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Journal articles on the topic 'Urbanization – Uganda'
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Mukwaya, Paul, Yazidhi Bamutaze, Samuel Mugarura, and Todd Benson. "Rural-urban transformation in Uganda." Journal of African Development 14, no. 2 (October 1, 2012): 169–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/jafrideve.14.2.0169.
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Abstract Over the last twenty years, Uganda has experienced sustained economic growth, increasing urbanization and a sizeable transformation of economic output from agriculture to services. However, this shift in the sources of wealth in the economy has not been accompanied by a shift in employment out of agriculture to the other sectors. This reflects an inability of the more modern sectors of the economy to provide adequate employment for the many Ugandans entering the workforce every year. The relative underperformance of agriculture largely explains why very high income inequalities still persist between rural and urban areas. The government of Uganda recognizes these disparities and has consistently prioritized agricultural and rural development in all of its master development plans. It has also provided significant resources for road construction to better link rural Ugandans to urban market centers. However, the ability of government to effectively implement programs to attain its priorities for agriculture and rural development remains quite limited. Without close attention to putting in place effective public service delivery, the additional revenue from the newly discovered oil is unlikely to lead to the progress desired in rural areas by government.
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Paul, Ogwang Tulibaleka, Tumwesigye Keneth, and Ssunga Nakayima Lillian. "Urbanization in Africa: Integrating multiculturalism in urban development in Uganda." Journal of African Studies and Development 13, no. 4 (October 31, 2021): 74–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/jasd2021.0635.
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Kiggundu, Amin Tamale. "Capabilities and Gaps Assessments of Urban Air Quality Manage-ment in Uganda." Indonesian Journal of Geography 47, no. 1 (June 30, 2015): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ijg.6740.
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Today, large cities across the globe are facing a pervasive problem of air pollution. The purpose of this study is to assess the capabilities and gaps in urban air quality management in Uganda as well as proposing strategies for curbing air pollution. This study applied face to face interviews, targeting key informants such as the environmental experts, urbanization researchers and officials from the National Environment Management Authority (NEMA). Results show that rapid motorization, continued dependence on fossil fuels, open waste burning, biomass burning, industrialization, bushfires and urbanization are the key causes of air pollution in Uganda. To reduce air pollution and improve urban air quality it is critical to promote non-motorised mass transport, increase electricity access, regulate open waste burning, establish laboratories, strengthen local research and training capacity, promote collaborations, introduce more fuel efficient vehicles and periodic vehicle inspection and carry out public awareness campaigns about air pollution.
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Nakato, Teddy, O. O. Jegede, Ayanlade Ayansina, V. F. Olaleye, and Bolarin Olufemi. "Mapping the Distribution of Tsetse Flies in Eastern Uganda." International Journal of ICT Research and Development in Africa 1, no. 2 (April 2010): 19–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jictrda.2010040102.
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This study demonstrates the ability of GIS and Remote Sensing in capturing spatial-temporal data on land use and land cover classes. The nine land cover classes captured were Built-up area, Secondary forests, Savannah, Grasslands, and Shrublands containing herbaceous, Rain-fed shrub crops, Fresh water swamps, Water bodies, and Farmlands. The remote sensed imageries also displayed how the land use and land cover classes changed between 1986 and 2001, while helping to identify the suitability of the land cover classes for tsetse fly habitation. In this paper, the authors demonstrate that GIS and remote sensing coupled with statistical analyses could help immensely in mapping tsetse habitats. Results show that the tsetse fly habitat area in Eastern Uganda has been decreasing with time due to the increase in the Savannah and grassland land cover types and urbanization.
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Ssemugabo, Charles, Sarah Nalinya, Grace Biyinzika Lubega, Rawlance Ndejjo, and David Musoke. "Health Risks in Our Environment: Urban Slum Youth’ Perspectives Using Photovoice in Kampala, Uganda." Sustainability 13, no. 1 (December 29, 2020): 248. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13010248.
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Due to increasing urbanization, many people find themselves living in slums that expose them to several health risks. We explored urban health risks that fall short of the planetary boundaries in an urban slum in Kampala, Uganda using photovoice. We selected, trained, and assigned ten youth (five females and five males) to take photos on urban health risks. The photographs were discussed, and transcripts were analyzed based on the doughnut economics model using content analysis in NVivo 12. Environments and actions of slum dwellers expose them to health risks, and cause them to live at the edge of planetary boundaries. Environmental sanitation challenges, including solid and liquid waste management, excreta management, and food hygiene and safety expose slum dwellers to risks at the edge of the lower boundary of the planet. Urban conditions expose slum dwellers to poor physical infrastructure, undesirable work conditions, pollution, and health and safety challenges. Crime, violence, and substance use were also viewed as vices that make slum environments dangerous habitats. On the other hand, practices like inhabiting wetlands and using biomass fuels in addition to traffic fumes expose slum dwellers to effects associated with living above the planetary boundaries. Urban youth reflected on health risks that have immediate effects on their health and day-to-day living. Urbanization, especially in low resource settings, needs to be cognizant of the ensuing risks to health and thus ensure sustainable growth.
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Nyombi, K. "Towards sustainable highland banana production in Uganda: Opportunities and challenges." African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development 13, no. 57 (April 25, 2013): 7544–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.18697/ajfand.57.11080.
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East Africa highland bananas ( Musa sp., AAA- EA HB) are an important starchy food and cash crop in Uganda and the Great Lakes region of East Africa. Widespread reports of declining yields in Uganda since the 1930s and the low yields today do raise serious sustainability and food security concerns , especially as food demand increases with a population growth rate of 3.2% per annum . In addition, increasing urbanization continues to increase pressure on the banana system s, with bunches and leaves increasingly transported from rural areas to urban centres, leading to the continued loss of nutrients especially potassium. Actual yields on many smallholder banana farms (5 − 20 Mg ha − 1 yr − 1 FW ) in Uganda are far below the estimated potential yield (100 Mg ha − 1 FW ). Farmers cite soil fertility decline, pests ( banana weevils and nematodes) and moisture stress as the major factors responsible for yield decline. In response, several organic and mineral fertilization experiments have been carried out at research stations and in farmers’ fields in Uganda since the 1950s . Researchers have mostly reported responses to organic fertilizers, no or poor responses to Mg and P fertilization with some responses to K and N fertilization , but with yields that are far below the estimated potential . Although pests are controlled in so me trials, researchers have often failed to embrace a systems approach , quite often leaving out factors, such as moisture stress and soil physical conditions that affect the responses to fertilization . The government of Uganda in the National Development Plan 2010/11−2014/15 targets increased agricultural productivity for key staple crops like bananas in alleviating poverty in rural areas and ensuring national food security. In order to set proper banana research priorities to benefit farmers in Uganda , the objectives of this study were : to review past research aimed at reducing banana production constraints , identify opportunities and challenges facing the banana sector and put forward new research perspectives .
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Büscher, Karen, Sophie Komujuni, and Ivan Ashaba. "Humanitarian urbanism in a post-conflict aid town: aid agencies and urbanization in Gulu, Northern Uganda." Journal of Eastern African Studies 12, no. 2 (March 29, 2018): 348–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17531055.2018.1456034.
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Kabiri, Stella, Molly Allen, Juduth Toma Okuonzia, Beatrice Akello, Rebecca Ssabaganzi, and Drake Mubiru. "Detecting wetland encroachment and urban agriculture land classification in Uganda using hyper-temporal remote sensing." AAS Open Research 3 (February 16, 2022): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/aasopenres.13040.2.
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Background: Urbanization is an important indicator of economic growth and social change but is associated with environmental degradation, which threatens the sustainable growth of African cities. One of the most vulnerable ecosystems in urban areas are wetlands. In Uganda, wetlands cover an area of 11% of the country’s land area. Half of the wetland areas in Ugandan cities have been converted to industrial and residential areas, and urban agriculture. There is limited information on the extent of wetland conversion or utilization for urban agriculture. The objective of this study was to investigate the extent of wetlands lost in two Ugandan cities, Wakiso and Kampala, in the last 30 years. Secondly, we extracted crop agriculture in the wetlands of Kampala and Wakiso from hyper-temporal satellite image analysis in an attempt to produce a spatial detail of wetland encroachment maps of urban agriculture using a reproducible mapmaking method. Methods: Using a field survey and free remote sensing data from Landsat TM 1986 and Landsat ETM 2016 we classified the rate of wetland loss and encroachment between the years 1986 and 2016. We used MODIS NDVI 16-day composites at a 500-meter spatial resolution to broaden the analysis to distinguish distinctive crops and crop mixtures in the encroached wetlands for urban agriculture using the ISODATA clustering algorithm. Results: Over 30 years, 72,828 ha (73%) of the Wakiso-Kampala wetlands have been lost meanwhile agriculture areas have doubled. Of this 16,488 ha (23%) were converted from wetlands. All cultivated agriculture in Kampala was in the wetlands while in Wakiso, 73% of crop agriculture was in the wetlands. The major crops grown in these urban wetlands were banana (20%), sugarcane (22%), maize (17%), Eucalyptus trees (12%), sweet potatoes (10%), while ornamental nurseries, pine trees, vegetables, and passion fruits were each at 5%.
