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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Urea'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 29 July 2024

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1

Gray, Lawrence Robert. "Detailed characterization of the urea channel urei from helicobacter pylori." Diss., University of Iowa, 2012. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/3306.

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HpUreI is a pH-gated urea channel found in the pathogenic bacterium Helicobacter pylori. This protein is an essential component of the mechanism of acid acclimation, which allows Helicobacter pylori to survive in the acidic conditions of the stomach. HpUreI conducts urea into the cytoplasm, where it is hydrolyzed by urease into carbon dioxide and ammonia. These products then transit back into the periplasm, where they function as a buffer and proton consumer respectively. HpUreI is an attractive target for small molecule inhibitors for the treatment of H. pylori infections as mutant strains lacking this protein no longer survive under acidic conditions. Despite the importance of HpUreI, it remains biochemically uncharacterized and many questions remain as to how this channel performs its roles. We have solved many of the technical issues regarding the heterologous expression and purification of HpUreI, allowing us to investigate this protein in detail. A robust stopped-flow light-scattering assay was developed which was used to determine the permeability of urea (or other solute) through HpUreI reconstituted proteoliposomes. With slight modifications this assay was be used to measure a wide range of characteristics and variables. Our results show that HpUreI is a hexameric protein that has a relatively weak affinity for urea (˜160mM). Proteoliposome studies indicate that HpUreI is highly selective for urea and hydroxyurea, and is able to conduct water. Interestingly, water and urea conduction is pH-gated, suggesting that both solutes share a common conduction pathway. HpUreI displayed a pH-dependent activity profile with a pH of half maximum activity of ˜5.9. Based on these results an updated mechanism of acid acclimation was proposed. HpUreI is a pH-gated channel; only conducting urea under acidic conditions. The mechanism by which this occurs is not well understood, but can be localized to the periplasmic loops. Chimeric proteins were prepared by swapping the periplasmic loops of HpUreI and StUreI, a pH-independent UreI channel from Streptococcus thermophilus. Our results show that the pH-gating behavior of HpUreI was lost if either periplasmic loop was replaced with the corresponding loop from StUreI. Conversely, pH-gating was gained by StUreI when both periplasmic loops were swapped for those of HpUreI. A model of pH-gating was proposed which takes these findings into account. The mechanism of urea conduction was also examined. The recent crystal structure of HpUreI revealed a ladder of tryptophan residues lining one face of the conduction pathway. Mutation of these residues resulted in lower rates of urea conduction and reduced urea affinity. Our findings indicate that urea interacts directly with the tryptophan residues, via stacking and dipole-dipole interactions, to facilitate urea conduction. These studies have greatly increased our understanding of HpUreI and the role it plays in H. pylori. Further research is required to fully elucidate the mechanisms by which HpUreI operates. However, this is a starting point with which to pursue the ultimate goal of developing small molecule drugs to inhibit HpUreI, culminating in the eradication of H. pylori infections and prevention of gastric cancer.
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2

Gasparelli, Everton Rogério Ferraz [UNESP]. "Determinação da atividade sérica de enzimas hepáticas e da concentração de uréia, creatinina, cortisol, imunoglobulina G dos valores hemogasométricos de bezerros da raça Nelore oriundos de fertilização in vivo (FV) e fertilização in vitro (FIV)." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/92203.

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
Foram acompanhados 310 parturições de receptoras, com embriões fertilizados in vivo (FV) e in vitro (FIV) da raça Nelore, para determinar os índices de partos distócicos em receptoras meio sangue das raças Braford/Nelore, Hereford/Nelore, Simental/Nelore, Red Angus/Nelore, Nelore e anelorados, com idade entre três e seis anos, assim como avaliar o estado de saúde dos bezerros obtidos por intermédio de transferência de embriões, resultantes das técnicas de fertilização in vivo (FV) ou fertilização in vitro (FIV). Observou-se a ocorrência de 38 partos distócicos (38/310) e oito abortos (8/310), dos quais cinco fetos eram oriundos da técnica de fertilização in vivo (FV) e três da técnica de fertilização in vitro (FIV). A taxa de mortalidade em animais neonatos foi de 3,4% (10/290). Os bezerros nascidos de partos distócicos mais duradouros, entre quatro e seis horas, apresentaram os maiores valores médios de freqüência respiratória. A temperatura retal foi mais elevada em animais nascidos de partos laboriosos do que naqueles nascidos de partos normais.
Three hundred and ten parturitions of receivers were accompanied, with Nellore embryos fertilized in vivo (FV) and in vitro (FIV), to determine the indices of dystocic calving in Braford/Nellore, Hereford/Nellore, Simental/Nellore, Red Angus/Nellore, Nellore and Zebu crossbreed recipients cows, aged between three and six years, as well as, to evaluate health condition of calves obtained through embryos transfer, resulting from in vivo fertilization (FV) and in vitro fertilization (FIV) techniques. The occurrence of 38 dystocic calving (38/310) and eight abortions (8/310) were observed, in which five embryos were arisen by in vivo fertilization technique (FV) and three embryos by in vitro fertilization technique (FIV). In neonate animals, the mortality rate was 3,2% (10/310). Calves born by lasting dystocic calving, between four and six hours, presented the biggest average values of respiratory frequency. Animals born by laborious calving showed higher retal temperature than those born by normal calving.
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3

Gasparelli, Everton Rogério Ferraz. "Determinação da atividade sérica de enzimas hepáticas e da concentração de uréia, creatinina, cortisol, imunoglobulina G dos valores hemogasométricos de bezerros da raça Nelore oriundos de fertilização in vivo (FV) e fertilização in vitro (FIV) /." Araçatuba : [s.n.], 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/92203.

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Orientador: Francisco Leydson Formiga Feitosa
Banca: Alice Maria Melville Paiva Della Libera
Banca: José Jurandir Agliari
Resumo: Foram acompanhados 310 parturições de receptoras, com embriões fertilizados in vivo (FV) e in vitro (FIV) da raça Nelore, para determinar os índices de partos distócicos em receptoras meio sangue das raças Braford/Nelore, Hereford/Nelore, Simental/Nelore, Red Angus/Nelore, Nelore e anelorados, com idade entre três e seis anos, assim como avaliar o estado de saúde dos bezerros obtidos por intermédio de transferência de embriões, resultantes das técnicas de fertilização in vivo (FV) ou fertilização in vitro (FIV). Observou-se a ocorrência de 38 partos distócicos (38/310) e oito abortos (8/310), dos quais cinco fetos eram oriundos da técnica de fertilização in vivo (FV) e três da técnica de fertilização in vitro (FIV). A taxa de mortalidade em animais neonatos foi de 3,4% (10/290). Os bezerros nascidos de partos distócicos mais duradouros, entre quatro e seis horas, apresentaram os maiores valores médios de freqüência respiratória. A temperatura retal foi mais elevada em animais nascidos de partos laboriosos do que naqueles nascidos de partos normais.
Abstract: Three hundred and ten parturitions of receivers were accompanied, with Nellore embryos fertilized in vivo (FV) and in vitro (FIV), to determine the indices of dystocic calving in Braford/Nellore, Hereford/Nellore, Simental/Nellore, Red Angus/Nellore, Nellore and Zebu crossbreed recipients cows, aged between three and six years, as well as, to evaluate health condition of calves obtained through embryos transfer, resulting from in vivo fertilization (FV) and in vitro fertilization (FIV) techniques. The occurrence of 38 dystocic calving (38/310) and eight abortions (8/310) were observed, in which five embryos were arisen by in vivo fertilization technique (FV) and three embryos by in vitro fertilization technique (FIV). In neonate animals, the mortality rate was 3,2% (10/310). Calves born by lasting dystocic calving, between four and six hours, presented the biggest average values of respiratory frequency. Animals born by laborious calving showed higher retal temperature than those born by normal calving.
Mestre
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4

Wiebler, James. "UREA HYDROLYSIS BY GUT BACTERIA: FIRST EVIDENCE FOR UREA-NITROGEN RECYCLING IN AMPHIBIA." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami152535331130121.

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5

Toledo, Paulo Roberto Aparecido Bueno de [UNESP]. "Desenvolvimento de metodologia analítica ambientalmente mais amigável para a determinação de ureía em matrizes diversas." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/110844.

