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Journal articles on the topic 'Ureaplasmas'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 20 February 2023

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1

Biernat-Sudolska, Małgorzata, Katarzyna Talaga-Ćwiertnia, and Paulina Gajda. "Vaginal Secretion Epithelium Count as a Prognostic Indicator of High Abundance of Ureaplasmas in Women with a Normal Nugent Score." Polish Journal of Microbiology 71, no. 1 (February 27, 2022): 19–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.33073/pjm-2022-001.

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Abstract Genital tract ureaplasma infections are associated with numerous complications, ranging from inflammation, through infertility, to problematic pregnancy. In the course of ureaplasma infection, the risk of human papillomavirus infection increases. Diagnostic tests for urea-plasma infections are not always carried out, especially in women with the normal Nugent test results. The study attempts to check whether it is possible to find a prognostic indicator that could suggest a high abundance of ureaplasmas (≥ 104 CFU/ml) at the stage of the initial examination of vaginal discharge. Such a prognostic factor could qualify women for further tests to detect infections with these atypical bacteria. Six hundred twenty-seven white women with a score of 0–3 on the Nugent scale were tested, including 322 patients with a high abundance of ureaplasmas (≥ 104 CFU/ml) and 305 who tested negative for these bacteria. Ureaplasma infections were detected statistically significant in women who had few or no epithelial cells in the genital swab specimens compared to the results obtained for women with numerous or very numerous epithelial cells (p < 0.001). The risk of the high density of ureaplasmas was 38.7% higher with fewer or no epithelial cells than with high numbers. In patients aged 18–40 years with few or no epithelial cells, a high density of ureaplasmas (≥ 104 CFU/ml) was observed significantly more frequently (p = 0.003). Determining the number of epithelial cells in Gram-stained slides may be the prognostic indicator of ureaplasma infection. Testing for genital ureaplasma infection should be considered, especially in women of childbearing age (18–40 years), even if the Nugent test value is normal and pH ≤ 4.6.

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2

Collins, Jennifer J. P., Suhas G. Kallapur, Christine L. Knox, Ilias Nitsos, Graeme R. Polglase, J. Jane Pillow, Elke Kuypers, John P. Newnham, Alan H. Jobe, and Boris W. Kramer. "Inflammation in fetal sheep from intra-amniotic injection of Ureaplasma parvum." American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology 299, no. 6 (December 2010): L852—L860. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.00183.2010.

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Bronchopulmonary dysplasia is associated with chorioamnionitis and fetal lung inflammation. Ureaplasma species are the bacteria most frequently isolated from chorioamnionitis. Very chronic ureaplasma colonization of amniotic fluid causes low-grade lung inflammation and functional lung maturation in fetal sheep. Less is known about shorter exposures of the fetal lung. Therefore, we hypothesized that ureaplasmas would cause an acute inflammatory response that would alter lung development. Singleton ovine fetuses received intra-amniotic Ureaplasma parvum serovar 3 or control media at 110, 117, or 121 days and were delivered at 124 days gestational age (term = 150 days). Inflammation was assessed by 1) cell counts in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), and 2) cytokine mRNA measurements, immunohistochemistry, and flow cytometry for inflammatory cells and elastin and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) staining in lung tissue. Neutrophils were increased in BALF 3 days after exposure to ureaplasmas ( P = 0.01). Myeloperoxidase-positive cells increased after 3 days ( P = 0.03), and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II-positive cells increased after 14 days of ureaplasma exposure ( P = 0.001). PU.1 (macrophage marker)- or CD3 (T lymphocyte marker)-positive cells were not induced by ureaplasmas. CD3-positive cells in the posterior mediastinal lymph node increased in ureaplasma-exposed animals at 3, 7, and 14 days ( P = 0.002). Focal elastin depositions decreased in alveolar septa at 14 days ( P = 0.002), whereas α-SMA increased in arteries and bronchioli. U. parvum induced a mild acute inflammatory response and changed elastin and α-SMA deposition in the lung, which may affect lung structure and subsequent development.

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3

Kovalyk, Vladimir P., Elena V. Vladimirova, Tayana V. Rubasheva, and Natalia S. Sirmays. "Clinical significance of ureaplasmas in urogenital pathology." Journal of Clinical Practice 10, no. 1 (April 25, 2019): 81–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/clinpract10181-87.

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The clinical significance of Ureaplasmas in urogenital pathology is reviewed. Ureaplasmas belong to the class Mollicutes. Asymptomatic carriage of these bacteria is common, and most individuals do not develop disease. Ureaplasma urealyticum and Ureaplasma parvum are sexually transmitted bacteria among humans implicated in a variety of disease states including but not limited to: nongonococcal urethritis, adverse pregnancy outcomes, chorioamnionitis, and bronchopulmonary dysplasia in neonates. U. urealyticum has been associated with urethritis in men and is revealed in a high concentration that confirms its etiological role in the disease. Men with a high U. urealyticum load are considered for treatment, however, the data on the therapy efficiency have been insufficient so far. In symptomatic women, bacterial vaginosis should always be tested for, and the corresponding therapy should be prescribed in case of positive results.

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4

Ball, H. J., and D. P. Mackie. "The ovine mammary gland as an experimental model to determine the virulence of animal ureaplasmas." Journal of Hygiene 95, no. 2 (October 1985): 375–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022172400062793.

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SUMMARYAs an estimate of their virulence, the ability of ovine, bovine, canine, feline and simian ureaplasma strains to cause mastitis in the ovine mammary gland was investigated. Five ovine ureaplasmas produced a clinical mastitis. Broth cultures of seven bovine ureaplasmas were unable to infect the ovine gland, but two of these strains plus one other were able to do so following passage through the bovine udder. One of two canine strains and a feline strain both caused mastitis, but the simian strain persisted at low titre for only 5 days post-inoculation in one of the two ewes tested.

