Relevant bibliographies by topics / Urea production

Academic literature on the topic 'Urea production'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Urea production"

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Lemon, Peter W. R., David T. Deutsch, and Warren R. Payne. "Urea production during prolonged swimming." Journal of Sports Sciences 7, no. 3 (December 1989): 241–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02640418908729844.

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Zhao, Xin, Baolin Zhang, Sancai Liu, and Xiushi Yang. "Evaluation of efficiency of controlled-release N fertiliser on tartary buckwheat production." Plant, Soil and Environment 67, No. 7 (July 13, 2021): 399–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/32/2021-pse.

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To provide reference for scientific management of nitrogen (N) fertiliser on tartary buckwheat, the effects of the mixed application of controlled-release N fertiliser (a kind of thermoplastic polymer-coated urea types that are characterised by a semi-permeable membrane) and common urea was studied in the main tartary buckwheat production area in China. In 2018 and 2019, a two-year field experiment was conducted a randomised block design with five treatments: (1) no nitrogen fertilisation (CK); (2) 100% N from common urea (T1); (3) 15% N from controlled-released urea fertiliser (plastic coated) + 85% N from common urea (T2); (4) 30% N from controlled-released fertiliser + 70% N from urea (T3); (5) 45% N from controlled-released fertiliser + 55% N of urea (T4). The N fertilisation rate was 90 kg N/ha in all fertilisation treatments. The results showed: (1) the mixed application of controlled-release N fertiliser and common urea was conductive to enhance the yield, dry mass, N uptake and apparent N fertiliser efficiency (NFE), compared with a single application of common urea. In two seasons, NFE was 38.6% (T1), 48.6% (T2), 53.6% (T3) and 53% (T4), separately; (2) the mixed application of controlled-release N fertiliser and common urea could significantly increase the soil inorganic N content in the soil surface layer and decreased the leaching loss of N; (3) with the increasing ration of controlled-release N fertiliser, the tendency of increasing N content of crop uptake and soil residual and decreasing rate of N loss and N surplus was visible. Overall, considered the indicators of grain yield, input cost, N utilisation and N balance, the suitable N fertilisation mode for tartary buckwheat production is the mixed application of 30% controlled-release N fertiliser and 70% common urea when 90 kg N/ha is applied.
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Carraro, F., T. D. Kimbrough, and R. R. Wolfe. "Urea kinetics in humans at two levels of exercise intensity." Journal of Applied Physiology 75, no. 3 (September 1, 1993): 1180–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1993.75.3.1180.

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A primed constant infusion of [15N2]urea was used to quantify the response of urea production to exercise at 40 and 70% maximal oxygen consumption on a treadmill. Total urea production, urea production from recycled N, urea production from nonrecycled N, and urea N recycled back into body protein were calculated. Most components of urea kinetics were unaffected by exercise at either intensity. The rate of urea reincorporated into protein was significantly increased during exercise and recovery at both levels of exercise. We conclude that exercise does not stimulate urea production but that there may be an accelerated reincorporation of urea N back into body protein.
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Wheeler, R. A., A. A. Jackson, and D. M. Griffiths. "Urea production and recycling in neonates." Journal of Pediatric Surgery 26, no. 5 (May 1991): 575–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-3468(91)90710-b.

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Bozzano, G., M. Dente, and F. Zardi. "New internals for urea production reactors." Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology 78, no. 2-3 (2003): 128–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jctb.694.

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Hamadeh, Mazen J., and L. John Hoffer. "Tracer methods underestimate short-term variations in urea production in humans." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 274, no. 3 (March 1, 1998): E547—E553. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.1998.274.3.e547.