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Mirembe, Sandra, Abel Nzabona, and John A. Mushomi. "Internal youth migration in Uganda: Analyzing associates and employment outcomes." International Journal of Population Studies 5, no. 1 (September 6, 2019): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.18063/ijps.v5i1.969.
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Youth internal migration is seen as a solution to youth unemployment, and this has resulted in over urbanization and its associated negative effects such as congestion, pollution, unemployment, underemployment, and increased crime rates. The study aimed at examining the employment status of youth migrants, assessing the relationship between demographic factors and youth internal migration, investigating the association between socio-economic factors and youth internal migration, and evaluating the association between reasons for migration and migrant employment status. The study used secondary data collected in the youth employment and migration in Eastern and Southern Africa project. In Uganda, the project was carried out in nine districts. The study focused on both men and women aged 18-35 years and a total number of 1524 respondents were interviewed. Results of the study revealed that age, residence, and region had a significant association with migration status (p≤0.05). Age, sex, number of children, region, and reasons for migration had a significant association with self-employment status of the migrant (p<0.05). Marital status, sex, and reasons for migration had an association with the possibility of a migrant youth being employed (p≤0.05). The study recommends that local governments should provide the required infrastructures, social services, and amenities to encourage youths to carry out economic activities so as to develop their places of origin.
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Mirembe, Sandra, Abel Nzabona, and John A. Mushomi. "Internal youth migration in Uganda: Analyzing associates and employment outcomes." International Journal of Population Studies 6, no. 2 (September 6, 2019): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.18063/ijps.v6i2.969.
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Youth internal migration is seen as a solution to youth unemployment, and this has resulted in over urbanization and its associated negative effects such as congestion, pollution, unemployment, underemployment, and increased crime rates. The study aimed at examining the employment status of youth migrants, assessing the relationship between demographic factors and youth internal migration, investigating the association between socio-economic factors and youth internal migration, and evaluating the association between reasons for migration and migrant employment status. The study used secondary data collected in the youth employment and migration in Eastern and Southern Africa project. In Uganda, the project was carried out in nine districts. The study focused on both men and women aged 18-35 years and a total number of 1524 respondents were interviewed. Results of the study revealed that age, residence, and region had a significant association with migration status (p≤0.05). Age, sex, number of children, region, and reasons for migration had a significant association with self-employment status of the migrant (p<0.05). Marital status, sex, and reasons for migration had an association with the possibility of a migrant youth being employed (p≤0.05). The study recommends that local governments should provide the required infrastructures, social services, and amenities to encourage youths to carry out economic activities so as to develop their places of origin.
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Ayo, SA, J. Bonabana-Wabbi, and D. Sserunkuuma. "Determinants of fast food consumption in Kampala, Uganda." African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development 12, no. 53 (August 3, 2012): 6567–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.18697/ajfand.53.10775.
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Consumption of fast-food in Uganda is becoming an increasingly important component of the food market as more of the working class choose to dine out rather than prepare meals at home. Despite the importance of the fast-food sector, limited attempts have been made to study the consumption and expenditure behaviour of consumers of fast-food in Uganda. The main objective of this study was to assess characteristics influencing the consumption of fast-food in Kampala district. Specifically, the objectives of the study were: to assess the factors influencing the probability of consuming fast-food; and to determine the level of expenditure on fastfood. Primary data on socio-economic characteristics were collected from a sample of 300 respondents using a multi-stage sampling procedure. The study revealed that majority (90%) of the respondents consumed fast-food. The consumption of fast-food was most motivated by their taste and convenience. Results from the Heckman model show that household size, education level and distance from work-place to restaurant negatively influenced the probability of fast-food consumption and level of expenditure on fast-food while disposable monthly income had a positive effect on the probability of consumption and level of expenditure on fast-food. The high demand for fast-food is seen as an easy solution to consumers’ busy schedules and limited meal preparation time. As changing tastes and need for convenience become the goal of households, consumption of fast-food will be expected to rise especially in urban areas. This increase in fast-food consumption, coupled with rising population and urbanization in Uganda offers new market opportunities for agribusiness firms to exploit the growing demand by investing in the fast-food sector and producing sufficiently for this market. In addition, fast-food establishments should ensure proximity of their products and services to the consumers as convenience greatly influences fast-food consumption. Future research should include identification of sources of agricultural products used by fast-food outlets to provide information about the contribution of the fast-food sector to agricultural marketing and farmers’ livelihoods in Uganda.
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Onyango, Silver, Beth Parks, Simon Anguma, and Qingyu Meng. "Spatio-Temporal Variation in the Concentration of Inhalable Particulate Matter (PM10) in Uganda." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 10 (May 17, 2019): 1752. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16101752.
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Long-term particulate matter (PM10) measurements were conducted during the period January 2016 to September 2017 at three sites in Uganda (Mbarara, Kyebando, and Rubindi) representing a wide range of urbanization. Spatial, temporal and diurnal variations are assessed in this paper. Particulate matter (PM10) samples were collected for 24-h periods on PTFE filters using a calibrated pump and analyzed gravimetrically to determine the average density. Particulate levels were monitored simultaneously using a light scattering instrument to acquire real time data from which diurnal variations were assessed. The PM10 levels averaged over the sampling period at Mbarara, Kyebando, and Rubindi were 5.8, 8.4, and 6.5 times higher than the WHO annual air quality guideline of 20 µg·m−3, and values exceeded the 24-h mean PM10 guideline of 50 µg·m−3 on 83, 100, and 86% of the sampling days. Higher concentrations were observed during dry seasons at all sites. Seasonal differences were statistically significant at Rubindi and Kyebando. Bimodal peaks were observed in the diurnal analysis with higher morning peaks at Mbarara and Kyebando, which points to the impact of traffic sources, while the higher evening peak at Rubindi points to the influence of dust suspension, roadside cooking and open-air waste burning. Long-term measurement showed unhealthy ambient air in all three locations tested in Uganda, with significant spatial and seasonal differences.
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Agunyo, Miria Frances, Sarah Kizza-Nkambwe, and Kukunda Elizabeth Bacwayo. "Assessing the Economic Feasibility of Integrated Waste to Use Systems for Uganda." Global Environmental Engineers 8 (December 8, 2021): 27–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.15377/2410-3624.2021.08.3.
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Waste and sanitation Management is a major challenge in urban areas in Uganda where waste is composed of atleast 70% organic content and is basically collected and disposed of in landfills. While 90% of the sanitation facilities used are onsite systems often requiring additional treatment of sewage and faecal matter sewage yet faecal and sewage sludge treatment plants are few. The projected population increase is expected to further influence urbanization, increasing the need for basic waste and sanitation services. Integrated Waste to Use systems that consider combined management of organic waste streams i.e. biowaste, animal waste, sewage and faecal sludge, could be a viable solution for the urban areas. The systems which consist of a combination of anaerobic digestion, composting, incineration and solar drying technologies promote resource recovery in the form of biogas, briquettes and organic fertilizer. The economic feasibility of the Waste to Use systems was carried out and the results indicated that the feasibility of the systems was positively influenced by the inclusion of the anaerobic digestion process, which allowed for recovery of biogas and digestate as organic fertilizer. Furthermore, a combination of low system investment costs, increased revenues from resource recovery, consideration of equity capital of at least 30%, interest rate of at most 10% and fugitive emissions less than 7 % would positively influence the economic feasibility of the system alternatives.
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Mirembe, BB, R. Ndejjo, and D. Musoke. "Sanitation and hygiene status of butcheries in Kampala district, Uganda." African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development 15, no. 70 (June 23, 2015): 01–08. http://dx.doi.org/10.18697/ajfand.70.shortcom-mirembe.