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5

Juhász, Emese, Eszter Ostorházi, Katinka Pónyai, Pálma Silló, László Párducz, and Ferenc Rozgonyi. "Ureaplasmas." Reviews in Medical Microbiology 22, no. 4 (October 2011): 73–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/mrm.0b013e328349477d.

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6

Waites, Ken B., Brenda Katz, and Robert L. Schelonka. "Mycoplasmas and Ureaplasmas as Neonatal Pathogens." Clinical Microbiology Reviews 18, no. 4 (October 2005): 757–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cmr.18.4.757-789.2005.

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SUMMARY The genital mycoplasmas represent a complex and unique group of microorganisms that have been associated with a wide array of infectious diseases in adults and infants. The lack of conclusive knowledge regarding the pathogenic potential of Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma spp. in many conditions is due to a general unfamiliarity of physicians and microbiology laboratories with their fastidious growth requirements, leading to difficulty in their detection; their high prevalence in healthy persons; the poor design of research studies attempting to base association with disease on the mere presence of the organisms in the lower urogenital tract; the failure to consider multifactorial aspects of diseases; and considering these genital mycoplasmas only as a last resort. The situation is now changing because of a greater appreciation of the genital mycoplasmas as perinatal pathogens and improvements in laboratory detection, particularly with regard to the development of powerful molecular nucleic acid amplification tests. This review summarizes the epidemiology of genital mycoplasmas as causes of neonatal infections and premature birth; evidence linking ureaplasmas with bronchopulmonary dysplasia; recent changes in the taxonomy of the genus Ureaplasma; the neonatal host response to mycoplasma and ureaplasma infections; advances in laboratory detection, including molecular methods; and therapeutic considerations for treatment of systemic diseases.

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7

Waites, Ken B., Donna M. Crabb, and Lynn B. Duffy. "Comparative In Vitro Activities of the Investigational Fluoroquinolone DC-159a and Other Antimicrobial Agents against Human Mycoplasmas and Ureaplasmas." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 52, no. 10 (July 28, 2008): 3776–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.00849-08.

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ABSTRACT The in vitro susceptibilities of 151 unique clinical isolates of Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Mycoplasma hominis, Mycoplasma fermentans, Mycoplasma genitalium, and Ureaplasma species to DC-159a, an investigational fluoroquinolone, in comparison with those to other agents were determined. Macrolides were the most active agents against M. pneumoniae and M. genitalium, whereas clindamycin was most active against M. hominis. DC-159a MICs were ≤0.5 μg/ml for all Mycoplasma species and ≤4 μg/ml for ureaplasmas. DC-159a was the most active fluoroquinolone tested against M. pneumoniae and M. fermentans, and it was second to moxifloxacin against the other species. It was bactericidal against 10 M. pneumoniae isolates and demonstrated killing of ≥99.9% of the inoculum at 24 h for 2 isolates. The excellent in vitro activity of DC-159a demonstrates its potential for use in the treatment of infections due to mycoplasmas and ureaplasmas.

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8

Horner, P. J., B. Thomas, C. B. Gilroy, M. Egger, and D. Taylor-Robinson. "Do all men attending departments of genitourinary medicine need to be screened for non-gonococcal urethritis?" International Journal of STD & AIDS 13, no. 10 (October 1, 2002): 667–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/095646202760326408.

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We investigated the influence of symptoms and signs on the detection of Chlamydia trachomatis, Mycoplasma genitalium and Ureaplasma urealyticum organisms (ureaplasmas) in men with non-gonococcal urethritis (NGU). Two hundred and forty-two men attending the Jefferiss Wing at St Mary's Hospital for a sexual health assessment were evaluated, of whom 169 had NGU. Urethral inflammation was diagnosed if there were either ≥5 polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMNLs) per high-power field (HPF) in five or more microscope fields of a Gram-stained urethral smear, or ≥10 PMNLs per HPF in five or more fields of a Gram-stained thread from 15-20 mL of a first-passed urine (FPU) specimen. C. trachomatis was diagnosed by direct immunofluoresence, M. genitalium by a polymerase chain reaction assay and ureaplasmas by culture. On multivariate analysis, to control for potential confounding by age, ethnicity, sexual lifestyle and co-infection, an urethral discharge remained significantly associated with the detection of C. trachomatis and M. genitalium in men with acute urethritis [OR 12.3, 95% CI (2.39-63.5) and OR 35.2, 95% CI (3.9-319.6), respectively], but dysuria or penile irritation did not. The detection of ureaplasmas was not associated with any clinical feature. In addition, on multivariate analysis men with NGU who were either symptomatic or had an observable discharge were more likely to have C. trachomatis or M. genitalium detected [(OR 6.92, 95% CI 1.41-33.9) and (OR 5.18, 95% CI 0.99-27.1), respectively], but not ureaplasmas (OR 1.19, 95% CI 0.33-4.35). The findings suggest that in men with acute NGU, symptoms or signs, and in particular a urethral discharge, are associated with the detection of C. trachomatis and M. genitalium, but not ureaplasmas. Currently, there is no precise answer to the question of whether all men attending a GUM clinic need to be screened for NGU, but if clinically asymptomatic NGU is found not to be associated with a sexually transmitted pathogen, the UK clinical guidelines requiring the preparation of a urethral smear from such men would need to be revised.

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9

Kenny, George E., and Frank D. Cartwright. "Susceptibilities of Mycoplasma hominis, M. pneumoniae, and Ureaplasma urealyticum to GAR-936, Dalfopristin, Dirithromycin, Evernimicin, Gatifloxacin, Linezolid, Moxifloxacin, Quinupristin-Dalfopristin, and Telithromycin Compared to Their Susceptibilities to Reference Macrolides, Tetracyclines, and Quinolones." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 45, no. 9 (September 1, 2001): 2604–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.45.9.2604-2608.2001.

