.001), Tg (ρ = 0.21, P < 0.001; and ρ = 0.19, P < 0.001), 24-h UIC (ρ = 0.56, P < 0.001; and ρ = 0.47, P < 0.001), 24-h UIE (ρ = 0.46, P < 0.001; and ρ = 0.49, P < 0.001), urine iodine-to-creatinine ratio (ρ = 0.58, P < 0.001; and ρ = 0.62, P < 0.001), and iodine intake (ρ = 0.49, P < 0.001; and ρ = 0.53, P < 0.001). The areas under the ROC curves for StI and SnbI for the diagnosis of excessive iodine intake in children were 0.76 and 0.77, respectively. The optimal StI and SnbI threshold values for defining iodine excess in children were 101 and 56.2 μg/L, respectively. Conclusions Serum iodine was positively correlated with iodine intake and the serum FT4 concentration in children. It is a potential biomarker for diagnosing excessive iodine intake in children. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02915536.
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Putri, Widya Ayu Kurnia, Dodik Briawan, Hidayat Syarif, and Leily Amelia. "Perbandingan kandungan iodium dalam urin antara sampel urin 24 jam dan on spot pada anak usia sekolah." Jurnal Gizi Klinik Indonesia 13, no. 3 (January 30, 2017): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ijcn.17865.
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Background: Urine Iodine Concentration (UIC) is the indicator to assess iodine status. UIC from 24-hour urine collection appropriate to used as a direct measure of the iodine status and helps to validate the estimates intake of iodine. 24-hours urine collection is not practical in large studies and epidemiological surveys because it is quite difficult to complete and accurate collection. WHO/UNICEF/ICCIDD recommend the use of on spot urine collection.Objective: The aim of this study was to compare of 24-hour urine collection and spot urine collection for the assessment UIC in children.Method: The cross-sectional study was applied in Bogor. UIC was measured in 24-hour urine and parallel collected three spot urine namely on spot 1 collected morning, on spot 2 collected afternoon, and on spot 3 collected evening, sample urine collected from 44 healthy children age 10-13 years. UIC of 24-hour urine and one spot urine analyzed in the laboratory GAKY FK UNDIP using acid digestion method.Results: The average UIC from 24-hour urine collection was 179.77 ± 56.4 µg/l and UIC from on spot urine collection were on spot morning 145.30 ± 63.6 µg/l, on spot afternoon 159.95 ± 64.5 µg/l, and on spot evening 167.50 ± 66.1 µg/l. However, UIC correlation between UIC from on spot afternoon and UIC 24-hour (r = 0.456) with 66.67 % sensitivity and 75.61 % specificity.Conclusion: UIC urine samples from lunch to dinner more accurately reflects the UIC 24 hours to categorize the iodine status of the population. UIC from spot urine samples collected on the afternoon can be used as an alternative to evaluate the iodine status of school-age children.
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Yaping, Z., Y. Dongxing, C. Jixiang, L. Tianshiu, and C. Huiqin. "Spectrophotometric determination of urinary iodine by flow-injection analysis with on-line catalytic digestion." Clinical Chemistry 42, no. 12 (December 1, 1996): 2021–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/42.12.2021.
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Abstract A flow-injection technique involving on-line catalytic digestion and spectrophotometric detection has been developed for the determination of iodine in urine. After urine samples are digested by KMnO4-K2Cr2O7-H2SO4 solution, the iodine in the urine catalyzes the reaction of As(III) with Ce(IV). The remaining Ce(IV) is then reacted with brucine and the product is detected with a spectrophotometer at 480 nm. With this technique, we obtained a detection limit for urinary iodine of 0.039 mumol/L, and the linear range was 0.039-7.88 mumol/L with a CV < 3%. Analytical recovery ranged between 92% and 104% (mean 99%). The sampling frequency of the flow-injection technique was 70/h. We applied the method to measure the iodine concentration in a freeze-dried urine reference sample and in collected urine samples, and compared the results with those obtained by the accepted alkaline ashing technique. The proposed technique has the advantages of being simple, rapid, precise, accurate, and sensitive. It can be used to assess iodine-deficient populations as well as those receiving treatment.
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Sorokman, T. V., and O. V. Makarova. "The effect of iodine deficiency on the course of recurrent respiratory infection in children living in the iodine deficient region." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENDOCRINOLOGY (Ukraine) 17, no. 5 (January 4, 2022): 448–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.22141/2224-0721.17.5.2021.241527.
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Background. The consequence of iodine deficiency is a decrease in the secretion of thyroid hormones, which adversely affects the immune system with the development of somatic and predisposition to frequent respiratory diseases. The purpose was to investigate the iodine supply of the body of children with recurrent respiratory infections (RRI) by studying the organification and inorganic fractions of iodine in the serum and excretion of iodine in the urine. Materials and methods. The study was conducted by simple sampling, taking into account the characteristics of the clinic course of respiratory disease. Clinical and laboratory and instrumental examination was performed in 60 children aged 3 to 11 years with a diagnosis of RRI. The concentration of iodine in urine, the level of inorganic and organification iodine in the blood were studied. Results. The clinical picture presented with the symptoms of intoxication, fever, and catarrhal symptoms typical of RRI. In children with severe RRI experienced a clear decrease in the iodine level to 57.34 μg/l (p < 0.05) and a decline in the blood content of total iodine and iodine organification by 31.12 and 39.11 % (p < 0.001), respectively. The concentration of inorganic iodine was significantly higher (p < 0.001). Such results indicate a “wrong” subcellular distribution of iodine into fractions in the inflammatory process caused by RRI. The children with detected iodine deficiency demonstrated a more severe course of RRI. There was a moderately negative relationship between the levels of organification and inorganic iodine (r = –0.515; p < 0.05) and a direct relationship between the blood concentrations of total and organification iodine (r = 0.899; p < 0.05). Conclusions. The course of RRI in patients with iodine deficiency is characterized by an increase in the level of inorganic iodine, a decrease in organification iodine and total iodine, the deepening of these changes correlates with the severity of the respiratory disease.
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van Veggel, Kristin Mariëlla, Dina Mehus Ivarson, Jan Maria Martinus Rondeel, and Gerritje Sophie Mijnhout. "Iodine Deficiency in Patients with Hypothyroidism: A Pilot Study." Journal of Thyroid Research 2022 (June 2, 2022): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/4328548.