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There is a growing trend in the consumption of animal products such as meat in the developing world especially due to a growing population, urbanization and rising incomes. This poses a risk of food borne illnesses from meat consumption due to poor sanitation and hygiene. The purpose of this study was to assess the sanitation and hygiene status of butcheries in Kampala district, Uganda. The study was cross-sectional in design and involved quantitative data collection methods. The study units were butcheries from which one respondent was randomly selected to answer the questionnaire. An observational checklist was used to assess the status of sanitation and hygiene of the butcheries. Data were entered and analysed in Epi Info 3.5.1 statistical software. A total of 73 butcheries were visited, 51 (69.9%) of which were permanent structures, 7 (9.6%) semi-permanent and 15 (20.5%) temporary. Observations revealed that 24 (32.9%) butcheries had cracked walls and 66 (90.4%) had damaged floors. The main water source used by the butcheries was tap 67 (91.8%) with the rest collecting water from nearby protected springs. Hand washing facilities were present in 56 (76.7%) of the butcheries of which only 5 (6.8%) had soap for hand washing. Only 19 (26.0%) of the butcheries had receptacles for waste storage. Cleaning practices varied among butchers with 55 (75.3%) cleaning their butcheries daily. Most of the equipment (pangas and knives) found in the butcheries 66 (90.4%) were clean. Regarding personal hygiene, 57 (78.1%) of the respondents wore clean clothes, 65 (89.0%) had short finger nails and only 23 (31.5%) had personal protective wear. From the study, it was observed that the sanitation and hygiene status of butcheries in Kampala district was poor. There is, thus, need for the local authority to put in place stringent measures to ensure proper hygiene and sanitation which will reduce on the risks of meat contamination.
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Nabukeera, Madinah. "Recentralisation Of Performance Of Urban Solid Waste Management Service Delivery In Lubage-Kampala Uganda." Archives of Business Research 8, no. 8 (August 17, 2020): 82–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/abr.88.8859.
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Kampala is a government seat and the capital city of Uganda. Kampala has been referred to as an executive slum due to its breakdown in service delivery. Currently the city is facing increased population growth, increased demand for services, changing consumptions, rising income which has caused urbanization that resulted into increased solid waste generated. While Kampala has a lot of challenges i.e., garbage, potholes, sewer service, construction, traffic management, corruption, health services, environment, stray livestock and management of markets. The main objective of this papers was to investigate service delivery during the recentralization of the city in line with garbage tonnage. Secondary data from Lubaga division used with content analysis to analysis the collected data. Results indicated that a small number of trips and fuel consumption in December compared to October and November 2016. The fall in trend of garbage collected could be as a result of some measures like burning which are adopted by some households in Rubaga division. It is also believed that some KCCA garbage vehicles remain on the road sides and this would make it hard for some people who are far from the road to bring their garbage.
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Kabiri, Stella, Molly Allen, Juduth Toma Okuonzia, Beatrice Akello, Rebecca Ssabaganzi, and Drake Mubiru. "Detecting level of wetland encroachment for urban agriculture in Uganda using hyper-temporal remote sensing." AAS Open Research 3 (May 12, 2020): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/aasopenres.13040.1.
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Background: Urbanization is an important indicator of economic growth and social change but is associated with environmental degradation. In Uganda, wetlands cover an area of 11% of the country’s land area, of which half have been converted to industry and residential areas, and urban agriculture. Here, we investigate the extent of wetlands lost in two Ugandan cities, Wakiso and Kampala, in a period of 30 years. Secondly, we demonstrate a simple methodology to monitor agriculture on encroached wetlands. Methods: Using a field survey and free remote sensing data from Landsat TM 1986 and Landsat ETM 2016 we classified the rate of wetland loss and encroachment from 1986 to 2016. Using MODIS NDVI 16-day composites at 500-meter spatial resolution, we generated distinctive crops and crop mixtures in the encroached wetlands for urban agriculture using the ISODATA clustering algorithm. Results: Over 30 years, 72,828 ha (73%) of the Wakiso-Kampala wetlands have been lost. Agriculture areas have doubled, of which 16,488 ha (23%) were reclaimed from wetlands. All cultivated agriculture in Kampala was in the wetlands while in Wakiso, 73% of crop agriculture was in the wetlands. Major crops grown in these urban wetlands were banana (20%), sugarcane (22%), maize (17%), Eucalyptus trees (12%), sweet potatoes (10%). Conclusions: The Kampala-Wakiso wetlands have been disappearing at a rate of 2500 ha annually for the last 30 years. At this rate, there will be no wetlands left by 2029. Policy recommendations should promote wetland reclamation programs so as to restore and reconstruct lost and fragmented wetlands; should mandate food security and poverty eradication to convene with ministries regulating wetlands to merge conflicting policies; and should develop polices that are inclusive of challenges faced by the urban poor while at the same time minimize the pressures on urban environments.
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Wadembere, Ismail, and Moreen Kobugabe. "Geospatial Assessment of Uncontrolled Urbanization and Its Deviation from an Intelligent City: A Case Study of Fort Portal, Uganda." Journal of Geography, Environment and Earth Science International 12, no. 1 (January 10, 2017): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/jgeesi/2017/36362.
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Omulo, Godfrey, Musinguzi Muhsin, Ismail Kasana, and Resty Nabaterega. "A proposal for empowering slum dwellers as a viable way of addressing urbanization challenges in Katanga slum, Kampala, Uganda." Environmental Engineering Research 22, no. 4 (June 9, 2017): 432–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4491/eer.2017.013.
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Silva-Novoa Sanchez, Luis Miguel, Jeltsje Sanne Kemerink-Seyoum, Dauda Waiswa Batega, and Ramkrishna Paul. "Caught in the middle? Access to water in the rural to urban transformation of Bushenyi-Ishaka municipality, Uganda." Water Policy 22, no. 4 (May 29, 2020): 670–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2020.024.
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Abstract This paper aims to contribute to the relatively few empirical studies done on how processes of urbanization affect water supply in smaller towns by providing an in-depth case study of Bushenyi-Ishaka municipality in Uganda. The paper shows how changes in water service provision as a result of the rural to urban transformation of the area differently affect various groups of water users in their access to water. Based on this research, the authors question the process of categorization and labelling in public service delivery, especially rigidly distinguishing between urban and rural water infrastructures and management models, as it often (re)produces binaries and potentially creates structural inequities. Building further on literature focusing on understanding and dealing with complexity, the paper calls for more empirical research to document everyday practices of providing and accessing water in changing environments in the hope to ultimately inform more effective policy interventions that aim for equity in water distributions.
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mukisa, Ambrose, Denis Kasozi, Claire Aguttu, and Joseph Kyambadde. "Delta-Aminolevulinic acid dehydratase enzyme activity and susceptibility to lead toxicity in Uganda’s urban children." F1000Research 11 (May 18, 2022): 538. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.108885.1.
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Background: Rapid industrialization, urbanization, and population explosion in sub-Saharan Africa escalate environmental lead levels and subsequently blood lead levels in children. Its levels in one’s environment account for their blood lead levels. One’s susceptibility to lead toxicity is governed by nutrition status, age and genetics. This study aimed at expounding susceptibility to lead toxicity by relating blood lead levels, delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) enzyme activity, and genetic variations of proteins that code for ALAD in urban children of Uganda. Methods: A total of 198 blood samples were spectrophotometrically analysed for blood lead levels (BLL), hemoglobin (Hb) levels, and ALAD enzyme activity before DNA extraction, polymerase chain reaction, and restriction fragment length digestion for ALAD polymorphism. Results: Up to 99.5% of the total samples analyzed coded for ALAD1 allele compared to 0.05% that coded for ALAD2. There was a significant relationship between BLL, Hb status and ALAD enzyme activity in the three isozymes (ALAD1-1, ALAD1-2 and ALAD2-2) in strength of ALAD1-1 (r = 0.42, p -value = 0.02) ˂ ALAD1-2 (r = 0.62, p -value = ˂ 0.001) ˂ ALAD2-2 (r = 0.67, p -value = ˂ 0.001). Conclusions: Majority of children in Uganda code for the ALAD1 allele, which is important for blood lead ions hoarding during lead toxicity. Hoarding of blood lead not only delays exposure effects but also accumulates its levels in deposit tissues and this poses adverse effects later in their lives
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Brousse, Oscar, Hendrik Wouters, Matthias Demuzere, Wim Thiery, Jonas Van de Walle, and Nicole P. M. Lipzig. "The local climate impact of an African city during clear‐sky conditions—Implications of the recent urbanization in Kampala (Uganda)." International Journal of Climatology 40, no. 10 (February 4, 2020): 4586–608. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/joc.6477.
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Chin, Jerome H., Aska Twinobuhungiro, Alexander Sandhu, Norbert Hootsmans, James Kayima, and Robert Kalyesubula. "Determinants of Hypertension in Urban Uganda: A Community-Based Case-Control Study." Ethnicity & Disease 27, no. 1 (January 19, 2017): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.18865/ed.27.1.15.