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ABSTRACT The susceptibilities of Mycoplasma hominis,Mycoplasma pneumoniae, and Ureaplasma urealyticum to eight new antimicrobial agents were determined by agar dilution.M. pneumoniae was susceptible to the new glycylcycline GAR-936 at 0.12 μg/ml and evernimicin at 4 μg/ml, but it was resistant to linezolid. It was most susceptible to dirithromycin, quinupristin-dalfopristin, telithromycin, reference macrolides, and josamycin. M. hominis was susceptible to linezolid, evernimicin, and GAR-936. It was resistant to macrolides and the ketolide telithromycin but susceptible to quinupristin-dalfopristin and josamycin. U. urealyticum was susceptible to evernimicin (8 to 16 μg/ml) and resistant to linezolid. It was less susceptible to GAR-936 (4.0 μg/ml) than to tetracycline (0.5 μg/ml). Telithromycin and quinupristin-dalfopristin were the most active agents against ureaplasmas (0.06 μg/ml). The new quinolone gatifloxacin was active against M. pneumoniae and M. hominis at 0.12 to 0.25 μg/ml and active against ureaplasmas at 1.0 μg/ml. The MICs of macrolides were markedly affected by pH, with an 8- to 32-fold increase in the susceptibility of M. pneumoniae as the pH increased from 6.9 to 7.8. A similar increase in susceptibility with increasing pH was also observed with ureaplasmas. Tetracyclines showed a fourfold increase of activity as the pH decreased 1 U, whereas GAR-936 showed a fourfold decrease in activity with a decrease in pH.

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10

Buzinhani, M., E. Metiffogo, and J. Timenetsky. "Detecção de Mycoplasma spp. e Ureaplasma diversum em vacas com distúrbios reprodutivos." Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia 59, no. 6 (December 2007): 1368–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-09352007000600003.

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Foram utilizadas 112 amostras de muco vulvovaginal, coletados de vacas com distúrbios reprodutivos, para pesquisa de Mycoplasma e Ureaplasma. Para isolamentos, foram usados meios específicos para micoplasmas (SP-4) e para ureaplasmas. PCR genérica, PCR específica para Mycoplasma bovis e nested-PCR em tubo único para Ureaplasma diversum foram realizados com os DNAs extraídos das amostras. Mycoplasma spp. e U. diversum foram detectados em 12,5 e 25,0%, respectivamente. A PCR genérica resultou em reações positivas em 63,4% das amostras transportadas em SP-4 e em 69,6% das transportadas em meio de ureaplasma. M. bovis foi detectado, na PCR específica, em 9,8% das amostras e U. diversum, na nested-PCR, em 37,5%. Houve maior sensibilidade na metodologia da PCR quando comparada à técnica de cultivo para Mycoplasma e Ureaplasma.

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11

&NA;. "ANTIBIOTIC-RESISTANT UREAPLASMAS." Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 5, Supplement (November 1986): S347. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006454-198611010-00037.

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12

Taylor-Robinson, David. "Urethral inflammation in male chimpanzees caused by ureaplasmas and Chlamydia trachomatis." Journal of Medical Microbiology 62, no. 10 (October 1, 2013): 1609–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.058446-0.

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Specimens from men with acute non-gonococcal urethritis were tested to determine their microbial content and then given intra-urethrally to male chimpanzees. Two animals received ureaplasmas only and one became infected. The second did so when given a different strain. Both developed a polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMNL) response. Two chimpanzees received a mixture of ureaplasmas and Chlamydia trachomatis and there was a suggestion that the ureaplasmas delayed or suppressed the chlamydial response. The latter, that is urethral infection with a pronounced PMNL response, was most clearly seen in a chimpanzee given C. trachomatis only. No inflammation was detected in two chimpanzees acting as controls. Three of five chimpanzees given ureaplasmas genitally, and one that had them endogenously, had them transiently in the oropharynx about 2 weeks later. The occurrence of ureaplasmas in the conjunctiva of three chimpanzees inoculated at this site was also transient and without inflammation. The possibility that Mycoplasma genitalium might have been in the inocula and caused urethral inflammation was discounted largely because no animal had antibody to this mycoplasma.

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13

Martinelli, F., E. Garrafa, A. Turano, and A. Caruso. "Increased Frequency of Detection ofUreaplasma urealyticum and Mycoplasma genitaliumin AIDS Patients without Urethral Symptoms." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 37, no. 6 (1999): 2042–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.37.6.2042-2044.1999.

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The roles of Mycoplasma genitalium and Ureaplasma urealyticum in nongonococcal urethritis are not yet well established. The aim of this study was to determine the presence of these microorganisms in the urethral tracts of 187 human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-infected male patients with no clinical signs of urethritis. The results indicate that the prevalence of M. genitalium and U. urealyticum was higher in AIDS patients than in asymptomatic, HIV-1-infected patients and in healthy individuals. The high rate of mycoplasmas and ureaplasmas detected in AIDS patients, in the absence of urethritis, argues against major roles in causing disease at the urethral mucosal level for these microorganisms.

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14

Kong, Fanrong, and Gwendolyn L. Gilbert. "Postgenomic taxonomy of human ureaplasmas – a case study based on multiple gene sequences." International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 54, no. 5 (September 1, 2004): 1815–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.63073-0.

