Journal articles on the topic 'Urbanization – social aspects – great britain'
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1
Brown, Callum G. "Did urbanization secularize Britain?" Urban History 15 (May 1988): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963926800013882.
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There are few issues in British history about which so much unsubstantiated assertion has been written as the adverse impact of industrial urbanization upon popular religiosity. Urban history undergraduates are plied each year with the well-worn secularizing interpretation of urban growth which emanated with the Victorians (mostly churchmen) and which has since been reassembled by modern investigators in forms suitable for digestion in ecclesiastical history, social history (Marxist and non-Marxist), historical sociology, and historical geography. This ‘pessimist’ school of thought has reigned virtually unchallenged since the nineteenth century, giving rise in its endless repetition to simplistic historiographical myths. Arguably, systematic inquiry has suffered because modern urban society has been regarded as inimical to religion.An important start to disentangling the web of confusion has already been made by Jeff Cox in his admirable but underrated The English Churches in a Secular Society, a study of Lambeth between 1870 and 1930. 'In the first and final chapters of that book, Cox commenced the assault on the ‘pessimist’ school, pointing out in necessarily blunt language the illogicality and empirical weakness in the arguments of many historians and sociologists of religion. That book should have a reserved space on every reading list dealing with this issue. The present article attempts to expand on what might be called the ‘optimist’ school of thought concerning the impact of urbanization upon religion: that the churches survived urbanization in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. While Cox adduced from his research on the 1870–930 period that the great decline of the churches had not occurred before then, the following pages shift the focus to a reassessment of of the evidence on the preceding 100 years.
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Тетяна Коляда. "SOCIAL CONDITIONS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF SECONDARY EDUCATION IN GREAT BRITAIN." Social work and social education, no. 5 (December 23, 2020): 179–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.31499/2618-0715.5.2020.220814.
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The article considers the social conditions for the development of secondary education in Great Britain (XIX – first half of the XX century). It was founded that an important factor in the formation of the British education system was the influence of the ruling class of aristocrats (landlords) and the petty nobility. It was founded that education of the majority of the population depended on the area, financial status of the family and religion. It was emphasized that religion played a significant role in the field of mass education. It has been shown that in the early nineteenth century, English society was engulfed in a movement of evangelical revival, as a result of which the Anglican Church could not control all its faithful, unlike the Catholic Church in Europe. It is determined that industrialization, urbanization and democratization have created conditions for social, political and economic transformations that required educated personnel. As a result, a number of laws were passed initiating reforms in primary and secondary education.
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Goldstone, Jack A. "Urbanization, Citizenship, and Economic Growth in the Long Run." International Review of Social History 65, no. 1 (February 11, 2020): 109–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859020000048.
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AbstractMaarten Prak argues that urban citizen associations remained vigorous in the West from the Middle Ages through the Industrial Revolution, and that their support for commercial activity helped bring about that Revolution. That is half correct. During the two thousand years from 300 BC to 1750 AD, numerous societies had similar peaks of urbanization, commercial activity, and per capita income (often approaching, but never exceeding, a “peak pre-industrial income” level of roughly $1,900 in 1990 international dollars.) Vigorous urban societies produced repeated episodes of comparably high incomes, not ever-escalating levels of GDP/capita. What produced the breakthrough of the Industrial Revolution was a particular manifestation of urban citizenship that occurred only in Great Britain – the victory of Parliament over royal authority creating exceptional religious and intellectual freedom and institutionalized pluralism. This was not common to urbanized, commercial societies except in rare periods; only in Britain did urban associations and culture blend with scientific culture, producing a broad surge of scientific and technical activity that overcame the prior limits on organic societies.
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An, Xiaowei, Ying Li, Lunyan Wang, Guanghua Dong, Boxin Dai, and Mengxuan Liang. "The Spatial and Temporal Distribution of High-Quality Urbanization Development in Yellow River Basin Provinces." Sustainability 14, no. 16 (August 19, 2022): 10355. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141610355.
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The high-quality development of urbanization is strategically important for the sustainable economic and social development in the Yellow River Basin. It is necessary to establish a system of indicators to evaluate the high-quality development in terms of five aspects: innovation, coordination, green, openness and sharing. Spatial autocorrelation, local Moran indices and cluster analysis are used to study the spatial–temporal distribution of high-quality urbanization development in each province. The results indicate that the urbanization level of nine provinces in the Yellow River Basin showed an increasing trend from 2010 to 2018. However, the development of the five dimensions is not balanced. At the same time, the level of high-quality urbanization development in the Yellow River Basin has not shown significant spatial clustering characteristics and has not formed a good interactive relationship and aggregation effects. It is of great practical importance to promote the coordinated development of urbanization and the high quality of urbanization. The problems existing in the current development are found, and effective measures are proposed to make the urbanization development adapt to the economic and social development.
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Wang, Jiaxi. "The Impact of Digital Economy on New Urbanization in Shanxi Province." Journal of Applied Economics and Policy Studies 1, no. 1 (October 25, 2023): 21–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2977-5701/1/2023003.
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In recent years, the digital economy has increasingly become a significant driver of economic growth in China, with its tremendous potential affecting various aspects of the country's economic and social sectors. Shanxi Province is renowned for being a resource-based coal city in China and is currently in a critical period of developing new urbanization. Investigating whether the development of the digital economy in Shanxi Province positively influences new urbanization is of great importance for regional development. This study utilizes panel data from 11 prefecture-level cities in Shanxi Province from 2004 to 2017 and constructs a comprehensive indicator system for new urbanization, including economic urbanization, social urbanization, spatial urbanization, and population urbanization. The study calculates the comprehensive index of new urbanization in Shanxi Province and the level of the digital economy in Shanxi Province using the entropy weight method. Based on these indicators, a fixed-effects panel data regression model is established to quantitatively examine the impact of the digital economy's development level on the construction of new urbanization in Shanxi Province. The study reveals that (1) the regional development level of the digital economy in Shanxi Province has a significant positive promotion effect on new urbanization. (2) Regional government intervention in Shanxi Province plays a strong positive guiding role in the development of new urbanization. (3) The enhancement of the comprehensive economic strength of Shanxi Province significantly affects new urbanization construction, but the effect is not substantial.
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Zhou, Qiuxia, and Changfeng Tong. "Does Rapid Urbanization Improve Green Water-Use Efficiency? Based on the Investigation of Guangdong Province, China." Sustainability 14, no. 12 (June 19, 2022): 7481. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14127481.