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<p class="Pa7"><strong>Objective: </strong>Rapid urbanization is changing the epidemiology of non-communicable diseases in sub-Saharan Africa. We aimed to identify the determinants of raised blood pressure in urban Uganda to highlight targets for preventive interventions.</p><p class="Pa7"><strong>Design: </strong>Case-control.</p><p class="Pa7"><strong>Setting: </strong>Three community-based sites in Kampala, the capital of Uganda.</p><p class="Pa7"><strong>Participants: </strong>Participants were eligible to enroll if they were aged ≥18 years and not pregnant.</p><p class="Default"><strong>Methods: </strong>450 cases with raised blood pressure were frequency matched by sex and age to 412 controls. Unconditional logistic regression was used to evaluate the association of socio-demographic, lifestyle, anthropometric, and laboratory variables with the outcome of raised blood pressure. Cases currently treated with antihypertensive medication and cases not treated with antihypertensive medication were analyzed separately.</p><p class="Pa7"><strong>Results: </strong>Significantly increased odds of raised blood pressure were associated with overweight body mass index (BMI) (25 kg/m2 ≤ BMI < 30 kg/m2), obese BMI (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2) and hemoglobin A1c ≥ 6.5%. Significantly decreased odds of raised blood pressure were associated with moderate-to-vigorous work-related physical activity of >4 hours/week. No significant associations were found between raised blood pressure and marital status, education level, car or flush toilet ownership, dietary habits, alcohol consumption, smoking habits, moderate-to-vigorous leisure-related physical activity > 4 hours/week, waist-to-hip ratio, or total cholesterol levels.</p><p class="Pa7"><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Targeted interventions are needed to address the key modifiable risk factors for raised blood pressure identified in this study, namely elevated BMI and regular physical activity, in order to reduce the burden of cardiovascular disease in urban Uganda. <em></em></p><p class="Pa7"><em>Ethn Dis. </em>2017;27(1):15-20; doi:10.18865/ed.27.1.15.</p>
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Nuwagira, Upton, Igga Yasin, and Perfect Nasasira. "Interrogating the Impact of Land Use/Land Cover Dynamics in Mbarara City in Southwestern Uganda." East African Journal of Environment and Natural Resources 6, no. 1 (January 25, 2023): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.37284/eajenr.6.1.1062.
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The urbanization in Mbarara City Southwestern Uganda has increased the number of built-up and small-scale agricultural areas thus escalating pressure on the grassland and woodlot areas hence influencing land fragmentation and slum development. In this study, we focused on land use/land cover dynamics. This helped us to identify land uses that reduce grassland areas, which increases land fragmentation, and slum development. Presumably, the land uses in the area included built-up areas, grassland, small-scale agriculture, and woodlots. Built-up, grassland, and small-scale agriculture were vital for our analysis. We employed remote sensing techniques (Supervised-Maximum Likelihood Classifier) with two cloud-free high-resolution images of 2010 and 2022 in mapping spatial-temporal patterns in built-up, grassland, and small-scale agriculture. Our results evidenced that built-up area increased by (5.14%), grassland declined by (7.1%), small-scale agriculture increased by (2.62%), and woodlots reduced by (0.73%) between 2010 to 2022 and the accuracy assessment for the image classification was (83%). Our study found that an increase in built-up areas and small-scale agriculture led to the decline of the grassland and woodlot areas between 2010 to 2022 with a statistically significant difference (p = 0.03). There was also a strong positive correlation (r = 0.97) between land use/land cover types in 2010 and 2022. Our study recommends that Mbarara City Authority should put strict laws and regulations governing the minimum size of land required during sub-division to avoid land fragmentation which results in increased slum development. Increased land fragmentation may have an intense impact on important ecosystems such as grasslands.
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Kiggundu, Nicholas, Listowel Abugri Anaba, Noble Banadda, Joshua Wanyama, and Isa Kabenge. "Assessing Land Use and Land Cover Changes in the Murchison Bay Catchment of Lake Victoria Basin in Uganda." Journal of Sustainable Development 11, no. 1 (January 30, 2018): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jsd.v11n1p44.
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The Murchison Bay catchment in the northern shoreline of Lake Victoria basin is a high valued ecosystem because of the numerous human-related activities it supports in Uganda. The catchment has undergone tremendous human-induced land use/cover changes, which have not been quantified. This study aimed at quantifying the land use/cover changes as well as the rate at which these changes occurred over the last three decades in the catchment. This was achieved using remote sensing techniques and Geographic Information System (GIS) to analyse and contextualize the changes. To that effect, images of Landsat satellites MSS, TM, ETM+ and OLI were interpreted using supervised image classification technique to determine the land use/land cover changes from 1984 to 2015. The obtained results indicated that the catchment has undergone huge land use and land cover transformations over the last three decades attributable to rapid population growth and urbanization. The prevailing changes in footprint between 1984 and 2015 were expansions of built–up land (20.58% to 49.59%) and open water bodies (not detected in 1984 to 1.74%), and decreases in the following sectors: agricultural lands (from 43.88% to 26.10%), forestland (from 23.78% to 17.49%), and wetlands (from 11.76% to 5.08%). The changes pose a threat to the environment and water quality of the Murchison Bay and consequently increases National Water and Sewerage Corporation water treatment costs. Therefore, there is the need to take critical and practical measures to regulate and police land use, water use rights and conserve the environment especially wetlands.
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Twinamasiko, Bruce, Edward Lukenge, Stella Nabawanga, Winnie Nansalire, Lois Kobusingye, Gad Ruzaaza, and Francis Bajunirwe. "Sedentary Lifestyle and Hypertension in a Periurban Area of Mbarara, South Western Uganda: A Population Based Cross Sectional Survey." International Journal of Hypertension 2018 (2018): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/8253948.
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Introduction. Globally, cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and diabetes constitute over 50% of the noncommunicable disease (NCD) burden and projections indicate Sub-Saharan Africa will experience a larger burden. Urbanization on the continent is contributing to the change in lifestyle such as diet and physical activity, which may increase the risk for CVDs. There is lack of sufficient data from the African continent on hypertension and its association with sedentary lifestyle. Methods. We conducted a cross sectional study in periurban Uganda among adults aged at least 35 years. We administered questions on diet, physical activity, and smoking. We took anthropometric measurements, blood pressure, and fasting blood glucose. Hypertension was defined as systolic BP>=140 and/or diastolic BP>=90 and/or history of hypertension medications. Logistic regression was used to determine the crude and adjusted odds ratios for the factors associated with hypertension. Results. We enrolled 310 participants and 50% were female. The prevalence of systolic hypertension was 24.5%, diastolic hypertension was 31%, obesity was 46%, and diabetes was 9%. Of those with hypertension (n=76), 53 participants (69.7%) were not aware they had high BP. Sedentary lifestyle was significantly associated with hypertension even after adjusting for age and obesity. Conclusion. There is a high prevalence of obesity, hypertension, and diabetes and majority of participants with hypertension are not aware. Participants with a sedentary work style should be targeted for prevention and screening.
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Twinomucunguzi, Felix R. B., Philip M. Nyenje, Robinah N. Kulabako, Swaib Semiyaga, Jan Willem Foppen, and Frank Kansiime. "Reducing Groundwater Contamination from On-Site Sanitation in Peri-Urban Sub-Saharan Africa: Reviewing Transition Management Attributes towards Implementation of Water Safety Plans." Sustainability 12, no. 10 (May 21, 2020): 4210. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12104210.
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High urbanization in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) has resulted in increased peri-urban groundwater contamination by on-site sanitation. The World Health Organization introduced Water Safety Plans (WSP) towards the elimination of contamination risks to water supply systems; however, their application to peri-urban groundwater sources has been limited. Focusing on Uganda, Ghana, and Tanzania, this paper reviews limitations of the existing water regime in addressing peri-urban groundwater contamination through WSPs and normative attributes of Transition Management (TM) towards a sustainable solution. Microbial and nutrient contamination remain prevalent hazards in peri-urban SSA, arising from on-site sanitation within a water regime following Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) principles. Limitations to implementation of WSPs for peri-urban groundwater protection include policy diversity, with low focus on groundwater; institutional incoherence; highly techno-centric management tools; and limited regard for socio-cultural and urban-poor aspects. In contrast, TM postulates a prescriptive approach promoted by community-led frontrunners, with flexible and multi-domain actors, experimenting through socio-technical tools towards a shared vision. Thus, a unified risk-based management framework, harnessing attributes of TM and IWRM, is proposed towards improved WSP implementation. The framework could assist peri-urban communities and policymakers in formulating sustainable strategies to reduce groundwater contamination, thereby contributing to improved access to safe water.
