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Academic literature on the topic 'Urinary tract infections in children'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 30 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Urinary tract infections in children"

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Rokkam, Bhavani Shankar, Chowdary Babu Menni, Ramu Pedada, and Deepak Kumar Alikana. "Clinical, Epidemiological and Bacteriological Profile of Culture Positive Urinary Tract Infections in Febrile Children – A Cross Sectional Study." Journal of Evidence Based Medicine and Healthcare 8, no. 10 (March 8, 2021): 522–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.18410/jebmh/2021/102.

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BACKGROUND Urinary tract infections (UTI) constitute a common cause of morbidity in infants and children. When associated with abnormalities of urinary tract, they may lead to long-term complications including renal scarring, loss of function and hypertension. Most urinary tract infections remain undiagnosed if investigations are not routinely performed to detect them. Prompt detection and treatment of urinary tract infections and any complicating factors are important. The objective of the study is to know the clinical, epidemiological and bacteriological profile (i.e. clinical signs and symptoms, age, sex, family history, associated urinary tract abnormalities, & causative organisms) of urinary tract infections in febrile children with culture positive urinary tract infection. METHODS This descriptive, cross sectional observational study was conducted at outpatient clinics of our “child health clinics” between May 2016 and April 2017 (one year). All children aged 0 to 12 years with culture positive urinary tract infections were included in this study to evaluate the clinical, epidemiological and bacteriological profile. RESULTS A total of 69 children with culture positive urinary tract infections were included in this study. Out of 69 children included in this study, 36 (52.2 %) were females and 33 (47.8 %) were males. Overall female preponderance was seen and the M: F ratio was 0.9:1. But during first year of life in our study group we had more boys (10, 14.49 %) affected with urinary tract infection than girls. 49.3 % of urinary tract infections in the present study belonged to lower socio-economic status. Most common organism causing urinary tract infection in our group was E. coli (56.5 %). Fever (100 %), anorexia or refusal of feeds (52.2 %), dysuria (46.4 %), vomiting (46.4 %) and abdominal pain (39.1 %) were the predominant clinical manifestations observed in our study. CONCLUSIONS Urinary tract infection is a common medical problem in children and it should be considered as a potential cause of fever in children. As febrile children with urinary tract infection usually present with non-specific signs and symptoms, urine culture should be considered as a part of diagnostic evaluation. KEYWORDS Urinary Tract Infections (UTI), Febrile Children, Bacteriological Profile, Urine Culture
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Wojtachnio, Dominika, Aleksandra Osiejewska, Jakub Bartoszewicz, Anna Grądzik, Izabela Nowakowska, Małgorzata Kudan, Anna Gorajek, and Karolina Mikut. "Urinary tract infections in children - a review." Journal of Education, Health and Sport 12, no. 9 (September 14, 2022): 773–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/jehs.2022.12.09.091.

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Introduction and purpose: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is very common, mostly bacterial infection in childhood. UTI may affect the lower urinary tract or the upper urinary tract. Infection typically require antibiotics for treatment. Brief description of the state of knowledge: The prevalence of urinary tract infection is between 2 and 8% and it is more common in female, infants and uncircumcised male infants. Most paediatric UTIs are caused by Gram negative bacteria Escherichia coli (E.coli). Symptoms of this infection are nonspecific and may be confused with signs of other clinical conditions. The most common symptoms are suprapubic pain, back pain, dysuria, urinary frequency and systemic symptoms such as fever, vomiting, lethargy. Antibiotics are the standard treatment for urinary tract infections. Conclusion: This article reviews basic informations, epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis and treatment of urinary tract infection.
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ME, Parlak. "A Review of Urinary Tract Infections in Pediatric Patients." Open Access Journal of Urology & Nephrology 8, no. 3 (July 14, 2023): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/oajun-16000238.

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Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are a common and significant health concern in children. The etiology of UTIs in children can vary depending on various factors, including age, gender, and underlying conditions. This comprehensive review aims to explore the etiology, pathogens involved, etiological evaluation by age group, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, follow-up, treatment, and prognosis of UTIs in children. Introduction: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are bacterial infections that affect the urinary system, comprising the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. In children, UTIs can cause substantial morbidity if not promptly diagnosed and treated. Understanding the etiology and appropriate management strategies is crucial for healthcare providers involved in the care of pediatric patients. Etiology of UTIs in Children: UTIs in children can have various etiological factors, with the most common cause being bacterial invasion of the urinary tract. The majority of UTIs are caused by Gram-negative bacteria, with Escherichia coli being the predominant pathogen. Other potential pathogens include Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, Enterococcus faecalis, and Staphylococcus saprophyticus. Viral and fungal infections can also contribute to UTIs in certain cases. Pathogens Involved in the Etiology of UTIs: A detailed examination of the pathogens involved in UTIs is essential for appropriate diagnosis and treatment. E. coli, which colonizes the gastrointestinal tract, is responsible for the majority of UTIs in children. Understanding the antibiotic resistance patterns of these pathogens is crucial in selecting appropriate antimicrobial therapy. Etiological Evaluation by Age Group: The etiological evaluation of UTIs in children varies according to age group. Infants, young children, and older children may exhibit different risk factors and underlying conditions that contribute to UTIs. An age-specific approach is necessary to identify the potential causes, such as urinary tract abnormalities, voiding dysfunction, or anatomical abnormalities. Diagnosis of UTIs in Children: Accurate and timely diagnosis of UTIs is crucial to prevent complications and recurrent infections. Various diagnostic tools, including urinalysis, urine culture, and imaging studies, aid in identifying UTIs and determining the severity of infection. Clinical symptoms, such as fever, dysuria, and urinary frequency, must also be considered in the diagnostic process. Differential Diagnosis: UTIs can present with symptoms similar to other conditions, leading to diagnostic challenges. Differential diagnoses may include conditions such as pyelonephritis, urinary tract stones, urethritis, and sexually transmitted Open Access Journal of Urology & Nephrology 2 Parlak ME and Kucukkelepce O. A Review of Urinary Tract Infections in Pediatric Patients. J Urol Nephrol 2023, 8(3): 000238. Copyright© Parlak ME and Kucukkelepce O. infections. An understanding of these potential differentials is essential to avoid misdiagnosis and provide appropriate treatment. Follow-up and Monitoring: After initiating treatment for UTIs, regular follow-up and monitoring are necessary to ensure the resolution of infection, assess treatment response, and prevent complications. Monitoring urine culture results, renal function, and imaging studies play a vital role in evaluating the effectiveness of treatment and detecting any underlying conditions that require further management. Treatment of UTIs in Children: Treatment of UTIs in children involves antimicrobial therapy targeted at the identified pathogen. The choice of antibiotics should consider local resistance patterns, age of the child, and severity of infection. Adequate hydration, symptomatic relief, and addressing predisposing factors are also important in the overall management of UTIs. Prognosis: With timely diagnosis and appropriate treatment, the prognosis for UTIs in children is generally favorable. However, the presence of underlying conditions, delayed diagnosis, or recurrent infections can influence the long-term outcome. Identifying and managing risk factors and promoting good urinary hygiene can help prevent future UTIs and potential complications. Conclusion: Urinary tract infections in children present unique challenges in terms of etiology, diagnosis, and management. Understanding the etiological factors, pathogens involved, appropriate diagnostic approaches, and treatment strategies is crucial for healthcare providers. By implementing a comprehensive approach that considers age-specific evaluations, accurate diagnosis, and effective treatment, healthcare professionals can ensure optimal outcomes and reduce the burden of UTIs in children.
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Balighian, Eric, and Michael Burke. "Urinary Tract Infections in Children." Pediatrics in Review 39, no. 1 (January 2018): 3–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/pir.2017-0007.

