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Academic literature on the topic 'Urine – Engrais et amendements – Teneur en azote'
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Urine – Engrais et amendements – Teneur en azote"
Martin, Tristan. "L’urine humaine en agriculture : des filières variées pour contribuer à une fertilisation azotée durable." Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASB026.
Full textTo feed humans, agriculture mostly relies on the use of fertilizers derived from fossil resources. Yet, most nutrients from food are excreted in urines and mixed in wastewaters. Wastewater treatment allows only a weak recycling of the nutrients and has many environmental impacts. The objective of this thesis is to characterize the possible management options for the use of human urine in agriculture considering their fertilizing efficiency and their environmental impacts. A literature review of the various urine treatments and urine-based fertilizers shows that: (i) the fertilizing efficiency of most urine-based fertilizers is high but needs to be further studied; (ii) most pathogens in urine can be easily inactivated but pharmaceutical residues are more difficult to degrade; (iii) the energy and chemical consumption of treatments can be high. The fertilizing efficiency of ten urine-based fertilizers has been measured under greenhouse and field conditions. It is high for most of the urine-based fertilizers and close to that of mineral fertilizers (equivalent ranging from 52% to 120%). It is linked to high mineral nitrogen content in the majority of urine-based fertilizers. Ammonia volatilization after field application can potentially be high (e.g. 34% of total nitrogen in favorable conditions). High pH and ammoniacal nitrogen content according to the urine-based fertilizers are important risk factors. Finally, a life cycle assessment of the environmental impacts for cereal production was carried out considering three urine-based fertilizers and two agricultural systems (conventional and organic). The impacts are lower for the majority of the indicators compared to the current practices. It is mainly due to the avoided impacts due to wastewater treatment and mineral fertilizers synthesis. Ammonia volatilization and the energy consumption of the treatments appear as the main environmental hotspots. These results show that the implementation of human urine management options can contribute to a transition towards a more sustainable and systemic management of nutrients
Lachapelle, Jean-Mathieu. "Réévaluation des besoins en azote, phosphore et potassium des cultures de brocoli, de chou et de chou-fleur en sols minéraux au Québec." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/21865.
Full textDion, Pierre-Paul, and Pierre-Paul Dion. "Minéralisation et prélèvement direct de l'azote organique dans les cultures légumières biologiques en serre." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/37893.
Full textDevant la complexité du cycle de l’azote (N) et la variété de ses formes disponibles dans le sol, la planification de la fertilisation de cet élément repose sur des calculs et considérations complexes. La fertilisation biologique a de particulier que l’N est apporté sous forme organique, alors que les plantes le prélèvent principalement sous forme minérale. La disponibilité de l’N repose donc sur une minéralisation efficace des amendements. Cette situation peut mener des producteurs à surfertiliser, entraînant des pertes financières et d’N dans l’environnement. Parvenir à une meilleure synchronisation de la minéralisation de l’N avec les besoins de la plante est donc crucial pour le développement de la serriculture biologique, où les besoins en azote des cultures sont de loin plus élevés qu’au champ. De plus, la capacité de certaines plantes à prélever directement l’N sous forme organique est souvent considérée négligeable en agriculture, mais pourrait être plus importante qu’on ne le croit, contribuant ainsi substantiellement au bilan d’N de la plante. Les objectifs généraux de ma thèse étaient de : (1) évaluer les taux de minéralisation de fertilisants biologiques couramment utilisés en culture légumière sous serre au Québec ; (2) étudier l’impact de différentes sources fertilisantes sur la biodiversité des bactéries du sol ; (3) étudier la capacité du concombre à prélever l’N directement sous forme organique ; et (4) développer et valider un outil de gestion de la fertilisation biologique azotée. Une expérience d’incubation de cinq fertilisants biologiques d’usage commun en serriculture biologique a été menée. La minéralisation de l’N a plafonné dans un sol minéral et un substrat tourbeux à, respectivement, 41 et 63 % de l’N appliqué pour le fumier de poule granulé, 56-93 % pour la farine de sang, 54-81 % pour la farine de plume, 34-43 % pour la farine de luzerne et 57-73 % pour la farine de crevette. Dans un sol minéral, la biodiversité bactérienne alpha (indice Shannon) a été augmentée par l’apport de farine de luzerne, alors que dans un substrat organique à base de tourbe, ce sont la farine de crevette et le fumier de poule granulé qui l’ont le plus augmentée. En se basant sur ces résultats, le modèle NLOS a été adapté à la serriculture biologique pour produire le nouveau modèle NLOS-OG. Cet outil a été validé en serres expérimentales et commerciales et a permis une prédiction satisfaisante de la disponibilité d’N minéral pour une culture en sol minéral, ainsi que de la minéralisation cumulative de fertilisants appliqués dans un sol ou un substrat tourbeux. Par contre, de la recherche spécifique à la dynamique de l’eau dans les cultures biologiques en contenants sera nécessaire afin de prédire adéquatement la disponibilité de l’azote dans ce système. Une interface web est disponible pour les