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Rose, Noah H., Stéphanie Dabo, Silvânia da Veiga Leal, Massamba Sylla, Cheikh T. Diagne, Oumar Faye, Ousmane Faye, Amadou A. Sall, Carolyn S. McBride, and Louis Lambrechts. "Enhanced mosquito vectorial capacity underlies the Cape Verde Zika epidemic." PLOS Biology 20, no. 10 (October 26, 2022): e3001864. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3001864.
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The explosive emergence of Zika virus (ZIKV) across the Pacific and Americas since 2007 was associated with hundreds of thousands of human cases and severe outcomes, including congenital microcephaly caused by ZIKV infection during pregnancy. Although ZIKV was first isolated in Uganda, Africa has so far been exempt from large-scale ZIKV epidemics, despite widespread susceptibility among African human populations. A possible explanation for this pattern is natural variation among populations of the primary vector of ZIKV, the mosquito Aedes aegypti. Globally invasive populations of Ae. aegypti outside of Africa are considered effective ZIKV vectors because they are human specialists with high intrinsic ZIKV susceptibility, whereas African populations of Ae. aegypti across the species’ native range are predominantly generalists with low intrinsic ZIKV susceptibility, making them less likely to spread viruses in the human population. We test this idea by studying a notable exception to the patterns observed across most of Africa: Cape Verde experienced a large ZIKV outbreak in 2015 to 2016. We find that local Ae. aegypti in Cape Verde have substantial human-specialist ancestry, show a robust behavioral preference for human hosts, and exhibit increased susceptibility to ZIKV infection, consistent with a key role for variation among mosquito populations in ZIKV epidemiology. These findings suggest that similar human-specialist populations of Ae. aegypti in the nearby Sahel region of West Africa, which may be expanding in response to rapid urbanization, could serve as effective vectors for ZIKV in the future.
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Dhakal, Nirajan, Sergio G. Salinas-Rodriguez, Jamal Hamdani, Almotasembellah Abushaban, Hassan Sawalha, Jan C. Schippers, and Maria D. Kennedy. "Is Desalination a Solution to Freshwater Scarcity in Developing Countries?" Membranes 12, no. 4 (March 31, 2022): 381. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes12040381.
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Rapid population growth and urbanization are two main drivers for the over-abstraction of conventional freshwater resources in various parts of the world, which leads to the situation of water scarcity (per capita availability <1000 m3/year). Predictions based on the World Bank projected population data and the FAO AQUASTAT database for freshwater availability show that by 2050, 2 billion people living in 44 countries will likely suffer from water scarcity, of which 95% may live in developing countries. Among these, the countries that will likely be most strongly hit by water scarcity by 2050 are Uganda, Burundi, Nigeria, Somalia, Malawi, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Haiti, Tanzania, Niger, Zimbabwe, Afghanistan, Sudan, and Pakistan. Currently, these countries have not yet established desalination to meet their freshwater demand. However, the current global trend shows that membrane-based desalination technology is finding new outlets for supplying water to meet growing water demand in most of the water-scarce countries. These 14 water-scarce countries will demand an additional desalination capacity of 54 Mm3/day by 2050 in order to meet the standard of current municipal water demand and to compensate for the withdrawal of renewable resources. Case studies from India, China, and South Africa have highlighted that other countries may apply the strategy of using desalinated water for industrial users. Moreover, challenges to the widespread adoption of desalination exist such as expense, significant energy use, the need for specialized staff training, the large carbon footprint of facilities, environmental issues such as greenhouse gas emission (GHGs), chemical discharge, and operational problems such as membrane fouling.
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Nicholas, Kemboi, Professor Obiri John, and Professor China Samuel. "THE NEXUS BETWEEN LAND USE CHANGES AND LANDSLIDES OCCURRENCES ON THE SLOPES OF MT. ELGON, BUNGOMA COUNTY IN KENYA." International Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Invention 9, no. 11 (November 11, 2022): 7495–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.18535/ijsshi/v9i011.09.
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Land use and land cover has been recognized throughout the world as one of the most important factors influencing landslides occurrence. Although many landslide episodes have been reported and observed on the slopes of Mount Elgon both in Uganda and Kenya, little literature exists describing the relationship between land use/land cover and landslide occurrences. The overall objective of the study was to establish the link between land use changes and landslide occurrence. The study adopted mixed method research design. The research used both primary and secondary data. Primary data was collected through interview schedules and questionnaires. Purposive sampling was used to select sites from the four wards for purposes of primary data collection and transect walk. Simple random sampling was used to select 381 households. Landsat satellite images for land cover change analysis was sourced from Regional Centre for Mapping of Resources for Development (RCMRD). Primary data which included quantitative data as analyzed using the statistical package for social scientist (SPSS) (version20). A linear regression model was run to get the predictor values between the variables. The results of this study revealed that; there is a positive link between land use changes characterized by agricultural practices, human activities, increased population, semi-urbanization and landslide occurrences in the Mt. Elgon region. On basis of the above findings, the study recommends that there is an urgent need by appropriate stakeholders from Government, both national and County, to restore forest cover on the deforested steep slopes and restrain the communities from encroaching on the pristine mid slopes of Mt Elgon.
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Van de Walle, J., O. Brousse, L. Arnalsteen, C. Brimicombe, D. Byarugaba, M. Demuzere, E. Jjemba, et al. "Lack of vegetation exacerbates exposure to dangerous heat in dense settlements in a tropical African city." Environmental Research Letters 17, no. 2 (January 21, 2022): 024004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac47c3.
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Abstract Both climate change and rapid urbanization accelerate exposure to heat in the city of Kampala, Uganda. From a network of low-cost temperature and humidity sensors, operational in 2018–2019, we derive the daily mean, minimum and maximum Humidex in order to quantify and explain intra-urban heat stress variation. This temperature-humidity index is shown to be heterogeneously distributed over the city, with a daily mean intra-urban Humidex Index deviation of 1.2 ∘C on average. The largest difference between the coolest and the warmest station occurs between 16:00 and 17:00 local time. Averaged over the whole observation period, this daily maximum difference is 6.4 ∘C between the warmest and coolest stations, and reaches 14.5 ∘C on the most extreme day. This heat stress heterogeneity also translates to the occurrence of extreme heat, shown in other parts of the world to put local populations at risk of great discomfort or health danger. One station in a dense settlement reports a daily maximum Humidex Index of > 40 ∘C in 68% of the observation days, a level which was never reached at the nearby campus of the Makerere University, and only a few times at the city outskirts. Large intra-urban heat stress differences are explained by satellite earth observation products. Normalized Difference Vegetation Index has the highest (75%) power to predict the intra-urban variations in daily mean heat stress, but strong collinearity is found with other variables like impervious surface fraction and population density. Our results have implications for urban planning on the one hand, highlighting the importance of urban greening, and risk management on the other hand, recommending the use of a temperature-humidity index and accounting for large intra-urban heat stress variations and heat-prone districts in urban heat action plans for tropical humid cities.
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Mackay, Heather. "Food sources and access strategies in Ugandan secondary cities: an intersectional analysis." Environment and Urbanization 31, no. 2 (May 15, 2019): 375–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956247819847346.
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This article arises from an interest in African urbanization and in the food, farming and nutritional transitions that some scholars present as integral to urban life. The paper investigates personal urban food environments, food sources and access strategies in two secondary Ugandan cities, Mbale and Mbarara, drawing on in-depth interviews and applying an intersectional lens. Food sources were similar across dimensions of difference but food access strategies varied. My findings indicate that socioeconomic circumstance (class) was the most salient influence shaping differences in daily food access strategies. Socioeconomic status, in turn, interacted with other identity aspects, an individual’s asset base and broader structural inequalities in influencing urban food environments. Rural land and rural connections, or multispatiality, were also important for food-secure urban lives. The work illuminates geometries of advantage and disadvantage within secondary cities, and highlights similarities and differences between food environments in these cities and Uganda’s capital, Kampala.
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Skidmore-Hess, Cathy. "We Women Worked So Hard: Gender, Urbanization and Social Reproduction in Colonial Harare, Zimbabwe, 1930-1956, and: We Come Here Only to Struggle, and: Second Face: Berida's Lives, and: Gender Violence in Africa: African Women's Responses, and: Women and Politics in Uganda (review)." NWSA Journal 14, no. 2 (2002): 237–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/nwsa.2002.0050.
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Friedrich, M. J. "Rural Uganda’s Heart Disease Risk Factors Go Up With Urbanization." JAMA 312, no. 11 (September 17, 2014): 1088. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2014.12653.