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In 2000, the full genome sequence of Ureaplasma parvum (previously known as Ureaplasma urealyticum) serovar 3 was released. In 2002, after prolonged debate, it was agreed that the former U. urealyticum should be divided into two species – U. parvum and U. urealyticum. To provide additional support for this decision and improve our understanding of the relationship between these two species, the authors studied four ‘core’ genes or gene clusters in ATCC reference strains of all 14 serovars of U. parvum and U. urealyticum. These ‘core’ regions were the rRNA gene clusters, the EF-Tu genes (tuf), urease gene clusters and multiple-banded antigen genes (mba). The known U. parvum genome sequences (GenBank accession no. NC_002162) were used as reference. DNA insertions and deletions (indels) were found in all of the gene regions studied, except tuf, but they were found only between, not within, the two species. An incidental finding was that there was inter-copy heterogeneity for rRNA gene cluster sequences. Sequence analysis (sequence heterogeneity and especially indels) of all four selected targets consistently supported the separation of human ureaplasmas into two species. Except for multiple-banded antigen, there was less heterogeneity in amino acid sequences of proteins, between species, than in the nucleic acid sequences of the corresponding genes. The degrees of heterogeneity at the 5′ end of the species-specific regions of multiple-banded antigen were almost identical for both amino acid and nucleotide sequences. Analysis of the authors' results provided an interesting case study to help resolve some common problems in the use of sequence data to infer phylogenetic relationships and support taxonomic changes. It is recommended that, to avoid confusion, the new nomenclature be used for human ureaplasmas in future publications.

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15

O'leary, William M. "Ureaplasmas and Human Disease." Critical Reviews in Microbiology 17, no. 3 (January 1990): 161–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10408419009105723.

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16

POLLACK, J. D. "Metabolic distinctiveness of ureaplasmas." Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 5, Supplement (November 1986): S305–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006454-198611010-00023.

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17

Shirshova, N. Y., E. V. Shipitsyna, А. M. Savicheva, and А. А. Polyanin. "The properties of the microflora of the genital tract in women withendocervicitis." Journal of obstetrics and women's diseases 53, no. 4 (November 15, 2004): 46–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/jowd88644.

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The characteristics of the genital microflora of 70 non-pregnant women with non-gonococcal endocervicitis and 20 healthy women were characterized. In most cases of endocervicitis, a mixed infection was diagnosed, while chlamydia was most often detected in combination with herpes simplex viruses (HSV) and human papillomavirus (HPV). With monoinfection, ureaplasmas were more often found. In 20% of healthy women, ureaplasmas were detected in cervical samples. It was found that in 83% of cases of endocervicitis, the vaginal microflora is involved in the pathological process, and most often this is manifested by bacterial and candidal vaginitis. The leading etiological role in the development of endocervicitis in non-pregnant women belongs to ureaplasmas, chlamydia, HSV and HPV.

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18

Biernat-Sudolska, Małgorzata, Danuta Rojek-Zakrzewska, and Ryszard Lauterbach. "Assessment of various diagnostic methods of ureaplasma respiratory tract infections in newborns." Acta Biochimica Polonica 53, no. 3 (October 1, 2006): 609–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.18388/abp.2006_3335.

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We compared three methods used microbial culturing for detection of ureaplasmas in endotracheal aspirate from 500 prematurely born neonates with respiratory disturbances: BioMerieux test, PCR and microbial culturing. Ureaplasmas were detected in respiratory tracts of 79 (16%) newborns. Correlation of the results of culture with those obtained with the BioMerieux kit, culture with PCR and BioMerieux kit with PCR was 97%, 89% and 90%, respectively. Sensitivity and specificity of PCR in comparison with culture was 86% and 98%, respectively, and of the BioMerieux kit 96% and 98%. PCR can be recommended in rapid diagnostics of respiratory infections in newborns suffering from respiratory disorders. It allows the detection of ureaplasmas in case of parallel infections and identification of their species.

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19

Savzikhanov, R. T., and M. M. Alibekov. "The ureaplasma biovars clinical significance in the practice of a urologist." Urology Herald 8, no. 2 (July 1, 2020): 37–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.21886/2308-6424-2020-8-2-37-42.

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Introduction. The presence of Ureaplasmas in the body of healthy men has been proved by many studies. The ability to assess their effect on the male body from a different perspective appeared with the advent of modern quantitative diagnostic methods.Purpose of the study. Определить распространённость уреаплазм у мужчин без репродуктивных нарушений, а также распространённость биоваров уреаплазм и их влияние на урологическую симптоматику.Materials and methods. There was analyzed 249 patient surveys in the clinic, divided into 2 groups: men who had various urological complaints and clinically healthy men.Results. We found Ureaplasmas in 76 (30.5%) men based on a survey of 249 men. In the group of clinically healthy men (n = 129), microorganisms were found in 24 (18.6%) cases, in the group of men with urological symptoms (n = 129) in 52 (43.3%) cases. U. Urealyticum was observed in 28 (36.8%) patients, U. parvum were in 45 (59.2%). The combination of both strains was detected in 3 (4%) cases.Conclusion. The total prevalence of Ureaplasmas in men without reproductive disorders was 30% of cases. The prevalence of Ureaplasmas in the group of men with urological symptoms was more than 2 times higher. U. parvum and U. urealyticum are usually found in isolation from each other. We found both taxa in 4% of cases only. The prevalence of ureaplasmas was 19% among clinically healthy men. Both strains can develop symptoms, but U. urealyticum does it to a greater extent if both are present at the same time.

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Savicheva, A. М., N. K. Selimyan, G. V. Grinenko, L. N. Novikova, E. V. Rybina, S. L. Zatsiorskaya, and Z. M. Martikainen. "Use of betadin for treatment of non-pregnant women with bacterialvaginosis or vaginitis." Journal of obstetrics and women's diseases 52, no. 1 (January 20, 2003): 46–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/jowd88798.

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The article presents the data on the efficiency of using betadin to treat 17 non-pregnant women who had bacterial vaginosis or vaginitis with ureaplasmas and other microorganisms in their vaginal discharge. The use of suppositoria betadin for 14 days and specific antibacterial or antimicotic therapy allowed achieve clinical recovery and elimination of ureaplasmas in 82,4% cases.

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21

Furr, Patricia M., and D. Taylor-Robinson. "Prevalence and significance of Mycoplasma hominis and Ureaplasma urealyticum in the urines of a non-venereal disease population." Epidemiology and Infection 98, no. 3 (June 1987): 353–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268800062117.