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Osuch, Elzbieta, and Andre Marais. "Urinary tract infections in children." South African Family Practice 60, no. 1 (January 18, 2018): 35–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/safp.v60i1.4782.

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Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are common in childhood and represent approximately 10% of hospital-acquired infections. It is clinically challenging to distinguish cystitis (lower UTI) from pyelonephritis (upper UTI) in those younger than two years. Most UTI patients can however be safely managed as outpatients if diligent follow-up procedures are in place. Recurrent UTIs in children may indicate malfunction or an anatomical defect of the urinary tract, and require specialised diagnostic studies. The proper approach for a child with UTI remains controversial, and treatment often differs according to regional or institutional empirical guidelines.
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Shishimorov, I. N., O. V. Magnitskaya, O. V. Shatalova, N. F. Shaposhnikova, and M. M. Koroleva. "URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS IN CHILDREN." Journal of Volgograd State Medical University 74, no. 2 (June 30, 2020): 3–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.19163/1994-9480-2020-2(74)-3-8.

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The review addresses the main issues related to the rational pharmacotherapy of urinary tract infection (UTI). UTIs are a common and important clinical problem in children. Among UTI causative agents in children are dominated by gram-negative bacteria, E. coli. According to modern clinical guidelines, the leading direction in the treatment of UTI in children is antibiotic therapy, which should be prescribed taking into account the sensitivity of microorganisms. Drugs of choice for UTI in children: cephalosporins or protected aminopenicillins
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King, R. "Urinary Tract Infections in Children." Emergency Medicine News 24, no. 2 (February 2002): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00132981-200202000-00010.

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Lerner, Gary P. "Urinary Tract Infections in Children." Pediatric Annals 23, no. 9 (September 1, 1994): 463–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3928/0090-4481-19940901-05.

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Watkins, Jean. "Urinary tract infections in children." Practice Nursing 18, no. 10 (October 2007): 516. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/pnur.2007.18.10.27442.

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Rushton, H. Gil. "URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS IN CHILDREN." Pediatric Clinics of North America 44, no. 5 (October 1997): 1133–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0031-3955(05)70551-4.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Urinary tract infections in children"

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Hannula, A. (Annukka). "Imaging studies of the urinary tract in children with acute urinary tract infection." Doctoral thesis, Oulun yliopisto, 2012. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789514298271.