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The green water-use efficiency considers the undesired output of water pollution discharge as well as desirable output, pursuing the unification of economic and ecological benefit. In recent years, China has been undergoing a process of rapid urbanization and a dramatic change in the water utilization pattern, while the water pollution discharge is becoming more obvious. Taking Guangdong Province as an example, the largest economy and urbanization pilot area, exploring the impact of different aspects of rapid urbanization on green water-use efficiency is of great significance for promoting new-type urbanization and green development. This study adopts the super efficiency slack-based model (SE-SBM) considering undesirable output to measure the green water-use efficiency of each city in Guangdong Province. On this basis, mixed panel, random panel, and fixed panel models are used to explore the relationship between industrial urbanization, population urbanization, land urbanization, social urbanization, and urban-rural integration on green water-use efficiency. The results reveal that Guangdong’s green water-use efficiency follows a low upward trend. The green water-use efficiency of the Pearl River Delta has improved rapidly, while other regions are maintained at a low level, so regional disparities are also widening. Industrial urbanization and land urbanization have a significant positive effect on green water-use efficiency, while social urbanization and urban-rural integration have a significant negative effect. The effect of population urbanization on the efficiency is not significant. The construction of new-type urbanization should be accelerated, the green transformation and upgrading of industries should be guided, and the urbanization of agricultural migrants should be promoted. It is necessary to rationally plan and utilize urban land resources and comprehensively improve urban functions and livability.
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Espinoza, Francisco, Alys Young, and Claire Dodds. "Political participation among deaf youth in Great Britain." PLOS ONE 19, no. 4 (April 4, 2024): e0301053. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0301053.
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Variations in political participation are linked to demographic factors, socioeconomic disparities, and cultural-ethnic diversity. Existing research has primarily explored reduced political involvement among individuals with disabilities, particularly in electoral politics. However, little research has attended the involvement of deaf people specifically. This is of interest because deaf youth are at an intersection of disability, language and cultural identity with their language affiliations and rejection or acceptance of disability evolving through childhood. This study draws from original data collected via an online survey, comprising 163 deaf young respondents aged 16-19 in Great Britain. We compare their levels of political participation with those of general population peers to explore how sociodemographic factors, alongside variations in self-identification as deaf, and meaningful interactions with other deaf people contribute to explain their political engagement. The results challenge conventional wisdom by demonstrating that deaf youth participate more actively in politics than their hearing peers in various forms of political involvement, including collective, contact, and institutional activism. We also recognize differences among deaf youth and propose that social aspects of identity formation, particularly embracing a deaf identity and having deaf friends, can boost certain forms of political engagement. In summary, this study underscores the importance of acknowledging the diversity of deaf youth in terms of affiliation with various forms of deaf identity, rendering their experience different from both disabled and hearing youth. By identifying the factors driving heightened political participation, policymakers and advocates can develop strategies to enhance political engagement among all young people, regardless of their hearing status.
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Balina, T. A., A. A. Balina, S. E. Gasumova, and T. D. Popkova. "FEATURES OF SOCIAL PROBLEMS OF YOUNG PEOPLE IN RUSSIA, GREAT BRITAIN AND CHINA." Bulletin of Udmurt University. Series Biology. Earth Sciences 30, no. 2 (July 30, 2020): 231–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.35634/2412-9518-2020-30-2-231-243.
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The state youth policy requires deep study and justification by representatives of social sciences, including sociology and socio-economic geography, which allows us to synthesize various methods of studying society and its well-being. Social geography, having a spatial approach, allows us to determine the territorial features of the course of social phenomena, to identify cause-and-effect relationships between them, to study the general and specific features of the development of territorial communities and population strata. Using the example of Great Britain, China and Russia, the current social problems of young people in countries with different types of socio-economic development are revealed through a comparative analysis of socio-demographic processes. In the context of concepts of well-being, the article considers various aspects of social dependency as a new and little-studied phenomenon. It is revealed that the UK, which implements the liberal principle of public welfare policy, has extensive experience in social work with young people, and the pioneering research of NEET-youth is of international significance. In China social dependency has acquired specific forms, which is largely determined by the principle of egalitarianism, the consequences of demographic policy and traditional mentality. The analysis of modern problems of Russian youth has shown that the rejection of the paternalistic model of social protection of the population had a negative impact on the situation of young people. The article analyzes the results of statistical, sociological research, expert evaluation, included interviews, etc., which revealed the social problems of Russian, British and Chinese youth, including the phenomenon of dependency. It was revealed that the study of dependency in the framework of youth policy and social work will help to activate the younger generation, accelerate its inclusion in society, and improve technologies for solving social problems.
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Unwin, Patrick R., and Robert W. Unwin. "Humphry Davy and the Royal Institution of Great Britain." Notes and Records of the Royal Society 63, no. 1 (July 28, 2008): 7–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsnr.2008.0010.
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The abortive attempts of Sir Humphry Davy to introduce modest reforms at the Royal Society of London during his Presidency (1820–27) contrast with his (largely unstudied) earlier experience of administration at the Royal Institution of Great Britain (RI). Davy's attempts to combat the systemic weaknesses in governance and funding, and his role in effecting changes at the RI, in association with a core group of reformers, merit consideration. This paper analyses important aspects of the early management and social structure of the RI and examines the inner workings of the institution. It shows how and why the Library, its most valuable financial asset, and its celebrated Laboratory, developed along distinctive lines, each with its own support structures and intra-institutional interests. While acknowledging the roles traditionally ascribed to Count Rumford and Sir Joseph Banks, the paper highlights the contributions of other early patrons such as Thomas Bernard, son of a colonial governor of Massachusetts, and Earl Spencer, a leading European bibliophile and RI President from 1813 to 1825. The promotion of a Bill in Parliament in 1810, designed to transform the RI from a proprietary body politic into a corporation of members, and the subsequent framing of the bye-laws, provided opportunities to establish a more democratic structure of elected committees for the conduct of science.
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Karpo, Vasyl, and Nataliia Nechaieva-Yuriichuk. "Information Component of Disintegration Processes in Spain and Great Britain: the Comparative Aspects." Mediaforum : Analytics, Forecasts, Information Management, no. 7 (December 23, 2019): 142–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.31861/mediaforum.2019.7.142-154.