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Os princípios da Química Verde têm norteado o desenvolvimento de novos procedimentos analíticos que visam reduzir a utilização de substâncias tóxicas e a produção de resíduos que necessitam de tratamento de custo elevado e profissional treinado13. Com base nesses princípios, o presente trabalho propõe o desenvolvimento de uma metodologia ambientalmente mais amigável que possa ser aplicada à análise de ureia em leite e cosméticos.·. A ureia é usada em inúmeros setores industriais para vários usos funcionais como adesivos, pastas, vedadores, resinas, colas, enchimentos, catalisadores, umectantes e agentes desidratantes. Também é usada em suplementos alimentares de animais, fertilizantes e reagentes analíticos. Em produtos de consumo a ureia é encontrada em extensa variedade de amostras comerciais, tais como cosméticos, cremes hidratantes, xampus, condicionadores de cabelo, tinturas de cabelo e removedores de tintura, sabonetes líquidos, detergentes e outros produtos de limpeza, além de ser extensivamente usada em tratamentos para pele ressecada. Em produtos alimentícios como o leite bovino a ureia está presente na concentração media de 160 mg.L-1, porem a adição fraudulenta de ureia no leite para aumento de lucros altera a qualidade do leite em todos os componentes, principalmente os teores de proteína. Esta adulteração influencia diretamente o pagamento do leite por sua qualidade. A metodologia desenvolvida envolve a combinação spot test - espectroscopia de reflectância difusa utilizando dois reagentes cromogênicos diferentes (p-DAB e p-DAC) que reagem com a ureia resultando em um produto colorido. Posteriormente a metodologia foi aplicada para determinação de ureia em formulações dermatologias e leite bovino demonstrando ótimos resultados de precisão e exatidão, evidenciados pela boa recuperação, além de oferecer vantagens como simplicidade de execução...
Green Chemistry principles have guided the development of new analytical procedures aimed at reducing the use of toxic substances and waste production that do not require costly treatment and trained professional13. Based on these principles, this paper proposes the development of a more environmentally friendly method that can be applied to the analysis of urea in milk and cosmetics. Urea is used in numerous industrial sectors for various functional uses as adhesives, binders, sealants, resins, fillers, catalysts, humectants and dehydrating agents. It is also used in supplements for animals, fertilizers and analytical reagents. In consumable products, urea is found in a wide variety of commercial samples such as cosmetics, moisturizers, shampoos, hair conditioners, hair dyes and dye removers, liquid soaps, detergents and other cleaning products, besides being extensively used in treatments for dry skin. In food products, such as cow milk, urea is present in the medium concentration of 160 mg.L-1, but the fraudulent addition of urea in milk to increase profits alters the quality of the milk on all components, especially the milk protein. This tampering directly influences milk payment for their quality. The clean method developed involves combining spot test - diffuse reflectance spectroscopy using two different chromogenic reagents (p-DAB and p-DAC), and was applied for determination of urea in dermatologic formulations and bovine milk, demonstrating great precision and accuracy results, evidenced by good recovery, plus offering advantages such as simplicity of implementation and low reagent consumption, generating minimal amount of waste, speed and security, portability and generating reliable results.
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6

Toledo, Paulo Roberto Aparecido Bueno de. "Desenvolvimento de metodologia analítica ambientalmente mais amigável para a determinação de ureía em matrizes diversas /." Araraquara, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/110844.

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Orientador: Leonardo Pezza
Co-orientador: Helena Redigolo Pezza
Banca: Edilene Cristina Ferreira
Banca: Matthieu Tubino
Resumo: Os princípios da Química Verde têm norteado o desenvolvimento de novos procedimentos analíticos que visam reduzir a utilização de substâncias tóxicas e a produção de resíduos que necessitam de tratamento de custo elevado e profissional treinado13. Com base nesses princípios, o presente trabalho propõe o desenvolvimento de uma metodologia ambientalmente mais amigável que possa ser aplicada à análise de ureia em leite e cosméticos.·. A ureia é usada em inúmeros setores industriais para vários usos funcionais como adesivos, pastas, vedadores, resinas, colas, enchimentos, catalisadores, umectantes e agentes desidratantes. Também é usada em suplementos alimentares de animais, fertilizantes e reagentes analíticos. Em produtos de consumo a ureia é encontrada em extensa variedade de amostras comerciais, tais como cosméticos, cremes hidratantes, xampus, condicionadores de cabelo, tinturas de cabelo e removedores de tintura, sabonetes líquidos, detergentes e outros produtos de limpeza, além de ser extensivamente usada em tratamentos para pele ressecada. Em produtos alimentícios como o leite bovino a ureia está presente na concentração media de 160 mg.L-1, porem a adição fraudulenta de ureia no leite para aumento de lucros altera a qualidade do leite em todos os componentes, principalmente os teores de proteína. Esta adulteração influencia diretamente o pagamento do leite por sua qualidade. A metodologia desenvolvida envolve a combinação spot test - espectroscopia de reflectância difusa utilizando dois reagentes cromogênicos diferentes (p-DAB e p-DAC) que reagem com a ureia resultando em um produto colorido. Posteriormente a metodologia foi aplicada para determinação de ureia em formulações dermatologias e leite bovino demonstrando ótimos resultados de precisão e exatidão, evidenciados pela boa recuperação, além de oferecer vantagens como simplicidade de execução...
Abstract: Green Chemistry principles have guided the development of new analytical procedures aimed at reducing the use of toxic substances and waste production that do not require costly treatment and trained professional13. Based on these principles, this paper proposes the development of a more environmentally friendly method that can be applied to the analysis of urea in milk and cosmetics. Urea is used in numerous industrial sectors for various functional uses as adhesives, binders, sealants, resins, fillers, catalysts, humectants and dehydrating agents. It is also used in supplements for animals, fertilizers and analytical reagents. In consumable products, urea is found in a wide variety of commercial samples such as cosmetics, moisturizers, shampoos, hair conditioners, hair dyes and dye removers, liquid soaps, detergents and other cleaning products, besides being extensively used in treatments for dry skin. In food products, such as cow milk, urea is present in the medium concentration of 160 mg.L-1, but the fraudulent addition of urea in milk to increase profits alters the quality of the milk on all components, especially the milk protein. This tampering directly influences milk payment for their quality. The clean method developed involves combining spot test - diffuse reflectance spectroscopy using two different chromogenic reagents (p-DAB and p-DAC), and was applied for determination of urea in dermatologic formulations and bovine milk, demonstrating great precision and accuracy results, evidenced by good recovery, plus offering advantages such as simplicity of implementation and low reagent consumption, generating minimal amount of waste, speed and security, portability and generating reliable results.
Mestre
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7

Lemos, Evandro Freire. "Uso de fertilizante nitrogenado de liberação lenta na cultura do milho em sistema plantio direto." Universidade Jose do Rosario Vellano, 2011. http://tede2.unifenas.br:8080/jspui/handle/jspui/58.

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The adoption of best practices for use of fertilizers has contributed to the reduction in nutrient losses and the use of protected sources of nitrogen appears to be an interesting alternative.The aim of this study was a technical and economic evaluation of the effects of different nitrogen using slow release urea compared with traditional use of urea. The experimental design was randomized blocks with seven treatments and four replications. It was demonstrated the possibility of reducing nitrogen levels when using the slow release urea can also be applied at planting. Throughout the experiment the use of conventional urea proved more economical. It was concluded that it is necessary to popularize the techniques of protection of urea, thus making the cost of fertilizer more competitive. Treatment 3, which used 100% of the nitrogen in slow release urea at sowing showed the highest yield, and the second treatment, conventional urea applied at planting 30% and 70% coverage (merged) presented the highest net revenue per hectare, considering the costs of fertilizer.
A adoção das boas práticas do uso de fertilizantes tem contribuído para a redução nas perdas de nutrientes, e a utilização de fontes de nitrogênio protegidas parece ser uma alternativa interessante. Sendo assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar uma avaliação técnica e econômica dos efeitos de diferentes doses de nitrogênio, utilizando ureia de liberação lenta comparado com uso de ureia tradicional na cultura do milho. O delineamento experimental usado foi de blocos casualizados, com sete tratamentos e quatro repetições. Ficou evidenciada a possibilidade de redução da dose de nitrogênio ao se utilizar a ureia de liberação lenta, podendo também a aplicação ser feita toda no plantio, tendo, entretanto, o uso da ureia convencional se mostrado mais econômico. O tratamento 3, em que se utilizou 100% da dose de nitrogênio com ureia de liberação lenta no plantio foi o que apresentou maior produtividade, e o tratamento 2, ureia convencional aplicada 30% no plantio e 70% em cobertura (incorporada), foi o que apresentou maior receita líquida por hectare, considerando os custos da adubação. Pode-se concluir que há necessidade da popularização das técnicas de proteção da ureia, tornando assim o custo do fertilizante mais competitivo em detrimento aos demais nitrogenados.
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8

Günther, Ulrike, Marcus Hartmann, Siegfried Wartewig, and Reinhard Neubert. "Diffusion of urea through membranes." Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2016. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-194383.

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9

Günther, Ulrike, Marcus Hartmann, Siegfried Wartewig, and Reinhard Neubert. "Diffusion of urea through membranes." Diffusion fundamentals 4 (2006) 4, S. 1-5, 2006. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A14277.

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10

Park, Yong Hun. "An investigation of urea decomposition and selective non-catalytic removal of nitric oxide with urea." Texas A&M University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/279.