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Abstract The aims were to evaluate the occurrence of vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) in children, to assess the frequency of significant ultrasonography (US) abnormalities and to study whether abandoning the use of voiding cystourethrographies (VCUG) is safe in children with urinary tract infection (UTI). We analysed reports on US and VCUG in a consecutive series of 406 paediatric patients and in a large population-based group of 2036 children with UTI. Based on the urine culture data, we analysed the frequencies of VUR and US abnormalities in relation to the reliability of the UTI diagnoses. Using a cohort of 1185 children on whom both VCUG and US had been performed, we evaluated whether US imaging alone is sufficient. In a follow-up study, we excluded 24 cases with major renal dysplasia or obstruction of the urinary tract from this cohort of 1185 children leaving a series of 1161 cases, of which 228 were randomly selected for follow-up and 193 (85%) participated, with a mean follow-up time of 11 years (range 6 to 17 years). The occurrence of VUR was similar among the children with proven (37%) or certain (36%) versus false (35%) or improbable (36%) UTI and decreased with increasing age. Significant US abnormalities were found in 10% and the frequency increased as the diagnostic reliability improved (15% in the proven UTI class and 8% in the false class). In the cohort of 1185 children, initial US was normal in 861 (73%), out of whom VCUG identified two cases of urethral valves and 40 cases of grade III to V VUR who could have benefited from surgical treatment, giving a figure of 42/861 (5%) for pathological findings that might have been missed if VCUG had not been performed. In the follow-up study, unilateral renal parenchymal defect was found in 22 (15%) out of the 150 patients who underwent control US, all except one of these being in patients with grade III to V VUR. Serum cystatin C concentration, estimated glomerular filtration rates and blood pressure were within the normal ranges in all the patients despite the defects seen in US. We conclude that VUR is a common age-related phenomenon in children and is not as closely associated with UTI as was previously thought. Children with UTI could be examined using US alone. Once obstructive uropathy and major renal dysplasia have been ruled out, the risk of long-term consequences in a case of childhood UTI is very low
Tiivistelmä Tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli selvittää virtsan takaisinvirtauksen (vesikoureteraalinen takaisinvirtaus, VUR) esiintyvyyttä lapsilla sekä arvioida merkittävien virtsateiden rakennepoikkeavuuksien yleisyyttä ja ultraäänitutkimuksen (UÄ) riittävyyttä virtsatieinfektion (VTI) sairastaneilla lapsilla. Analysoimme sairastetun VTI:n vuoksi tehtyjen UÄ- ja miktiokystografiatutkimusten löydökset 406 lapsen potilassarjassa ja 2036 lapsen väestöpohjaisessa aineistossa. Virtsaviljelytulosten pohjalta luokittelimme potilaat VTI-diagnoosin luotettavuuden mukaan. Väestöpohjaisen aineiston 1185 lapselle oli tehty sekä UÄ-tutkimus että miktiokystografia, ja tässä kohortissa arvioimme pelkän UÄ:n riittävyyttä virtsateiden kuvantamisessa. Seurantatutkimusta varten 1185 lapsen kohortista jätimme pois 24 potilasta, joilla oli todettu munuaisdysplasia tai virtsateiden virtauseste. Jälkitarkastukseen kutsuimme tästä 1161 potilaan tutkimusaineistosta ryväsotannalla 228 potilasta, joista 193 (85 %) osallistui. Keskimääräinen seuranta-aika oli 11 vuotta (vaihtelu 6–17 vuotta). Tutkimuksemme mukaan VUR on yleinen myös lapsilla, jotka eivät ole sairastaneet varmennettua VTI:ta. Näillä lapsilla VUR:n esiintyvyys oli 35–36 %, joka oli sama kuin varman VTI:n sairastaneilla (36–37 %), ja esiintyvyys väheni merkittävästi iän myötä. Merkittävä UÄ-poikkeavuus todettiin kaikkiaan 10 %:lla, ja riski oli suurin varman VTI:n sairastaneilla. 1185 lapsen kohortissa UÄ-tutkimus oli normaali 861:lla (73 %). Miktiokystografiassa heistä 42/861:lla (5 %) löydettiin merkittävä virtsatieanomalia (n = 2) tai VUR, joka oli hoidettu kirurgisesti (n = 40). Jälkitarkastuksessa 22:lla (15 %) UÄ:llä tutkitusta 150 potilaasta todettiin toispuoleinen munuaisarpi, ja yhtä tapausta lukuun ottamatta arvet löytyivät niiltä, joilla oli lapsena ollut III−V asteen VUR. Todetuista munuaisarvista huolimatta kaikilla seurantatutkimukseen osallistuneilla potilailla oli normaali munuaisten toiminta ja verenpaine. Aiemmasta käsityksestä poiketen VUR näyttäisi olevan yleinen, kasvun myötä häviävä ilmiö myös terveillä lapsilla. Virtsatieinfektion sairastaneilla lapsilla UÄ-tutkimus riittää virtsateiden kuvantamiseen ja kun synnynnäinen munuaisdysplasia ja virtsateiden virtauseste on poissuljettu, riski merkittäviin myöhäiskomplikaatioihin on hyvin pieni
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Roy, L. Paul. "Studies related to diseases affecting the kidney and urinary tract in children and their management." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/1819.