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Urea production rate (Ra) is commonly measured using a primed continuous tracer urea infusion, but the accuracy of this method has not been clearly established in humans. We used intravenous infusions of unlabeled urea to assess the accuracy of this technique in normal, postabsorptive men under the following four different conditions: 1) tracer [13C]urea was infused under basal conditions for 12 h (control); 2) tracer [13C]urea was infused for 12 h, and unlabeled urea was infused from hours 4 to 12 at a rate twofold greater than the endogenous Ra (“step” infusion); 3) tracer [13C]urea was infused for 12 h, and unlabeled urea was infused from hours 4 to 8 (“pulse” infusion); and 4) tracer [13C]urea was infused for 9 h, and unlabeled alanine was infused at a rate of 120 mg ⋅ kg−1 ⋅ h−1(1.35 mmol ⋅ kg−1 ⋅ h−1) from hours 4 to 9. Urea Ra was calculated using the isotopic steady-state equation (tracer infusion rate/tracer-to-tracee ratio), Steele’s non-steady-state equation, and urinary urea excretion corrected for changes in total body urea. For each subject, endogenous urea Ra was measured at hour 4 of the basal condition, and the sum of this rate plus exogenous urea input was considered as “true urea input.” Under control conditions, urea Ra at hour 4 was similar to that measured at hour 12. After 8-h step and 4-h pulse unlabeled urea infusions, Steele’s non-steady-state equation underestimated true urea input by 22% (step) and 33% (pulse), whereas the nonisotopic method underestimated true urea input by 28% (step) and 10% (pulse). Similar conclusions were derived from the alanine infusion. These results indicate that, although Steele’s non-steady-state equation and the nontracer method more accurately predict total urea Ra than the steady-state equation, they nevertheless seriously underestimate total urea Ra for as long as 8 h after a change in true urea Ra.
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Maynard, Elizabeth T. "Nitrogen Sources for Tomato and Pepper Production." HortScience 32, no. 3 (June 1997): 518C—518. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.32.3.518c.

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Three nitrogen sources applied through drip irrigation were compared to preplant-applied urea to evaluate their effects on tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) and bell pepper (Capsicum annum L.) earliness, yield, and blossom end rot (BER) in 1995 and 1996. Calcium nitrate (CaNO3), urea ammonium nitrate (UAN), and ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) were applied at 11.2 kg N/ha weekly beginning 2 weeks after transplanting for a total of 8 weeks. The urea treatment received 112 kg N/ha before planting and fertigated treatments received 22.4 kg N/ha from urea before planting. In 1995 only, two additional treatments were fertilized with chicken manure only (1.3N–0.7P–0.8K) at 112 kg N/ha and 168 kg N/ha. In 1996, nitrogen treatments were compared at two levels of potassium fertilization: 0 or 269 kg K/ha. `Sunrise' or `Mountain Spring' tomatoes and `Ranger' peppers were transplanted into black plastic in mid to late June each year. Nitrogen treatments had no effect on marketable or total yield, fruit size, or BER of tomatoes. Total pepper yield was lower with urea than with CaNO3; early and marketable yields showed similar trends, but differences were not consistently significant. UAN and NH4NO3 pepper yields were usually similar to yield with CaNO3, but did not always differ from urea yields. Compost treatments produced yields intermediate between urea and fertigated treatments in 1995. In 1996, peppers from UAN and NH4NO3 plots had more BER (0.5% to 1%) than CaNO3 plots (0%); urea plots had an intermediate amount of BER (0.2%).
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Zhu, Xiaoyan, Jianchao Chen, Jieyu Chen, Xinrong Lei, and Chunjie Yan. "Urea intercalation compound production in industrial scale for paper coating." Chemical Industry and Chemical Engineering Quarterly 20, no. 2 (2014): 241–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/ciceq121025007z.

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Urea intercalation compounds were produced in a new designed industrial scale. The conditions and locations of the new industrial process for the production of urea intercalation compound pigment were studied through the control of correlative parameters. Properties of the compound pigment such as particle morphology, particle size distribution and viscosity, were analyzed to evaluate its potentiality for paper coating application. Results showed that the intercalation ratio of urea intercalation compound increased from 6.3% with 2wt. % of urea addition to 56.08% with 6wt.% of urea addition. Viscosity concentration of urea intercalation compound improved from 69% of original kaolinite to the highest value, 74.23% of the compound. Particle size distribution was centralized. Properties of light weight papers coated with urea intercalation compound showed interesting results, similar to a standard grade.
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Osiecka, Anna, Patrick J. Minogue, and Dwight K. Lauer. "Utilization of Urea or Polymer-Coated Urea in Florida Slash Pinestraw Production." Forest Science 67, no. 6 (October 25, 2021): 740–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/forsci/fxab034.