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The use of urea (NH2CONH2) to remove nitric oxide (NO) from exhaust streams was investigated using a laboratory laminar-flow reactor. The experiments used a number of gas compositions to simulate different combustion exhaust gases. The urea was injected into the gases as a urea-water solution. The decomposition processes of the urea-water solutions and urea powder were examined. For both the nitric oxide removal and the urea decomposition experiments, a Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer was used to determine the concentrations of the product species. The products from the decomposition were examined every 50 K from 500 K to 800 K. The dominant products were ammonia (NH3), isocyanuric acid (HNCO) and carbon dioxide (CO2). In case of urea-water solution decomposition, for gas temperatures between 550 and 650 K, the highest concentrations were for NH3 and HNCO. On the other hand, the concentrations of CO2 were highest for gas temperatures of about 500 - 550 K. For temperatures above about 650 K, the amount of these three dominant prod-ucts slightly decreased as temperature increased. ivFor the nitric oxide removal (SNCR) experiments, the gas mixture was heated to temperatures between 800 K and 1350 K. Depending on the temperature, gas composition, residence time, and urea feed rate, removal levels of up to 95% were obtained. Other by-products such as N2O were detected and quantified. The effects of the urea/NO (beta) ratio were determined by varying the urea concentration for a constant NO con-centration of 330 ppm. The effects of the levels of oxygen (O2) in the exhaust gases and the residence time also were investigated. Increasing the urea/NO ratio and residence time resulted in higher NO removal and increased the temperature window of the nitric oxide removal.
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11

Alquist, Keith Eldred III. "Structural studies of phase behavior in 1,6-dicyanohexane/urea and 1,6-diisocyanohexane/urea inclusion compounds." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/18814.

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Master of Science
Department of Chemistry
Mark Hollingsworth
The crystal structures of the inclusion compounds 1,6-diisocyanohexane/urea and 1,6-dicyanohexane/urea were refined at several temperatures from X-ray data. These urea inclusion compounds are commensurate structures with host:guest ratios of 6:1. In contrast with the ordinary helical topology of the urea host, these structures have stacked loop topologies of the host hydrogen bonds and crystallize in space group P21/n. At room temperature, both structures are distorted along [001] from hexagonal metric symmetry. As in earlier studies of 1-chloro-6-cyanohexane/urea, cooling 1,6-diisocyanohexane/urea gives rise to an exothermic phase transition (Hº = -856 cal mol 1, Sº = -5 cal mol-1 K-1) at 175 K that results in the cooperative translation of guest molecules by 5.5 Å along the channel axis. In the low temperature form, 1,6-diisocyanohexane/urea is distorted along [100], much like X(CH2)6Y, where X, Y = Br, Cl. Although the crystal structure of 1,6-dicyanohexane/urea is essentially isomorphous with that of the high temperature form of 1,6-diisocyanohexane/urea, it does not undergo an equivalent phase transition at low temperatures. Both of these systems exhibit dynamic disorder between two gauche conformers of the guest, which have mean planes of the alkyl chains lying within 1º of [100] (major conformer) and approximately 14º from [001] (minor conformer). The temperature dependence of site occupancy factors for the disordered sites yielded enthalpy differences between major and minor sites in 1,6-diisocyanohexane/urea and 1,6-dicyanohexane/urea of 216 and 127 cal mol 1, respectively. Since the low temperature form of 1,6-diisocyanohexane/urea is distorted along [100], this is favored at low temperatures by an increased concentration of the major conformer, which predominates in 1,6-dibromohexane/urea and congeners. In 1,6-diisocyanohexane/urea, the phase transition to the low temperature form occurs at a threshold concentration for the major conformer of 67%. With its shallower temperature dependence, 1,6-dicyanohexane/urea should not reach this threshold population until approximately 92 K, at which temperature the system cannot overcome the barrier for cooperative translation of guests along the channel axis.
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12

Frame, William Hunter. "Ammonia Volatilization, Urea Hydrolysis, and Urease Inhibition with the Application of Granular Urea in Agroecosystems." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/37598.

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Synthetic nitrogen (N) fertilizers play a key role in human nutrition and crop production. The most widely used N source globally is urea; however, N loss via ammonia volatilization can be great in agricultural systems where urea is surface-applied. The objectives of the experiments reported in this dissertation were: 1) evaluate the performance of a new laboratory ammonia volatilization measurement system for measuring ammonia volatilization from coated granular urea; 2) determine if urease can be extracted from corn and soybean residues; 3) determine if differences in urease activity are present in corn and soybean residues; and 4) evaluate N content and yield of corn treated with surface-applied coated urea fertilizers. The laboratory ammonia volatilization system had a system recovery efficiency (SRE) of 97% of the applied N and the lowest variation in mg N captured in the acid traps when the air flow rate was 1.00 L min-1, at 26oC, and an acid trap volume of 100 ml 0.02M phosphoric acid. Ammonia volatilization was greatest from 12-24 h after N application with a total of 17% of the applied N being lost during that period. The urease inhibitor N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoic triamide (NBPT) was the most effective ammonia volatilization control treatment and reduced ammonia losses 30-40% compared to urea in the laboratory trials. Urease was extracted from soybean residue and retained activity during extraction; however, urease from corn residue could not be identified in extracts. The agronomic field trials indicated that NBPT increased N concentration in corn ear leaves; however the effect on corn grain yield was masked by environmental conditions. The data from this study suggests that ammonia volatilization from granular urea can be effectively controlled using NBPT, and corn tissue N content in the field indicates that NBPT allows for more N to be utilized by the plant. The urease extraction showed that there may be differences in urease activity in different crop residues. Further research is needed to determine if varying levels of volatilization control are needed for urea applied to different crop residues in no-till systems.
Ph. D.
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13

Kupcinskas, Rebecca A. "A method for optical measurement of urea in effluent hemodialysate." Link to electronic version, 2000. http://www.wpi.edu/Pubs/ETD/Available/etd-0511100-155455/.

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14

Upton, Erlanda. "Development and evaluation of polymer coated urea as a potential slow-release urea supplement for ruminants." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/51199.