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Publications 1-49 represent studies that I have undertaken myself or conjointly over a 34 year period to investigate a variety of issues relating to diseases of the kidney and urinary tract in children. The studies were carried out at the Royal Alexandra Hospital for Children, Camperdown when I was Clinical Superintendent from 1968 - 1970; The Department of Paediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA when I was Overseas Research Fellow of the Post Graduate Foundation in Medicine, University of Sydney, 1970 - 1972, then as Staff Physician in Nephrology at the Royal Alexandra Hospital for Children, Camperdown, 1972 - 1977, and then Head of that Department at the Hospital until 1995 and then as an Honorary Staff Specialist at that hospital. Some of the studies were done conjointly with members of the Renal Unit of Royal Prince Alfred Hospital where I hold an Honorary appointment and others conjointly with members of the Renal Unit of Prince Henry Hospital, Little Bay. I was appointed Clinical Associate Professor to the Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Sydney in 1993. In 1966 paediatric nephrology was in the early phase of development as a medical subspecialty. There was no definitive textbook, the first was published in 1975 (Pediatric Nephrology, Ed. Mitchell I. Rubin. Williams and Wilkins.). In the preface to the 2nd edition of Renal Disease (Blackwell) in 1967 the editor D.A.K. Black noted that he had included a chapter on paediatric aspects which had been planned for the 1st edition in 1962 but ”it could not be arranged”. In the chapter on Renal Disease in Children the author, D.Macauly, comments that the mortality rate of acute renal failure in children was 50%. When I joined the resident staff of the Royal Alexandra Hospital for Children in 1966, children with renal disease were managed by general paediatricians. There was no active program for the treatment of children with acute or chronic renal failure. A small number of kidney biopsies had been performed by Dr Trefor Morgan who, together with Dr Denis Wade, had taught me the technique while I was a resident medical officer at the Royal Prince Alfred Hospital in the preceding year. With the guidance and support of Dr S.E.J. Robertson and Dr C. Lee, Honorary Medical Officers, and Dr R.D.K. Reye, Head of the Department of Pathology, I began performing kidney biopsies on children at the request of the paediatrician in charge. In the same year, encouraged again by Doctors Robertson and Lee, and by J.C.M. Friend and J. Brown, I introduced peritoneal dialysis for the treatment of children with acute renal failure, a technique which I had also been taught by Dr Trefor Morgan whilst I was a resident at Royal Prince Alfred Hospital. Dr Robertson encouraged me to present my experience in percutaneous renal biopsy in children at the Annual Meeting of the Australian Paediatric Association in 1968 and this study became the first paper I published in relation to disease of the urinary tract in children (1). In 1970 I was granted an Overseas Research Fellowship by the Post Graduate Foundation in Medicine, University of Sydney, to enable me to undertake a fellowship in the Department of Paediatrics at the University of Minnesota. I had the great fortune in undertaking studies in the new discipline of paediatric nephrology and related research under the guidance of Dr A. F. Michael, Dr R.L.Vernier and Dr A. Fish. I acquired the techniques of immunopathology and electron microscopy. On my return to Australia I established a Department of Nephrology at the Royal Alexandra Hospital for Children. I introduced immunofluorescent and electron microscopic studies for the kidney biopsies that I continued to perform and, with the support of Dr R.D.K. Reye, I provided the official reports of these studies until 1990. As a result these studies became part of the histopathologic service provided by the hospital. I continue to be consulted concerning the interpretation of some electron microscopic findings in renal tissue. With the assistance of Dr J.D. Harley I set up a laboratory in the Children’s Medical Research Foundation to continue and expand the studies I had commenced during my Fellowship. Establishing a dialysis and transplant program for children with end stage renal disease (ESRD) was extremely time consuming. At that time most children with ESRD died. The program was initially established jointly with the Renal Unit at Royal Prince Alfred Hospital in 1972 and eventually dialysis facilities were established at the Children’s Hospital using predominantly peritoneal dialysis. By 1978 the existence of the Unit was well known in the general community and articles appeared in the press. One prompted the late Sir Lorimer Dods, the first Professor of Paediatrics in Australia to write to me congratulating me on what I had achieved. He remarked “I have just read with special interest Shaun’s review in the SMH of some of your recent achievements in the field of renal failure in infancy and childhood and want to offer you my personal congratulations on all that you have achieved and are achieving in this area of paediatrics which, in my little world of yesterday, meant nothing more than progressive and unrelenting fatal illness”. Taking part in the development of a relatively new discipline led me to study a number of areas. I encouraged trainees to write reports concerning clinical observations and eventually I was joined by Fellows whom I encouraged and supported to study a number of different areas to ensure that children were being cared for in an environment of strong and open enquiry. This led to studies on investigations of chronic renal failure which Dr Elisabeth Hodson pursued and studies on urinary tract infection in small children for which Dr Jonathon Craig was awarded a PhD. As I had been a contributor and co-author in a number of these studies they have been included in my list of publications. As a result of this diversity I have listed the publications in 9 sections. The overall theme is to study diseases of the renal tract in children and treatments used to understand the processes and ensure the most effective treatment. Some published abstracts of papers presented at scientific meetings have been included to clarify invitations I received to prepare reviews and chapters on various subjects and my involvement in some conjoint studies. I was author or coauthor of several book chapters, reviews, editorials and certain published studies to which I was invited to contribute as a result of my primary studies and these I have included as “Derivative References”numbered 50-76.
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Roy, L. Paul. "Studies related to diseases affecting the kidney and urinary tract in children and their management." University of Sydney, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/1819.