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Abstract Controlled-release fertilizers may improve productivity and mitigate environmental hazards in Southern pine plantations intensively managed for pinestraw harvesting. We examined the effects of pinestraw removal and fertilization with conventional and polymer-coated urea (PCU) on foliar, needlefall, and pinestraw nutrients and yields in a North Florida slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm.) plantation. Raking treatments (raked or nonraked) were applied annually in February 2014–2017. Fertilization treatments (PCU at 0, 28, 56, 140, or urea at 56 kg N ha−1 year−1) were applied annually in June 2014–2016. Four years of pinestraw removal did not affect needlefall mass or foliar and needlefall nutrient concentrations. The positive fertilization rate effect on pinestraw yield, needlefall mass, foliar, needlefall, and pinestraw total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) and K concentrations, and on foliar and needlefall Ca concentrations increased in magnitude with subsequent applications. TKN, total P, and K concentrations were lower in needlefall and pinestraw relative to foliage by 65%–90%, whereas Ca concentrations were higher by 120%–180%. Three PCU applications at 140 N ha−1 year−1 increased three-year cumulative pinestraw yield over the control by 19% and TKN, K, Ca, and Mg removals by 49%, 86%, 24%, and 32%, respectively. Responses to PCU did not differ from urea.
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Dai, Ben Lin, An Feng Zhu, Fei Hu Mu, Ning Xu, and Zhen Wu. "Urea (CO(NH2)2) Pretreatment Improve Biogas Production Performance of Rice Straw." Applied Mechanics and Materials 587-589 (July 2014): 896–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.587-589.896.

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To discuss the internal effect of urea (CO(NH2)2) pretreatment on anaerobic digestion biogas production of rice straw waste, a self-designed laboratory-scale continuous anaerobic biogas digester was used in this study. Anaerobic biogas slurry, urea pretreatment and anaerobic digestion were evaluated for biogas production from rice straw. The results showed that the peak value of biogas production was attained on the 17th day by using 6% urea pretreatment on rice straw. However, the highest CH4 content was 49.8% on the 15th day for the 8% urea-treated rice straw. The cumulative biogas production of 6% urea pretreatment was the highest, about 16 540 mL, which was followed by 2% urea (12 283 mL), 8% urea (9 883 mL), and 4% urea (5 668 mL).
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Urea production"

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Wheeler, Robert Alec. "Urea production and recycling in surgical neonates during convalescence." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.316464.

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Medeiros, João A. S. "Management alternatives for urea use in corn and wheat production." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri-Columbia, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/4533.

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Thesis (M.S.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2006.
The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file viewed on (February 9, 2007) Includes bibliographical references.
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Yan, Wei. "Nickel-based Catalysts for Urea Electro-oxidation." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1391419479.

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Schiller, Tamar Marie. "Urea production capacity in the wood frog (Rana sylvatica) varies with season and experimentally induced hyperuremia." Oxford, Ohio : Miami University, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=miami1196441446.

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Xie, Rongjing. "Animal manures and urea as nitrogen sources for corn production in Québec." Thesis, McGill University, 1985. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=64482.

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Schiller, Tamar M. "Urea production capacity in the wood frog (Rana sylvatica) varies with season and experimentally induced hyperuremia." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1196441446.

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Schindler, Frank Vincent. "Redistribution and fate of applied ??N-enriched urea under irrigated continuous corn production." Thesis, North Dakota State University, 1996. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/28973.