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Skidmore-Hess, Kathy. "BOOK REVIEW: Teresa Barnes. WE WOMEN WORKED SO HARD: GENDER, URBANIZATION AND SOCIAL REPRODUCTION IN COLONIAL HARARE, ZIMBABWE, 1930-1956. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann, 1999. and Berida Ndambuki and Claire Robertson. WE COME HERE ONLY TO STRUGGLE. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2000. and Claire C. Robertson. SECOND FACE: BERIDA'S LIVES. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2000. and December Green. GENDER VIOLENCE IN AFRICA: AFRICAN WOMEN'S RESPONSES. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1999. and Aili Mari Tripp. WOMEN AND POLITICS IN UGANDA. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2000." NWSA Journal 14, no. 2 (July 2002): 237–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2979/nws.2002.14.2.237.
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Mahri, A. Jajang W., Rais Muhamad Falah, and Aas Nurasyiah. "Regional Sukuk Issuance Strategy for West Java Province Infrastructure Financing." Jurnal Ekonomi Syariah Teori dan Terapan 9, no. 6 (November 30, 2022): 772–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/vol9iss20226pp772-786.
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ABSTRAK Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi masalah dan solusi yang menghambat penerbitan sukuk daerah untuk pembiayaan infrastruktur di Jawa Barat. Pendekatan pada penelitian ini menggunakan metode Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). Subjek penelitian ini berasal dari regulator, akademisi, dan praktisi di bidang sukuk sebanyak 7 orang. Hasil penelitian ini menemukan bahwa masalah terbesar belum diterbitkannya sukuk daerah di Jawa Barat adalah rendahnya pengetahuan masyarakat (investor) tentang sukuk daerah dan juga rendahnya kesiapan sumber daya manusia (SDM) pemerintah daerah. Hasil penelitian juga menemukan prioritas solusi yaitu melakukan sosialisasi dan promosi kepada masyarakat (investor) mengenai sukuk daerah, dengan strategi yang dapat dirumuskan sebagai berikut: 1) melakukan sosialisasi dan promosi kepada masyarakat (investor) mengenai sukuk daerah, 2) mengadakan pelatihan atau workshop tentang teknis penerapan, konsep, dan skema syariah sukuk, 3) membuat peraturan daerah khusus yang mengatur tentang penerbitan sukuk disesuaikan dengan otonomi daerah, 4) menyusun dan mengintegrasikan peraturan yang memadai dalam bentuk UU (undang-undang) khusus, yang menjadi payung untuk pelaksanaan sukuk daerah. Penelitian ini diharapkan dapat memberikan manfaat bagi para stakeholder untuk merumuskan strategi penerbitan sukuk daerah di Jawa Barat agar kedepannya pemanfaatan sukuk daerah di bidang infrastruktur lebih optimal, sehingga peran sukuk daerah dalam pembangunan daerah dapat tercapai. Kata Kunci: Sukuk Daerah, Pembiayaan Infrastruktur, Strategi Penerbitan Sukuk, Analytical Hierarchy Process. ABSTRACT The study aimed to identify problems hindering the issuance of provincial/regional sovereign sukuk (regional sukuk) for infrastructure financing in West Java province as well as solutions to it. The study employed an Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method. The subjects of this study altogether were seven regulators, academicians, and practitioners of sukuk. The results showed that the biggest problem preventing the government of West Java province from issuing a regional sukuk was the low level of public knowledge (investors) on the sukuk and of readiness on the part of human resources (HR) of the provincial government. Therefore, the study found that a priority solution to the problem was the socialization and promotion of provincial sukuk to the community (investors). The further solutions were as follows: 1) socialization and promotion of community training, 2) technical implementation, concept, and schemes of sharia sukuk, 3) Issuance of a special provincial regulation on sukuk, and 4) compilation and integration of related regulations on sukuk in a special law on sovereign sukuk which serves as a legal basis for provincial sovereign sukuk. The study was expected to shed some light on relevant stakeholders in formulating strategies for the issuance of provincial sukuk in West Java province. This in turn will guarantee better utilization of the sukuk for infrastructure financing, exploiting its true potential and roles for better provincial development. Keywords: Regional Sukuk, Infrastructure Financing, Sukuk Issuance Strategy, Analytical Hierarchy Process. REFERENCES Al Ajlouni, A. T., & Al Habeeb, M. A. (2021). Municipal sukuk as a model for financing municipalities and public service institutions in Saudi Arabia. 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Evaluasi program pembangunan infrastruktur perdesaan di desa Wonokerto, Kecamatan Turi, Kabupaten Sleman. Jurnal Perencanaan Wilayah Dan Kota, 25(2), 137–156. https://doi.org/10.5614/jpwk.2015.25.2.4 Carunia, M. F. (2017). Kebijakan dan strategi peningkatan pendapatan asli daerah dalam pembangunan nasional. Yayasan Pustaka Obor Indonesia. Fadhilah, I. (2017). Sukuk dan potensinya dalam pembiayaan daerah. Retrieved from https://sikapiuangmu.ojk.go.id/FrontEnd/CMS/Article/10499 Fasa, M. I. (2016). Sukuk: Teori dan implementasi. Jurnal Studi Ekonomi dan Bisnis Islam, 1(1), 80–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.31332/lifalah.v1i1.476 Fauziah, S., & Nurwahidin. (2020). Pembiayaan infrastruktur dengan sukuk negara di Indonesia: Prosedur dan struktur. Jurnal Manajemen, Ekonomi Dan Akuntansi, 4(1), 257–270. https://doi.org/10.31955/mea.v4i1.233 Fitrianto. (2019). Sukuk dan pembangunan negara. At-Taradhi, 10(1), 71–87. https://dx.doi.org/10.18592/at-taradhi.v10i1.2644 Gorelick, J. (2018). Supporting the future of municipal bonds in sub-Saharan Africa: The centrality of enabling environments and regulatory frameworks. Environment and Urbanization, 30(1), 103-122. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956247817741853 Haq, M. R., Sari, D. P. F., & Hana, K. F. (2020). Peran sukuk terhadap pembangunan infrastruktur. Al-Mutharahah, 17(1), 87-103. Harimurti, A. J., & Zaky, A. (2020). Obstacles and strategy of municipal Islamic bonds issuance as an alternative of municipal funding. AFEBI Islamic Finance and Economic Review, 3(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.47312/aifer.v3i01.250 Hastuti, E. S., & Santoso, B. (2018). Metode Analytic Network Process (ANP) untuk menganalisis faktor belum diterapkannya municipal Islamic bonds pada daerah berpotensi sukuk di Indonesia. Jurnal Ekonomi Dan Bisnis, 19(1), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.30659/ekobis.19.1.1-15 Ibrahim, Z. (2013). Potensi sukuk sebagai alternatif pembiayaan pembangunan di Banten. Al-Qalam, 30(2), 293-318. Kaffah, N. I., & Wirdyaningsih, W. (2019). Implementation of regional sukuk (Islamic bonds) as a solution for Regional economic development in Indonesia. Proceedings of AICS-Social Sciences, 19, 28–37. http://e-repository.unsyiah.ac.id/AICS-Social/article/view/16662 Kementerian Koordinator Bidang Perekonomian RI. (2021). Inovasi pembiayaan infrastruktur melalui pemanfaatan nilai di Indonesia. Retrieved from https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/702071/innovative-infrastructure-financing-indonesia-id.pdf Kennedy, P. P., Juliana, J., & Utami, S. A. (2020). Efektivitas penyaluran pembiayaan KPR syariah bersubsidi pada PT Bank BTN Syariah Cirebon. Ekspansi: Jurnal Ekonomi, Keuangan, Perbankan Dan Akuntansi, 12(2), 209–223. https://doi.org/10.35313/ekspansi.v12i2.2224 Khan, I. U. (2015). Islamic bonds (Ṣukūk) in Malaysia. Islam and Civilisational Renewal, 6(4), 489–508. https://doi.org/10.12816/0019217 Lahsasna, A., Hassan, M. K., & Ahmad, R. (2018). Forward lease sukuk in Islamic capital markets: Structure and governing rules. Springer International Publishing Palgrave Macmillan. Lailaa, N., & Anshori, M. (2020). The development of sovereign sukuk in Indonesia. International Journal of Innovation, Creativity and Change 11(11), 636-648. Latifah, S. I. (2020). Peran sukuk surat berharga syariah negara (SBSN) dalam pertumbuhan pembangunan ekonomi Indonesia. Jurnal Ilmiah Ekonomi Islam, 6(3), 421. https://doi.org/10.29040/jiei.v6i3.1369 Listyaningsih. (2014). Administrasi Pembangunan. Graha Ilmu. Manyanja, A., & Manyengo, I. (2022). Municipal bonds for financing development of infrastructure: A way forward for KCC and local governments in Uganda. Munich Personal RePEc Archive. Nallathiga, R. (2015). Municipal Bonds As a Source of Finance for Urban Infrastructure Development in India by Ramakrishna Nallathiga: SSRN. Nagarlok, XLVII(3), 57–72. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2930028 Perdana, I. F. (2017). Sukuk dan potensinya dalam pembiayaan daerah. Retrieved from https://sikapiuangmu.ojk.go.id/FrontEnd/CMS/Article/10499 Pratiwi, A., Mainata, D., & Ramadayantri, R. S. (2017). Peran sukuk negara dalam pembiayaan infrastruktur. Al-Tijary, 2(2), 155-176. Putri, E. S., & Wisudanto, W. (2017). Struktur pembiayaan pembangunan infrastruktur di Indonesia penunjang pertumbuhan ekonomi. IPTEK Journal of Proceedings Series, 3(5), 222–228. https://doi.org/10.12962/j23546026.y2017i5.3136 Robin, Putri Febiana Sari, D., & Fadhullah Hana, K. (2020). Peran sukuk terhadap pembangunan infrastruktur. Al-Mutharahah: Jurnal Penelitian Dan Kajian Sosial Keagamaan, 17(1), 87–103. https://doi.org/10.46781/al-mutharahah.v17i1.79 Samonikov, G. M., Veselinova, E., Gruevski, I., Fotov, R., & Binovski, R. (2017). Municipal bonds in developing countries. Case study: Municipality of Stip, Republic of Macedonia. 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Tumwine, Fredick Ruguma, and James Ntozi. "Urbanization fueling marriage dynamics among the Baganda of central Uganda." African Population Studies 31, no. 1 (May 2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.11564/31-1-1009.