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Doctor of Medicine
Publications 1-49 represent studies that I have undertaken myself or conjointly over a 34 year period to investigate a variety of issues relating to diseases of the kidney and urinary tract in children. The studies were carried out at the Royal Alexandra Hospital for Children, Camperdown when I was Clinical Superintendent from 1968 - 1970; The Department of Paediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA when I was Overseas Research Fellow of the Post Graduate Foundation in Medicine, University of Sydney, 1970 - 1972, then as Staff Physician in Nephrology at the Royal Alexandra Hospital for Children, Camperdown, 1972 - 1977, and then Head of that Department at the Hospital until 1995 and then as an Honorary Staff Specialist at that hospital. Some of the studies were done conjointly with members of the Renal Unit of Royal Prince Alfred Hospital where I hold an Honorary appointment and others conjointly with members of the Renal Unit of Prince Henry Hospital, Little Bay. I was appointed Clinical Associate Professor to the Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Sydney in 1993. In 1966 paediatric nephrology was in the early phase of development as a medical subspecialty. There was no definitive textbook, the first was published in 1975 (Pediatric Nephrology, Ed. Mitchell I. Rubin. Williams and Wilkins.). In the preface to the 2nd edition of Renal Disease (Blackwell) in 1967 the editor D.A.K. Black noted that he had included a chapter on paediatric aspects which had been planned for the 1st edition in 1962 but ”it could not be arranged”. In the chapter on Renal Disease in Children the author, D.Macauly, comments that the mortality rate of acute renal failure in children was 50%. When I joined the resident staff of the Royal Alexandra Hospital for Children in 1966, children with renal disease were managed by general paediatricians. There was no active program for the treatment of children with acute or chronic renal failure. A small number of kidney biopsies had been performed by Dr Trefor Morgan who, together with Dr Denis Wade, had taught me the technique while I was a resident medical officer at the Royal Prince Alfred Hospital in the preceding year. With the guidance and support of Dr S.E.J. Robertson and Dr C. Lee, Honorary Medical Officers, and Dr R.D.K. Reye, Head of the Department of Pathology, I began performing kidney biopsies on children at the request of the paediatrician in charge. In the same year, encouraged again by Doctors Robertson and Lee, and by J.C.M. Friend and J. Brown, I introduced peritoneal dialysis for the treatment of children with acute renal failure, a technique which I had also been taught by Dr Trefor Morgan whilst I was a resident at Royal Prince Alfred Hospital. Dr Robertson encouraged me to present my experience in percutaneous renal biopsy in children at the Annual Meeting of the Australian Paediatric Association in 1968 and this study became the first paper I published in relation to disease of the urinary tract in children (1). In 1970 I was granted an Overseas Research Fellowship by the Post Graduate Foundation in Medicine, University of Sydney, to enable me to undertake a fellowship in the Department of Paediatrics at the University of Minnesota. I had the great fortune in undertaking studies in the new discipline of paediatric nephrology and related research under the guidance of Dr A. F. Michael, Dr R.L.Vernier and Dr A. Fish. I acquired the techniques of immunopathology and electron microscopy. On my return to Australia I established a Department of Nephrology at the Royal Alexandra Hospital for Children. I introduced immunofluorescent and electron microscopic studies for the kidney biopsies that I continued to perform and, with the support of Dr R.D.K. Reye, I provided the official reports of these studies until 1990. As a result these studies became part of the histopathologic service provided by the hospital. I continue to be consulted concerning the interpretation of some electron microscopic findings in renal tissue. With the assistance of Dr J.D. Harley I set up a laboratory in the Children’s Medical Research Foundation to continue and expand the studies I had commenced during my Fellowship. Establishing a dialysis and transplant program for children with end stage renal disease (ESRD) was extremely time consuming. At that time most children with ESRD died. The program was initially established jointly with the Renal Unit at Royal Prince Alfred Hospital in 1972 and eventually dialysis facilities were established at the Children’s Hospital using predominantly peritoneal dialysis. By 1978 the existence of the Unit was well known in the general community and articles appeared in the press. One prompted the late Sir Lorimer Dods, the first Professor of Paediatrics in Australia to write to me congratulating me on what I had achieved. He remarked “I have just read with special interest Shaun’s review in the SMH of some of your recent achievements in the field of renal failure in infancy and childhood and want to offer you my personal congratulations on all that you have achieved and are achieving in this area of paediatrics which, in my little world of yesterday, meant nothing more than progressive and unrelenting fatal illness”. Taking part in the development of a relatively new discipline led me to study a number of areas. I encouraged trainees to write reports concerning clinical observations and eventually I was joined by Fellows whom I encouraged and supported to study a number of different areas to ensure that children were being cared for in an environment of strong and open enquiry. This led to studies on investigations of chronic renal failure which Dr Elisabeth Hodson pursued and studies on urinary tract infection in small children for which Dr Jonathon Craig was awarded a PhD. As I had been a contributor and co-author in a number of these studies they have been included in my list of publications. As a result of this diversity I have listed the publications in 9 sections. The overall theme is to study diseases of the renal tract in children and treatments used to understand the processes and ensure the most effective treatment. Some published abstracts of papers presented at scientific meetings have been included to clarify invitations I received to prepare reviews and chapters on various subjects and my involvement in some conjoint studies. I was author or coauthor of several book chapters, reviews, editorials and certain published studies to which I was invited to contribute as a result of my primary studies and these I have included as “Derivative References”numbered 50-76.
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Brady, Patrick W. "Duration of intravenous antibiotics and treatment failure in infants hospitalized with urinary tract infections." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1299169787.

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Forster, Catherine S. "Predictive Ability of NGAL in Distinguishing Urinary Tract Infection from Colonization in Children who Require Clean Intermittent Catheterization." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1491558718150357.

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Nguyen, Amy, Sarah Deitering, Hanna Phan, Megan Brandon, and Kathryn Matthias. "Evaluation of Treatment and Outcomes in Infants and Children with Urinary Tract Infection." The University of Arizona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/614007.

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Class of 2015 Abstract
Objectives: In 2011, the American Academy of Pediatrics released an updated urinary tract infection guideline that addressed diagnosis, antibiotic treatment, and duration of therapy in children ages 2-24 months. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the appropriateness of antibiotic prescribing and compare outcomes between age groups. Methods: This retrospective chart review included patients aged 1 month through 12 years admitted to a regional academic medical center from January through July 2014 and diagnosed with UTI or pyelonephritis. Patients were identified using ICD-9 codes. Demographic information, antibiotic treatment, length of stay, and complications were collected and the chi square statistical test was used to compare results between age groups. Results: There were 104 patients included in this study. The most common bacteria cultured were Escherichia coli (85%). Ceftriaxone (71%) and cephalexin (30%) were the most commonly prescribed empiric and discharge antibiotic, respectively. Based on guideline recommendations and culture results, inappropriate antibiotic selection only occurred with 7% of the orders while inappropriate prescribing occurred 35% of the time. Readmission within 90 days occurred in 15% of patients aged 2-24 months (guideline age group) and in 14% of all other patients (P>0.05). Conclusions: There was no difference between age groups with respect to inappropriate antibiotic prescribing or complications for pediatric UTI treatment and inappropriate antibiotic dosing occurred more frequently than inappropriate selection. More research is necessary to assess the impact of the guidelines on prescribing practices and factors associated with inappropriate prescribing.
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Venhola, M. (Mika). "Vesicoureteral reflux in children." Doctoral thesis, Oulun yliopisto, 2011. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789514295652.