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Thesis (MScAgric)--Stellenbosch University, 1999.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The rate of hydrolysis of urea in the rumen of animals is a major limitation when considering the substitution of natural protein with urea in the formulation of rations. The aim of this study was to evaluate polymer coated urea prills with variable coating thickness and evaluate its potential as a slow-release NPN compound. A new slowrelease urea compound, made by coating prilled feedgrade urea with a co-polymer of urea-formaldehyde resin and a castor-coconut alkyd was initially evaluated for urea-nitrogen concentration in distilled water in order to evaluate its potential as a slow-release urea product for ruminants. Amino/alkyd or polyester blends are among the cheapest of the modern synthetic systems and are considered because it is non-toxic, low-cost, biodegradable and easy to manufacture. A 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 factorial design was used and 16 individual products were made and evaluated. The Wurster method was used to encapsulate urea prills. The slopes of the urea release curves represented the release rate of the encapsulated products and were compared to identify the process variables, which had an effect on release rate. Two of the coating variables, coating weight and alkyd: resin ratio, had a major effect (P = 0.0001) on the release rate of urea. The crushing strength of encapsulated products was significantly (P = 0.0001) higher than that of untreated urea. Results motivated the evaluation of the products in the rumen of sheep in terms of rumen ammonia and blood urea N concentrations. Four slow-release products were made after interpreting results from the first study, and differed on account of the coating weight and the composition of the co-polymer. Fifteen fistulated wethers were randomly allotted into 5 groups and intraruminally received an equivalent of 15g urea. Rumen ammonia and blood ammonia were taken at 0, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 36 and 48 h after administration of the various treatments. Slow release urea (SRU) resulted in significantly lower rumen ammonia peaks (P = 0.0001) than untreated urea, while the peaks were also significantly delayed. Untreated urea resulted in the maximum concentration at two hours after administration of the urea (P = 0.0685) while the SRU's reached a maximum at six hours after administration in the rumen. No significant differences between the four different SRU types were found. Responses in blood urea-N was similar to that observed for rumen ammonia nitrogen. The encapsulation was effective in decreasing the rate of ammonia release from the urea for up to six hours after administration. In a third trial four Dehne Merino wethers were used in a 2 x 2 Latin square design. They received a SRU product equivalent to 0.4 g urea per kg body weight orally. Rumen liquor and blood samples were taken at 0, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 36 and 48 h after intake. Difficulty was initially experienced with ingestion and palatability of the SRU products due to the strong formaldehyde and butanone odour present in the coating. The maximum rumen ammonia (NH3) concentration for the SRU were lower than that of untreated urea (17.5 mg N/dl vs. 66.9 mg N/dl). The time to reach blood urea levels also differed considerably (6 h vs. 24 h for blood urea nitrogen) between treatments. The encapsulation of urea prills shows potential solutions to reduce the solubility of urea and also reduce the hygroscopic nature of urea and improve the palatability and storage characteristics thereof. Keywords: Slow-release urea, encapsulate, copolymer, urea formaldehyde rumen ammonia, blood urea nitrogen, solubility, palatability, storage characteristics.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die vinnige tempo waarteen ureum in die rumen na ammoniak omgesit word, is die grootste beperking in die optimale benutting van ureum, as vervanging van natuurlike protein in herkouerrantsoene. Die doel van hierdie studie was om 'n stadig vrystellende ureumproduk te ontwikkel wat die rumenammoniakvlak gedurende 'n aansienlike periode van die dag bokant 'n sekere vlak kan hou. 'n Nuwe stadig vrystellende ureumproduk, vervaardig deur ureumkorrels met 'n kopolimeer van ureum-formaldehiedhars en 'n kastor-en klapperalkied te bedek, is geevalueer om die potentiaal as stadig vrystellende nie-protein stikstof (NPN)-produk vir herkouers te ondersoek. Die veiligheid, biodegradeerbaarheid, lae koste en maklike vervaardiging van amino/alkied-kopolimere maak dit een van die goedkoopste sintetiese sisteme om vir stadig vrystellende sisteme te oorweeg. 'n 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 Faktoriale antwerp is gebruik om 16 individuele produkte te vervaardig. Die Wurster-metode is gebruik om individuele korrels te enkapsuleer met die polimeer en die potentiaal van die produkte is aanvanklik geevalueer deur die ureumstikstofvrystelling in gedistilleerde water te meet. Die hellings van die vrystellingsgrafieke is vergelyk om die veranderlikes te bepaal wat die grootste invloed op die vrystellingstempo van ureum uit die ge·inkapsuleerde produkte het. Resultate dui dat twee verandelikes 'n betekenisvolle effek het op die vrystellingstempo, nl. dikte van die omhulsel, en die samestelling van die kopolimeer (P = 0.0001 en P = 0.0135, onderskeidelik) het. Die samedrukbaarheid van die ge ·lnkapsuleerde produkte was ook betekenisvol hoer (P = 0.0001) as die van onbehandelde ureumkorrels, wat lei tot verbeterde bergings- en hanteringseienskappe. lnterpetering van resultate lei tot die vorming van vier stadig vrystellende produkte. Vyf groepe van 3 volwasse rumengefistuleerde Dohnemerinohamels is in 'n proef gebruik om die potentiaal van die produkte verder te ondersoek. 'n Ekwivalent van 15 g ureum is direk in die rumen van elke dier geplaas en ammoniak-en bloed monsters is 0, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 36 & 48 ure na dosering geneem. Die stadig vrystellende ureumprodukte het 'n betekenisvol laer maksimum waardes vir beide ammoniak-en bloedstikstofureum getoon (P = 0.0001 ). Onbehandelde ureum het 'n maksimum rumenammoniakstikstof konsentrasie reeds twee ure na toediening bereik in vergelyking met ses ure vir die stadig vrysellende produkte. Geen betekenisvolle verskille in hierdie parameters is tussen die ge·lnkapsuleerde produkte gevind nie, terwyl geen interaksie is tussen hoofeffekte voorgekom het nie. In 'n derde proef is vier Dohnemerinohamels gebruik om die vrystellingstempos, in terme van rumenammoniak-en bloedureumstikstof te bepaal waar die stadig vrystellende produk en onbehandelde ureum direk aan die diere gevoer is . 'n Ekwivalent van 0.4 g ureum/kg liggaamsmassa is gevoer. Aanvanklik is inname- en smaakliksheidprobleme ondervind, moontlik as gevolg van die sterk butanoon-en formaldehiedreuk van die omhulsel. Die rumenammoniakstikstof het 'n laer maksimum (17.5 vs. 66.9 mg N/1 00 ml) as die van onbehandelde ureum gehad terwyl die tyd wanneer maksimum konsentrasie bereik word ook aansienlik later was. Die polimeer inkapsulering van ureumkorrels toon potensiaal as 'n stadig vrystellende ureumproduk deurdat dit die oplosbaarheid van ureum in die rumen verlaag. Bykomende voordele is dat die omhulsel die higroskopisiteit verlaag en die samedrukbaarheid verhoog, beide eienskappe wat die hantering-en bergingseienskappe bevorder. Sleutelwoorde: Stadig vrystellende ureum, enkapsulering, kopolimeer, ureumformaldehied, rumenammoniak, bloed ureum stikstof, oplosbaarheid, smaaklikheid, bergingseienskappe.
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15

Smith, Kenneth Christopher. "Photochemistry of urea/ketone inclusion compounds." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/mq24919.pdf.

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16

Khan, Arjuman Ara. "Exchange reactions of urea inclusion compounds." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.394381.

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17

So, Sonia. "Boronate Urea Activation of Nitro Compounds." The Ohio State University, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1395764122.

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18

Stohrer, Rena M. "Urea transporter-B expression in ruminants." Laramie, Wyo. : University of Wyoming, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1456289141&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=18949&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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19

LeMonte, Joshua James. "Environmental Implications of Polymer Coated Urea." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2011. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/3010.

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Nitrogen is an essential plant nutrient in the biosphere. Although N is necessary and beneficial for life, it is also a common pollutant in the atmosphere and hydrosphere as it may be lost to the atmosphere as ammonia (NH3) or nitrous oxide (N2O) gases or to groundwater as nitrate (NO3-) following fertilization. Polymer coated urea (PCU) is one type of N fertilizer which uses temperature-controlled diffusion to control N release to better match plant demand and mitigate environmental losses of N. The objectives of this project were to simultaneously compare the effects of PCU on gaseous (as N2O and NH3) and aqueous (as NO3-) N losses to the environment as compared to uncoated urea in grass systems over the entire PCU N-release period and to investigate the viability of photoacoustic infrared spectroscopy as a method to ascertain N2O and NH3 losses following fertilization. Two field studies were conducted on established turfgrass sites with a mixture of Kentucky bluegrass (KBG; Poa pratensis L.) and perennial ryegrass (PRG; Lolium perenne L.) in sand (Site 1) and loam (Site 2) soils. Each study compared an untreated control to 200 kg N ha-1 applied as either uncoated urea or PCU (Duration 45 CR®). In these studies PCU reduced NH3 emissions by 41-49% and N2O emissions by 16-54%, while improving growth and verdure. Leachate NO3- observations were inconclusive at each site. Glasshouse studies were conducted to compare N2O and NH3 emissions from PCU and uncoated urea to an untreated control utilizing a non-static, non-flow-through chamber in conjunction with photoacoustic infrared spectroscopy (PAIRS) for gas collection and analysis. Three short-term studies (17-21 d) were done with sand, sandy loam, and loam soils and a full-term (45 d) study with the loam soil. Each study was done in maize (Zea mays L.). Volatilization of ammonia was reduced by 72% and 22% in the sandy loam and loam soils, respectively, in 2008-2009 and by 14% in the loam in 2010. Evolution of N2O was reduced by 42% and 63% in the sandy loam and loam soils in 2008-2009 and by 99% in the loam in 2010. Overall, PCU decreased gaseous losses of N following fertilization while providing a steady supply of N to the plant. The utilization of PAIRS is a viable analysis method which gives higher temporal resolution analysis than is typically reported. These considerable decreases in environmental losses of N are major steps toward conserving natural resources and mitigating the negative environmental impacts associated with N fertilization in grass systems.
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20

Buss, Jessica Chelise. "Polymer Coated Urea in Kentucky Bluegrass." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2016. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/5669.

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Nitrogen (N) is the most commonly over-applied nutrient in urban environments because of the large visual and growth increases. This over-application has led to an increase in the loss of N gas in the forms of ammonia and nitrous oxide, as well as an increase in nitrate leaching to surface and groundwater. Furthermore, excess N results in increased maintenance costs and landfill volume due to increased shoot growth from mowed clipping removal. Polymer coated urea (PCU) has proven to be an excellent source to these losses of N to the environment, but rate and timing parameters need study. A two-year field study, on sand and sandy loam soils in Provo, UT, was initiated in April 2014. Seven fertilized treatments included: urea split applied monthly; a single application of PCU (Agrium One Ap) applied in spring, a single PCU application in fall; two evenly split applications in spring and late summer; and three evenly split applications in spring, late summer, and late fall. These were compared to an untreated control. In addition the two application of PCU also had reduced rates of half and three-quarters, in addition to the full rate. Height and verdure measurements were taken on a weekly basis, along with periodic visual and biomass readings. All fertilized treatments resulted in a significant response to N as compared to the control. The single annual application treatments had significantly greater shoot growth during the weeks immediately after application and a significant reduction in verdure months later and, therefore, were unacceptable for consumer recommendation. Two applications of PCU, either at the three-quarter or full rates, were nearly identical in all measurements as compared to the spoon feeding of urea applied monthly. The half rate of two applications showed signs of inadequate N. Three applications of PCU was identical to two and, therefore, not recommended. This study shows two applications of PCU at the three-quarter rate is equally effective as spoon feeding the N. Doing so would result in less labor for fertilization. Further work is needed to evaluate other timing approaches for a single annual application, as well as long term effects of a reduced rate of N.
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21

Webb, Jinelle Angela. "Nitrous and nitrogen oxide fluxes from turfgrass following application of ammonium nitrate, urea and slow-release urea." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp04/mq24517.pdf.