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From ancient times till nowadays information plays a key role in the political processes. The beginning of XXI century demonstrated the transformation of global security from military to information, social etc. aspects. The widening of pandemic demonstrated the weaknesses of contemporary authoritarian states and the power of human-oriented states. During the World War I the theoretical and practical interest toward political manipulation and political propaganda grew definitely. After 1918 the situation developed very fast and political propaganda became the part of political influence. XX century entered into the political history as the millennium of propaganda. The collapse of the USSR and socialist system brought power to new political actors. The global architecture of the world has changed. Former Soviet republic got independence and tried to separate from Russia. And Ukraine was between them. The Revolution of Dignity in Ukraine was the start point for a number of processes in world politics. But the most important was the fact that the role and the place of information as the challenge to world security was reevaluated. The further annexation of Crimea, the attempt to legitimize it by the comparing with the referendums in Scotland and Catalonia demonstrated the willingness of Russian Federation to keep its domination in the world. The main difference between the referendums in Scotland and in Catalonia was the way of Russian interference. In 2014 (Scotland) tried to delegitimised the results of Scottish referendum because they were unacceptable for it. But in 2017 we witness the huge interference of Russian powers in Spain internal affairs, first of all in spreading the independence moods in Catalonia. The main conclusion is that the world has to learn some lessons from Scottish and Catalonia cases and to be ready to new challenges in world politics in a format of information threats.
11
Marques, Iuri, Sarah Caroline Willis, Ellen Ingrid Schafheutle, and Karen Hassell. "Development of an instrument to measure organisational culture in community pharmacies in Great Britain." Journal of Health Organization and Management 32, no. 2 (April 9, 2018): 176–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jhom-06-2017-0131.
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Purpose Organisational culture (OC) shapes individuals’ perceptions and experiences of work. However, no instrument capable of measuring specific aspects of OC in community pharmacy exists. The purpose of this paper is to report the development and validation of an instrument to measure OC in community pharmacy in Great Britain (GB), and conduct a preliminary analysis of data collected using it. Design/methodology/approach Instrument development comprised three stages: Stage I: 12 qualitative interviews and relevant literature informed instrument design; Stage II: 30 cognitive interviews assessed content validity; and Stage III: a cross-sectional survey mailed to 1,000 community pharmacists in GB, with factor analysis for instrument validation. Statistical analysis investigated how community pharmacists perceived OC in their place of work. Findings Factor analysis produced an instrument containing 60 items across five OC dimensions – business and work configuration, social relationships, personal and professional development, skills utilisation, and environment and structures. Internal reliability for the dimensions was high (0.84 to 0.95); item-total correlations were adequate (r=0.46 to r=0.76). Based on 209 responses, analysis suggests different OCs in community pharmacy, with some community pharmacists viewing the environment in which they worked as having a higher frequency of aspects related to patient contact and safety than others. Since these aspects are important for providing high healthcare standards, it is likely that differences in OC may be linked to different healthcare outcomes. Originality/value This newly developed and validated instrument to measure OC in community pharmacy can be used to benchmark existing OC across different pharmacies and design interventions for triggering change to improve outcomes for community pharmacists and patients.
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Ermisch, John. "Impacts of Policy Actions on the Family and Household." Journal of Public Policy 6, no. 3 (July 1986): 297–318. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0143814x00004049.
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ABSTRACTThe influence of demographic factors on public policy is well recognised, but the impact of policies other than population policy on demographic behaviour is generally ignored. The paper discusses the effects of various aspects of social policy on marriage, fertility, divorce and household formation behaviour. While the focus is on Great Britain, examples from other countries and cross-national comparisons are employed in the analysis. It measures the effects of particular policies in order to show that the impact of social policies on family formation and dissolution is not just a theoretical possibility. They have significant influences on important aspects of the way in which we live, and in most cases these demographic effects were not recognised by policy makers.
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KLAUTKE, EGBERT. "URBAN HISTORY AND MODERNITY IN CENTRAL EUROPE." Historical Journal 53, no. 1 (January 29, 2010): 177–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x09990409.
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ABSTRACTThis historiographical review discusses recent literature on cities in modern Central Europe – mainly on Berlin and Vienna – which reflects the great variety of approaches to urban history and underlines the importance of urban history for the study of modernity. The history of urbanization was a central event in the history of modernity. Especially in the Central European capitals of Berlin and Vienna, where modernization and urban growth started later and then advanced more quickly than in West European cities, all aspects of social, political, economic, and cultural modernity and its consequences can be observed in detail.
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Rizzetto, Mauro, Pam J. Crabtree, and Umberto Albarella. "Livestock Changes at the Beginning and End of the Roman Period in Britain: Issues of Acculturation, Adaptation, and ‘Improvement’." European Journal of Archaeology 20, no. 3 (March 27, 2017): 535–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/eaa.2017.13.
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This article reviews aspects of the development of animal husbandry in Roman Britain, focusing in particular on the Iron Age/Roman and Roman/early medieval transitions. By analysing the two chronological extremes of the period of Roman influence in Britain we try to identify the core characteristics of Romano-British husbandry by using case studies, in particular from south-eastern Britain, investigated from the perspective of the butchery and morphometric evidence they provide. Our aim is to demonstrate the great dynamism of Romano-British animal husbandry, with substantial changes in livestock management occurring at the beginning, the end, and during the period under study. It is suggested that such changes are the product of interactions between different cultural and social traditions, which can be associated with indigenous and external influences, but also numerous other causes, ranging from ethnic origins to environmental, geographic, political, and economic factors.
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Baker, Aaron. "A Tale of Two Projects: Emerging Tension between Public and Private Aspects of Employment Discrimination Law." International Journal of Comparative Labour Law and Industrial Relations 21, Issue 4 (December 1, 2005): 591–627. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/ijcl2005028.
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Abstract: Zeal for curing the public ill of discrimination can lead to approaches that ignore the more private concerns of individual victims of discrimination. This article explains that the forward-looking project of changing society to eliminate inequality is quite a different project from that of providing accessible and effective individual remedies for discrimination victims. To that end, the nature and divergence of these two projects is described in abstract terms, and then concretely illustrated by reference to US employment discrimination law, where a clear conflict has evolved between the two. The article then traces the development of anti-discrimination law in Great Britain, and the subtly emerging tension between the two projects here. Finally, the article assesses the contemporary discourse on reform of equality law in Britain, and suggests how a new single equality act might drive for social change without eroding the benefits of the existing system for individual dispute resolution.
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Szilágyi, Zsolt. "The Economic and Ecological Contexts of Urbanization in the Great Hungarian Plain during the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries." Historical Studies on Central Europe 1, no. 2 (December 3, 2021): 105–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.47074/hsce.2021-2.05.