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Abstract The aims of the work were to evaluate the comparability and repeatability of urodynamic studies and to examine whether such examinations are useful for predicting the recurrence of urinary tract infections or the presence of vesicoureteral reflux, to analyse the efficacy of treatments for vesicoureteral reflux (VUR), to validate a pre-established clinical decision rule for targeting voiding cystourethrograms efficiently in children and to investigate the occurrence of vesicoureteral reflux. Reports on urodynamic examinations performed on children were evaluated by analysing inter-observer and intra-observer agreement in their interpretations, and 116 children were followed up to examine whether such examinations can be used to predict the recurrence of urinary tract infections and the presence of vesicoureteral reflux. A meta-analysis of publications on treatments for vesicoureteral reflux was made to analyse their efficacy in children. A group of 406 children were examined to validate a pre-established clinical decision rule for managing vesicoureteral reflux in children after the first urinary tract infection and to investigate the occurrence of VUR in children. We found poor agreement among the observers in their urodynamic assessments. Neither the occurrence of VUR nor recurrent urinary tract infection could be predicted from the findings in urodynamic studies. The meta-analysis indicated no significant difference between conservative or operative treatment in terms of the recurrence of urinary tract infections, kidney growth or scarring. Our validation of the clinical decision rule showed that it had good specificity but very modest sensitivity in identifying children with dilating vesicoureteral reflux. The overall prevalence of vesicoureteral reflux was 35%, and its occurrence was similar in children without urinary tract infection. We claim that the occurrence of vesicoureteral reflux in children is higher than the figure of 1% suggested earlier. We could not predict the presence or absence of vesicoureteral reflux from the results of the urodynamic examinations, nor could we predict recurrent urinary tract infections from these findings. We suggest that it is not possible to predict VUR reliably, and that conservative treatment is sufficient for the majority of children with VUR
Tiivistelmä Väitöskirjani tutkimussarjassa selvitimme lapsen virtsateissä tapahtuvan virtsan takaisinvirtauksen (vesikoureteraalinen refluksi, VUR) yleisyyttä ja yhteyttä lasten virtsatieinfektioihin, arvioimme aiemmin julkaistun tutkimusohjeen käyttökelpoisuutta lasten virtsateiden kuvantamispäätöstä tehtäessä ja teimme meta-analyysin virtsan takaisinvirtauksen hoitotapojen merkityksestä munuaisten kehitykselle ja toiminnalle. Selvitimme myös virtsarakon toiminnallisten tutkimusten arviointien toistettavuutta ja vertailtavuutta lastenkirurgien kesken sekä onko näillä tutkimuksilla mahdollista havaita onko lapsella VUR tai taipumusta uusiutuviin virtsatieinfektioihin. Tutkimassamme 406 lapsen aineistossa virtsan takaisinvirtausta löytyi 39 % :lla virtsatieinfektion sairastaneista lapsista ja 36 %:lla muita tulehduksia sairastaneista. Ero ei ollut tilastollisesti merkittävä ja esiintyvyys on huomattavasti suurempi kuin aiemmin on oletettu. Samassa aineistossa testasimme tutkimusohjetta jonka avulla voitaisi löytää lapset joilla on todennäköisesti VUR. Tuloksemme mukaan tutkimusohje ei ole käyttökelpoinen. Kirjallisuuteen perustuvassa meta-analyysissä julkaistuista VUR tutkimuksista lapsilla, havaitsimme, ettei leikkauksella korjattujen tai lääkityksellä hoidettujen lasten munuaisten kasvussa, arpeutumisessa tai virtsatieinfektioiden uusiutumisessa ollut eroa. Virtsarakon toiminnallisten tutkimusten arviointien toistettavuutta lääkärien kesken tutkimme 15 lapsen aineistossa ja havaitsimme huomattavaa vaihtelua arvioinneissa lääkärien välillä ja samaa tutkimusta uudelleen arvioitaessa. Suuren vaihtelun vuoksi näiden tutkimusten hyödyllisyyttä tulisi arvioida kriittisesti. Lisäksi 136 lapsen tutkimuksessa havaitsimme ettei poikkeava virtsarakon toiminnallisen tutkimuksen löydös ennustanut uusiutuvia virtsatieinfektioita tai virtsan takaisinvirtausta näillä lapsilla. Lapsilla VUR on mitä ilmeisimmin varsin tavallinen ilmiö myös terveillä lapsilla ja sen esiintyvyys ylittää aiemmin raportoidun 1 %:n esiintyvyyden. Virtsarakon toiminnalliset tutkimukset eivät ennusta VUR:n esiintyvyyttä tai virtsatietulehdusten toistuvuutta ja näiden tulosten hyöty on vähäinen. Virtsan takaisinvirtauksen leikkaushoitoon on harvoin aihetta eikä arvioimamme tutkimusohje auta löytämään VUR:a sairastavia lapsia
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Borsari, Andrea. "Susceptibility of escherichia coli strains isolated from outpatient children with community-acquired urinary tract infection in southern Switzerland /." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2008. http://www.ub.unibe.ch/content/bibliotheken_sammlungen/sondersammlungen/dissen_bestellformular/index_ger.html.

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Bezruk, V. V., and T. O. Bezruk. "Administrative territorial and sex features etiological spectrum of urinary tract infection in children (on the exampl of the chernivtsi region)." Thesis, Матерiали 97 пiдсумкової наукової конференцiї професорсько­ викладацького персоналу вищого державного навчального закладу України «Буковинський державний медичний унiверситет», 2016. http://dspace.bsmu.edu.ua:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/12083.

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O'Brien, Kathryn. "The prevalence of urinary tract infection (UTI) in children under five years old presenting with an acute illness in UK general practice." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2013. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/47309/.

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Urinary tract infections (UTI) in young children have been associated with serious long-term complications such as renal scarring, hypertension and renal failure. The presenting symptoms of UTI in children are non-specific. If UTI is not suspected, a urine sample is not obtained, and without this, UTI cannot be diagnosed. There is evidence that the diagnosis is often missed. Most published studies have not systematically sampled urine, and those that have are largely based in US emergency departments and only include highly selected groups of children. The true prevalence of UTI in acutely ill children presenting in UK general practice is therefore unknown. My thesis consists of a literature review discussing the association of childhood UTI with long-term complications, the challenges of diagnosis and the evidence that UTIs are being missed; a systematic review of papers reporting UTI prevalence in children which highlights the need for a study in UK general practice; a pilot study to determine the feasibility of recruiting children and obtaining urine samples in UK general practice; and a prospective cohort study to determine the point prevalence of UTI in 597 presenting children, determine the predictive value of presenting symptoms, signs and risk factors, and describe the clinical outcomes for children with UTI. I found that the prevalence of UTI was 5.9% (95% confidence interval: 4.3-8.0%). This may be sufficiently high to justify increased urine sampling in general practice. A multi-variable logistic regression model identified younger age range, pain on passing urine (dysuria) and urinary frequency as being associated with UTI. I propose a urine sampling strategy for GPs assessing acutely ill children and compare this to suspicion-led sampling and current guidelines. In my discussion I discuss the limitations, generalisability and implications of these findings.
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Books on the topic "Urinary tract infections in children"

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National Kidney and Urologic Diseases Information Clearinghouse (U.S.), ed. Urinary tract infections in children. Bethesda, MD]: U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, 2011.