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SUMMARYUreaplasma urealyticum organisms (ureaplasmas) and Mycoplasma hominis organisms (mycoplasmas) were sought in mid-stream urines collected from 200 men and 200 women attending hospital with conditions of a non-venereal nature. In addition, the urines from 100 male and 100 female healthy volunteers were examined. Overall, ureaplasmas were isolated four times more often than mycoplasmas. In individuals less than 50 years of age, the organisms were found in about 20 % of men and about 40 % of women. In individuals 50 years or older, they were found about one-third to one-half as frequently. Centrifugation of urine and examination of the resuspended deposit did not increase the isolation rates. In men, the numbers of organisms in the urine were usually small (< 103 c.c.u./ml) with less than tenfold more in the urine of women. The occurrence of 51– > 1000 leucocytes per mm3 in some of the urines was not associated with either the presence or an increased number of ureaplasmas/mycoplasmas, whereas they were associated with the presence of 105 or more bacteria/ml. The significance of these findings in the context of defining the role of ureaplasmas/mycoplasmas in genital-tract disease is discussed.

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22

Smith, P. F. "Detection of lipoglycans in ureaplasmas." Journal of Bacteriology 162, no. 2 (1985): 611–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.162.2.611-614.1985.

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23

Govender, Sharlene, and Lynda Chalkley. "Tetracycline resistance genes of ureaplasmas." Southern African Journal of Epidemiology and Infection 27, no. 1 (January 2012): 19–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10158782.2012.11441475.

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24

Rishchuk, S. V., S. A. Selkov, D. F. Kostyuchek, G. N. Vedeneeva, and D. I. Ivin. "On the clinical significance of biovars ureaplasma urealyticum." Journal of obstetrics and women's diseases 50, no. 4 (December 30, 2021): 17–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/jowd95618.

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Developing of chronic salpingoophoritis, non-specific bacterial vaginitis and specific candidamytotic vaginitis ought to be associated with complicated obstetric anamnesis and presence of biovar Parvo ureaplasmas predominantly found in womens genital tracts. The correlation may be seen between identifying biovar Parvo ureaplasmas in men and arising of torpid and chronic infectious urethritis, that may testify to its more intensive pathogenic effect comparing with biovar T- 9GO. Detection of biovar T-960 in urogenital system in men and women doesnt exclude the possibility of inflammation, that implies adequate complex therapy identical to that in case of biovar Parvo.

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Stipkovits, L., Amal Rashwan, J. Takacs, and K. Lapis. "Occurrence of ureaplasmas in swine semen." Zentralblatt für Veterinärmedizin Reihe B 25, no. 7 (May 13, 2010): 605–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0450.1978.tb00769.x.

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26

Horner, Patrick, David Taylor-Robinson, Anna Pallecaros, and Alexander Monnickendam. "Testing for genital mycoplasmas and ureaplasmas." International Journal of STD & AIDS 30, no. 3 (February 4, 2019): 310–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956462418820400.

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27

Moi, Harald, Nils Reinton, Ivana Randjelovic, Elina J. Reponen, Line Syvertsen, and Amir Moghaddam. "Urethral inflammatory response to ureaplasma is significantly lower than to Mycoplasma genitalium and Chlamydia trachomatis." International Journal of STD & AIDS 28, no. 8 (August 24, 2016): 773–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956462416666482.

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A non-syndromic approach to treatment of people with non-gonococcal urethritis (NGU) requires identification of pathogens and understanding of the role of those pathogens in causing disease. The most commonly detected and isolated micro-organisms in the male urethral tract are bacteria belonging to the family of Mycoplasmataceae, in particular Ureaplasma urealyticum and Ureaplasma parvum. To better understand the role of these Ureaplasma species in NGU, we have performed a prospective analysis of male patients voluntarily attending a drop in STI clinic in Oslo. Of 362 male patients who were tested for NGU using microscopy of urethral smears, we found the following sexually transmissible micro-organisms: 16% Chlamydia trachomatis, 5% Mycoplasma genitalium, 14% U. urealyticum, 14% U. parvum and 5% Mycoplasma hominis. We found a high concordance in detecting in turn U. urealyticum and U. parvum using 16s rRNA gene and ureD gene as targets for nucleic acid amplification testing (NAAT). Whilst there was a strong association between microscopic signs of NGU and C. trachomatis infection, association of M. genitalium and U. urealyticum infections in turn were found only in patients with severe NGU (>30 polymorphonuclear leucocytes, PMNL/high powered fields, HPF). U. parvum was found to colonise a high percentage of patients with no or mild signs of NGU (0–9 PMNL/HPF). We conclude that urethral inflammatory response to ureaplasmas is less severe than to C. trachomatis and M. genitalium in most patients and that testing and treatment of ureaplasma-positive patients should only be considered when other STIs have been ruled out.

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Waites, Ken B., Donna M. Crabb, and Lynn B. Duffy. "In Vitro Activities of ABT-773 and Other Antimicrobials against Human Mycoplasmas." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 47, no. 1 (January 2003): 39–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.47.1.39-42.2003.