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22

Cambuí, Camila Aguetoni. "Absorção e assimilação de uréia pela bromélia epífita com tanque Vriesea gigantea." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/41/41132/tde-22102009-113133/.

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Apesar do ambiente epifítico ser caracterizado como bastante desfavorável para o desenvolvimento de vegetais devido à falta intermitente de água e escassez de nutrientes, uma grande diversidade de bromélias o ocupam com sucesso. Uma série de características adaptativas, tanto morfológicas, anatômicas e fisiológicas, está presente nessas plantas e as capacitam a utilizar com grande eficiência os recursos disponíveis de maneira escassa e temporária. O enfoque deste trabalho foi direcionado à compreensão das estratégias adotadas pela bromélia epífita com tanque Vriesea gigantea para a utilização da ureia, uma fonte de nitrogênio não usual para a maioria das plantas terrestres. Em decorrência da frequente associação com anfíbios em ambiente natural, a ureia é um recurso disponibilizado ocasionalmente e durante um curto período na água do tanque. Foram isolados 2 cDNAs completos de aquaporinas potencialmente envolvidos no transporte de ureia: VgPIP1,5 e VgTIP2, que codificam proteínas de membranas plasmática e de tonoplasto, respectivamente. Ambos os genes tiveram expressão mais acentuada nas bases foliares e foram pouco afetados pelo regime de luz. Além disso, a expressão desses genes foi estimulada na presença de ureia, o que não foi observado para em relação às fontes inorgânicas amônio e nitrato. A assimilação de ureia pareceu ser, em grande parte, dependente de hidrólise prévia em NH4+ e CO2, reação essa catalisada pela urease. Foi demonstrado que ambos os produtos dessa reação são incorporados rapidamente, formando aminoácidos (principalmente via GDH, GS/GOGAT e subseqüentes transaminases) e esqueletos carbônicos Infelizmente, a incorporação direta de ureia via reação inversa da arginase não foi confirmada, embora esse resultado possa estar relacionado a limitações metodológicas para a análise de arginina. Ainda assim, evidências sugerem que, se não pela arginase, outras vias alternativas de assimilação direta de ureia possam estar envolvidas. Além da sua importância da urease na hidrólise citossólica de ureia, foi demonstrada, de forma inédita em plantas, a presença dessa enzima nas frações de membranas e parede celular de V. gigantea. É muito provável que, além da capacidade de secreção da urease para a região do tanque, a presença dessa enzima em regiões próximas à superfície celular torne mais rápido e eficiente o processo de assimilação de ureia pelas células. Embora seja caracterizada como um recurso de disponibilidade ocasional e de curta duração e por ser alvo de intensa competição interespecífica, a ureia ainda assim é a fonte de N preferencial para Vriesea gigantea. É provável que um dos motivos que levou essa espécie a utilizar preferencialmente a ureia seja a vantagem de se obter, simultaneamente, tanto carbono quanto nitrogênio, ambos presentes em quantidades limitantes no seu habitat natural.
Although the growth conditions in epiphytic habitats are unfavourable for plant growth due to water and nutrient limitations, a great diversity of bromeliads successfully occupy this environment. These plants have evolved a variety of morphological, anatomical and physiological adaptations allowing them a highly efficient use of available resources. The main objective of the present work was to elucidate the strategies of the epiphytic tank bromeliad Vriesea gigantea to utilize urea, a nitrogen source generally considered to be uncommon for most terrestrial plants. Although in natural environments urea is frequently excreted by amphibians that are associated with the tank of these plants, the availability of this nitrogen source is nevertheless short-lived and unpredictable. Two complete cDNA sequences encoding plasma membrane and tonoplast aquaporin proteins, which are potentially involved in urea transport, were isolated from leaf tissues of Vriesea gigantea: VgPIP1,5 and VgTIP2, respectively. Both genes were mainly expressed in the leaf bases and were not affected by light conditions. Moreover, the expression of these aquaporins was stimulated in the presence of urea in the culture medium, while no effect was observed with ammonium and nitrate as nitrogen source. Urea assimilation is thought to be strongly dependent on precedent hydrolysis of urea to NH4+ and CO2 mediated by urease. Both products of this reaction were quickly assimilated and incorporated into amino acids (mainly via GDH, GS/GOGAT and subsequent transaminases) and carbon skeletons. On the contrary, the direct incorporation of urea via a reverse reaction of arginase could not be confirmed due to the methodological limitation of analyzing double-labelled (13C-,15N-) arginine. However, there is strong evidence suggesting that arginase or other alternative assimilation pathways may be involved in urea assimilation. Despite the importance of urease in the cytosolic hydrolysis of urea, the present work demonstrates for the first time that this enzyme is present in both, membrane and cell wall fractions of V. gigantea. Consequently, besides the capacity of this plant to excrete urease into the tank water, the close association of this enzyme to urea uptake regions could further increase the rate and efficiency of urea assimilation by plant cells. Although urea is characterized as an occasional and only short-lived nutrient source, which is furthermore subject to intense interspecific competition, urea can be considered to be a preferential nitrogen source for Vriesea gigantea. One reason for the preferential use of urea could be the advantage of simultaneously gaining carbon and nitrogen, two limiting resources in the natural habitat of epiphytic bromeliads.
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23

Nener, Jennifer C. "Regulation of urea synthesis in skate hepatocytes." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/26013.

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Urea synthesis and alanine oxidation were measured in skate (Raja erinacea) hepatocytes incubated with pharmacological doses of four hormones: insulin, glucagon, 1α-OH, and 1,2-dehydro-A. Peptide hormones were used only for short (2.25 hours) incubations, while incubations with steroids were 2.25, 24, or 48 hours. None of the hormones exerted any effects on urea synthesis or alanine oxidation during the shortest incubation period, however after 24 hours 1α-OH caused a significant (p<.05) elevation in alanine oxidation, which may be an adaptive response of skates to dilute seawater. Long-term incubation with steroids had no effect on urea synthesis in skate hepatocytes. Urea synthesis, alanine oxidation, and gluconeogenesis were measured in skate hepatocytes incubated in a wide range of osmolarities (50%, 75%, 100%, 112.5%, and 125% of normal plasma osmolarity). Concentration of the incubation medium was altered by varying amounts of urea, NaCl, TMAO, MgSO₄, MgCl₂, and KCl, while NaHCO₃, NaH₂PO₄, CaCl₂, Hepes, and BSA were maintained at constant levels. Urea synthesis was significanty depressed (P<.05) at 50% osmolarity, but did not vary significantly at higher solute concentrations. Gluconeogenesis was significantly elevated (P<.05) at 50% and 75% of normal osmolarity, as was alanine oxidation at 50% osmolarity. Rates of gluconeogenesis and alanine oxidation did not vary significantly at higher solute concentrations. In other experiments osmolarity was maintained at 87-113% while one of the variable solutes was reduced to 50% of standard concentration. In all cases reduction of concentration of one solute failed to cause a depression of urea synthesis. It was concluded that a sharp decrease in osmolarity indices specific adaptive metabolic changes in R. Erinacea hepatocytes.
Science, Faculty of
Zoology, Department of
Graduate
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24

Pino, Fuentes Claudia Andrea. "Determinación de urea en vinos comerciales chilenos." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2005. http://www.repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/101775.

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El propósito de este estudio se basó en el desarrollo de dos ensayos. En el primero de ellos se pretendió determinar la concentraci ón de urea en vinos comerciales chilenos, 15 vinos tintos y 5 Late Harvest, utilizando para los primeros un método colorimétrico y para los Late Harvest un método enzimático (Kit enzimático Urea-Amonio, Boehringer Manheim). En un segundo ensayo se pretendió evaluar la influencia del tiempo y la temperatura de almacenamiento, en la concentración de urea, en un vino tinto con una concentración inicial de 5 mg/L. Las mediciones se hicieron utili zando el método colorimétrico una vez por semana durante 2 meses. Los vinos comerciales utilizados corres ponden a vinos de 5 viña s escogidas al azar y para el segundo ensayo se utilizó vino en etapa de elaboración de la vendimia 2003 el cual se sometió a diferentes temperaturas para evaluar su efecto en la evolución de la concentración de urea. Los resultados obtenidos permiten señalar que en los 15 vinos tintos utilizados no se presentan niveles altos de urea, lo que reduce las posibilidades de formación potencial de carbamato de etilo, a diferencia de uno de los cinco vinos Late Harvest que presentó una concentración mayor a los 3 mg/L. Para el caso del vino sometido a distintas temperaturas se observa claramente una disminución en la concentración de urea en el tiempo, mayormente en el vino sometido a la temperatura más alta (37 ± 1º C), lo que hace probable la formación de carbamato de etilo por efecto de esta variable.
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25

Thu, Nguyen Van. "Urea-molasses based supplements for multipurpose buffaloes /." Uppsala : Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences, 2000. http://epsilon.slu.se/avh/2000/91-576-5796-3.pdf.