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Understanding the redistribution and fate of N is essential for justification of Best Management Practices (BMP). This project was conducted on a Hecla fine sandy loam (sandy, mixed, Aquic Haploboroll) soil at the BMP field site near Oakes, North Dakota. One objective of this investigation was to evaluate the residence times of N03- -N in 20 undisturbed lysimeters and its infiltration time through the soil profile to tile drains. Corn (Zea mays L.) was fertilized with 135 kg N ha -1 as ??N-enriched urea plus 13.5 and 48.1 kg N ha -1 preplant for 1993 and 1994, respectively. Urea-N was band applied to 20 and 10 undisturbed lysimeters at 2.0 and 5.93 atom percent (at %) ??N in 1993 and 1994, respectively. Average resident times of N03- -N in the lysimeters was 11.7 months. Lysimeter and tile drainage indicate the presence of preferential pathways. Residence times of N03- -N depend on frequency and intensity of precipitation events. Another objective was to determine what portion of the total N in the crop was from applied urea-N and what portion was from the native soil-N. Nitrogen plots received ??N enrichments of 4.25 and 5.93 at % ??N in 1993 and 1994, respectively. At the end of the 1993 and 1994 growing season, 41.5% and 35.7% of the labeled fertilizer N remained in the soil profile, while the total recovery of applied ??N in the soil-plant system was 86.2% and 75.4%, respectively. Low recoveries of applied N may have been the result of soil or aboveground plant biomass volatilization, or denitrification or preferential flow processes. Further research needs to be conducted with strict accountability of gaseous loss and the mechanism(s) responsible.
U.S. Bureau of Reclamation
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King, Rebecca Lynne. "Investigation of Anode Catalysts and Alternative Electrolytes for Stable Hydrogen Production from Urea Solutions." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1275514221.

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Ottman, M. J. "Use of Agrotain to Prevent Urea Volotilization in Irrigated Wheat Production, Casa Grande 1996." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/202455.

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Lu, Fei. "Electrochemically Induced Urea to Ammonia on Ni Based Catalyst." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1502235953529178.

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Books on the topic "Urea production"

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R, Waggoner Donald, Hoffmeister George, International Fertilizer Development Center, and Fertiliser Association of India, eds. Environmental impact of ammonia and urea production units: Proceedings of an international workshop held in Bombay, India, March 25-29, 1991. Muscle Shoals, Ala., U.S.A: International Fertilizer Development Center, 1992.

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Carlsson, Jonas. The value of the concentration of urea in milk as an indicator of the nutritional value of diets for dairy cows, and its relationships with milk production and fertility. Uppsala: Sveriges Lantbruksuniversitet, 1994.

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F, Katuma K., Malawi. Dept. of Animal Health and Industry., and FAO/UNDP Project MLW/87/005: Improved Utilization of Crop Residues and Agro-Industry By-Products in Animal Feeding., eds. Use of urea-molasses-mineral lick as a feed supplement for small holder dairy and beef cattle production: A technical report. Lilongwe: Dept. of Animal Health and Industry, Ministry of Agriculture, 1991.

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Urea Production Technology (Proceedings of the International Fertiliser Society S.). International Fertiliser Society, 2002.

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Waggoner, Donald R., and George Hoffmeister. Environmental Impact of Ammonia and Urea Production Units: Proceedings of an International Workshop Held in Bombay, India March 25-29, 1991 (Special). Intl Fertilizer Development, 1992.

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Rabier, Daniel. Hyperammonemia. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199972135.003.0078.

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Ammonia, an end-product of protein and amino acid catabolism toxic to the brain, must be removed quickly from the circulation. Its removal is achieved in two steps: glutamine synthesis and urea synthesis. Hyperammonemia results from either an excess of production or defective elimination. There are two main etiologies of hyperammonemia: inherited or acquired. Inherited causes are mainly related to defective elimination while acquired ones result either from excess production or deficient detoxification. Good laboratory diagnostic tools are necessary to make the right diagnosis.
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Jörres, Achim, Dietrich Hasper, and Michael Oppert. Non-dialytic management of the patient with acute kidney injury. Edited by Norbert Lameire. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0228.

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The main focus in the non-dialytic management of patients with acute kidney injury (AKI) is the prevention and treatment of complications.Nutritional support is an important aspect as many patients tend to be hypercatabolic, thus requiring adequate caloric intake, yet without administration of excessive fluid volumes. Inadequate nutrition in AKI may lead to enhanced production of urea nitrogen and azotaemia. However, hyperglycaemia is a frequent complication in these patients, often requiring continuous insulin therapy to achieve the recommended blood glucose target range of 110–150 mg/dL (6.11–8.33 mmol/L).Patients with AKI are prone to infections which are a common cause of death in this population. Careful search for and intensive treatment of infections is therefore of utmost importance, and antimicrobial chemotherapy must be initiated as early as possible, especially in patients with sepsis and AKI.Drug dosing in patients with AKI is complex and difficult. Residual kidney function can be highly variable and drug disposition may be altered due to changes in distribution volume, protein binding, and metabolism. Moreover, many drugs can be removed by renal replacement therapy (RRT). Therefore, adequate dosing must take into account the patient’s individual clinical characteristics, the specific pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic properties of the drug, and the mode and intensity of renal replacement therapy.
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Cusi Palomino, Rosalio, Luis Alberto Massa Palacios, Elizabeth Marcelina Escate Reyna, Jonathan Jerry Melgar Vargas, Darwin Pavel Massa Guzmán, and Mirna Vanessa Álvaro Huillcara. Evaluación de la temperatura del método reformado por vapor para la obtención del Gas de Síntesis a partir del Gas Natural de Camisea. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Tayacaja Daniel Hernández Morillo (UNAT) - Fondo Editorial., 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56224/ediunat.20.