agronomes et producteurs (https://exchange.iseesystems. com/public/pierrepauldion/nlos-og/). Le contenu en C et N solubles du substrat biologique d’une culture de concombre en serre biologique a été positivement corrélé au contenu en C et N organiques de la sève du xylème et aux solides solubles du fruit, suggérant un prélèvement et un transfert de C et N organiques vers les parties aériennes et les fruits. Dans une seconde expérience, en milieu contrôlé, de jeunes plants de concombre ont été exposés à une solution d’alanine enrichie en 13C et 15N. En combinant l’utilisation de molécules marquées à une position spécifique (Position-specific labelling) et l’analyse isotopique spécifique au composé (Compound-specific isotopic analysis), nous avons développé une approche innovatrice permettant de suivre le métabolisme de l’assimilation de l’N issu d’un acide aminé prélevé par les racines. Nous avons ainsi démontré que les racines peuvent prélever et assimiler l’N sous forme organique, surtout en situation de rareté de l’N. Elles ont toutefois une nette préférence pour les formes inorganiques (nitrate et ammonium). Les contributions scientifiques découlant de cette étude doctorale sont : (1) une meilleure connaissance de la minéralisation des fertilisants biologiques azotés ; (2) l’intégration de ces taux de minéralisation dans un outil de gestion de l’N applicable en serriculture biologique; et (3) une meilleure compréhension du prélèvement et de l’assimilation de l’azote organique par des plants de concombre. Ces connaissances permettront une meilleure planification de la fertilisation à base de matière organique, et par conséquent un accroissement de la durabilité de la serriculture biologique.
Because of the complexity of the nitrogen (N) cycle and the diversity of its molecule forms in the soil, N fertilization management is based on complex calculations and considerations. For organic farming, N is provided via organic amendments and biological fixation. However, lack of precise tools that predict the N mineralization rate of N sources leads some producers to over-fertilize, resulting in the buildup of salinity, N leaching and possible loss of profits. Consequently, better knowledge of N availability following organic fertilization, to improve synchronization of N supply with crop N demand, is crucial to advance sustainable organic horticulture. In addition, the capacity of plants to take up N directly as organic molecules is seldom considered in agriculture and could be higher than previously thought, contributing significantly to the plant’s N budget. The objectives of this thesis were to: (1) evaluate the mineralization rates from organic fertilizers commonly used in greenhouse vegetable horticulture in Quebec; (2) study the impact of different fertilizer sources on soil bacterial diversity; (3) study the capacity of cucumber plants to take up and assimilate N directly as organic molecules; and (4) develop and validate a N management tool for organic fertilization. An incubation experiment with five organic fertilizers commonly used in organic greenhouse horticulture was performed. Nitrogen mineralization plateaued for a mineral soil and a peat substrate at respectively 41 and 63% of applied N for pelleted poultry manure, 56-93% for blood meal, 54-81% for feather meal, 34-53% for alfalfa meal, and 57-73% for shrimp meal. Organic fertilizers supported markedly contrasted bacterial communities, closely linked to soil biochemical properties, especially mineral N, pH and soluble C. Alfalfa meal promoted the highest alpha diversity (Shannon index) in the mineral soil, whereas shrimp meal and pelleted poultry manure increased it in the peat-based growing medium. Based on those results, we adapted the NLOS model to organic greenhouse horticulture and developed the new model NLOS-OG. This tool was validated in commercial and experimental greenhouses. It yielded a satisfying prediction of mineral N availability in a greenhouse crop grown in native mineral soil, and for the cumulative mineralization of fertilizers applied in a soil or organic substrate. However, further research should focus on water dynamics in containerized organic crops in order to achieve a precise prediction of N availability in that cropping system. A free web interface for NLOS-OG is now available for agronomists and growers (https://exchange. iseesystems.com/public/pierrepauldion/nlos-og/).In a greenhouse experiment, the C and N content of soil solution was positively linked to the xylem sap C and N content of mature cucumber plants and appeared to contribute to the accumulation of soluble solids in cucumber fruits, suggesting uptake and transfer of soil soluble organic N and C to the shoot and fruits. In a second experiment, in a growth chamber, young cucumber plants were exposed to 13C- and 15N-labelled alanine. By combining two methods, i.e., the use of Position-specific labelling (PSL) of alanine and Compound-specific isotopic analysis (CSIA) of free amino acids, we developed a novel approach allowing the study of the mechanism of the assimilatory metabolism of an amino acid taken up by the roots. We demonstrated that their roots can take up and assimilate N as organic molecules, although they showed a preference for inorganic N forms (nitrate and ammonium). The scientific contributions from this doctoral study are: (1) a better knowledge of the nitrogen release from nitrogen organic fertilizers; (2) the integration of mineralization rates into a N management tool adapted to organic greenhouse horticulture; and (3) a better understanding of the uptake and assimilation of organic N by cucumber plants. This knowledge will contribute to a better planning of N fertilization based on organic matter, thus increasing the sustainability of organic greenhouse horticulture.