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"Child Abuse in Busia Uganda: Causes, Magnitude and Consquences." International Journal of Social Science and Human Research 05, no. 07 (July 23, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.47191/ijsshr/v5-i7-59.
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Purpose: The purpose of the study research was to describe the causes, magnitude and consequences of child abuse in Busia Uganda. Methodology: The researcher used a cross- sectional research design which mainly involved qualitative in-depth interviews, FGDs and questionnaires as well as a descriptive and analytical study. Qualitative and descriptive methods were used to obtain exhaustive information on causes, magnitude, consequences and possible suggestions to curb child abuse in Busia district. The study involved a sample size of 110 people selected in Busia municipality and the sub counties of Buteba, Busitema and Sikuda. The data collected was sorted and edited for completeness, inconsistence and correctness of information given by the respondents. Qualitative data was grouped into themes and sub themes of the study to determine emerging patterns and generate interpretations and notes from respondents analyzed from large volume to meaningful components to respond to research objectives/questions into small units. Findings: the study found out that Poverty, poor parenting and attitude towards child protection, poor enforcement of laws, domestic violence, alcohol and drug abuse and urbanization as some respondents claimed that ignorance of the law was the cause of child abuse in Busia district. Conclusion: The study concluded that child abuse remains prevalent in the district despite various legislations and mechanisms locally and globally to combat the same. The vice continues to deprive many children in the world of their rights and freedoms and compromises their well-being and development due to the various physical, psychological, emotional and health impacts associated to it. Recommendation: The study recommended that government should adopt a multi-faceted approach to child abuse incorporating a combination of educational, behavioral, psychosocial, legal and economic interventions to holistically address the problem.
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Kwiringira, Japheth Nkiriyehe, Robert Kabumbuli, Henry Zakumumpa, James Mugisha, Mathias Akugizibwe, Paulino Ariho, and Joseph Rujumba. "Re-conceptualizing sustainable urban sanitation in Uganda: why the roots of ‘Slumification’ must be dealt with." BMC Public Health 21, no. 1 (May 26, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-11029-8.
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Abstract Background Country-wide urbanization in Uganda has continued amidst institutional challenges. Previous interventions in the water and sanitation sector have not addressed the underlying issues of a poorly managed urbanization processes. Poor urbanisation is linked to low productivity, urban poverty, unemployment, limited capacity to plan and offer basic services as well as a failure to enforce urban standards. Methods This ethnographic study was carried out in three urban centres of Gulu, Mbarara and Kampala. We explored relationships between urban livelihoods and sustainable urban sanitation, using the economic sociology of urban sanitation framework. This framework locates the urbanization narrative within a complex system entailing demand, supply, access, use and sustainability of slum sanitation. We used both inductive and deductive thematic analysis. Results More than any other city in Uganda, Kampala was plagued with poor sanitation services characterized by a mismatch between demand and the available capacity for service provision. Poor slum sanitation was driven by; the need to escape rural poverty through urban migration, urban governance deficits, corruption and the survival imperative, poor service delivery and lack of capacity, pervasive (urban) informality, lack of standards: ‘to whom it may concern’ attitudes and the normalization of risk as a way of life. Amidst a general lack of affordability, there was a critical lack of public good conscience. Most urbanites were trapped in poverty, whereby economic survival trumped for the need for meeting desirable sanitation standards. Conclusions Providing sustainable urban livelihoods and meeting sanitation demands is nested within sustainable livelihoods. Previous interventions have labored to fix the sanitation problem in slums without considering the drivers of this problem. Sustainable urban livelihoods are critical in reducing slums, improving slum living and curtailing the onset of slumification. Urban authorities need to make urban centres economically vibrant as an integral strategy for attaining better sanitation standards.
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Logie, Carmen H., Moses Okumu, Maya Latif, Samantha Parker, Robert Hakiza, Daniel Kibuuka Musoke, Simon Mwima, Shamilah Batte, and Peter Kyambadde. "Relational Factors and HIV Testing Practices: Qualitative Insights from Urban Refugee Youth in Kampala, Uganda." AIDS and Behavior, January 31, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10461-021-03567-4.
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AbstractDespite the global phenomenon of refugee urbanization, little is known of relational contexts that shape HIV testing among urban refugee youth. We explored perspectives, experiences, and preferences for social support in HIV testing among refugee youth aged 16–24 in Kampala, Uganda. We conducted five focus groups with refugee youth (n = 44) and five in-depth key informant interviews. Participant narratives signaled relational contexts shaping HIV testing included informal sources (intimate partners and family members) and formal sources (peer educators and professionals). There was heterogeneity in perspectives based on relationship dynamics. While some felt empowered to test with partners, others feared negative relationship consequences. Participant narratives reflected kinship ties that could facilitate testing with family, while others feared coercion and judgment. Peer support was widely accepted. Professional support was key for HIV testing as well as conflict-related trauma. Findings emphasize bonding and bridging social capital as salient components of enabling HIV testing environments.
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Kabano, Peter, Angela Harris, and Sarah Lindley. "Sensitivity of Canopy Phenology to Local Urban Environmental Characteristics in a Tropical City." Ecosystems, October 13, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10021-020-00571-y.
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Abstract Canopy phenology is sensitive to variability in local environmental settings. In temperate climates, urban phenological processes and their determinants are relatively well understood. Equivalent understanding of processes in tropical urban settings is, however, less resolved. In this paper, we explore the influence of local urban environmental characteristics (that is, degree of urbanization, land cover and urban climate) on canopy phenology of two deciduous tree species (Jacaranda mimosifolia, n = 48, and Tabebuia rosea, n = 24) in a tropical city (Kampala, Uganda). Our study design involved ground monitoring and field sampling in 2017, with a focus on the dry season. We found that both species experienced significantly higher rates of canopy cover decline in heavily built-up neighborhoods (p < 0.05 for both species). Moreover, Jacaranda was more sensitive to differences in the degree of urbanization than Tabebuia, both in terms of total percentage tree canopy cover (p < 0.01) and net leaf loss (p < 0.05). Total percentage tree canopy cover for Jacaranda declined with increasing proportion of impervious cover (that is, roads and paved cover) and was positively related to relative humidity (p < 0.01), a variable correlated with soil moisture. Net leaf loss in Jacaranda increased with the decreasing proportion of pervious land cover and as nighttime air temperature increased (p < 0.01). In contrast, land cover and urban climate had no significant influence on either measure of phenological traits for Tabebuia. These results provide new evidence of the effect of urbanization on canopy phenology of different tree species in the tropics. Such knowledge offers new insights into the spatial and temporal differences in the physiological functional traits of trees and also serves as a proxy for possible species responses under future climate change.
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Mutisya, Maurice, John Munyui Muchira, and Benta A. Abuya. "Understanding Wealth Inequalities in Education Access in Urbanizing Sub-Saharan Africa." Frontiers in Education 6 (December 9, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2021.649730.