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En el presente trabajo se evalúa la posibilidad técnica de investigar termodinámicamente una tecnología para la obtención del gas de síntesis a partir del gas natural, y luego desarrollar la industria petroquímica en nuestro país. El desarrollo de nuestro trabajo se justifica por la tecnología, porque se cuenta con ella y además obtenemos modelos termodinámicos que nos permiten calcular o predecir la temperatura del proceso y su viabilidad, determinando un rendimiento del 90 % aproximadamente y con una temperatura de operación de 900 ºC. El mayor valor agregado al gas natural proveniente de Camisea con la industria petroquímica básica sustituirá las importaciones de urea y de nitratos de amonio, lo que permitirá alcanzar la autonomía en materia de fertilizantes (urea y nitrato de amonio) y de explosivos a partir del insumo principal (nitratos de amonio). Es decir, de importadores de fertilizantes transitaremos a la exportación en esta parte del hemisferio. Estas inversiones en las plantas petroquímicas tendrán un efecto dinámico en un departamento golpeado por el terremoto del 15 de agosto del 2007 como Ica, pues no solamente tendrá el liderazgo en la exportación agroindustrial, sino también en los productos petroquímicos.
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Book chapters on the topic "Urea production"

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Lukefahr, Steven D., James I. McNitt, Peter R. Cheeke, and Nephi M. Patton. "Toxins in feeds." In Rabbit production, 125–30. 10th ed. Wallingford: CABI, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789249811.0009.

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Abstract This chapter describes the sources, composition, mode of action, clinical signs, diagnosis and treatment of poisoning in rabbits due to different types of toxins, including goitrogens, gossypol, lectins, mimosine, mycotoxins, nitrates, oxalates, pyrrolizidine alkaloids, saponins, trypsin inhibitors, urea, poisonous plants, pesticides and herbicides.
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Walpole, M. E., B. L. Schurmann, P. Górka, G. B. Penner, M. E. Loewen, and T. Mutsvangwa. "Functional roles of aquaporins and urea transporters in urea flux across the ruminal epithelium." In Energy and protein metabolism and nutrition in sustainable animal production, 269–70. Wageningen: Wageningen Academic Publishers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/978-90-8686-781-3_88.

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Walpole, M. E., G. B. Penner, and T. Mutsvangwa. "Inhibitory effect of ammonia on urea flux across rumen epithelium depends on level of serosal urea." In Energy and protein metabolism and nutrition in sustainable animal production, 287–88. Wageningen: Wageningen Academic Publishers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/978-90-8686-781-3_96.

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Yücesan, Buhara. "Thidiazuron (TDZ): A Callus Minimizer for In Vitro Plant Production." In Thidiazuron: From Urea Derivative to Plant Growth Regulator, 289–95. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-8004-3_14.

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Turkyilmaz Unal, Bengu. "Thidiazuron as an Elicitor in the Production of Secondary Metabolite." In Thidiazuron: From Urea Derivative to Plant Growth Regulator, 463–69. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-8004-3_27.

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Can, Fabien, Xavier Courtois, and Daniel Duprez. "NSR–SCR Combined Systems: Production and Use of Ammonia." In Urea-SCR Technology for deNOx After Treatment of Diesel Exhausts, 587–622. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-8071-7_19.