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26

Yang, Wenwen. "Synthesis of N-alkyl urea peptoid oligomers." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1378197097.

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27

Yan, Wei. "Nickel-based Catalysts for Urea Electro-oxidation." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1391419479.

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28

Nickerson, David M. "Unique Reactivity Patterns of Enhanced Urea Catalysts." The Ohio State University, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1395859006.

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29

Rutto, Hilary Kiplimo. "Urea-based moulding compounds for investment casting." Pretoria : [s.n.], 2009. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-05132009-155138/.

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30

Dinh, Sarah. "Urea-N recycling in lactating dairy cows." College Park, Md.: University of Maryland, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/7815.

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Thesis (Ph. D.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2007.
Thesis research directed by: Dept. of Animal and Avian Sciences. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.
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31

Rollinson, Andrew Neil. "Hydrogen from urea : a novel energy source." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2011. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/2129/.

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This research presents a viability assessment of using urea as an energy vector. Urea is attractive in comparison to the chemicals previously considered for supplying hydrogen since it is non-toxic, non-flammable and stable at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. Urea is cheap to produce and has an existing manufacturing infrastructure, but it also has a huge untapped natural resource, of which this study found that the knowledge to extract was technically attainable. Modelling predicted that when urea is heated with steam, a simple hydrogen-rich synthesis gas is formed, with product concentrations of ca. 60 % H2, 20 % CO2 and 20 % N2. Relatively mild temperatures of 500 °C ≤ T ≤ 700 °C were predicted for optimum steam conversion and H2 yield. Experimental steam reforming in this temperature range using a fixed bed catalytic flow reactor was developed specifically for aqueous urea fuel using a novel drop-feed and passively cooled inlet system. Steady state operation created a hydrogen rich syngas with a composition closely matching that predicted at equilibrium. A nickel catalyst was found to be effective and robust for the process, permitting repeated cycling without observed degradation. Characterisation of the catalyst revealed urea steam reforming to be clean, with no evidence of carbon formation apparent. The experimental study used urea solutions in the steam to urea (S:C) range of 3:1 to 7:1. Preliminary analyses of these mixtures confirmed that the fuel would be unaffected by isomerisation and decomposition prior to reactor input. Further preliminary experimentation of kinetic mechanisms confirmed that thermal urea conversion alone would be at worst 99.9 % within 0.5 seconds at T ≥ 500 °C. Simultaneous thermal analyses explored a greater than previously reported range of evolved species produced by thermolysis of urea and urea solution in the presence of nickel catalyst.
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32

Ransom, Curtis J. "Nitrogen Use Efficiency of Polymer-Coated Urea." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2014. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/3985.

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Plants require N to complete their life cycle. Without adequate concentration of N, crops will not produce their potential yields. For turfgrass systems, N fertilizer application allows for the maintenance of functional, aesthetic, and recreational properties. However, fertilizer mismanagement is common and leads to N pollution in the environment. Controlled-release and slow-release fertilizers can enhance nitrogen (N)-use efficiency, reduce N pollution, minimize the need for repeated fertilizer applications, and reduce turfgrass shoot growth and associated costs. In order to evaluate the effectiveness of these fertilizers in the Intermountain West, research is needed. The timing of N release was evaluated for seven urea fertilizers: uncoated, sulfur coated (SCU), polymer-sulfur coated (PSCU), and four polymer-coated (PCU) with release timings of 45, 75, 120, and 180 d estimated release. These products were placed on bare soil, a Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) thatch layer, and incorporated into soil. These three placement treatments were replicated to allow for enough samples to be placed in two locations. The first was outside in a field to represent field conditions with diurnal fluctuating temperatures and the second was placed in a storage facility to replicate laboratory conditions with static diurnal temperatures. The PCU prills incorporated into soil under field conditions generally released N over the estimated release period. However, when applied to bare soil or thatch, N from PCU had 80% or greater N release by 35 d after application regardless of expected release time. Fertilizers under laboratory conditions had minimal N release despite having similar average daily temperatures, suggesting that fluctuating temperatures impact N release. The PSCU and SCU treatments were no different from uncoated urea, showing no slow release properties for this particular product. Spring-applied N fertilizer trials were conducted over two years to determine the optimal N rate for Kentucky bluegrass. Similar PCU120 products were applied at 50, 75, and 100% of the recommended full rate, while also being compared to an unfertilized control and urea applied either all at once or split monthly. Spring-applied PCU showed minimal initial N response while urea applied all at once resulted in an initial spike of N uptake. Once PCU began to release N, there was minimal difference for all rates compared to urea split monthly for biomass growth, verdure, and shoot tissue N. Although at the 50% rate, there were a few sampling dates with slower growth and lower verdure. The decrease in verdure at this low rate was slight, and it is recommended that PCU could be applied effectively at a reduced rate between 50 and 75%. Although for better results, additional quick release N is required to compensate for early season lag in N release.
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33

Delbem, Flávia Cristina. "Fontes e doses de adubação nitrogenada na atividade microbiana, colonização micorrízica e fertilidade em solo com Brachiaria brizantha /." Araçatuba : [s.n.], 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/94724.

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Resumo: No Brasil, as pastagens têm sido a forma mais utilizada para a alimentação de bovinos. Ao longo dos primeiros anos perdem seu potencial produtivo e vigor da rebrota, frequentemente associada à falta de adubação nitrogenada. O objetivo desse trabalho foi verificar o efeito de fontes e doses de adubação nitrogenada, em profundidades, sobre a atividade microbiana, a colonização micorrízica e a fertilidade de solo em uma área de Brachiaria brizantha (Hochst) Stapf cv. Xaraés. O delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados e os tratamentos em esquema fatorial 3 x 4, envolvendo três fontes de nitrogênio (uréia, sulfato de amônio e ajifer-L40), quatro doses de nitrogênio (0, 100, 200 e 400 kg ha-1) estudadas em duas profundidades (0- 0,10 e 0,10-0,20 m), com três repetições. Por parcela, as amostras compostas, por 5 amostras simples de solo, foram coletadas, peneiradas, homogeneizadas e destinadas às análises. A aplicação crescente de doses de N proporcionou redução para os valores de pH no solo, culminando com a percolação do K+ e Mg2+ para as camadas mais profundas do solo e elevando os valores para H+AL e Al3+. O uso do sulfato de amônio em doses elevadas provocou redução aos valores de carbono da biomassa microbiana e quociente microbiano e elevação para quociente metabólico, caracterizando uma atividade microbiana ineficiente. A aplicação de N não alterou significativamente a colonização de fungos micorrízicos arbusculares. No entanto, a esporulação se elevou com relação às doses aplicadas. A produção de massa seca da parte aérea foi maior com o ajifer e da uréia, reduzindo em elevadas doses de N.
Abstract: Pastures have been the most common method of feeding bovines in Brazil. Throughout the first years these pastures lose their yield potential and regrowth energy. The objective of this study was to verify the effect of sources and doses of nitrogen fertilization, concerning the depths, under microbial activity, percentage of mycorrhizal colonization and soil fertility when covered by Brachiaria brizantha (Hochst) Stapf cv. Xaraés. The randomized blocks design was used and the treatments were under a 3 x 4 factorial scheme, regarding three nitrogen sources (urea, ammonium sulphate, and ajifer-L40) and 4 nitrogen levels (0, 100, 200 and 400 kg ha-1), studied at 2 different depths (0- 0.10 and 0.10-0.20 m), with 3 replications. In each plot, the soil samples, composed with 5 simple samples, were collected, sieved, homogenized and sent to be analyzed. The increasing doses of N employed caused a decrease oh the pH levels in soil with the percolation of K+ and Mg2+ to the deepest layers in soil, increasing the levels of H+Al and Al3+. The usage of ammonium sulfate in high dosages caused a decrease in levels of carbon microbial biomass and an increase in the metabolic quotient, caracterizing an ineffective microbial activity. The employment of N did not meaningfully disturb the fungi mycorrhizal arbusculares colonization. However, these was an increase on the sporulation in relation to the employed dosages. The production of dry matter proved to be grater with ajifer and urea and smaller in high dosage of N.
Orientador: Cecílio Viega Soares Filho
Coorientador:Ana Maria Rodrigues Cassiolato
Banca: Manoel Garcia Neto
Banca: Ulysses Cecato
Mestre
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34

Oakley, Katherine Elizabeth. "Molecular mechanisms of urea uptake in marine diatoms." Diss., [La Jolla] : University of California, San Diego, 2010. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/fullcit?p1477924.