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ABSTRACT The in vitro susceptibilities of 103 Mycoplasma pneumoniae isolates, 14 Mycoplasma hominis isolates, 12 Mycoplasma fermentans isolates, and 24 Ureaplasma species to ABT-773, an investigational ketolide, and seven other agents were determined. For M. pneumoniae, the ABT-773 MIC at which 90% of isolates are inhibited (MIC90; ≤0.001 μg/ml) was comparable to those of azithromycin, clarithromycin, and erythromycin and at least 128-fold lower than those of levofloxacin, gatifloxacin, moxifloxacin, and doxycycline. For M. fermentans, the ABT-773 MIC90 (≤0.008 μg/ml) was 2- to 128-fold lower than those of all other agents tested. For M. hominis, the ABT-773 MIC90 (0.031 μg/ml) was equivalent to that of moxifloxacin, 2-fold lower than those of gatifloxacin and clindamycin, and 16-fold lower than that of levofloxacin. ABT-773 was equally active against doxycycline-susceptible and doxycycline-resistant organisms. The ABT-773 MICs (0.016 μg/ml) for Ureaplasma species were the lowest of those of any drug tested. The MIC90 was 4- to 64-fold lower than those of clarithromycin, azithromycin, and erythromycin and ≥16-fold lower than those of all three fluoroquinolones. Minimal bactericidal concentrations determined for a subgroup of organisms were ≤0.063 μg/ml for M. pneumoniae and 0.25 μg/ml for M. fermentans, but they were several dilutions higher for M. hominis and Ureaplasma spp. ABT-773 has great potential for further study for the treatment of infections due to mycoplasmas and ureaplasmas.

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Govender, S., G. B. Theron, H. J. Odendaal, and L. J. Chalkley. "Prevalence of genital mycoplasmas, ureaplasmas andchlamydiain pregnancy." Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 29, no. 8 (January 2009): 698–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/01443610903184033.

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30

TULLY, JOSEPH G., and D. TAYLOR-ROBINSON. "Taxonomy and host distribution of the ureaplasmas." Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 5, Supplement (November 1986): S292–295. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006454-198611010-00020.

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SMITH, PAUL F. "Mass cultivation of ureaplasmas and some applications." Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 5, Supplement (November 1986): S313–315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006454-198611010-00025.

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32

KAKULPHIMP, J., L. R. FINCH, and J. A. ROBERTSON. "Genome Sizes of Mammalian and Avian Ureaplasmas." International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology 41, no. 2 (April 1, 1991): 326–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/00207713-41-2-326.

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33

Waites, Ken B., Donna M. Crabb, Xue Bing, and Lynn B. Duffy. "In Vitro Susceptibilities to and Bactericidal Activities of Garenoxacin (BMS-284756) and Other Antimicrobial Agents against Human Mycoplasmas and Ureaplasmas." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 47, no. 1 (January 2003): 161–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.47.1.161-165.2003.

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ABSTRACT The in vitro susceptibilities to garenoxacin (BMS-284756), an investigational des-fluoroquinolone, and eight other agents were determined for 63 Mycoplasma pneumoniae, 45 Mycoplasma hominis, 15 Mycoplasma fermentans, and 68 Ureaplasma sp. isolates. Garenoxacin was the most active quinolone, inhibiting all isolates at ≤1 μg/ml. The garenoxacin MIC at which 90% of isolates are inhibited (MIC90s; ≤0.008 μg/ml) was at least 4-fold less than those of moxifloxacin and clindamycin, 8-fold less than that of sparfloxacin, and 64-fold less than those of levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin for M. pneumoniae. For M. hominis, the garenoxacin MIC90 (≤0.008 μg/ml) was 4-fold less than those of clindamycin and moxifloxacin, 8-fold less than that of sparfloxacin, and 64-fold less than those of levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin. All 15 M. fermentans isolates were inhibited by garenoxacin at concentrations ≤0.008 μg/ml, making it the most active drug tested against this organism. For Ureaplasma spp., the garenoxacin MIC90 (0.25 μg/ml) was equivalent to those of moxifloxacin and doxycycline, 4-fold less than those of levofloxacin and sparfloxacin, 8-fold less than that of azithromycin, and 32-fold less than that of ciprofloxacin. Garenoxacin and the other fluoroquinolones tested were demonstrated to have bactericidal activities against M. pneumoniae and M. hominis by measurement of minimal bactericidal activities and by time-kill studies. Further study of garenoxacin is required, as it has great potential for use in the treatment of infections due to mycoplasmas and ureaplasmas.

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34

Afanasievskaya, Elizaveta V., Tatiana A. Melnikova, Eduard S. Gorovitz, and Nina V. Nikolaeva. "The microbiome state of lower parts of the reproductive tract in pregnant women infected with Ureaplasma urealyticum depending on the colonization degree." Вестник Пермского университета. Серия «Биология»=Bulletin of Perm University. Biology, no. 2 (2022): 125–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.17072/1994-9952-2022-2-125-130.

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Assessment of the microbiome state of the lower parts of the reproductive tract in pregnant women infected with various concentrations of Ureaplasma urealyticum. Bacterioscopic and bacteriological tests of the vaginal secretions of 112 pregnant women infected with Ureaplasma urealyticum were performed using traditional methods. Isolated microorganisms were identified mainly up to the genus level. Ureaplasma urealyticum was isolated by the generally accepted quantitative variant of the bacteriological test. In 85.7% of pregnant women infected with U. urealyticum, coccoid and mixed morphotypes of bacteria prevailed in smears, whereas in conditionally healthy ones they were detected in 12.5% of samples. They were most often found to have an inflammatory reaction, key cells and a positive amine test. Changes in the qualitative and quantitative composition of the microbiome of the vaginal biotope—a decrease in the titer of resident microorganisms and an increase in the spectrum and number of opportunistic pathogens—were recorded in more than 80% of infected pregnant women. These disorders were more significant in the subgroup of pregnant women with high genital colonization with U. urealyticum. As a result, bacterial vaginosis and vaginitis were statistically significantly more common in infected women. Normocenosis was registered in 47.6% of cases, compared to 77.5% in the comparison group. U. urealyticum infection of the lower parts of the reproductive tract in pregnant women leads to significant violations of the microbiome of the vaginal biotope accompanied by the development of bacterial vaginosis (BV) and vaginitis. The probability of their development increases with a rise in the titer of ureaplasmas.

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35

Santos, Sandra B., José W. Pinheiro-Júnior, André R. Mota, André S. Santos, Bruno H. L. S. Alves, Júnior M. B. Oliveira, Leonildo B. G. Silva, and Rinaldo A. Mota. "Recovery of Mollicutes from the reproductive tract of dairy cattle in the state of Pernambuco, Brazil." Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 35, no. 6 (June 2015): 491–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-736x2015000600001.