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Objective. Worldwide, 21 countries have insufficient iodine in their diets. Persistent iodine deficiency may result in hypothyroidism. The aim of this study is to determine whether iodine measurements can be used to determine the prevalence of iodine deficiency in patients with (subclinical) hypothyroidism compared to a control group. Design. A prospective cohort pilot study was performed at the Internal Medicine Outpatient Clinic of Isala, a large teaching hospital in Zwolle, the Netherlands. Patients. This study consisted of two groups of 24 adult patients each: a group of consecutive patients presenting with overt or subclinical hypothyroidism and a control group of euthyroid patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Measurements. All patients collected 24-hour urine. Iodine status was determined using urinary iodine concentration (UIC), urinary iodine excretion (UIE), and iodine creatinine ratio (I : Cr). Iodine deficiency was defined as an iodine concentration <100 µg/L for UIC, iodine level <125 µg for UIE, and <0.13 µmol/mmol for I : Cr. Results. According to UIE and UIC measurements, 54.2% of hypothyroid patients were iodine-deficient compared to 41.7–45.8% in the control group. According to the I : Cr measurement 91.7% of hypothyroid patients were iodine-deficient compared to 87.5% in the control group. No significant difference was seen between the two groups. No correlation was found between thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) level and iodine deficiency. Conclusions. Iodine deficiency is prevalent in both hypothyroid patients and euthyroid patients. Because there is no significant difference between the groups, a single 24-hour urine or spot urine sample to determine UIC, UIE, and I : Cr, seems not suitable to determine iodine status in an individual participant.
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Idiz, Cemile, Aysu Altun, Canan Basaran-Kucukgergin, Zuhal Kofoglu, Ismail Cem Sormaz, and Sema Yarman. "Effect of iodine-containing antiseptics on urine iodine levels of surgical staff after iodization." Turkish Journal of Biochemistry 45, no. 3 (September 20, 2019): 277–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/tjb-2019-0090.
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AbstractBackgroundThe routine use of topical iodinated antiseptic could be a possible cause of iodine contamination. This study was aimed to determine urinary iodine status of operation-room staff who routinely use iodine-containing antiseptics for cleansing of the hands after salt iodization.Materials and methodsThe study included 40 operation-room staff who use surgical hand-scrub solutions. Participants applied an iodized brush for a minimum of three times a day on weekdays and were iodine-free on the weekends. Morning urine samples from all volunteers to analyze the urinary iodine concentration (UIC) twice a week. Modified microplate method of Sandell-Kolthoff reaction used to measure UIC.ResultsThe UICs were significantly higher on Friday (median 194 μg/L (70–396 μg/L)) compared to the Monday concentrations (median 125 μg/L (62–264 μg/L), p < 0.001). Mild iodine deficiency occurred in 32.5% of the subjects on Monday, in 5% on Friday. On Monday, there were no subjects with UIC > 300 μg/L, but on Friday, 7.5% of the subjects had UIC > 300 μg/L.ConclusionDespite both the use of iodized antiseptic solution and mandatory iodization, operation-room staff had only median iodine levels with low risk of iodine intoxication.
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Bebeshko, G. I., and M. B. Dittrich. "Method for biochemical monitoring of iodine. Determination of iodide-ion in urine with an ion-selective electrode." Industrial laboratory. Diagnostics of materials 88, no. 2 (February 22, 2022): 5–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.26896/1028-6861-2022-88-2-5-14.
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Determination of iodine in urine is an important methodology in the assessment of thyroid disorders. This indicator is often used in epidemiological studies of the state of iodine nutrition of the population, since the widespread prevalence of human iodine deficiency diseases is directly related to the lack of iodine intake with food and water. A method for the iodide ion determination in urine has been developed based on preliminary preservation of the sample in the presence of a buffer solution containing 4.28 %wt. H2O2 at pH 6.8 – 7.5 and measurements of the potential of the iodide selective electrode directly in the preserved sample solution without separation of the interfering components. After mixing the sample with a buffer solution in a ratio of 1:1, it is preserved after 18 – 24 h and stored for at least 30 days. The interfering effect of macro- and micro-components has been studied. It is shown that the amount of sodium chloride in the sample should be taken into account only in studying the severe iodine deficiency (≤20 μg/liter) and urea does not affect the potential of the electrode. To assess the total effect of the organic components of urine, we compared the results of parallel determinations of iodine in the samples, one of which was preserved, and organics was removed from the second one by alkaline ashing. It is shown that the discrepancies in the results were random and did not exceed 11.3 %. Iodine loss has not been determined, the bias between the concentration of the introduced and found additives was insignificant. Thus, in a buffer solution with hydrogen peroxide, not only the preservation of the urine sample for a long time takes place, but also the interfering influence of inorganic and organic components of the sample matrix on the membrane of the ion-selective electrode is eliminated. Metrological evaluation of the developed methodology was performed, which showed the precision and trueness of the procedure. The method was tested in an experiment on the correction and enrichment of iodine in the diet of schoolchildren. The low cost, convenient and easy to use equipment, the possibility of long-term storage of preserved samples makes the method mobile and suitable for biochemical monitoring of iodine consumption and deficiency during a large-scale population survey.
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Troshina, Ekaterina A., Evgeniya S. Senyushkina, Natalya P. Makolina, Fatima M. Abdulkhabirova, Larisa V. Nikankina, Natalia M. Malysheva, Irina N. Repinskaya, and Valentyna A. Divinskaya. "Iodine Deficiency Disorders: Current State of the Problem in the Republic of Crimea." Clinical and experimental thyroidology 16, no. 4 (June 15, 2021): 19–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.14341/ket12700.