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Mentz, A. M., A. Hassen, W. A. Van Niekerk, H. Mynhardt, and R. Coertze. "The effect of substituting urea for a commercial slow release urea as supplement to sheep fed a poor quality Eragrostis curvula hay." In Energy and protein metabolism and nutrition in sustainable animal production, 99–100. Wageningen: Wageningen Academic Publishers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/978-90-8686-781-3_23.

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Fujisawa, Eiji, Arata Kobayashi, and Tomoji Hanyu. "A mechanism and an improved simulation of nitrogen release from resin-coated urea." In Plant Nutrition for Sustainable Food Production and Environment, 645–46. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0047-9_206.

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Nishiyama, F., and M. Yoshiba. "Resin-coated urea fertilizer use efficiency in direct seeding culture of paddy rice." In Plant Nutrition for Sustainable Food Production and Environment, 651–52. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0047-9_209.

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Sekimoto, Hitoshi, Tadanobu Maeda, and Hitoshi Isobe. "The use of an anti-lodging agent for rice fertilized with controlled-release urea." In Plant Nutrition for Sustainable Food Production and Environment, 805–6. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0047-9_260.

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Conference papers on the topic "Urea production"

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Ishmuratov, Halyaf. "FEEDING OF GRAIN OF CEREALS TREATED WITH HEAT AND UREA TO NEW COWS." In Multifunctional adaptive feed production. ru: Federal Williams Research Center of Forage Production and Agroecology, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.33814/mak-2020-22-70-115-12.

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In the preserved grain, urea, when subjected to hydrolysis, secretes am-MIAC, protecting it from self-heating and spoilage, and the other part of it goes to ammonium compounds, thereby increasing the protein nutrition of the grain. Processing of grain with urea contributed to a decrease in the concentration of protein, both soluble — by 3.24%, and cleavable-by 4.01%, compared with the control. The cost of processing 1 ton of grain with urea is 1.72 times cheaper than conventional drying. The profitability of milk production increased by 26.62%.
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Hoeft, Robert G. "Management of Urea Containing Fertilizers." In Proceedings of the 1992 Crop Production and Protection Conference. Iowa State University, Digital Press, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/icm-180809-428.

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Rebecca A Davis, Samia Mohtar, and Bernie Y Tao. "Production of Low-Temp Biodiesel Through Urea Clathration." In 2007 Minneapolis, Minnesota, June 17-20, 2007. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.23072.

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Kirova-Yordanova, Zornitza. "Thermodynamic Evaluation of Energy Integration and Cogeneration in Ammonia and Urea Production Complexes." In ASME 2014 12th Biennial Conference on Engineering Systems Design and Analysis. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/esda2014-20515.

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Energy integration and cogeneration are commonly used in large mineral fertilizer production complexes for many years. Production of nitrogen fertilizers is an energy intensive industry branch consuming about 5200 PJ of fossil fuels, mainly natural gas. Urea is the major straight nitrogen fertilizer with 46% nitrogen content, and the total production of 155 MM metric tons yearly. About 600–900 kg MP or HP steam and 50–120 kWh electricity per ton urea are consumed in modern low energy urea plants. In this work the exergy method is used to analyze the dependence of the primary energy consumption and GHG emissions in the ammonia and urea production complexes on basic parameters of the subsystems (ammonia and urea production units and CHP plant) and on the allocation of the additional fuel (natural gas) burning and steam generation. The results show that the most effective allocation scheme depends mainly on the relative efficiencies of the subsystems and mashinery (compressors and steam turbines).
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Iitsuka, Yoshihiro, Hiroki Yamauchi, Graciela Prieto, Kazunori Takashima, and Akira Mizuno. "Ammonia Production from Solid Urea Using Non-Thermal Plasma." In 2007 IEEE Industry Applications Annual Meeting. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/07ias.2007.230.

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Iitsuka, Yoshihiro, Hiroki Yamauchi, Graciela Prieto, Kazunori Takashima, and Akira Mizuno. "Ammonia Production from Solid Urea Using Non-Thermal Plasma." In 2007 IEEE Industry Applications Annual Meeting. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ias.2007.230.

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Johe, Katrin, and Thomas Sattelmayer. "Modelling Approach for a Hydrolysis Reactor for the Ammonia Production in Maritime SCR Applications." In ASME 2017 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2017-3537.