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There is abundant research on the history of urbanization in the Carpathian Basin with a special focus on the history of urbanization in the Great Hungarian Plain. Over the past years, there have been investigations concerning climate and historical ecology issues, as well as economic and social history, the results of which enable us to obtain an overview of the complex processes in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.It has been confirmed that prior to the Industrial Age (1850), climate change had made a profound impact on the conversion of the settlement network in the terrain and on the expansion of livestock farming. The climate in the seventeenth century seems to have been cooler and more humid, thus in the Great Hungarian Plain there were large areas covered with water. This significantly restricted the possibilities of crop cultivation as well as population growth. The warming-up period in the eighteenth century resulted in the shrinking of areas covered in water, the transition to flood plain farming and the extension of plough land crop cultivation, ultimately leading to population growth. There is evidence that by the turn of the eighteenth-nineteenth centuries, grain trade in the Carpathian Basin had been integrated into the Central European continental crop trading system, however, livestock farming was unique to the Great Hungarian Plain. From the mid-nineteenth century, due to the construction of the railway system in the Great Hungarian Plain, which revolutionized cargo transport, plus due to river regulations and drainage works, the economic structure of the area saw profound changes. In the meanwhile, the population and labor force supply were also increasing at a rapid rate. Marshlands and meadows were replaced by arable land and an increasingly growing crop production, which provided the foundations for the grain trade. Thus, new market centers emerged in the Great Hungarian Plain. Between 1828 and 1925, the number of market centers went up by 293, which represents an elevenfold rise. The growing density of the market center system significantly defined not only various aspects of urbanization, but also the general modernization of the Great Hungarian Plain.The purpose of my research is to analyze how changes in the climate influenced the settlement network, and the social and economic profile of the Great Hungarian Plain in the period concerned. Why was the favorable picture of a dynamically improving and modernizing Great Hungarian Plain at the turn of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries conceptualized by the public as an underdeveloped area characterized by a series of economic and social tensions? How do all these factors contribute to the revision of the emerging historiographic picture of the economic and social consequences of the Trianon Peace Treaty?
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Bazylchuk, Vira. "International experience of the development of students’ physical activity by means of sports games in higher education institutions of Great Britain." Visnyk of the Lviv University. Series Pedagogics, no. 37 (2022): 17–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vpe.2022.37.11637.
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The article presents a comparative analysis of international experience of the development of students’ physical activity in higher education institutions of Great Britain. The author characterizes the structure and content of higher education in leading educational institutions of Great Britain and pays special attention to the organizational aspects of the development of students’ physical activity by means of sports games in leading British universities. Attention is focused on the fact that the process of physical education in higher education institutions of Great Britain is organized according to the principle of the club system, which allows students to choose what kind of sport or physical activity they want to do in extracurricular time as a member of a particular sports club. It is argued that there is a certain difference compared to domestic institutions of higher education because in the absolute majority of British institutions of higher education the process of physical education is organized on the principle of the club system. Higher education institutions of great Britain provide various sports programs: the University of Birmingham implements the Social Sport program, which enables students to try various types of physical activity during the study semester, to improve their skills or to practise a new sport; the University of Manchester has the Sporticipate sports program, which provides students with several hours of free sports classes per week in order to increase their physical performance; the University of London (City University London) implements CityActive sports program, which is aimed at increasing the physical activity of students, their recreation and communication skills. The study shows that there is a significant number of student sports clubs in British universities, namely 52 student sports clubs at the University of Birmingham, 42 student sports clubs at the University of Manchester, and 18 student sports clubs at the University of London (City University London). Keywords: development, physical activity, students, sports games, institutions of higher education of Great Britain.
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Hendley, Matthew. "Anti-Alienism and the Primrose League: The Externalization of the Postwar Crisis in Great Britain 1918-32." Albion 33, no. 02 (2001): 243–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0095139000067120.
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Anti-alienism has frequently been the dark underside of organized patriotic movements in twentieth-century Britain. Love of nation has all too frequently been accompanied by an abstract fear of foreigners or a concrete dislike of alien immigrants residing in Britain. Numerous patriotic leagues have used xenophobia and the supposed threat posed by aliens to define themselves and their Conservative creed. Aliens symbolized “the other,” which held values antithetical to members of the patriotic leagues. These currents have usually become even more pronounced in times of tension and crisis. From the end of the First World War through the 1920s, Britain suffered an enormous economic, social, and political crisis. British unemployment never fell below one million as traditional industries such as coal, iron and steel, shipbuilding, and textiles declined. Electoral reform in 1918 and 1928 quadrupled the size of the electorate, and the British party system fractured with the Liberals divided and Labour becoming the alternative party of government. Industrial unrest was rampant, culminating in the General Strike of 1926. The example of the Russian Revolution inspired many on the Left and appalled their opponents on the Right, while many British Conservatives felt that fundamental aspects of the existing system of capitalism and parliamentary democracy were under challenge.
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Mukan, Nataliya, Olena Fuchyla, and Halyna Ihnatiuk. "Constructivist Approach in a Paradigm of Public School Teachers′ Professional Development in Great Britain, Canada, the USA." Comparative Professional Pedagogy 7, no. 2 (June 27, 2017): 7–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/rpp-2017-0016.
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Abstract The article dwells on professional development of public school teachers as an inevitable constituent of education systems in the 21st century. In such economically developed countries as Great Britain, Canada and the USA, the problem of preparing teachers to a difficult and responsible task of upbringing and educating future citizens always remains topical. The authors define the following aim and objectives of their research: to conduct analysis of scientific and pedagogical literature and to define the notion of teachers′ “professional development”; to research a place and role of the constructivist approach to professional development of teachers. Some aspects of the problem under research have been studied by foreign and domestic scientists: political, social, cultural and economic aspects of teachers′ professional development (L. Darling-Hammond, M. Tight); elaboration of professional development curricula (C. Pratt); content of teachers′ professional development (N. Dana Fichtman, S. Zepeda); concept-oriented instruction (J. Guthrie); continuing professional development (Ya. Belmaz, A. Kuzminskyi, O. Kuznietsova). The research methodology comprises theoretical (logical, structural and systematic methods, induction and deduction, comparison and compatibility, analysis and synthesis) and applied (observations, questioning and interviewing) methods. The research results have been presented.
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Zabelina, N. Yu. "The Great War in the writings of British clergyman Reginald John Campbell." Russian Journal of Church History 2, no. 1 (April 16, 2021): 31–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.15829/2686-973x-2021-1-42.