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United States. Department of Health and Human Services and Rand Corporation, eds. Urinary tract infection. Santa Monica, CA: Rand, 1986.

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Parker, James N., and Philip M. Parker. The official parent's sourcebook on urinary tract infection in children. Edited by Icon Group International Inc and NetLibrary Inc. San Diego, Calif: Icon Health Publications, 2002.

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International Symposium on Pyelonephritis (4th 1986 Göteborg, Sweden). Host-parasite interactions in urinary tract infections: Proceedings of the Fourth International Symposium on Pyelonephritis held in Göteborg, Sweden, 23-25 June 1986. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1989.

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Hodges, Steve J. It's no accident: Breakthrough solutions to your child's wetting, constipation, UTIs, and other potty problems. Guilford, CT: Lyons Press, 2012.

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Mulvey, Matthew A., David J. Klumpp, and Ann E. Stapleton, eds. Urinary Tract Infections. Washington, DC, USA: ASM Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/9781555817404.

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Brooks, D., ed. Urinary Tract Infections. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-9932-5.

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1941-, Brooks David R., ed. Urinary tract infections. Lancaster, England: MTP Press, 1987.

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Tom, Bergan, ed. Urinary tract infections. Basel: Karger, 1997.

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Donald, Kaye, ed. Urinary tract infections. Philadelphia: Saunders, 1991.

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Book chapters on the topic "Urinary tract infections in children"

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Schlager, Theresa A. "Urinary Tract Infections in Infants and Children." In Urinary Tract Infections, 69–77. Washington, DC, USA: ASM Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/9781555817404.ch4.

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Hodson, Elisabeth M., and Jonathan C. Craig. "Urinary Tract Infections in Children." In Pediatric Nephrology, 1695–714. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-43596-0_49.

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Hodson, Elisabeth M., and Jonathan C. Craig. "Urinary Tract Infections in Children." In Pediatric Nephrology, 1–22. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-27843-3_49-1.

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Grady, Richard W. "Urinary Tract Infections in Children." In Essential Urology, 33–46. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-737-6_3.

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Grady, Richard W. "Urinary Tract Infections in Children." In Essential Urology, 15–26. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-62703-092-2_2.

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Montini, Giovanni, John David Spencer, and Ian K. Hewitt. "Urinary Tract Infections in Children." In Pediatric Nephrology, 1323–42. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-52719-8_49.

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Montini, Giovanni, John David Spencer, and Ian K. Hewitt. "Urinary Tract Infections in Children." In Pediatric Nephrology, 1–20. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-27843-3_49-2.

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Nyquist, Ann-Christine. "Healthcare-Associated Urinary Tract Infections." In Healthcare-Associated Infections in Children, 215–27. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-98122-2_13.

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Shehab, Ziad M. "Urinary Tract Infection." In Renal Disease in Children, 157–69. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-3260-5_9.

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Vivier, Pierre-Hugues, and Adnan Hassani. "Urinary Tract Infection." In Imaging Acute Abdomen in Children, 241–55. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-63700-6_18.

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Conference papers on the topic "Urinary tract infections in children"

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Roberts, Ashley, Karen Ng, Jennifer Kendrick, Peter Tilley, Joseph Y. Ting, Shahrad R. Rassekh, Srinivas Murthy, and Kristopher T. Kang. "Multidrug Resistant Urinary Tract Infections in Children Presenting to the Pediatric Emergency Department." In Selection of Abstracts From NCE 2016. American Academy of Pediatrics, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.141.1_meetingabstract.418.

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Rabeh, Rania Ben, Sofiène Atiattalah, Salem Yahyaoui, Nada Missaoui, Msaddek Assidi, Sonia Mazigh, and Samir Boukthir. "372 Evolution of epidemiological and bacteriological profiles of febrile urinary tract infections in children." In 10th Europaediatrics Congress, Zagreb, Croatia, 7–9 October 2021. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd and Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2021-europaediatrics.372.

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Kuok, Chon In, Stephanie Hui Fung Lai, Mei Lam Natalie Hsu, Mandy Hiu Ching Lam, Wai Hung Chung, Wing Tung Natalie Ho, Choi Kim Judy Kung, et al. "818 Congenital renal anomalies and urinary tract infections in children with single umbilical artery." In Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health, Abstracts of the RCPCH Conference, Liverpool, 28–30 June 2022. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd and Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2022-rcpch.154.

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Moskalec, O. V. "The frequency of detection of "opportunistic" infections in children hospitalized in a multidisciplinary hospital." In General question of world science. General question of world science, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18411/gqws-15-10-2022-03.