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The catalytic generation of ammonia from a liquid urea solution is a critical process determining the performance of SCR (Selective Catalytic Reduction) systems. Solid deposits on the catalyst surface from the decomposition of urea have to be avoided, as this leads to reduced system performance or even failure. At present, reactor design is often empirical, which poses a risk for costly iterations due to insufficient system performance. The presented research project proposed a performance prediction and modelling approach for SCR hydrolysis reactors generating ammonia from urea. Different configurations of hydrolysis reactors were investigated experimentally. Ammonia concentration measurements provided information about parameters influencing the decomposition of urea and the system performance. The evaporation of urea between injection and interaction with the catalyst was identified as the critical process driving the susceptibility to deposit formation. The spray of urea solution was characterised in terms of velocity distribution by means of particle-image velocimetry. Results were compared with theoretical predictions and calculation options for processes in the reactor were determined. Numerical simulation was used as an additional design and optimisation tool of the proposed model. The modelling approach is presented by a step-by-step method which takes into account design constraints and operating conditions for hydrolysis reactors.
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Junli, Liu, and Bernie Tao. "Fractionation of biodiesel by urea inclusion to improve its cold flow properties and provide feedstocks for chemicals/polymers production." In 2022 AOCS Annual Meeting & Expo. American Oil Chemists' Society (AOCS), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21748/qhbu2822.

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Biodiesel is viewed as the alternative to petroleum diesel, but its poor cold flow properties constrained its utilization. Cloud point, the onset temperature of thermal crystallization, is one standard for evaluating cold flow properties. The saturated components significantly influence cloud point, and fractionation of biodiesel to remove saturated components effectively reduces the cloud point. Distillation and thermal crystallization are the fractionation based on the phase equilibrium and own the disadvantages of low yields and slow production rate. This work describes a unique method to fractionate FAME at room range temperatures by forming solid urea inclusion compounds (UIC). Urea inclusion fractionation provides a way to reduce the cloud point of mixtures of FAME by preferentially removing high melting-point linear saturated FAME components. Since soybean oil is the primary feedstock for biodiesel in the United States, the effects of the mass ratio of urea to FAMEs, the mass ratio of methanol to FAMEs, and the type of solvents on urea inclusion fractionation were carried out on FAMEs from soybean oil in urea inclusion fractionation. In addition, FAMEs from other sources were used to test the feasibility of urea inclusion fractionation on the cold flow properties. According to the experiments, the cloud point of biodiesel from soybean oil after urea fractionation could be as low as -52 °C. The separation efficiency and selectivity were measured according to the driving force in urea inclusion fractionation. Compared to distillation and thermal fractionation, urea inclusion fractionation could reach high yields and good cold flow properties.
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Honerlagen, H., H. Reyer, D. Segelke, M. Oster, S. Ponsuksili, N. Trakooljul, B. Kuhla, and K. Wimmers. "38. Rumen microbiota and host gene expression associate to predisposed milk urea concentration in Holsteins." In World Congress on Genetics Applied to Livestock Production. The Netherlands: Wageningen Academic Publishers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/978-90-8686-940-4_38.

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Bispo, Artur Santos, Fernando Luiz Pellegrini Pessoa, and Ana Lucia Barbosa de Souza. "A BRIEF OVERVIEW OF AMMONIA AND UREA PRODUCTION AND THEIR SIMULATIONS STRATEGIES." In VII Simpósio Internacional de Inovação e Tecnologia. São Paulo: Editora Blucher, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5151/siintec2021-208696.

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Reports on the topic "Urea production"

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Killorn, Randy, and Jeffrey Moore. Comparison of ESN and Urea as Sources of Fall- and Spring-Applied N Fertilizer for Corn Production. Ames: Iowa State University, Digital Repository, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/farmprogressreports-180814-915.

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Killorn, Randy, and Jeffrey Moore. Comparison of ESN, Urea, and Aqua Ammonia as Sources of Spring-Applied N Fertilizer for Corn Production. Ames: Iowa State University, Digital Repository, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/farmprogressreports-180814-988.

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Huber, John Tal, Joshuah Miron, Brent Theurer, Israel Bruckental, and Spencer Swingle. Influence of Ruminal Starch Degradability on Performance of High Producing Dairy Cows. United States Department of Agriculture, January 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1994.7568748.bard.