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The analysis of various aspects of the part of the extensive philosophical and literary heritage of the English Protestant preacher Reginald John Campbell (1867–1956), which is devoted to the events of the First World War and the participation of Great Britain in it, is represented.His works, on the one hand, serve as a living document of an era still incomplete at the time of their writing; on the other hand, they represent philosophical and theological reflections in this context. At the same time, they are quite significant insights into social processes that went far beyond questions of faith, and even an attempt to predict structural changes in public life after the end of the Great War. This multi-dimensionality creates a rather interesting ‘stereoscopic’ picture of events, perceived by an influential, original, highly educated religious figure, who at the time of the creation of the corpus of texts under consideration was already a mature and insightful person.The author of the article attempts to reveal the versatility of R. J. Campbell’s judgments, immersed in the context of the events of the era, which is of interest to researchers of Church history and public life in Great Britain during this period.
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Neima, Anna. "Dartington Hall and the Quest for ‘Life in its Completeness’, 1925–45." History Workshop Journal 88 (2019): 111–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hwj/dbz029.
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Abstract In the wake of the First World War, reformers across the Western world questioned laissez-faire liberalism, the self-oriented and market-driven ruling doctrine of the nineteenth century. This philosophy was blamed, variously, for the war, for industrialization and for urbanization; for a way of life shorn of any meaning beyond getting and keeping; for the too great faith in materialism and in science; and for the loss of a higher, transcendent meaning that gave a unifying purpose to individual existence and to society as a whole. For many, the cure to these ills lay in reforming the liberal social framework in ways that made it more fulfilling to the whole person and that strengthened ties between individuals. This article looks at Dartington Hall as an outstanding practical example of this impulse to promote holistic, integrated living – exploring the project as an interlinked constellation of experiments in education, the arts, agriculture and social organization; and also looking at how Dartington’s philosophy and trajectory matched those of other such enterprises begun in interwar Britain and further afield, making it a bellwether of changes in reformist thinking across the century.
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Lutsenko, Roman. "Representation of british social and political life in audiovisual content." InterConf, no. 44(197) (April 19, 2024): 207–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.51582/interconf.19-20.04.2024.020.
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The article examines the problem of reflecting the socio-political life of Great Britain in an audiovisual product. The example for the analysis was the television programme produced by the British Broadcasting Corporation "BBC" "Not the Nine O'Clock News", which covers the time period of the 70s and 80s of the XX century. The results of the study have established that the main means of achieving the communicative goal between the authors of the TV programme and the viewer in reproducing the problems of life of ordinary Britons in a specific socio-political situation is to analyse the social and political processes in British society through the ironic and sarcastic reflection of the British political beau monde. In addition, it has been determined that the main object of ridicule was such aspects of life as taxation and the inconsistency of political parties' election programmes with the expectations of the electorate.
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Mukan, Nataliya, and Svitlana Kravets. "Methodology of Comparative Analysis of Public School Teachers’ Continuing Professional Development in Great Britain, Canada and the USA." Comparative Professional Pedagogy 5, no. 4 (December 1, 2015): 39–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/rpp-2015-0063.
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Abstract In the article the methodology of comparative analysis of public school teachers’ continuing professional development (CPD) in Great Britain, Canada and the USA has been presented. The main objectives are defined as theoretical analysis of scientific and pedagogical literature, which highlights different aspects of the problem under research; characteristic of the research methodology, used to conduct the comparative analysis. Their major components of the research model (parametric-determining, conceptual and analytical, integrating-analytical and differentiating-analytical, prognostic component) have been defined and specified. Public school teachers’ CPD has been studied by foreign and domestic scientists: political, social, cultural and economic aspects of teachers’ CPD (L. Darling-Hammond, M. Tight); CPD programs (C. Pratt); CPD content (N. Dana Fichtman, M. Rees, A. Ross, S. Zepeda); CPD models, methods and forms (K. Duinlan, P. Grimmet, G. Troia, P. Wong); continuous professional education (Ya. Belmaz, A. Kuzminskyy, O. Kuznyetsova). The research methodology comprises theoretical (comparative-historical, logical, induction and deduction, comparison and compatibility, structural and systematic, analysis and synthesis, general scientific and interdisciplinary forecasting methods), and applied (observations, questioning and interviewing) methods. The research results have been presented.
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Kalfas, Dimitrios, Stavros Kalogiannidis, Fotios Chatzitheodoridis, and Ermelinda Toska. "Urbanization and Land Use Planning for Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): A Case Study of Greece." Urban Science 7, no. 2 (April 24, 2023): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/urbansci7020043.
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Sustainable development has attracted the attention of social-economic, spatial well-being, and cultural continuity advocates across the world. However, the processes involved in land use as well as urban development have continued to affect the attainment of sustainable development. This study assessed the effects of urbanization and land use planning on achieving sustainable development goals. The data were collected using a survey questionnaire from 384 different government leaders in Greece. The study showed that the indicators of urbanization quality have a positive effect on sustainable development goals. It was revealed that there is a significant relationship between integrated land use strategies and sustainable development goals. The study showed that indicators of urbanization quality are very key to achieving different SDGs. This indicates that sustainable urbanization entails more than just converting agricultural land and forests without making any changes to them into cities, and it is equally one of the answers to the problem of the world’s population growth if it is done with vision and dedication. The study clearly shows that integrated land use strategies are important in achieving the SDGs. In this case, land use planning is mostly a local effort, though some nations employ guiding land use plans created at the regional or inter-municipal level. Furthermore, urbanization opportunities and land-use plans have a great influence on the achievement of sustainable development goals. Notably, the goal of sustainable urban development is to make urban areas “sustainable” as well as to build or reinforce the city’s sustainability-related economic, social, cultural, and environmental aspects. It then goes on to discover how to spread that idea and why it is important to be focused, using various definitions. The fundamental idea of sustainable urban development is then realized by reviewing the ideas and principles of sustainable development. Finally, some general recommendations are made regarding urban planning, sustainable urban development, and the significance of establishing the necessary conditions for its realization. Urban sustainability and proper use of land require structural changes as well as significant, fundamental shifts at all societal levels.
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Nahm, Michael. "A History of the (Attempted) Institutionalization of Parapsychology." Journal of Scientific Exploration 34, no. 4 (December 24, 2020): 849–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.31275/20201953.