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Background: The article presents the results of a control and epidemiological study conducted in September 2020 by specialists of the Federal State Budgetary Institution «NMIC of Endocrinology» of the Ministry of Health of Russia, aimed at assessing the current state of iodine provision in the population of the Republic of Crimea. The study in Crimea is part of a number of activities and work carried out on behalf of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation within the framework of state assignments «Scientific assessment of the need for additional regulatory legal and other measures to eliminate iodine deficiency in pilot regions with severe iodine deficiency» and «Epidemiological and molecular-cellular characteristics of tumor, autoimmune and iodine deficiency thyropathies as a basis for prevention of complications and personalization of treatment.The data obtained reflect the state of the problem of iodine consumption on the territory of the Crimean Peninsula and indicate the relevance of the adoption of a regional preventive program aimed at eliminating iodine deficiency in the diet of the population and related diseases.Aim: Assessment of iodine supply of the population of the Republic of CrimeaMaterials and methods: The research was carried out in secondary schools of four districts of the Republic of Crimea — in the years. Simferopol, Belogorsk, Bakhchisarai and Saki.The volume of the study — 356 schoolchildren of 8-10 years old, all were completed: taking anamnesis and anthropometric parameters (height, weight), examination by an endocrinologist with palpation of the thyroid gland (thyroid gland), ultrasound examination of the thyroid gland (thyroid ultrasound), obtaining single portions of urine and samples of table salt (5-10 grams), which is used daily in the diet in their families. The measurements of the height and weight of the children by the standard method were carried out during the examination by a specialist. Thyroid ultrasound was performed in the supine position using a portable LOGIQe ultrasound machine (China) with a 10-15 MHz multifrequency linear transducer. All urine samples (n = 356) in disposable Eppendorf microtubes were immediately frozen at a temperature of minus 20-25°! for further determination of the concentration of iodine in urine using the cerium-arsenite method (based on the clinical diagnostic laboratory of the Federal State Budgetary Institution NMITs endocrinology «of the Ministry of Health of Russia). A qualitative study for the presence of potassium iodate in food table salt samples (n = 203) was carried out on site by the express method.Informed consent was obtained from all parents / guardians of children for the examination and processing of personal data. The permission of the local ethical committee of the Federal State Budgetary Institution «NMIC of Endocrinology» of the Ministry of Health of Russia was received on March 25, 2020, No. 5.Results: According to the results of a survey of 356 children of primary school age, the median concentration of iodine in urine (mCIM) is 97 pg / l and varies from 78 to 98 pg / l in the surveyed areas, the proportion of urine samples with a reduced iodine concentration was 51.2%. The share of iodized salt use in the families of schoolchildren was 12.3% (values range from 10% to 15%). The average incidence of goiter in children according to ultrasound data is 9.5% (range of values from 1.7% to 16.3%).Conclusion.The indicator of the median concentration of iodine in urine indicates an insufficient iodine supply of the population of the Republic of Crimea.The prevalence of goiter in children of primary school age according to the ultrasound examination of the thyroid gland corresponds to the mild severity of iodine deficiency in the mild degree of goiter endemic in the region.The share of households using iodized salt is extremely low and amounts to 12.3%, which does not meet the WHO recommendations for regions with natural iodine deficiency (from 90% or more).
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Henjum, Sigrun, Ingrid Barikmo, Anne Karine Gjerlaug, Abderraháman Mohamed-Lehabib, Arne Oshaug, Tor Arne Strand, and Liv Elin Torheim. "Endemic goitre and excessive iodine in urine and drinking water among Saharawi refugee children." Public Health Nutrition 13, no. 9 (April 1, 2010): 1472–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980010000650.
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AbstractObjectiveTo assess the prevalence of enlarged thyroid volume (Tvol) in Saharawi refugee children, and their urinary iodine concentration (UIC), and to identify possible sources of excess iodine intake.DesignA cross-sectional survey was performed during January–February 2007. Tvol was measured by ultrasound and iodine concentration was analysed in casual urine samples, in household drinking water and in milk samples from household livestock.SettingThe study was undertaken in four refugee camps in the Algerian desert.SubjectsThe subjects were 421 Saharawi children, 6–14 years old.ResultsEnlarged Tvol was found in 56 % (Tvol-for-age) and 86 % (Tvol-for-body-surface-area) of the children. The median (25th percentile–75th percentile, P25–P75) UIC was 565 (357–887) μg/l. The median (P25–P75) iodine concentration in household drinking water was 108 (77–297) μg/l. None of the children had UIC below 100 μg/l, 16 % had UIC between 100 and 299 μg/l, and 84 % had UIC above 300 μg/l. There was a positive association between Tvol and whether the household possessed livestock.ConclusionsThe children are suffering from endemic goitre and high UIC caused probably by an excessive intake of iodine. The excessive iodine intakes probably originate from drinking water and milk.
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van der Reijden, Olivia L., Valeria Galetti, Sarah Bürki, Christophe Zeder, Adam Krzystek, Max Haldimann, Joel Berard, Michael B. Zimmermann, and Isabelle Herter-Aeberli. "Iodine bioavailability from cow milk: a randomized, crossover balance study in healthy iodine-replete adults." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 110, no. 1 (July 1, 2019): 102–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqz092.
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ABSTRACTBackgroundMilk and dairy products are considered important dietary sources of iodine in many countries. However, to our knowledge, iodine bioavailability from milk has not been directly measured in humans.ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to compare iodine bioavailability in iodine-replete adults from: 1) cow milk containing a high concentration of native iodine; 2) milk containing a low concentration of native iodine, with the addition of potassium iodide (KI) to assess a potential matrix effect; and 3) an aqueous solution of KI as a comparator; with all 3 containing equal amounts of total iodine (263 µg/250 mL). We also speciated iodine in milk.DesignWe conducted a 3-wk, randomized, crossover balance study in adults (n = 12) consuming directly analyzed, standardized diets. During the 3 test conditions — high intrinsic iodine milk (IIM), extrinsically added iodine in milk (EIM), and aqueous iodine solution (AIS) — subjects collected 24-h urine over 3 d and consumed the test drink on the second day, with 3- or 4-d wash-out periods prior to each treatment. Iodine absorption was calculated as the ratio of urinary iodine excretion (UIE) to total iodine intake. Milk iodine speciation was performed using ion chromatography-mass spectrometry.ResultsIodine intake from the standardized diet was 195 ± 6 µg/d for males and 107 ± 6 µg/d for females; the test drinks provided an additional 263 µg. Eleven subjects completed the protocol. There was a linear relation between iodine intake and UIE (β = 0.89, SE = 0.04, P < 0.001). There were no significant differences in UIE among the 3 conditions (P = 0.24). Median (range) fractional iodine absorption across the 3 conditions was 91 (51–145), 72 (48–95), and 98 (51–143)% on days 1, 2, and 3, respectively, with day 2 significantly lower compared with days 1 and 3 (P < 0.001). In milk, 80–93% of the total iodine was inorganic iodide.ConclusionNearly all of the iodine in cow milk is iodide and although fractional iodine absorption from milk decreases with increasing dose, its bioavailability is high. The trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03590431.