Because of the complexity of the nitrogen (N) cycle and the diversity of its molecule forms in the soil, N fertilization management is based on complex calculations and considerations. For organic farming, N is provided via organic amendments and biological fixation. However, lack of precise tools that predict the N mineralization rate of N sources leads some producers to over-fertilize, resulting in the buildup of salinity, N leaching and possible loss of profits. Consequently, better knowledge of N availability following organic fertilization, to improve synchronization of N supply with crop N demand, is crucial to advance sustainable organic horticulture. In addition, the capacity of plants to take up N directly as organic molecules is seldom considered in agriculture and could be higher than previously thought, contributing significantly to the plant’s N budget. The objectives of this thesis were to: (1) evaluate the mineralization rates from organic fertilizers commonly used in greenhouse vegetable horticulture in Quebec; (2) study the impact of different fertilizer sources on soil bacterial diversity; (3) study the capacity of cucumber plants to take up and assimilate N directly as organic molecules; and (4) develop and validate a N management tool for organic fertilization. An incubation experiment with five organic fertilizers commonly used in organic greenhouse horticulture was performed. Nitrogen mineralization plateaued for a mineral soil and a peat substrate at respectively 41 and 63% of applied N for pelleted poultry manure, 56-93% for blood meal, 54-81% for feather meal, 34-53% for alfalfa meal, and 57-73% for shrimp meal. Organic fertilizers supported markedly contrasted bacterial communities, closely linked to soil biochemical properties, especially mineral N, pH and soluble C. Alfalfa meal promoted the highest alpha diversity (Shannon index) in the mineral soil, whereas shrimp meal and pelleted poultry manure increased it in the peat-based growing medium. Based on those results, we adapted the NLOS model to organic greenhouse horticulture and developed the new model NLOS-OG. This tool was validated in commercial and experimental greenhouses. It yielded a satisfying prediction of mineral N availability in a greenhouse crop grown in native mineral soil, and for the cumulative mineralization of fertilizers applied in a soil or organic substrate. However, further research should focus on water dynamics in containerized organic crops in order to achieve a precise prediction of N availability in that cropping system. A free web interface for NLOS-OG is now available for agronomists and growers (https://exchange. iseesystems.com/public/pierrepauldion/nlos-og/).In a greenhouse experiment, the C and N content of soil solution was positively linked to the xylem sap C and N content of mature cucumber plants and appeared to contribute to the accumulation of soluble solids in cucumber fruits, suggesting uptake and transfer of soil soluble organic N and C to the shoot and fruits. In a second experiment, in a growth chamber, young cucumber plants were exposed to 13C- and 15N-labelled alanine. By combining two methods, i.e., the use of Position-specific labelling (PSL) of alanine and Compound-specific isotopic analysis (CSIA) of free amino acids, we developed a novel approach allowing the study of the mechanism of the assimilatory metabolism of an amino acid taken up by the roots. We demonstrated that their roots can take up and assimilate N as organic molecules, although they showed a preference for inorganic N forms (nitrate and ammonium). The scientific contributions from this doctoral study are: (1) a better knowledge of the nitrogen release from nitrogen organic fertilizers; (2) the integration of mineralization rates into a N management tool adapted to organic greenhouse horticulture; and (3) a better understanding of the uptake and assimilation of organic N by cucumber plants. This knowledge will contribute to a better planning of N fertilization based on organic matter, thus increasing the sustainability of organic greenhouse horticulture.
Forest-Drolet, Julie. "Répartition du carbone et de l’azote des fractions de la matière organique du sol sous différents types de rotations, de travail de sol et de sources fertilisantes dans le nord du Québec : effets à long terme." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/66701.
Full textGilbert, Pierre-Antoine. "Impacts du désherbage mécanique et de la fertilisation sur la qualité du sol et la productivité du blé panifiable." Thesis, Université Laval, 2008. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2008/25609/25609.pdf.
Full textBouanani, Fatiha. "Etude en champ et en conditions controlées de la minéralisation de l'azote et des modifications de l'organisation du sol, après apport de matières organiques issues de déchets urbains et agricoles." Aix-Marseille 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001AIX11014.
Full textLimaux, François. "Modélisation des besoins du blé en azote, de la fourniture du sol et de l'utilisation de l'engrais : application au raisonnement de la fertilisation en Lorraine." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1999. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/INPL_T_1999_LIMAUX_F.pdf.