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Thesis (M.S.)--University of California, San Diego, 2010.
Title from first page of PDF file (viewed July 12, 2010). Available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 77-79).
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35

Lindgren, Matteus. "On the mechanism of Urea-induced protein denaturation." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Kemiska institutionen, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-33151.

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It is well known that folded proteins in water are destabilized by the addition of urea. When a protein loses its ability to perform its biological activity due to a change in its structure, it is said to denaturate. The mechanism by which urea denatures proteins has been thoroughly studied in the past but no proposed mechanism has yet been widely accepted. The topic of this thesis is the study of the mechanism of urea-induced protein denaturation, by means of Molecular Dynamics (MD) computer simulations and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Paper I takes a thermodynamic approach to the analysis of protein – urea solution MD simulations. It is shown that the protein – solvent interaction energies decrease significantly upon the addition of urea. This is the result of a decrease in the Lennard-Jones energies, which is the MD simulation equivalent to van der Waals interactions. This effect will favor the unfolded protein state due to its higher number of protein - solvent contacts. In Paper II, we show that a combination of NMR spin relaxation experiments and MD simulations can successfully be used to study urea in the protein solvation shell. The urea molecule was found to be dynamic, which indicates that no specific binding sites exist. In contrast to the thermodynamic approach in Paper I, in Paper III we utilize MD simulations to analyze the affect of urea on the kinetics of local processes in proteins. Urea is found to passively unfold proteins by decreasing the refolding rate of local parts of the protein that have unfolded by thermal fluctuations. Based upon the results of Paper I – III and previous studies in the field, I propose a mechanism in which urea denatures proteins mainly by an enthalpic driving force due to attractive van der Waals interactions. Urea interacts favorably with all the different parts of the protein. The greater solvent accessibility of the unfolded protein is ultimately the factor that causes unfolded protein structures to be favored in concentrated urea solutions.
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36

Tsai, Bobby S. E. "Continuous spouted bed process for sulphur-coating urea." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/26337.

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Sulphur-coated urea is a controlled-release, nitrogen fertilizer which has proven to be successful commercially. Current production technology used by Canadian Industries Ltd. and other firms is based on the Tennessee Valley Authority rotary drum process. This process is mechanically complex and the sulphur coated urea requires an additional wax coat to achieve the desired slow-release properties. By contrast, the spouted bed coating process developed at UBC promises to be mechanically simpler. Afer some initial difficulties, successful continuous coating was achieved in the present thesis project by means of a modified laboratory spouted bed facility. The facility can produce 9.6 kg/h of sulphur-coated urea for up to 3 hours. Coating is performed in a spouted bed, which consists of a cylindrical column (0.154 m I.D. by 0.91 m high) and a 60° conical base. Urea is fed into the bed through a feed tube inserted into the bed annulus. Molten sulphur is sprayed through a nozzle into the base of the bed co-currently with the spouting air. Product is discharged from slots around the perimeter of the spouting column and collected in a product cooler. Particulates from the off-gas leaving the spouted bed and the cooler are removed by a cyclone and water scrubber. Product quality is determined by a rapid dissolution test developed at UBC and a 7-day dissolution test developed by the TVA and modified at UBC. The product quality is found to depend on the bed temperature and the bed depth. In the range of 55 to 90°C the dissolution value decreases up to a bed temperature of approximately 80°C and then increases again. Coating performed at two different bed depths, 0.15 m and 0.25 m, show that superior product quality is achieved with the shallower bed. A set of optimal coating conditions is found: coating temperature of 80°C, bed depth of 0.15 m, spouting air flow rate of 0.65 m³/min and atomizing air pressure of 208 kPa. Under these conditions, modified 7-day dissolution values of about 30% are found for the UBC product compared to 88% for the CIL product with similar sulphur content and no wax. When coated with 30 wt% or more sulphur, the UBC product is able to meet the industrial standard of 25% of urea dissolved in 7 days.
Applied Science, Faculty of
Chemical and Biological Engineering, Department of
Graduate
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37

Purchase, Kym. "Stimulation of the urea cycle in endotoxemic rats." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape10/PQDD_0006/MQ42429.pdf.

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38

Cabrera, Sandra F. "Chemical sensors for urea and organophosphate nerve agents." abstract and full text PDF (free order & download UNR users only), 2006. http://0-gateway.proquest.com.innopac.library.unr.edu/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3221401.

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39

Pandithagedara, Weeraratne Balasuriya. "Rubber urea composites as slow release nitrogen fertilizers." Thesis, University of Ulster, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.243629.

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40

Harris, Kenneth David Maclean. "Studies of urea inclusion compounds and other solids." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.305478.

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41

Kim, Regina H. "Siloxane modified polyurea and polyurethane urea segmented copolymers." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/44117.

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High molecular weight polyether urea copolymers were synthesized using perfectly difunctional aromatic amine terminated polypropylene oxide (PPO) (2800 ) prepared via aluminum porphorin initiated coordination polymerization. The resulting segmented copolymer showed much higher tensile strength and better thermal stability than polyureas based on commercial PPO which contains some terminal unsaturation. This was attributed to the achievement of both higher molecular weight and to more extensive microphase separation between the segments. In addition, the surface structure of segmented polyether urea and polyurethane urea copolymers were modified in two ways: siloxane urea segmented copolymers were synthesized and physically blended into the system, and siloxane oligomers of controlled molecular weight and composition were incorporated into the copolymer backbone as a part of the soft segment. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was used to obtain surface compositional information, while differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and stress-strain analysis were used to characterize the bulk properties. In general, the surface enrichment of siloxane was observed in both solvent cast blends and siloxane incorporated systems. The surface siloxane concentration showed a small increase with siloxane segment length, content, and surface sensitive angle. Surface segregation of these systems was suppressed to a certain extent due to phase mixing within the copolymer bulk and by the anchoring of both ends of the siloxane segment with urea components. The bulk properties of these copolymer systems were not affected greatly when small amounts of siloxane ureas were added or when small amounts of siloxane blocks were incorporated.
Master of Science
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42

Woodward, Timothy Ryan. "Evaluation of Urea Ammonium-Nitrate Fertilizer Application Methods." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/76800.

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Increased nitrogen (N) costs and environmental concerns have created a need to reevaluate current sidedress N application recommendations for corn. Injection of Urea Ammonium-Nitrate (UAN) may reduce N-loss via ammonia (NH?) volatilization compared to current surface application methods. This study evaluated injection and surface-banding application techniques of UAN in two ways: (1) by conducting a laboratory experiment where NH?-N loss was measured from UAN applied by both techniques across varying residue covers; and (2) by performing a field study where the application methods were compared by their effect on corn grain yield, ear leaf tissue N content, and stalk nitrate (NO3). The laboratory system used to compare the NH?-N loss from the UAN application methods was evaluated and found to be capable of providing rapid, accurate, and precise measurements of N loss throughout a range of N rates and conditions. In the laboratory study, injection of UAN reduced NH?-N losses to <1% of applied N. Surface-banding of UAN resulted in NH?-N losses between 15.3 and 32.5% of applied N. Results from the field study suggest that differences between application methods were commonly seen in ear leaf tissue N, where injection of UAN was often found to increase tissue N compared to surface-banding. Also, injection of UAN reduced the optimal N rate by 25 kg N ha?? compared to surface-banding. The results suggest that injection of UAN reduces the potential of NH?-N losses and is a practice worth considering in developing an efficient N fertilizer program.
Master of Science
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43

Rosendale, Andrew J. "Importance of Facilitative Urea Transporters in Anuran Osmoregulation." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1313089167.

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44

Singh, Deepika. "Analysis of Urea Electrolysis for Generation of Hydrogen." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1258349080.

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45

Couch, Erica Dawn. "Difluoroboronate Urea-Induced Acid Amplification for Insertion Chemistry." The Ohio State University, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1404225572.

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46

Muir, Timothy J. "Mechanisms and phylogenetic breadth of urea-induced hypometabolism." Oxford, Ohio : Miami University, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=miami1247688904.

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47

Scholnick, David Allen. "Anion and Urea Sensitivity of Three Elasmobranch Hemoglobins." W&M ScholarWorks, 1989. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539625510.

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48

Ottosson, Oscar. "CFD Simulation of Urea Evaporation in STAR-CCM+." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Mekanisk värmeteori och strömningslära, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-160484.