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Campanozzi, Angelo, Irene Rutigliano, Paolo E. Macchia, Gianpaolo De Filippo, Antonio Barbato, Roberto Iacone, Ornella Russo, et al. "Iodine deficiency among Italian children and adolescents assessed through 24-hour urinary iodine excretion." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 109, no. 4 (April 1, 2019): 1080–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqy393.
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ABSTRACTBackgroundIodine is an essential micronutrient for intellectual development in children. Information on iodine intakes based on 24-h urinary iodine excretion (UIE) is scant, because iodine status is only assessed by the measurement of urinary iodine concentration (UIC) in spot urine samples.ObjectivesThe aim of our study was to evaluate the iodine intake of school-age children and adolescents, using UIE measurement in 24-h urine collections.MethodsThe study population included 1270 healthy subjects (677 boys, 593 girls) aged 6–18 y (mean age ± SD: 10.3 ± 2.9) from 10 Italian regions. Daily iodine intake was estimated as UIE/0.92, based on the notion that $\sim$92% of the dietary iodine intake is absorbed. The adequacy of intakes was assessed according to the Dietary Reference Values for iodine of the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). Body mass index (BMI) and UIC were also measured for each subject.ResultsBased on the scientific opinion of EFSA, 600 of 1270 subjects (47.2%) had a lower than adequate iodine intake, with a higher prevalence among girls (54.6%) compared with boys (40.2%) (P < 0.001). Although UIE and 24-h urinary volumes increased with age (P < 0.001), a progressive decrease in the percentage of subjects with iodine excretion <100 µg/24 h (P < 0.001) was observed, without any significant difference in the percentage of subjects with UIC <100 µg/L. No significant association was detected between BMI z-score and UIE (P = 0.603) or UIC (P = 0.869).ConclusionsA sizable proportion of our population, especially girls, appeared to be at risk of iodine inadequacy. The simple measurement of UIC could lead to underestimation of the occurrence of iodine deficiency in younger children, because of the age-related smaller urine volumes producing spuriously higher iodine concentrations.
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Skeaff, Sheila A., and Emily Lonsdale-Cooper. "Mandatory fortification of bread with iodised salt modestly improves iodine status in schoolchildren." British Journal of Nutrition 109, no. 6 (July 31, 2012): 1109–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114512003236.
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Iodine deficiency has re-emerged in many parts of the world including the UK, Australia and New Zealand (NZ). In 2009, the NZ government introduced the mandatory fortification of bread with iodised salt as a strategy to improve iodine intakes. The aim of the present study was to assess the impact of fortification on the iodine status of NZ schoolchildren. A school-based cluster survey was used to randomly select schools from two NZ cities. Children aged 8–10 years were administered a general questionnaire, and asked to provide a casual urine and finger-prick blood sample. The median urinary iodine concentration (UIC) of the children (n147) was 113 μg/l, which falls between 100 and 199 μg/l indicating adequate iodine status; 12 % of children had a UIC < 50 μg/l and 39 % had a UIC < 100 μg/l. The median serum thyroxine concentration was 115 nmol/l. The median serum thyroglobulin (Tg) concentration was 10·8 μg/l and falls in the 10·0–19·9 μg/l range indicative of mild iodine deficiency, suggesting that these children still had enlarged thyroid glands. When compared with the median UIC of 68 μg/l reported in the 2002 NZ Children's Nutrition Survey, the UIC of children in the present study had increased, which is probably caused by the addition of iodised salt to bread. However, the elevated concentration of Tg in these children suggests that the increase in UIC is not sufficient to ensure that thyroid volume has normalised. The fortification of other staple foods, in addition to bread, should be considered to ensure good iodine status in NZ children.
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Damor, Rahul, Jatin Chhaya, Sukesha Gamit, Jayant Patel, and J. K. Kosambiya. "Urinary iodine excretion in urine samples among children in Dang district, Gujarat." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 4, no. 7 (June 23, 2017): 2339. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20172820.
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Background: Iodine is an essential micronutrient required for normal human growth and development as it is needed for the synthesis of thyroid hormones produced by thyroid glands. The sicknesses occurred due to deficiencies of iodine in the nutrition are termed iodine deficiency disorders. Urinary iodine concentration is the prime indicator of a person’s nutritional iodine status. So, the aim of this study was to assess the status of iodine deficiency based on median urinary iodine excretion.Methods: Community based cross sectional study was carried out among purposively selected primary schools of the Dang district. All students between the age group of 6 to 12 years who were present on the day of visit were included in the study. A total 387 urine samples were collected during the period of August 2015 to September 2016.Results: Based on median urinary iodine excretion, among total analysed samples, about 6.5% samples confirmed severe iodine deficiency, 22% samples showed moderate iodine deficiency and about 36% samples indicated mild iodine deficiency. About one third (31.3%) samples suggested optimum iodine intake. Only few samples (4.4%) revealed more than required iodine intake.Conclusions: About one third (31.3%) of the surveyed population had adequate iodine intake while majority (64.4%) of them had inadequate iodine intake.
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Beckford, Kelsey, Carley A. Grimes, Claire Margerison, Lynn J. Riddell, Sheila A. Skeaff, Madeline L. West, and Caryl A. Nowson. "A systematic review and meta-analysis of 24-h urinary output of children and adolescents: impact on the assessment of iodine status using urinary biomarkers." European Journal of Nutrition 59, no. 7 (November 29, 2019): 3113–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00394-019-02151-w.
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Abstract Purpose Urinary iodine concentration (UIC (μg/ml) from spot urine samples collected from school-aged children is used to determine the iodine status of populations. Some studies further extrapolate UIC to represent daily iodine intake, based on the assumption that children pass approximately 1 L urine over 24-h, but this has never been assessed in population studies. Therefore, the present review aimed to collate and produce an estimate of the average 24-h urine volume of children and adolescents (> 1 year and < 19 years) from published studies. Methods EBSCOHOST and EMBASE databases were searched to identify studies which reported the mean 24-h urinary volume of healthy children (> 1 year and < 19 years). The overall mean (95% CI) estimate of 24-h urine volume was determined using a random effects model, broken down by age group. Results Of the 44 studies identified, a meta-analysis of 27 studies, with at least one criterion for assessing the completeness of urine collections, indicated that the mean urine volume of 2–19 year olds was 773 (654, 893) (95% CI) mL/24-h. When broken down by age group, mean (95% CI) 24-h urine volume was 531 mL/day (454, 607) for 2–5 year olds, 771 mL/day (734, 808) for 6–12 year olds, and 1067 mL/day (855, 1279) for 13–19 year olds. Conclusions These results demonstrate that the average urine volume of children aged 2–12 years is less than 1 L, therefore, misclassification of iodine intakes may occur when urine volumes fall below or above 1 L. Future studies utilizing spot urine samples to assess iodine status should consider this when extrapolating UIC to represent iodine intakes of a population.