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Introduction: Urbanization is a double-edged sword, while it is transforming the world, it is also creating spaces that pose threats to its benefits. In sub-Saharan Africa, urbanization is occurring amidst slowed economic growth and into spaces that are already strained. This is resulting in the growth of urban poverty and possibly increasing inequalities. It is thus imperative to understand the effects of urbanization in realizing inclusive and equitable education for all.Objective: We examine inequalities in enrolment of schooling going children aged 6–17 years living in urban areas using the latest Demographic and Health Surveys data from 24 SSA countries.Methods: We utilize three measures of inequality: Rate difference, rate ratio, and relative concentration index to examine inequalities in education access. Using wealth status as the key inequality indicator, we compute and compare school enrollment of children living in urban poor households with that of those living in urban rich households for each measure of inequality. Where appropriate, we stratify the results by country, age, and gender.Results: The results show high levels of inequalities in education access in urban settings. Across all the measures of inequality, in most countries, children from urban poor households were significantly less likely to be in school compared to those from the richest ranked households. The degree of inequality varied considerably between countries and the age groups. Among children aged 6–11 years, Tanzania, Burundi, Nigeria, and Uganda had the highest degree of inequality favouring the urban rich. We also find intriguing results in few countries such as Ethiopia, Benin, Senegal and Mali, which the urban poor had, better school enrolments than the urban rich. We do not find a clear pattern to suggest girls from poor households are overly disadvantaged than boys from similar households.Conclusion: Our study shows a high level of inequalities in education access in an urban setting, with children age in urban poor settings hugely disadvantaged. There is a need for strategic efforts in terms of deliberate interventions and policy frameworks to combat the apparent inequalities that disadvantage children from poor families from accessing education.
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Kitara, David Lagoro, and Omar Karlsson. "The effects of economic stress and urbanization on driving behaviours of Boda-boda drivers and accidents in Gulu, Northern Uganda: a qualitative view of drivers." Pan African Medical Journal 36 (June 1, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.11604/pamj.2020.36.47.21382.
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Tuhebwe, Doreen, Susan Babirye, Steven Ssendagire, and Freddie Ssengooba. "The extent to which the design of available reproductive health interventions fit the reproductive health needs of adolescents living in urban poor settings of Kisenyi, Kampala, Uganda." BMC Public Health 21, no. 1 (May 17, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-10933-3.
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Abstract Background The rate at which informal urban settlements (slums) are developing in Low and Middle Income. Countries (LMICs) like Uganda is high. With this, comes the growing intersection between urbanization and the reproductive health of key populations. Currently, a number of interventions are being implemented to improve the Reproductive Health (RH) of adolescents in Kisenyi, the largest informal urban settlement in Kampala, the capital of Uganda. Despite these efforts, adolescent RH indicators have persistently remained poor in Kisenyi. This could be indicative of a gap between the provided and needed adolescent RH interventions. We assessed the fit between the available interventions and the RH needs of adolescents living in Kisenyi. Methods We conducted a qualitative study in July 2019–February 2020 in Kisenyi. The methodology was guided by the Word Health Organization global standards for quality-health care services for adolescents, the “For whom? Where? By whom? and What?” Framework of sexual RH service delivery and the realist evaluation approach. Eight focus group discussions were conducted with adolescents 15–19 years to explore their RH needs. The design and implementation of the available adolescent RH interventions were assessed by conducting Key Informant interviews with 10 RH service providers in Kisenyi. Validation meetings were held with adolescents and they scored the extent to which the various design features of the existing interventions fit the adolescents’ RH needs. Results The available RH interventions focused on meeting the sexual RH needs like providing family planning services but less on social needs like livelihood and sanitation which the adolescents identified as equally important. While the providers designed intervention to target 10-24 year olds, the adolescents preferred to have interventions that specifically targeted the study population 15-19 years. Most interventions were facility-based while, the adolescents desired community based outreaches. Conclusion The packaging and mode of delivery of interventions were perceived less holistic to meet the adolescents’ needs. Most interventions were designed to address the sexual and family planning needs while ignoring the wider social and livelihood needs. More holistic and outreach-based programming that addresses RH within the broader context of livelihood and sanitation requirements are more likely to be effective.
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Obubu, John Peter, Robinson Odong, Tena Alamerew, Tadesse Fetahi, and Seyoum Mengistou. "Application of DPSIR model to identify the drivers and impacts of land use and land cover changes and climate change on land, water, and livelihoods in the L. Kyoga basin: implications for sustainable management." Environmental Systems Research 11, no. 1 (May 19, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40068-022-00254-8.
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AbstractLand use, land cover, and climate change impacts are current global challenges that are affecting many sectors, like agricultural production, socio-economic development, water quality, and causing land fragmentation. In developing countries like Uganda, rural areas with high populations dependent on agriculture are the most affected. The development of sustainable management measures requires proper identification of drivers and impacts on the environment and livelihoods of the affected communities. This study applied drivers, pressure, state, impact, and response model in the L. Kyoga basin to determine the drivers and impacts of land use, land cover, and climate change on livelihoods and the environment. The objective of this study was to determine the drivers and impacts of land use, land cover, and climate changes on the environment and livelihoods in the L. Kyoga basin and suggest sustainable mitigation measures. Focus group discussions, key informant interviews, field observations, and literature reviews were used to collect data. Population increase and climate change were the leading drivers, while agriculture and urbanization were the primary pressures, leading to degraded land, wetlands, and forests; loss of soil fertility, hunger, poverty, poor water quality, which are getting worse. The local communities, government, and non-government institutions had responses to impacts, including agrochemicals, restoration, and conservation approaches. Although most responses were at a small/pilot scale level, most responses had promising results. The application of policies and regulations to manage impacts was also found to be weak. Land use, land cover changes, and climate change occur in the L. Kyoga basin with major impacts on land, water, and community livelihoods. With the observed increase in climate change and population growth, drivers and impacts are potentially getting worse. Therefore, it is essential to expand interventions, provide relief, review policies and regulations, and enforce them. The findings are helpful for decisions and policy-makers to design appropriate management options.
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Logie, Carmen H., Moses Okumu, Simon Mwima, Robert Hakiza, Kibathi Peter Irungi, Peter Kyambadde, Emmanuel Kironde, and Manjulaa Narasimhan. "Social ecological factors associated with experiencing violence among urban refugee and displaced adolescent girls and young women in informal settlements in Kampala, Uganda: a cross-sectional study." Conflict and Health 13, no. 1 (December 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13031-019-0242-9.
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Abstract Background Research on violence targeting urban forcibly displaced adolescent girls and young women (AGYW) is limited, particularly regarding polyvictimization (exposure to multiple forms of violence). Yet there is a global trend of refugee urbanization, and urban AGYW are at the nexus of violence disparities among adolescents, forcibly displaced persons, and slum dwellers. This study explored factors associated with young adulthood violence (> 16 years) (YAV) and intimate partner violence (IPV) among forcibly displaced AGYW in Kampala, Uganda. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional survey with forcibly displaced AGYW aged 16–24 from five informal settlement (slum) communities across Kampala (Kabalagala, Rubaga, Kansanga, Katwe, Nsambya) using peer network sampling. We assessed YAV (experienced at age 16 or above) (sexual, physical, emotional violence) and recent (past 12-month) IPV (physical, sexual, control violence). We conducted descriptive statistics, followed by multinomial logistic regression analyses to explore social ecological factors (e.g., intrapersonal: depression; interpersonal: sexual relationship power, community: food insecurity) associated with experiencing YAV and YAV polyvictimization, and IPV and IPV polyvictimization. Results Over half of participants (n = 333; mean age = 19.31; SD = 2.56, range = 16–24) reported YAV (n = 179; 53.7%) and 9.3% (n = 41) reported YAV polyvictimization. Most participants that were in an intimate relationship in the last 12 months (n = 200; 85.8%) reported IPV, among these, 45.5% reported one form of IPV and 54.5% reported IPV polyvictimization. In adjusted analyses, experiencing any YAV was significantly associated with: adolescent sexual and reproductive health (SRH) stigma; sexual relationship power; mobile app usage; depressive symptoms; childhood abuse; and childhood polyvictimization. In adjusted analyses YAV polyvictimization was associated with: depressive symptoms; childhood polyvictimization; sexual relationship power; and food insecurity. Recent IPV polyvictimization in adjusted analyses was associated with owning/using a mobile phone and depressive symptoms. Participants with higher sexual relationship power had lower odds of recent IPV polyvictimization. Conclusion Findings suggest that YAV and IPV polyvictimization require urgent attention among forcibly displaced AGYW in Kampala. Multi-level strategies are required to address intrapersonal e.g. (depression), interpersonal (e.g. childhood abuse, sexual relationship power) and community (e.g. adolescent SRH stigma, food insecurity) factors associated with experiencing violence. Future research can tailor approaches to advance health, agency and human rights among urban forcibly displaced AGYW.