Full textLarouche, Francis. "Émissions de protoxyde d'azote dans une rotation maïs/soya telles qu'influencées par le travail du sol et la fertilisation azotée." Thesis, Université Laval, 2006. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2006/24048/24048.pdf.
Full textD'Amours, Emmanuelle. "Réponses à long terme des stocks d'azote du sol selon la rotation et la source de nutriments utilisées en production laitière au Québec." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/36436.
Full textL’utilisation de lisier à des fins de fertilisation est une pratique courante des systèmes de production laitière du Québec et représente une alternative intéressante aux fertilisants minéraux en offrant une source d’azote disponible aux plantes et de matière organique pour le sol. Les objectifs de ce projet situé au nord du lac Saint-Jean (Normandin, Qc) étaient d’évaluer les changements à long terme (21 ans) des stocks de N dans le profil du sol (0-50 cm) selon deux rotations de cultures (céréales continues ou rotation céréale - plantes fourragères pérennes), combinées à deux types de travail du sol primaire (chisel ou charrue à versoirs) et à deux sources de nutriments (minéral ou lisier de bovins) et de dresser le bilan des flux d’azote dans le système sol-plante, pour les systèmes culturaux comparés. L’apport annuel et répété sur 21 ans de lisier de bovins a augmenté les stocks d’azote en surface (0-20 cm) de 14 %, comparativement à la fertilisation minérale, mais n’a montré aucun effet en dessous de 20 cm. La rotation comportant des plantes pérennes a favorisé également une plus grande accumulation (+ 25 %) d’azote dans le sol pour l’horizon 0-20 cm que la monoculture d’orge. La combinaison d’un apport de lisier au système de cultures en rotation avec plantes pérennes a montré un effet bénéfique encore plus important, avec des stocks d’azote du sol supérieurs de 32 % par rapport au système de céréales continues avec lisier (+2,04 t N ha-1 sur le profil entier [0-50 cm]). Le type de travail du sol n’a pas eu d’impact significatif sur les stocks d’azote du profil du sol entier (0-50 cm). Une approche de défaut de bilan entrées-sorties suggère que la présence de légumineuses dans le mélange fourrager contribue à augmenter considérablement les stocks d’azote du sol.
Askri, Amira. "Valorisation des digestats de méthanisation en agriculture : effets sur les cycles biogéochimiques du carbone et de l'azote." Thesis, Paris, AgroParisTech, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AGPT0023.
Full textAnaerobic digestion is a biological treatment of organic wastes which is strongly developing in France. In addition to producing energy, anaerobic digestion produces a digestate that has interesting agronomic potential. The objective of this work was thus to study the effect of applying digestates to a soil on the biogeochemical cycles of C and N, particularly the C storage potential in soil and the availability of N for plants, as well as the N2O emissions. The variation of these effects with the type of digested inputs and with the post-treatments after digestion was also studied. These studies were based on laboratory experiments, a short-term field experiment and modeling.Five types of digestates were used: three of agricultural origin and two from urban wastes coming from separate collection or not. Four raw digestates were produced by wet anaerobic digestion and underwent phase separation producing thus two digestates: liquid and solid. The other digestate was produced by dry anaerobic digestion. The solid digestates from urban origin underwent composting also while the two digestates of agricultural origin underwent reverse osmosis and drying.The digestates produced from agricultural wastes have the higher fertilizer and amending potentials. The phase separation produced a solid product which can mostly be used to maintain soil C stocks and which can be further improved by composting and a liquid product that has a greater fertilizing potential. All digestates raw, solid and liquid are characterized by a residual fraction of readily biodegradable C ranging from 23 to 91% of their organic C and related to the C content of the hot water extractable fraction. The biological stability of the digestates increases in this order: liquid 18%, the solid and the composted digestates have an interesting amending potential. The anaerobic digestates have also a high nitrogen fertilizer value, mainly related to the fraction of ammonia N initially present in the digestate; nevertheless, the high organic C/N ratios generate relatively high nitrogen organization associated with the degradation ofdigestate organic matter.A unique set of parameters was determined from the previous experimentations to simulate the C and N mineralization kinetics, after applying digestates to the soil, using the CANTIS model. This set of parameters was used to evaluate the relationship between the soil C stock and the fertilizer value of digestate and their biochemical properties.N2O emissions are higher from the raw digestates; but post-treatment by phase separation and composting reduce these emissions, while reverse osmosis and drying increase them showing thus the difficulty in associating agronomic interest and lack of environmental impacts at the same time.In the field, a high loss of mineral nitrogen is found after application of digestate, probably because of the volatilization of ammonia nitrogen. The non-composted digestates have fertilizer equivalence between 0.37 and 0.52; the origin of the digestate and phase separation didn‟t have effect on this parameter. On the other side, composting decreases by more than 80% the equivalence to nitrogen fertilizer