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Bakken, Kjersti Sletten, Tonje Eiane Aarsland, Synne Groufh-Jacobsen, Beate Stokke Solvik, Elin Lovise Folven Gjengedal, Sigrun Henjum, and Tor Arne Strand. "Adequate Urinary Iodine Concentration among Infants in the Inland Area of Norway." Nutrients 13, no. 6 (May 27, 2021): 1826. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13061826.
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Considering the importance of iodine to support optimal growth and neurological development of the brain and central nervous system, this study aimed to assess and evaluate iodine status in Norwegian infants. We collected data on dietary intake of iodine, iodine knowledge in mothers, and assessed iodine concentration in mother’s breast milk and in infant’s urine in a cross-sectional study at two public healthcare clinics in the inland area of Norway. In the 130 mother–infant pairs, the estimated infant 24-h median iodine intake was 50 (IQR 31, 78) µg/day. The median infant urinary iodine concentration (UIC) was 146 (IQR 93, 250) µg/L and within the recommended median defined by the World Health Organization for this age group. Weaned infants had a higher UIC [210 (IQR 130, 330) µg/L] than exclusively breastfed infants [130 (IQR 78, 210) µg/L] and partially breastfed infants [135 (IQR 89, 250) µg/L], which suggest that the dietary data obtained in this study did not capture the accurate iodine intake of the included infants. The iodine status of infants in the inland area of Norway seemed adequate. Weaned infants had higher UIC compared to breastfed infants, suggesting early access and consumption of other sources of iodine in addition to breast milk.
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Chen, Wen, Shu Gao, Wenxing Guo, Long Tan, Ziyun Pan, Shuyao Dong, Ya Jin, Ying Zhang, Wanqi Zhang, and Jun Shen. "Intra-individual and inter-individual variations in iodine intake and excretion in adult women: implications for sampling." British Journal of Nutrition 123, no. 9 (November 27, 2019): 987–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114519003015.
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AbstractIodine intake and excretion vary widely; however, these variations remain a large source of geometric uncertainty. The present study aims to analyse variations in iodine intake and excretion and provide implications for sampling in studies of individuals or populations. Twenty-four healthy women volunteers were recruited for a 12-d sampling period during the 4-week experiment. The duplicate-portion technique was used to measure iodine intake, while 24-h urine was collected to estimate iodine excretion. The mean intra-individual variations in iodine intake, 24-h UIE (24-h urinary iodine excretion) and 24-h UIC (24-h urinary iodine concentration) were 63, 48 and 55 %, respectively, while the inter-individual variations for these parameters were 14, 24 and 32 %, respectively. For 95 % confidence, approximately 500 diet samples or 24-h urine samples should be taken from an individual to estimate their iodine intake or iodine status at a precision range of ±5%. Obtaining a precision range of ±5% in a population would require twenty-five diet samples or 150 24-h urine samples. The intra-individual variations in iodine intake and excretion were higher than the inter-individual variations, which indicates the need for more samples in a study on individual participants.
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Hutchings, Nicholas, Elena Aghajanova, Sisak Baghdasaryan, Mushegh Qefoyan, Catherine Sullivan, Xuemei He, Frits van der Haar, Lewis Braverman, and John P. Bilezikian. "Constituent analysis of iodine intake in Armenia." Public Health Nutrition 21, no. 16 (September 7, 2018): 2982–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980018002197.
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AbstractObjectiveWe sought to assess the universal salt iodization (USI) strategy in Armenia by characterizing dietary iodine intake from naturally occurring iodine, salt-derived iodine in processed foods and salt-derived iodine in household-prepared foods.DesignUsing a cross-sectional cluster survey model, we collected urine samples which were analysed for iodine and sodium concentrations (UIC and UNaC) and household salt samples which were analysed for iodine concentration (SI). SI and UNaC data were used as explanatory variables in multiple linear regression analyses with UIC as dependent variable, and the regression parameters were used to estimate the iodine intake sources attributable to native iodine and iodine from salt in processed foods and household salt.SettingArmenia is naturally iodine deficient; in 2004, the government mandated a USI strategy.SubjectsWe recruited school-age children (SAC), pregnant women (PW) and non-pregnant women of reproductive age (WRA).ResultsFrom thirteen sites covering all provinces, sufficient urine and table salt samples were obtained from 312 SAC, 311 PW and 332 WRA. Findings revealed significant differences between groups: contribution of native iodine ranged from 81% in PW to 46% in SAC, while household salt-derived iodine contributed from 19% in SAC to 1% in PW.ConclusionsDifferences between groups may reflect differences in diet. In all groups, household and processed food salt constituted a significant part of total iodine intake, highlighting the success and importance of USI in ensuring iodine sufficiency. There appears to be leeway to reduce salt intake without adversely affecting the iodine status of the population in Armenia.
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Threapleton, Diane E., Dagmar Waiblinger, Charles J. P. Snart, Elizabeth Taylor, Claire Keeble, Samina Ashraf, Shazia Bi, et al. "Prenatal and Postpartum Maternal Iodide Intake from Diet and Supplements, Urinary Iodine and Thyroid Hormone Concentrations in a Region of the United Kingdom with Mild-to-Moderate Iodine Deficiency." Nutrients 13, no. 1 (January 14, 2021): 230. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13010230.