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The article presents data on the frequency of detection of "opportunistic" infections in children hospitalized with various pathologies (congenital malformations, acute and chronic diseases of the bronchopulmonary system, urinary tract, hematogenous osteomyelitis). 105 children were examined. In pharyngeal, urogenital smears and in blood by PCR with detection in agarose gel, testing for the presence of DNA of CMV, HSV types 1 and 2, Chl. pneumoniae, Chl.trachomatis, M.pneumoniae, M.hominis, U.urealitica. The frequency of DNA detection of at least one of the pathogens in different groups was, on average, 69.1%, and in 28.4% DNA of several pathogens was simultaneously detected. Because "Opportunistic" infections are often associated with immune deficiency, it is advisable to prescribe a study of the immune status, and in the future, if necessary, to carry out immunorehabilitation and immunoprevention.
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Misra, Neeti, and Tarun Prashar. "The Smart Bacteriological Examination and Treatment of Urinary Tract Infections in Children using Fuzzy Logic Control." In 2023 IEEE International Conference on Integrated Circuits and Communication Systems (ICICACS). IEEE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icicacs57338.2023.10099921.

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Lubell, Tamar R., Jonathan Barasch, Paul King, Julie Ochs, Manasi Chitre, and Peter S. Dayan. "Urinary Tract Infections in Children: Accuracy of a Novel Dipstick Biomarker Test via Bagged Urine Sampling." In AAP National Conference & Exhibition Meeting Abstracts. American Academy of Pediatrics, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.147.3_meetingabstract.497.

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Sadova-Chuba, Zoriana, and Marta Vasyliv. "FEATURES OF DIAGNOSTICS OF CATHETER-ASSOCIATED URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS IN CHILDREN IN NEED OF INTENSIVE CARE." In Development of Scientific Space in the Context of Global Changes. Publishing House “Baltija Publishing”, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/978-9934-26-256-2-2.

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Anikeeva, N. A., S. V. Tereshchenko, S. S. Kantutis, N. A. Sadomskaya, A. V. Nesina, N. A. Mayorova, A. Yu Lashko, and T. V. Krygina. "SOME FEATURES OF THE STRUCTURE AND ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE OF UROPATHOGENS ISOLATED IN CHILDREN WITH URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS." In Molecular Diagnostics and Biosafety. Federal Budget Institute of Science 'Central Research Institute for Epidemiology', 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.36233/978-5-9900432-9-9-227.

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Stroescu, Ramona, Mihai Gafencu, David Vlad, Teofana Bizerea, Otilia M&acaron;rginean, and Gabriela Doroş. "P178 The value of ultrasound in young children with urinary tract infection." In 8th Europaediatrics Congress jointly held with, The 13th National Congress of Romanian Pediatrics Society, 7–10 June 2017, Palace of Parliament, Romania, Paediatrics building bridges across Europe. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd and Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2017-313273.266.

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Cox, Jennifer, M. Kenosi, Laura Whitla, and Montaseur Nadeem. "GP290 Can we rely on pyuria to diagnose urinary tract infection in children?" In Faculty of Paediatrics of the Royal College of Physicians of Ireland, 9th Europaediatrics Congress, 13–15 June, Dublin, Ireland 2019. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd and Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2019-epa.349.

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Reports on the topic "Urinary tract infections in children"

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Ragab, Mostafa, Erfan Masiha, and Melissa Davies. Asymptomatic bacteriuria and urinary tract infections in pregnancy. BJUI Knowledge, April 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18591/bjuik.0729.

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Richardson, Riina, Alanah Proctor, and Rowena Mills. Fungal infections of the urinary tract and factors predisposing to these infections. BJUI Knowledge, November 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18591/bjuik.0580.

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Rintoul-Hoad, Sophie, and Gordon Muir. Aetiopathogenesis and management of catheter-induced urinary tract infections. BJUI Knowledge, November 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18591/bjuik.0547.v2.

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Fischer, Nicholas, and Lis Herron-Olson. Development of a Novel Vaccine to Prevent Urinary Tract Infections, CRADA TC02219.0. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1435335.

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Fischer, N., and L. Herron-Olson. Development of a Novel Vaccine to Prevent Urinary Tract Infections, CRADA TC02219.0. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1773267.

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Nayyar, Rishi. Aetiopathogenesis and management of urinary tract infections in patients with spinal cord injury. BJUI Knowledge, July 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18591/bjuik.0546.v2.

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Gerber, Jeffrey, Rachael Ross, Matthew Bryan, A. Russell Localio, Julia Szymczak, Alexander Fiks, Darlene Barkman, et al. Comparative Effectiveness of Broad vs. Narrow Spectrum Antibiotics for Acute Respiratory Tract Infections in Children. Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute (PCORI), August 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.25302/8.2018.ce.13047279.

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Yu, Zifu, and Xihua Liu. Efficacy of Sacral Magnetic Stimulation on Neurogenic Bladder after Spinal Cord Injury: A Meta-analysis. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, June 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.6.0009.

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Review question / Objective: P (Population): patients with neurogenic bladder (NB) after spinal cord injury; I (Intervention): sacral magnetic stimulation and routine rehabilitation training; C (Comparison): routine rehabilitation training and/or sham-sacral magnetic stimulation; O (Outcome): urinary frequency, voided volume, maximum urination volume，first sensation capacity, maximum bladder volume, maximum bladder pressure, QOL (Quality of Life Score), VAS(Visual Analogue Scale), LUTS (Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms); S (Study): Randomized controlled trial, RCT. Condition being studied: Spinal cord injury (SCI) leads to long-term disabilities with significant social and economic consequences. After SCI, bladder dysfunction is common and improved bladder function consistently ranks as the top quality of life priority in individuals with SCI. Patients with a neurogenic bladder following SCI often catheterize themselves to empty the bladder, and urinary tract infections and obstructive uropathies are common.
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Quan, X., X. Wang, B. Zhang, Xin yi Wang, and Huai qin Cang. Novel β-lactam antibiotics versus other antibiotics for treatment of complicated urinary tract infections: A systemactic review and meta-analysis. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, April 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2024.4.0054.

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Gray, Emily, and Michelle Rickard. Screening for Social Determinants of Health to Improve Care in Pediatric Patients with Recurrent Urinary Tract Infections: A Scoping Review. University of Tennessee Health Science Center, November 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21007/con.dnp.2022.0045.

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