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In addition to an introduction, the present book contains 14 chapters. Most of them represent elaborated text versions of contributions that were presented by the authors at a (nearly) eponymous conference held in Freiburg, Germany, on the 17.10.2014. As the book title announces, the chapter authors trace the development of parapsychological research in different countries. Usually they focusing on the more or usually less successful attempts to academicize and institutionalize parapsychology as a legitimate scientific discipline, but sometimes they cover also related aspects. The chapters include historical parapsychological treatises for Germany (Ulrich Linse, Anna Lux, Uwe Schellinger, Martin Schneider, Bernd Wedemeyer-Kolwe) including the GDR (Andreas Anton, Ina Schmied-Knittel, Michael Schetsche), France (Renaud Evrard), Great Britain (Elizabeth Valentine), Hungary (Júlia Gyimesi), the Netherlands (Ingrid Kloosterman), Russia in the Soviet and post-Soviet area (Birgit Menzel), and the USA (Eberhard Bauer, Anna Lux). The four chapters covering France, Great Britain, Hungary, and the Netherlands are written in English, the others in German. In the following, will briefly touch upon topics I found most interesting.
Anna Lux from the university in Freiburg, Germany, identified several characteristic aspects of academic parapsychological work in Germany and compared them with those in the USA, which took place at about the same time and were more strongly focused on the experimental paradigm. She shows how different social circumstances and also private predilections of the main actors involved resulted in different developments. This also applies to the fate of parapsychology in the other countries mentioned, which is surprisingly multifaceted: While in the Netherlands the situation with official professorships at the University of Utrecht can be compared most closely to that of Germany where Hans Bender (1907-1991) held a professorship at the university of Freiburg, the academization of parapsychology in Hungary was hindered by an influential spiritualist and religious social current. In France, however, comparable efforts were mainly impeded by continued opposition of established scientists. After all, the private research institute “Institute Métapsychique International” (IMI) was founded in France in 1919, which has survived to this day despite adverse circumstances. Great Britain has always played a special role in Western parapsychology, mainly due to the foundation of the “Society for Psychical Research” as early as 1882, which is still considered an international figurehead for a constructive and critical examination of parapsychological topics. However, in Great Britain existed several other societies and “institutes”, which were often small and short-lived. It was not until 1985 that parapsychological research was able to gain a foothold at a British university for the first time through an endowed professorship in Edinburgh, held by Robert Morris (1942–2004) until 2004. From here, numerous graduates were able to carry the work on parapsychological research questions further to other universities.
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PETRUSHENKO, YURIY, FEDIR ZHURAVKA, IRYNA MAREKHA, and MARIYA NOVGORODCEVA. "INTERNATIONAL TOURISM DEVELOPMENT FACTORS." Herald of Khmelnytskyi National University 294, no. 3 (March 2021): 203–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.31891/2307-5740-2021-294-3-32.
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In the article, the authors analyze the scope of international tourism development factors based on factological and statistical grounds. It was proven in the article that on the macro-level tourist markets can be grouped into national and oversea ones. The classification of the national markets implies their division into highly-intensive markets (USA, Germany, Great Britain, etc.), stabilized markets (Spain, Greece, Turkey, Poland, etc.), reformed markets (Bulgaria, Romania, Ukraine, China, etc.), ant accumulated markets (India, Tunis, Egypt, Cuba, etc.). The basic factors affecting the international tourist market include static (climate, natural resources, cultural heritage, etc.) and dynamic ones (population, urbanization, wealth, family, leisure, income, spending, technological advancement, international conflicts and their resolution, etc.). In the article, special attention is paid to the analysis of the dynamic factors of international tourism development, social and economic ones in particular. The presence of positive factors in the country promotes favorable conditions for enhancing its tourist attractiveness on the international level. It was found out that positive factors increase the inflows of tourists for the specific regions (Brazil, France, Great Britain, Germany, Finland, Sweden, Cyprus, Israel, and U.A.E.). On the national level, the following factors are crucial for the development of tourist industry: natural resources, politics, population and its well-being, cultural heritage and rich history. It was revealed, that in Ukraine tourist business is internationally-oriented, which has both pros and cons for the national economy. In the article, the authors presented a matrix with positive (catalysts) and negative (inhibitors) factors affecting tourist business in Ukraine. Among the positive drivers are large contribution to the national economy and state financial support. At the same time, imperfect infrastructure and lack of legal regulations can be referred to the negative factors. It was stressed in the article that drastic measures should be undertaken in order to increase social and economic performance of national tourist business in Ukraine and increase it international image.
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Sidorov, Sergey. "V International Scientific Conference “Military History of Russia: Problems, Search, Decisions” Devoted to the 75th Anniversary of the Victory in the Great Patriotic War (September 11–12, 2020, Volgograd)." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 4. Istorija. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija 26, no. 1 (March 2021): 253–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2021.1.22.
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The article presents information about the V International scientific conference “Military history of Russia: problems, search, solutions” held in Volgograd on September 11–12, 2020, dedicated to the 75th anniversary of Victory in the Great Patriotic War. The conference was held at Volgograd State University. The conference was informative and representative in its composition: more than 220 representatives of scientific institutions of the Russian Academy of Sciences, civil and military universities and centers, archives, museums and libraries in 48 cities of Russia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Great Britain, Kazakhstan, USA, Turkmenistan and Ukraine. Among the participants of the conference there was a corresponding member of RAE, 39 doctors and 82 candidates of sciences. Along with professors and associate professors, the conference was attended by young scientists: assistant lecturers, postgraduate students, master students, students and schoolchildren. The article analyzes the work of the plenary session, sections, round tables and the discussion platform. The mainstream sections were the following: “Patriotic War: history and modernity”, “National economy of the USSR during the Great Patriotic War”, “Social history of the Great Patriotic War”, “Lower Volga and the Don during the Great Patriotic War”, “Source base for the study of the Great Patriotic War”, “Problems of historiography of the Great Patriotic War”. The permanent sections presented reports on military history in ancient times, the middle ages, modern and contemporary times, social protection of the population in wartime, and international aspects of the Battle of Stalingrad. The round tables discussed issues of military and political security of society and the state, problems of military memorial tourism in the Russian Federation, and international aspects of military conflicts. The discussion platform was dedicated to patriotic education of children and youth.
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Vidović, Ester. "A Christmas Carol: Disability Conceptualised through Empathy and the Philosophy of ‘Technologically Useful Bodies’." International Research in Children's Literature 6, no. 2 (December 2013): 176–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/ircl.2013.0097.