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Iodine is essential for normal thyroid function, supporting healthy fetal and child development. Iodine requirements increase in pregnancy, but many women in regions without salt iodization have insufficient intakes. We explored associations between iodide intake and urinary iodine concentration (UIC), urinary iodine/creatinine ratio (I/Cr), thyroid stimulating hormone, thyroglobulin, free triiodothyronine, free thyroxine and palpable goiter in a region of mild-to-moderate iodine insufficiency. A total of 246 pregnant women aged 18–40 in Bradford, UK, joined the Health and Iodine in Babies (Hiba) study. They provided detailed information on diet and supplement use, urine and serum samples and were assessed for goiter at around 12, 26 and 36 weeks’ gestation, and 6, 18 and 30 weeks postpartum. Dietary iodide intake from food and drink was estimated using six 24 h recalls. During pregnancy, median (IQR) dietary iodide intake was 101 µg/day (54, 142), with 42% from dairy and 9% from white fish. Including supplements, intake was 143 µg/day (94, 196), with 49% < UK reference nutrient intake (140 µg/day). Women with Pakistani heritage had 129 µg/day (87, 190) median total intake. Total intake during pregnancy was associated with 4% (95% CI: 1%, 7%) higher UIC, 5% (3%, 7%) higher I/Cr, 4% (2%, 6%) lower thyroglobulin and 21% (9%, 32%) lower odds of palpable goiter per 50 µg/day. This cohort consumed less iodide in pregnancy than UK and World Health Organization dietary recommendations. UIC, I/Cr and thyroglobulin were associated with intake. Higher intake was associated with fewer goiters. Because dairy was the dominant source of iodide, women following plant-based or low-dairy diets may be at particular risk of iodine insufficiency.
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Scherr, Natália Campos Gonçalves, Anelise Impelizieri Nogueira, Kamilla Maria Araújo Brandão Rajão, and Henrique Vitor Leite. "Nutritional Status of Iodine in a Group of Pregnant Women from the State of Minas Gerais Correlated with Neonatal Thyroid Function." Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia / RBGO Gynecology and Obstetrics 44, no. 10 (October 2022): 909–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0042-1756147.
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Abstract Objective To evaluate the iodine sufficiency of pregnant women assisted in a University Hospital of Minas Gerais, and to correlate the urinary concentrations of maternal iodine with the fetal thyroid hormone levels at birth. Methods Urinary iodine concentrations from 30 pregnant women with a singleton pregnancy and gestational age lower than 20 weeks were analyzed. Occasional samples of the mothers' urine were collected for the urinary iodine concentration dosage, and these were correlated with the newborns' thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels. Results The median iodine urinary concentration of this study's pregnant women population was 216.73 mcg/l, which is proper for the group, following the World Health Organization (WHO). No cases of neonatal hypothyroidism were reported in the study, which corroborates the iodine sufficiency in this population sample. Conclusion This study shows that despite the increased demand for iodine from pregnant women and the Brazilian Health Regulatory Agency (ANVISA) recommendation of 2013 for reduction of salt iodization levels, the population of pregnant women attended in the prenatal ambulatory of normal risk from the Federal University of Minas Gerais is considered sufficient in iodine. As a higher sample is necessary for the confirmation of these findings, it is too early to recommend the universal supplementation of iodine for Brazilian pregnant women, and more studies must be carried out, considering that iodine supplementation for pregnant women in an area of iodine sufficiency is associated to the risks of the fetus's excessive exposure to iodine.
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Ureta-Velasco, Noelia, Kristin Keller, Diana Escuder-Vieco, José C. E. Serrano, Nadia Raquel García-Lara, and Carmen R. Pallás-Alonso. "Assessment of Iodine Concentration in Human Milk from Donors: Implications for Preterm Infants." Nutrients 14, no. 20 (October 14, 2022): 4304. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu14204304.
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Preterm infants are particularly vulnerable to developing iodine deficiency. Donor human milk (DHM) is the preferred feeding option if the mother’s own milk (MOM) is not available, but information on DHM iodine concentration (DHMIC) is lacking. Hence, we aimed to assess DHMIC to further evaluate the adequacy of iodine provision in preterm infants. Finally, associations that might influence DHMIC were studied. In 113 donors, we measured iodine intake by evaluating dietary records for five consecutive days with the DIAL® Software. From the second day of dietary record, donors provided human milk samples (at least one per day) for four consecutive days. Daily human milk samples were analyzed for DHMIC. A DHMIC > 200 µg/L was considered an adequate iodine content for preterm infants. DHMIC and urine iodine concentration (UIC) were determined using ICP-MS. In our study, 83.2% of donors had a full-term infant. Breastfeeding time range was 1.5–49.4 months. During the dietary record, 55.8% took iodine-containing supplements, providing 40–200 µg/day of iodine. The medians (p25, p75) UIC and DHMIC were 112.4 (75.8, 160.1) and 148.5 (97.6, 206.1) µg/L, respectively. In this iodine-sufficient population, 70% had a DHMIC of < 200 µg/L. Donors’ intake of iodine-containing supplements was associated with higher DHMIC.
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Guo, Wenxing, Ziyun Pan, Ying Zhang, Ya Jin, Shuyao Dong, Wen Wu, Wen Chen, and Wanqi Zhang. "Saliva Iodine Concentration in Children and Its Association with Iodine Status and Thyroid Function." Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 105, no. 9 (July 20, 2020): e3451-e3459. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/clinem/dgaa471.
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Abstract Context The effectiveness of saliva iodine concentration (SIC) in evaluating iodine status in children is not clear. Objective We aimed to explore associations between SIC and assessed indicators of iodine status and thyroid function. Design Cross-sectional study. Setting Primary schools in Shandong, China. Participants Local children aged 8 to 13 years with no known thyroid disease were recruited to this study. Main outcome measures Blood, saliva, and urine samples were collected to evaluate thyroid function and iodine status. Results SIC positively correlated with spot urinary iodine concentration (r = 0.29, P < 0.0001), 24-hour urinary iodine concentration (r = 0.35, P < 0.0001), and 24-hour urinary iodine excretion (r = 0.40, P < 0.0001). The prevalence of thyroid nodules (TN) and goiter showed an upward trend with SIC quantiles (P for trend < 0.05). Children with SIC <105 μg/L had a higher risk of insufficient iodine status (OR = 4.18; 95% CI, 2.67-6.56) compared with those with higher SIC. Those having SIC >273 μg/L were associated with greater risks of TN (OR = 2.70; 95% CI, 1.38-5.26) and excessive iodine status (OR = 18.56; 95% CI, 5.66-60.91) than those with lower SIC values. Conclusions There is a good correlation between SIC and urinary iodine concentrations. It is of significant reference value for the diagnosis of iodine deficiency with SIC of less than 105 μg/L and for the diagnosis of iodine excess and TN with SIC of more than 273 μg/L. Given the sanitary nature and convenience of saliva iodine collection, SIC is highly recommended as a good biomarker of recent iodine status in school-aged children.