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This research project entitled "Influence of Ruminal Starch Degradability on Performance of High Producing Dairy Cows" had the following objectives: a) Determine effects of feeding varying amounts of ruminally degradable starch (RDS) on efficiency of milk and milk protein production; and 2) Investigate digestive and metabolic mechanisms relating to lactation responses to diets varying in ruminal and total starch degradability. Four lactation studies with high producing cows were conducted in which steam-flaked (~ 75% RDS) was compared with dry-rolled sorghum (~ 50% RDS) grain. All studies demonstrated increased efficiency of conversion of feed to milk (FCM/DMI) and milk protein as amount of RDS in the diet increased by feeding steam-flaked sorghum. As RDS in diets increased, either by increased steam-flaked sorghum, grinding of sorghum, or increasing the proportion of wheat to sorghum, so also did ruminal and total tract digestibilities of starch and neutral-detergent soluble (NDS) carbohydrate. Despite other research by these two groups of workers showing increased non-ammonia N (NAN) flowing from the rumen to the duodenum with higher RDS, only one of the present studies showed such an effect. Post-absorptive studies showed that higher dietary RDS resulted in greater urea recycling, more propionate absorption, a tendency for greater output of glucose by the liver, and increased uptake of alpha-amino nitrogen by the mammary gland. These studies have shown that processing sorghum grain through steam-flaking increases RDS and results in greater yields and efficiency of production of milk and milk protein in high producing dairy cows.
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Varga, Gabriella A., Amichai Arieli, Lawrence D. Muller, Haim Tagari, Israel Bruckental, and Yair Aharoni. Effect of Rumen Available Protein, Amimo Acids and Carbohydrates on Microbial Protein Synthesis, Amino Acid Flow and Performance of High Yielding Cows. United States Department of Agriculture, August 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1993.7568103.bard.

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The effect of rumen available protein amino acids and carbohydrates on microbial protein synthesis, amino acid flow and performance of high yielding dairy cows was studied. A significant relationship between the effective degradabilities of OM in feedstuffs and the in vivo ruminal OM degradation of diets of dairy cows was found. The in situ method enabled the prediction of ruminal nutrients degradability response to processing of energy and nitragenous supplements. The AA profile of the rumen undegradable protein was modified by the processing method. In a continuous culture study total N and postruminal AA flows, and bacterial efficiency, is maximal at rumen degradable levels of 65% of the CP. Responses to rumen degradable non carbohydrate (NSC) were linear up to at least 27% of DM. Higher CP flow in the abomasum was found for cows fed high ruminally degradable OM and low ruminally degradable CP diet. It appeared that in dairy cows diets, the ratio of rumen degradable OM to rumenally degradable CP should be at least 5:1 in order to maximize postruminal CP flow. The efficiency of microbial CP synthesis was higher for diets supplemented with 33% of rumen undegradable protein, with greater amounts of bacterial AA reaching the abomasum. Increase in ruminal carbohydrate availability by using high moisture corn increased proportions of propionate, postruminal nutrients flow, postruminal starch digestibility, ruminal availability of NSC, uptake of energy substrates by the mammory gland. These modifications resulted with improvement in the utilization of nonessential AA for milk protein synthesis, in higher milk protein yield. Higher postruminal NSC digestibility and higher efficiency of milk protein production were recorded in cows fed extruded corn. Increasing feeding frequency increased flow of N from the rumen to the blood, reduced diurnal variation in ruminal and ammonia, and of plasma urea and improved postruminal NSC and CIP digestibility and total tract digestibilities. Milk and constituent yield increased with more frequent feeding. In a study performed in a commercial dairy herd, changes in energy and nitrogenous substrates level suggested that increasing feeding frequency may improve dietary nitrogen utilization and may shift metabolism toward more glucogenesis. It was concluded that efficiency of milk protein yield in high producing cows might be improved by an optimization of ruminal and post-ruminal supplies of energy and nitrogenous substrates. Such an optimization can be achieved by processing of energy and nitrogenous feedstuffs, and by increasing feeding frequency. In situ data may provide means for elucidation of the optimal processing conditions.
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