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Abstract: The aim of the present study was to report the occurrence of members of the Mollicutesclass in the reproductive system of dairy cattle in Brazil. Five farms containing dairy cattle were visited in January of 2012. In total, 100 cows of different ages, breeds and stages of lactation were examined in the present study. The cows were part of intensive or semi-intensive management systems and were submitted to mechanical milking or hand milking. The samples were collected after washing the vulvar region with water and soap, and then drying it with paper towels and disinfecting the area with alcohol (70°GL). Vaginal mucous was collected using a sterile alginate cotton swab, which was rubbed on the vagina, as well as the lateral and internal walls. Vulvovaginal mucous samples were cultured in both liquid and solid modified Hayflick´s medium, for mycoplasmas, and UB medium, for ureaplasmas. The PCR assays for Mollicutesand Ureaplasmaspp. were performed according to the standard protocols described in the current literature. During isolation, the frequency of Mycoplasmaspp. was of 13.0% (13/100) and for Ureaplasmaspp. was of 6.0% (6/100). In the PCR assays the frequency of Mollicuteswas of 26.0% (26/100) and for Ureaplasmaspp. was of 13.0% (13/100) in the dairy cattle studied. This is the first report of these agents in reproductive system of bovine of the Pernambuco state. Further studies are necessary to determine the pathogenic potential and species of these field isolates.

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36

Mustafina, L. R., Ye V. Khon, S. V. Logvinov, and S. Yu Yuriyev. "The morphological characteristic of chorion villi in early terms of pregnancy in the presence of urogenital infection." Bulletin of Siberian Medicine 10, no. 6 (December 28, 2011): 19–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.20538/1682-0363-2011-6-19-22.

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The morphological structure of the chorion villi in I trimester of pregnancy is studied at ureaplasmas and mycoplasmas infections. Established signs of the accelerated maturing of the villi, strengthened proliferation of trophoblast, increased of stromal and vascular components of chorion have been revealed.

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37

Cocks, B. G., and L. R. Finch. "Characterization of a Restriction Endonuclease from Ureaplasma urealyticum 960 and Differences in Deoxyribonucleic Acid Modification of Human Ureaplasmas." International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology 37, no. 4 (October 1, 1987): 451–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/00207713-37-4-451.

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38

Szeredi, László, M. Tenk, and I. Schiller. "Study of the role of Chlamydia, Mycoplasma, Ureaplasma and other microaerophilic and aerobic bacteria in uterine infections of mares with reproductive disorders." Acta Veterinaria Hungarica 51, no. 1 (January 1, 2003): 45–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/avet.51.2003.1.4.

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In six healthy mares and 24 mares showing reproductive disorders swab samples were taken from the fossa clitoridis to isolate Taylorella equigenitalis, and from the uterus to isolate mycoplasmas, ureaplasmas and other aerobic bacteria. Swab samples were also taken from the uterus for Chlamydiaantigen ELISA and ChlamydiaPCR studies. The uterus of 27 mares was examined cytologically, and biopsy samples were taken from the endometrium for histological examinations and for immunohistochemical examinations aimed at the detection of chlamydiae. T. equigenitalis, mycoplasmas, ureaplasmas and chlamydiae could not be detected from any of the mares examined. Aerobic facultative pathogenic bacteria were isolated from mares with endometritis in four cases. In 18 out of 22 mares with endometritis (82%) no infective agents could be demonstrated. Further studies are needed to elucidate the relative importance of non-infectious causes of endometritis and of anaerobic bacteria often detectable in the uterus in the aetiology of the reproductive disorders observed.

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FURR, P. M., and D. TAYLOR-ROBINSON. "Long-term viability of stored mycoplasmas and ureaplasmas." Journal of Medical Microbiology 31, no. 3 (March 1, 1990): 203–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/00222615-31-3-203.

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40

Stipkovits, L., Amal Rashwan, and M. Z. Sabry. "Studies on the Pathogenicity of Ureaplasmas in Poultry." Zentralblatt für Veterinärmedizin Reihe B 25, no. 9 (May 13, 2010): 707–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0450.1978.tb01065.x.

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41

Ball, H. J., W. J. McCaughey, S. Kennedy, and M. McLoughlin. "Experimental intrauterine inoculation of pregnant ewes with ureaplasmas." Veterinary Research Communications 9, no. 1 (December 1985): 35–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02215126.

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42

Morozova, A. V., I. V. Matyenko, and L. N. Novikova. "The frequency of detection and morbidity in children born to mothers infected with ureaplasmas." Journal of obstetrics and women's diseases 53, no. 4 (November 15, 2004): 38–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/jowd88639.

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The result of our investigations have shown that the determination of Ureaplasma urealyticum infection among pregnant women has recently increased. There is an enlargement of the number of women, who have got this infection after treatment. In this case more than 20% children have got Ureaplasma urealyticum and every fifth of them has clinical manifestation of intrauterine infection. But Ureaplasma urealyticum do not play important role in etiology of intrauterine infection. In most of cases CMV, Herpes I, II, Chlamydia trachomatis and Streptococcus В where etiological reason. May be Ureaplasma urealyticum call out pathological immune reactions in placenta and in the organism of a child. In its turn it stimulates active colonization of other pathogens. Presently the treatment of children who have Ureaplasma urealyticum is carried out only if there is clinical realization of infection. The question about the treatment of latent forms of Ureaplasma urealyticum infection needs farthest investigations of the influence of Ureaplasma urealyticum in the health of children of early age.