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The article explores how two cultural models which were dominant in Great Britain during the Victorian era – the model based on the philosophy of ‘technologically useful bodies’ and the Christian model of empathy – were connected with the understanding of disability. Both cultural models are metaphorically constituted and based on the ‘container’ and ‘up and down’ image schemas respectively. 1 The intersubjective character of cultural models is foregrounded, in particular, in the context of conceiving of abstract concepts such as emotions and attitudes. The issue of disability is addressed from a cognitive linguistic approach to literary analysis while studying the reflections of the two cultural models on the portrayal of the main characters of Charles Dickens's A Christmas Carol. The studied cultural models appeared to be relatively stable, while their evaluative aspects proved to be subject to historical change. The article provides incentives for further study which could include research on the connectedness between, on one hand, empathy with fictional characters roused by reading Dickens's works and influenced by cultural models dominant during the Victorian period in Britain and, on the other hand, the contemporaries’ actual actions taken to ameliorate the social position of the disabled in Victorian Britain.
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Žygaitienė, Birutė, and Evelina Buivydaitė. "A Teacher of Technological Education in Lithuania, Great Britain and Finland. What is She Like?" Pedagogika 129, no. 1 (April 25, 2018): 268–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.15823/p.2018.18.
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The aim of the article is to compare the curricular of technology education and requirements for a technology education teacher in the analysed countries. The following conclusions have been made:
1. The conceptions of technological education in Lithuania, Great Britain and Finland are closely related to the aspects of integrity with other study subjects and the aim to prepare learners for successful adaptation in society. During lessons of technologies in Lithuania the modules of nutrition, textile, constructive materials, electronics and design are learnt. The lessons of design and technologies in Great Britain include innovative project learning of digital and engineering technologies and school learners study textile, constructive materials, design and nutrition.
During lessons of household economics in Finland, personal school learners’ qualities are developed while learning modules of nutrition and textile, whereas the subject-specific content of household economics is not emphasised. The aspect of technology modules is highlighted in the lessons of technologies and design and technologies, whereas that of social education is observed in household economics.
2. The requirements imposed on teachers of technological education in the analysed countries include excellent subject-specific, pedagogical and psychological preparation, ability to help school students to build up their value-based attitudes on the basis of the personal value system of an educator and ability to cooperate and work in teams. The research revealed the following differences: Finnish teachers are required to creatively implement curriculum, to be able to ensure tolerance-based education in the multicultural environment and to develop school students’ entrepreneurship skills; implementation of scientific research activities in the process of education and integration of information communication technologies are important to Finnish and Lithuanian teachers. The requirements to teachers in Great Britain are similar to those imposed on teachers in the other analysed countries.
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Sun, Xuan, Weikai Wang, Tao Sun, and Ya Wang. "Understanding the Living Conditions of Chinese Urban Neighborhoods through Social Infrastructure Configurations: The Case Study of Tianjin." Sustainability 10, no. 9 (September 11, 2018): 3243. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10093243.
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Under the unprecedented wave of urbanization and pace of economic development, the living conditions of residents have been unevenly changed in Chinese cities. To understand the diversified living conditions in Chinese urban neighborhoods from the supply-side point of view, new spatial and residential data were gathered to investigate the social infrastructure configurations around the residential communities. Using Tianjin as a case study, the research focuses on six important categories of human needs: education, healthcare, leisure, culture, entertainment, and transportation. Based on the cumulative accessibility measurements of 25 types of facilities, the social infrastructure configurations within neighborhoods are statistically and spatially analyzed and compared. The study discovered that: (1) despite the great diversity of living conditions in the city, the neighborhoods that have better services and strong associations with entertainment and education are prominent; (2) the neighborhoods with advantageous living conditions in different aspects tend to cluster at different places; (3) the neighborhoods of different types of communities, belonging to different administrative districts, or in different urban zones, all have distinctive characteristics in living conditions.
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Tyurin, E. A., E. N. Savinova, and A. R. Agababov. "The Islamic Factor in the Development of Modern Scotland: Political and Socio-Cultural Aspects." Islam in the modern world 16, no. 2 (July 25, 2020): 159–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.22311/2074-1529-2020-16-2-159-180.
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The subject field of this article, devoted to the manifestation of the Islamic factor in the socio- political life of the Great Britain, is localized within the borders of Scotland. The authors emphasize the special (different from other regions of the UK) nature of the interaction of the Muslim ethno- confessional minority with the indigenous population of Scotland. Most attention is paid to the identity of Scottish Muslims. The article highlights that Scotland demonstrates its winning position for Muslims through the development of an inclusive identity. The authors make a prognostic conclusion that Scotland will maintain a policy of affirming common civic values that ensure the pluralism of various socio- cultural communities. According to the authors, the future of Scotland is a post-ethnic, transcultural socio- political state- organized space in which British-wide tensions between Muslims and non- Muslims will gradually decrease, and the Scottish tradition of equality and social justice will be strengthened.
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Abdul Hamid Khan and Salman Hamid Khan. "Kipling, Railways, and The Great Game." Central Asia 86, Summer (November 28, 2020): 141–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.54418/ca-86.78.
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The paper explores Rudyard Kipling’s perspective on the importance of railways in India which is the theme of some of his poetic and prose work. Coupled with this, an overview of the importance of railways and its military, economic and social aspects in Central Asia, in the backdrop of the Great Game of the 19th Century between Russia and Britain is also offered. This study attempts to correlate the significance of the Trans-Caspian Railway (TCR), founded in 1879 and the North Western State Railway in British India formed seven years later in 1886. It also takes into account the railways’ cultural importance for the people of Central Asia. The most important aspect of the subject under assessment is how the construction of railway lines worked as a device and a tool to strengthen the hold of both the colonizing powers. It is in this context that the poet and novelist Rudyard Kipling (1865-1936) glorified the benefits of Indian railways as a stabilizing factor for the strength of the Raj. The paper attempts to establish that railways not only strengthened colonial rule in both Central Asia and India but brought significant social and economic changes in the lives of the people living on both sides of the border. The perspective here is a post-colonial one that offers insights on the effects of colonization, most importantly the modernizing agenda or the enlightenment package attached to the great design of imperialism and empire-building. But the picture that appears after the passing of colonization is hazy when looked at the hybridized and ambivalent view that Kipling held, and also taking into account the hegemony, control, and the politics of aesthetics.
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Skripka, Ivan. "Electronic Media and Social Networks in Politics: European Experience." Contemporary Europe 104, no. 4 (August 1, 2021): 184–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.15211/soveurope42021184193.