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van de Ven, Annenienke C., Romana T. Netea-Maier, H. Alec Ross, Teun A. E. van Herwaarden, Suzanne Holewijn, Jacqueline de Graaf, Bart L. A. Kiemeney, et al. "Longitudinal trends in thyroid function in relation to iodine intake: ongoing changes of thyroid function despite adequate current iodine status." European Journal of Endocrinology 170, no. 1 (January 2014): 49–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/eje-13-0589.
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ObjectiveSeveral cross-sectional studies on populations with iodine deficiency showed that TSH-levels are negatively associated with age, while in populations with high iodine intake TSH is positively associated with age. The question is whether such an age-thyroid function relation is an ongoing process apparent also in longitudinal studies and whether it reflects an actual iodine deficiency or an iodine insufficiency in the past.MethodsIn an area with a borderline iodine status in the past, we studied 980 participants of the Nijmegen Biomedical Study. We measured serum TSH, free thyroxine (FT4), total triiodothyronine (T3), peroxidase antibodies, and the urine iodine and creatinine concentration 4 years after our initial survey of thyroid function, in which we reported a negative association between TSH and age.ResultsWithin 4 years, TSH decreased by 5.4% (95% CI 2.5–8.3%) and FT4increased by 3.7% (95% CI 2.9–4.6%). Median urinary iodine concentration was 130 μg/l. Estimated 24-h iodine excretion was not associated with TSH, T3, change of TSH, or FT4over time or with the presence of antibodies against thyroid peroxidase. Only FT4appeared to be somewhat higher at lower urine iodine levels: a 1.01% (95% CI 0.17–1.84%) higher FT4for each lower iodine quintile.ConclusionsIn this longitudinal study, we found an ongoing decrease in TSH and increase in FT4in a previously iodine insufficient population, despite the adequate iodine status at present. This suggests that low iodine intake at young age leads to thyroid autonomy (and a tendency to hyperthyroidism) that persists despite normal iodine intake later in life.
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Jayatissa, Renuka, Jonathan Gorstein, Onyebuchi E. Okosieme, John H. Lazarus, and Lakdasa D. Premawardhana. "Stable Iodine Nutrition During Two Decades of Continuous Universal Salt Iodisation in Sri Lanka." Nutrients 12, no. 4 (April 16, 2020): 1109. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12041109.
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Universal salt iodisation (USI) was introduced in Sri Lanka in 1995. Since then, four national iodine surveys have assessed the iodine nutrition status of the population. We retrospectively reviewed median urine iodine concentration (mUIC) and goitre prevalence in 16,910 schoolchildren (6–12 years) in all nine provinces of Sri Lanka, the mUIC of pregnant women, drinking-water iodine level, and the percentage of households consuming adequately (15 mg/kg) iodised salt (household salt iodine, HHIS). The mUIC of schoolchildren increased from 145.3 µg/L (interquartile range (IQR) = 84.6–240.4) in 2000 to 232.5 µg/L (IQR = 159.3–315.8) in 2016, but stayed within recommended levels. Some regional variability in mUIC was observed (178.8 and 297.3 µg/L in 2016). There was positive association between mUIC in schoolchildren and water iodine concentration. Goitre prevalence to palpation was a significantly reduced from 18.6% to 2.1% (p < 0.05). In pregnant women, median UIC increased in each trimester (102.3 (61.7–147.1); 217.5 (115.6–313.0); 273.1 (228.9–337.6) µg/L (p = 0.000)). We conclude that the introduction and maintenance of a continuous and consistent USI programme has been a success in Sri Lanka. In order to sustain the programme, it is important to retain monitoring of iodine status while tracking salt-consumption patterns to adjust the recommended iodine content of edible salt.
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Torres, Maria-Teresa, Lluis Vila, Josep-María Manresa, Roser Casamitjana, Gemma Prieto, Pere Toran, Gemma Falguera, and Lidia Francés. "Impact of Dietary Habit, Iodine Supplementation and Smoking Habit on Urinary Iodine Concentration During Pregnancy in a Catalonia Population." Nutrients 12, no. 9 (August 31, 2020): 2656. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12092656.
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(1) Background: The nutritional status of women during pregnancy can have a considerable effect on maternal and fetal health, and on the perinatal outcome. Aim: to assess the changes occurring in dietary iodine intake, potassium iodide supplementation, and smoking habit, and the impact of these changes on the urinary iodine concentration (UIC) during pregnancy in a population of women in Catalonia (Spain). (2) Methods: Between 2009–2011, an observational study included a cohort of women whose pregnancies were monitored in the public health system in the Central and North Metropolitan areas of Catalonia. Women received individual educational counseling, a dietary questionnaire was completed, and a urine sample was collected for iodine determination at each trimester visit. (3) Results: 633 (67.9%) women answered the questionnaire at all 3 visits. The percentage of women with a desirable UIC (≥150 μg/L) increased from the first to the second trimester and remained stable in the third (57.3%, 68.9%, 68%; p < 0.001). Analysis of the relationship between UIC≥150 μg/L and the women’s dietary habits showed that the percentage with UIC ≥150 μg/L increased with greater consumption of milk in the first trimester, and the same was true for iodized salt use in all three trimesters and iodine supplementation in all three. (4) Conclusion: During pregnancy, increased intake of milk, iodized salt, and iodine supplements were associated with an increase in the UIC.
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Lv, Shengmin, Jun Zhao, Dong Xu, Zhengshui Chong, Lihui Jia, Yonggui Du, Jing Ma, and Shannon Rutherford. "An epidemiological survey of children's iodine nutrition and goitre status in regions with mildly excessive iodine in drinking water in Hebei Province, China." Public Health Nutrition 15, no. 7 (February 8, 2012): 1168–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980012000146.