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43

Silva, Jani, Fátima Cerqueira, Ana Luísa Teixeira, Maria Clara Bicho, Rui Campainha, José Amorim, and Rui Medeiros. "Genital mycoplasmas and ureaplasmas in cervicovaginal self-collected samples of reproductive-age women: prevalence and risk factors." International Journal of STD & AIDS 29, no. 10 (May 11, 2018): 999–1006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956462418774209.

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The purpose of this study was to characterise the prevalence and risk factors associated with genital mycoplasmas ( Mycoplasma hominis [MH], M. genitalium [MG]) and ureaplasmas ( Ureaplasma urealyticum [UU], U. parvum [UP]) in Portuguese women of reproductive age. The cross-sectional study included 612 cervicovaginal self-collected samples from women aged 15–44 years, tested for MH, MG, UU, UP by polymerase chain reaction. Y chromosome (Yc) DNA was detected as a biomarker of recent unprotected sexual intercourse. The prevalences of UU, UP, MH and MG were 28.4% (95% confidence interval [CI] 25.0–32.1), 22.4% (95% CI 19.3–25.9), 8.5% (95% CI 6.5–11.0) and 0.8% (95% CI 0.4–1.9), respectively. Overall, women aged 20–29 years (odds ratio [OR] 1.78; P = 0.010) and the presence of Yc-DNA (OR 2.33; P = 0.038) were associated with an increased risk of UU. Lifetime number of sexual partners was a predictor of UU, UP and MH (OR 2.46; P < 0.001, OR 2.78; P < 0.001 and OR 1.55; P < 0.001, respectively, for more than one versus one partner). The prevalence of MG was low, while UU, UP and MH were common in Portuguese women of reproductive age. The presence of UU, UP and MH was associated with sexual activity (number of sexual partners), although the consequences of its prevalence are not fully understood and should be further investigated.

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44

Pereyre, S., H. Renaudin, C. Bébéar, and C. M. Bébéar. "In Vitro Activities of the Newer Quinolones Garenoxacin, Gatifloxacin, and Gemifloxacin against Human Mycoplasmas." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 48, no. 8 (August 2004): 3165–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.48.8.3165-3168.2004.

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ABSTRACT The activities of garenoxacin, gatifloxacin, and gemifloxacin were compared with those of four fluoroquinolones against human mycoplasmas and ureaplasmas, including fluoroquinolone-resistant genetically characterized strains. Garenoxacin exhibited the highest activity, followed by gemifloxacin, moxifloxacin, and gatifloxacin. The minimal bactericidal activities of these three compounds were lower than those of the four fluoroquinolones.

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45

Roifman, C. M., C. P. Rao, H. M. Lederman, S. Lavi, P. A. Quinn, and E. W. Gelfand. "INCREASED SUSCEPTIBILITY OF IMMUNODEFICIENT PATIENTS TO UREAPLASMAS AND MYCOPLASMAS." Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 5, Supplement (November 1986): S350. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006454-198611010-00047.

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46

PAN, In-Jen, Kaoru KOSHIMIZU, and Ryo HARASAWA. "Distribution of avian ureaplasmas in various parts of Japan." Japanese Journal of Veterinary Science 49, no. 1 (1987): 203–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1292/jvms1939.49.203.

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47

DEBATA, NK, VIMLA VENKATESH, RN MISRA, YOGESH CHANDER, VC OHRI, and RK SHARMA. "UREAPLASMAS UREALYTICUM AND HUMAN INFERTILITY: EFFECT ON SPERMATOZOA MORPHOLOGY." Medical Journal Armed Forces India 55, no. 3 (July 1999): 193–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0377-1237(17)30439-2.

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48

Taylor-Robinson, D., M. F. Barile, P. M. Furr, and C. E. Graham. "Ureaplasmas and mycoplasmas in chimpanzees of various breeding capacities." Reproduction 81, no. 1 (September 1, 1987): 169–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/jrf.0.0810169.

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49

Taylor-Robinson, D. "Effect of ureaplasmas on male fertility: a continuing enigma." International Journal of STD & AIDS 20, no. 9 (September 2009): 668. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/ijsa.2009.009260.

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50

Kong, Fanrong, Zhenfang Ma, Gregory James, Susanna Gordon, and Gwendolyn L. Gilbert. "Species Identification and Subtyping ofUreaplasma parvum and Ureaplasma urealyticumUsing PCR-Based Assays." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 38, no. 3 (2000): 1175–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.38.3.1175-1179.2000.

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There is good evidence that the organism currently known asUreaplasma urealyticum should be divided into two species—U. parvum (previously U. urealyticumbiovar 1) and U. urealyticum (previously U. urealyticum biovar 2). In this study, we designed a series of primers, targeting the 16S rRNA gene and 16S rRNA-23S rRNA intergenic spacer regions, the urease gene subunits, and the 5′ ends of the multiple-banded antigen (MBA) genes, to identify and subtype theseUreaplasma species. All of the species-specific primer pairs could distinguish the two species, but only subtype-specific primer pairs targeting the MBA genes could distinguish subtypes within each species. U. parvum was separated into three subtypes, represented by serovars 1, 3/14, and 6. U. urealyticum was also separated into three subtypes by PCR and/or direct sequencing. Subtype 1 consisted of serovars 2, 5, 8, and 9; subtype 2 contained serovars 4, 10, 12, and 13; and subtype 3 contained serovars 7 and 11. A selection of primer pairs was used to identify and subtype 78 clinical ureaplasma isolates from vaginal swabs of pregnant women and to identify and subtype ureaplasmas directly in 185 vaginal swabs in which they had been previously detected. U. parvum was identified in 228 (87%) of 263 isolates or specimens, and U. urealyticum was identified in 50 (19%) (both were present in 6%). Serovars 3/14 (48%) and 1 (43%) were most common among U. parvum isolates, and subtypes 2 (62%) and 1 (34%) were most common among U. urealyticum isolates. This new PCR-based typing system will facilitate future studies of the relationship between individual Ureaplasma species or subtypes and human disease.

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