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Diesel engines produce large amounts of nitrogen oxides (NOX) while running. Nitrogen oxides are highly toxic and also contribute towards the formation of tropospheric ozone. Increasingly stringent legislation regarding the amount of nitrogen oxides that are allowed to be emitted from diesel-powered vehicles has forced manufacturers of diesel-engines to develop after-treatment systems that reduce the amount of nitrogen oxides in the exhaust. One of the main components in such a system is selective catalytic reduction (SCR), where nitrogen oxides are reduced to diatomic nitrogen and water with the help of ammonia. A vital part of this process is the spraying of a urea-water-solution (UWS), which is needed in order to produce the reducing agent ammonia. UWS spraying introduces the risk of solid deposits (such as biuret, ammelide and ammeline) forming in the after-treatment system, should the flow conditions be unfavourable. Risk factors include high temperatures, but also low dynamics and high thickness of the resulting liquid film that forms as the UWS spray hits the surfaces of the after-treatment system. It is thus essential that manufacturers of SCR after-treatment systems have correct data on how much UWS that should be sprayed into the exhaust for any given flow condition. Experimental tests are thoroughly used to assess this but are very expensive and are thus limited to prototype testing during product development. When assessing a wider range of concepts and geometries early on in the product development stage, simulation tools such as computational fluid dynamics (CFD) are used instead. One of the most computationally heavy processes to simulate within a SCR after-treatment system is the UWS spray and its interaction with surfaces inside the after-treatment system, where correct prediction of the formation of solid deposits are of great importance. Most CFD models used for this purpose hold a relatively good level of accuracy and are utilized throughout the whole industry where SCR aftertreatment is applied. Despite this, these models are limited in the fact that they are only able to cover timescales in the scope of seconds to minutes while using a tolerable amount of computational power. However, the time spectrum for solid deposit formation is minutes to hours. Scania is one of Sweden’s biggest developers of SCR after-treatment, with the technology being incorporated directly into its silencers. AVL Fire is the main UWS spray simulation tool for engineers at Scania at the moment. One major drawback of using AVL Fire for UWS spray simulations is that it is deemed too time-consuming to set up new cases and too unstable during simulation, which makes it too costly in terms of expensive engineering hours. This project has investigated the potential of using STAR-CCM+ for UWS spray simulations at Scania instead. A standard method has been evaluated, as well as parameters that will prove useful in further investigations of a potential speedup method. The studied method in STAR-CCM+ is easy to setup and the simulation process is robust and stable. Various other perks come from using STAR-CCM+ as well, such as: a user-friendly interface, easy and powerful mesh-generation and great post-process capabilities. Several different parameters have been investigated for their impact on the studied method, such as mesh refinement of the spray injector area and the number of parcels injected every time-step through the spray injector (simply put the resolution of the spray). A possible speedup by freezing the momentum equations when allowed and lowering the amount of inner iterations has also been investigated. A handful of operating conditions have been studied for two different geometries. The attained simulation results display correlations with physical measurements, but further assessment for identifying the risk of solid deposit needs to be performed on the studied cases to assess the full accuracy of solid deposit prediction of the studied method. Recommendations for future work includes fully implementing and evaluating the speedup method available for spray simulations in STAR-CCM+ as well as directly comparing how the accuracy and performance of the method relates to that of the method used in AVL Fire for spray simulations.
Dieselmotorer producerar under körning stora mängder kväveoxider (NOx). Kväve-oxider är starkt giftiga föreningar som även bidrar till att öka mängden marknära ozon. Allt strängare lagstiftning gällande mängden kväveoxider som får släppas ut från fordon med dieselmotorer har lett till att tillverkare av dieselmotorer blivit tvingade att utveckla efterbehandlingssystem som renar avgasen från motorn. En av huvudkomponenterna i ett sådant system idag är selective catalytic reduction (SCR; på svenska selektiv katalytisk reduktion), där kväveoxider omvandlas till kvävgas och vatten med hjälp av ammoniak. För att producera ammoniak används en lösning av urea och vatten (t.ex. AdBlue®), som introduceras till efterbehandlingssystemet via spray. Denna process har dock en stor nackdel, då det under omvandlingsprocessen kan finnas risk för klumpbildning av ämnen som biuret, ammelid och ammelin ifall flödesförhållandena är ogynnsamma. Riskfaktorer för klumpbildning inkluderar höga temperaturer samt låg dynamik och hög tjocklek för den vätskefilm som bildas när sprayen med urea-lösning kommer i kontakt med ytor i efterbehandlingssystemet. Det är därför av stor vikt för tillverkare av efterbehandlingssystem som använder SCR att känna till hur mycket urealösning som kan sprayas in för varje givet flöde. Experimentella tester används till stor del för att utvärdera detta, men är väldigt dyra och kan endast göras för ett fåtal prototyper under en produkts utveckling. För att kunna utvärdera ett större antal koncept och geometrier tidigare i utvecklingsstadiet av en ny produkt används därför ofta datorkraft med simuleringsverktyg som CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics). En av de mest beräkningstunga processerna att simulera i ett efterbehandlingssystem med SCR är sprayandet av urea-lösning och dess interaktion med ytor, där korrekta förutbestämmelser av huruvida det finns risk för klumpbildning eller inte är av stor betydelse. De flesta CFD modeller som används i detta syfte har förhållandevis god noggrannhet och används i stor utsträckning i den bransch där efterbehandling med SCR tillämpas. Däremot är dessa modeller begränsade i att de endast kan åstadkomma simuleringar (med en acceptabel mängd datorkraft) som sträcker sig i tidsintervallet sekunder till minuter. Bildningen av klump är dock en process som kan ta upp till flera timmar. Scania är en av Sveriges största tillämpare av SCR, då tekniken används i de efterbehandlingssystem som finns inbyggda i tillverkarens ljuddämpare. Scania använder främst AVL Fire för simulering av spray med urea. AVL Fire anses dock vara för tidskrävande vid skapelsen av nya simuleringsfall och för instabilt under simulering. Detta projekt har därför undersökt möjligheten att använda STAR-CCM+ för simulering av spray med urea hos Scania. Den metod i STAR-CCM+ som utvärderats är enkel att använda då nya simuleringsfall ska skapas, samtidigt som den är robust och stabil under simulering. Relevanta parametrar för en potentiell uppsnabbningsmetod har också undersökts. STAR-CCM+ i sin helhet är användarvänligt, där verktyget för att skapa och generera mesh är enkelt att använda såväl som kraftfullt när mer avancerade operationer krävs. Möjligheterna för postprocessing är väldigt smidiga för transienta förlopp, vilket är ett stort plus för simuleringar med urea-spray, vars injektion och resulterande processer är väldigt transienta skeenden i sig. Flera olika parametrar har undersökts, för att granska hur stor påverkan de har på prestandan och noggrannheten hos den studerade metoden. Två av dessa är tätheten av beräkningsnoder i den region där spray-munstycket är placerat samt antalet paket med urea-vatten lösning som injiceras varje tidssteg via spray-munstycket. En möjlig uppsnabbning av metoden, som går ut på att frysa ekvationerna för bevarelse av rörelsemängd (eng - momentum equations) när det är tillåtet och samtidigt minska antalet inre iterationer för varje tidssteg, har också undersökts. Ett flertal olika flödesförhållanden har också undersökts för två olika geometrier. De erhållna resultaten tyder på korrelation med data från fysiska experiment. Dock bör ytterligare hydrodynamiska utvärderingar tillämpas för att ordentligt kunna redogöra för hur väl STAR-CCM+ kan användas för att förutse risken för klump- bildning i en spray-process med urea-vatten lösning. Framtida arbete borde fokusera på att utvärdera den uppsnabbningsmetod som finns för spray-simuleringar i STAR-CCM+, samt direkt jämföra hur väl metodens noggrannhet och prestanda står sig gentemot den metod som används i AVL Fire för spray-simuleringar.
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Morrison, Douglas John. "Investigations of oro-caecal transit time and colonic fermentation using lactose [¹³C] ureide and mathematical modelling of ¹³C-breath test curves." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.248343.

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50

Ottman, Michael J., Michael D. Sheedy, and Richard W. Ward. "Late Season N Application Method Effect on Grain Protein, 2016." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/625425.

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Nitrogen fertilizer is normally applied later in the season around flowering time to boost grain protein content. The purpose of this study is to determine if the grain protein boost provided by late N application is affected by method of application. A trial testing late season N application methods was conducted at the Maricopa Ag Center in the 2016 growing season. The crop was grown 211 lb N/acre in split applications until flowering when 35 lb N/acre was applied as UAN32 in the irrigation water (fertigation), as low biuret urea in a foliar application, or as urea granules compared to no N application at all at flowering. In this study, we were not able to detect a difference in grain protein or any other variable measured due to the late N application method. We did measure a 0.4% increase in grain protein regardless of late season N application method compared to the control with no late N applied.
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