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AbstractObjectiveTo identify children's iodine nutrition and goitre status in areas with mildly excessive iodine in drinking water.DesignA cross-sectional survey. Probability proportional to size sampling was employed to randomly select children from thirty townships where the median iodine content in drinking water ranged from 150 to 300 μg/l; their urinary iodine concentrations were determined and their thyroid volumes were measured by ultrasound. Drinking water samples and salt samples from the villages where the children lived were collected using a systematic sampling method.SettingHebei Province of China.SubjectsA total of 1259 children aged 8–10 years (621 boys and 638 girls).ResultsChildren's median urinary iodine concentration was found to be 418·8 μg/l, and the iodine concentration was >300 μg/l for 68·3 % (248/363) of the urine samples. Children's median urinary iodine concentration in villages with median salt iodine >10 mg/kg was significantly higher than that in villages with median salt iodine <5 mg/kg (442·9 μg/l v. 305·4 μg/l, P ≈ 0). The goitre rate of 1259 children examined by ultrasound was 10·96 %.ConclusionsThe iodine intake of children living in areas with mildly excessive iodine in drinking water in Hebei Province was found to be excessive. The measured iodine excess in the sampled children is exacerbated by consumption of iodized salt. Goitre was identified in these areas; however, due to the limitation of the current criteria for children's thyroid volume, a comprehensive assessment of the prevalence of goitre in these regions could not be made and further study is required.
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Molla, GM. "Urinary iodine concentration: a biochemical parameter for assessing the iodine status." Mediscope 5, no. 2 (August 24, 2018): 30–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/mediscope.v5i2.37146.
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Iodine is a micronutrient, which is essential for the synthesis of thyroid hormones. Thyroid hormones play a major role in the development of different functional components in different stages of life. The relationship between iodine intake level of a population and occurrences of thyroid disorders U-shaped with an increase from both low and high iodine intake. Iodine deficiency disorders (IDDs) are a major health problem worldwide in all age groups, but infants, school children, and pregnant and lactating women are vulnerable. During pregnancy and lactation, the fetus and infants are sensitive to maternal iodine intake. Even mild iodine deficiency may lead to irreversible brain damage during this period. A main cause of IDDs of neonates and infants is maternal iodine deficiency. Universal salt iodization strategy has been initiated by the World Health Organization and United Nation International Children Emergency Fund by the year 1993 for correction and prevention of iodine deficiency. Excessive iodine causes hypothyroidism, iodine-induced hyperthyroidism and autoimmune thyroid diseases. Iodine deficiency and excessive iodine, both cause goiter. There are many indicators for assessing the IDDs, such as measurement of thyroid size by palpation or ultrasonography, serum thyroid stimulating hormone, and thyroglobulin but these are less sensitive, costly and sometimes interpretation is difficult. Urinary iodine concentration (UIC) is a well-accepted, cost-efficient, and easily obtainable indicator of iodine status. Since the majority of iodine absorbed by the body is excreted in the urine, it is considered a sensitive marker of current iodine intake and can reflect recent changes in iodine status. Iodine requirements are greatly increased during pregnancy and lactation, owing to metabolic changes. During intrauterine life, maternal iodine is the only source of iodine for a fetus. UIC determines the iodine status of pregnant and lactating women. Breast milk is the only source of iodine for exclusively breastfed neonates and infants. Breast milk iodine concentration can be determined by UIC. UIC predicts the adverse health consequences of excessive iodine intake such as goiter, hypothyroidism, and hyperthyroidism. This review presents that iodine status in different groups of a population can be determined by UIC which will be helpful in assessing the iodine status in a community, finding out the cause of thyroid disorders, to predict the risk of adverse health effects of iodine deficiency and excessive iodine, and in making plan for iodine supplementation.Mediscope Vol. 5, No. 2: Jul 2018, Page 30-35
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Laurberg, P., S. Andersen, R. I. Bjarnadóttir, A. Carlé, AB Hreidarsson, N. Knudsen, L. Ovesen, IB Pedersen, and LB Rasmussen. "Evaluating iodine deficiency in pregnant women and young infants—complex physiology with a risk of misinterpretation." Public Health Nutrition 10, no. 12A (December 2007): 1547–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980007360898.
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AbstractObjective:To review methods for evaluating iodine deficiency in pregnant women and young infants and to discuss factors to be considered in the interpretation of their results.Design:Review of the literature regarding the various methods available for assessing iodine status.Setting:Population surveys and research studies.Subjects:Pregnant women and young infants.Results:Several factors to consider when assessing iodine status in pregnant women and young infants include: 1) the urinary iodine (UI) concentration (μg l-1) is not interchangeable with 24 h UI excretion (μg per 24 h); 2) the concentration of iodine in a spot or casual urine sample cannot be used to diagnose iodine deficiency in an individual; 3) a moderate fall in the concentration of serum free T4 during pregnancy is not a sign of maternal iodine deficiency; 4) an increase in the concentration of serum thyroglobulin (Tg) during pregnancy is not a sign of maternal iodine deficiency; 5) a higher concentration of TSH and Tg in cord blood than in maternal blood is not a sign of iodine deficiency in the mother or neonate; and 6) thyroid function in a full-term foetus, a neonate or a small child is not more sensitive to a mild iodine deficiency than in the mother.Conclusions:If the iodine status of pregnant women and small children is not to be misjudged, the above six factors need to be taken into account.
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Schöne, Friedrich, Matthias Leiterer, Horst Hartung, Gerhard Jahreis, and Frank Tischendorf. "Rapeseed glucosinolates and iodine in sows affect the milk iodine concentration and the iodine status of piglets." British Journal of Nutrition 85, no. 6 (June 2001): 659–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn2001326.
Full textAbstract:
I in the chain sow diet → blood serum of sow → sow milk → piglet serum was investigated in two experiments with a total of eighty-one sows and their piglets. In experiments conducted during the last trimester of gravidity and the 28 d of lactation, diets with glucosinolates (1.9 mmol/kg diet via 100 g ground rapeseed/kg diet (Expt 1) and 2.1 and 4.2 mmol/kg diet via 75 and 150 g rapeseed press cake/kg diet (Expt 2)) were compared with control groups without rapeseed products. From 0 to 600 μg I/kg was added to sow diets during lactation. Diets without supplementary I decreased the I concentration particularly in milk and piglet serum. The presence of rapeseed and rapeseed press cake were indicated by a thiocyanate concentration increase, mainly in sow serum. The diets with glucosinolates decreased the milk and piglet serum I concentration. Spot urine and faeces samples from sows eating the rapeseed-press cake diets had increased I concentration. The sows’ serum I and thyroxine did not respond to glucosinolates (Expt 1) or these diets caused an increase in concentration (Expt 2). Both these criteria seem unsuitable for the diagnosis of I status of adult animals. Glucosinolates and their degradation compounds may affect the thyroid and the mammary glands resulting in lower I milk transfer and higher renal and intestinal I excretion.