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The article outlines the relationship between the political process and the development of "new" mass media which mainly means social networks. Electronic media, including social networks, pose a challenge to the current state of international relations. In this regard, a number of states (Belorussia, Russia, Great Britain) and supranational structures (European Commission, UN) are developing a digital legislation envisaging control over the online space. In addition to the negative aspects, the development of "new" media helps political forces in their activities. Many European politicians and political parties actively use Internet resources and micro-targeting to attract voters. The challenge for governments and researchers in this field is to understand the pros and cons of the new digital era and to develop a plan for integrating new technologies into the familiar political process. It is concluded that the European Union and other states are at the stage of development and entry into force of uniform rules regulating the Internet. The trend towards the formation of a single legal field is combined with legislative regulation at the national level, since this area affects issues of security and sovereignty.
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Harutyunyan, Narine. "MULTICULTURALISM AS A TROJAN HORSE OF BRITISHNESS." Armenian Folia Anglistika 20, no. 1 (29) (May 15, 2024): 115–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.46991/afa/2024.20.1.115.
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This study is devoted to the multilayered and controversial problem of multiculturalism, in the context of national identity in the territory of modern Great Britain. The article deals with the problems of the transformation of the linguistic and cultural components of the life of the country, and the perception and acceptance of ethnic diversity by the population of Britain. Particular attention is paid to the emergence of new varieties of the English language - ethnolects and multiethnolects, resulting from the relationship between different ethnic groups in the context of multiculturalism. In the article, the author gives examples that testify to the fiasco of multiculturalism and reflects on the social and linguistic aspects of the process of integrating non-racial, non-religious migrants into European and, in particular, English society. The paper considers such a phenomenon as the “cancellation culture” of the white race. The questions of the formation of a hybrid identity are touched upon, as well as concerns are expressed about the possible negative impact of the osternization of Europe.
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Schregel, Susanne. "‘The intelligent and the rest’: British Mensa and the contested status of high intelligence." History of the Human Sciences 33, no. 5 (November 26, 2020): 12–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0952695120970029.
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This article explores the history of British Mensa to examine the contested status of high intelligence in Great Britain between the late 1940s and the late 1980s. Based on journals and leaflets from the association and newspaper articles about it, the article shows how protagonists from the high IQ society campaigned for intelligence and its testing among the British public. Yet scathing reactions to the group in newspapers suggest that journalists considered it socially provocative to stress one’s own brainpower as extraordinarily high. To better understand such disagreements, the article analyses communicative patterns that were used to make judgements about intelligence. This case study sheds light on how aspects of difference and the ascription of social positions are negotiated in public understandings of intelligence.
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Склярова, Е. К. "LIVERPOOL IN VICTORIAN DOMESTIC POLITICS." Британские исследования, no. VII(VII) (June 1, 2022): 227–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.21267/aquilo.2022.vii.vii.001.
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В статье рассматриваются особенности социального развития Ливерпуля в контексте его роли во внутренней политике Великобритании в эпоху королевы Виктории. Крупнейший город и порт Соединённого Королевства Великобритании и Ирландии одним из первых ощутил на себе все негативные последствия промышленного переворота, урбанизации и миграции населения. Как и многие другие города Великобритании, Ливерпуль фигурировал в прессе, медицинских, статистических и парламентских отчётах, как город подвалов, центр массовой миграции, трущоб, высокой смертности населения, отсутствия санитарно-технических норм и антисанитарии. Парламентские расследования и пресса указали на Ливерпуль, а также Вулверхемптон, Глазго, Дублин, Лидс, Лондон, Манчестер, Шеффилд, как города, где необходимо первоочередное проведение социальных реформ. В середине XIX в. в эпоху королевы Виктории Ливерпуль израсходовал значительные суммы денег на решение проблемы антисанитарии, уборки и мощения города, водоснабжения и освещения, жилищную реформу, организацию прачечных, общественных бань, библиотек, парков. Пионерами муниципализации и здравоохранения Ливерпуля стали — доктор Уильям Данкен, С. Хольм, Дж. Тинн. До введения общегосударственного Закона об обеспечении общественного здравоохранения 1848 г., Ливерпуль инициировал институт инспекции и санитарных врачей, жилищную реформу, систематическое вмешательство государства в решение социальных проблем. The article examines the features of Liverpool's social development in the context of its role in the domestic politics of Great Britain in the era of Queen Victoria. The largest city and port of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was one of the first to feel all the negative consequences of the industrial revolution, urbanization and population migration. Like many other cities in the UK, Liverpool appeared in the press, medical, statistical and parliamentary reports as a city of basements, a center of mass migration, slums, high mortality, lack of sanitary standards and unsanitary conditions. Parliamentary investigations and the press have pointed to Liverpool, as well as WolverHampton, Glasgow, Dublin, Leeds, London, Manchester, Sheffield, as cities where social reforms are needed as a priority. In the middle of the XIX century in the era of Queen Victoria, Liverpool spent significant amounts of money on solving the problem of unsanitary conditions, cleaning and paving the city, water supply and lighting, housing reform, the organization of laundries, public baths, libraries, and parks. The pioneers of municipalization and health care in Liverpool were Dr. William Duncan, S. Holm, J. Thinn. Prior to the introduction of the National Public Health Law of 1848, Liverpool initiated the Institute of inspection and sanitary doctors, housing reform, and systematic state intervention in solving social problems.
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Podniesiński, Jan. "A co, jeśli Forest Green Rovers pozielenieją? Wdrażanie strategii zrównoważonego rozwoju przez klub piłkarski." Kultura a wyzwania zrównoważonego rozwoju cz. 2 22, no. 4 (February 5, 2022): 455–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/20843976zk.21.028.15229.
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And What if Forest Green Rovers Go Green? An Implementation of the Sustainable Development Strategy by a Football Club Sport and sports organisations are often some of the most important aspects of local culture and identity. As in the case of cultural institutions, recent years have seen numerous interesting initiatives for sustainable development undertaken by athletes and sports clubs. The paper explores the implementation and social reception of the sustainable development strategy adopted in 2010 by the professional football club called Forest Green Rovers FC in Great Britain. Using the method of content analysis, the author attempts to analyse the critical reflection on the strategy presented in the national opinion-forming press and to show how the club’s environmentally-friendly actions are perceived by the community of its fans.
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Hayashi, Haruo, and Shunichi Koshimura. "Special Issue on the 100th Anniversary of the Great Kanto Earthquake." Journal of Disaster Research 18, no. 6 (September 1, 2023): 553–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2023.p0553.
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On September 1, 1923, the Great Kanto Earthquake struck the Tokyo metropolitan area of Japan. It was an extremely powerful earthquake that caused a great fire. The death toll reached approximately 105,000, and the economic loss is estimated to have exceeded 30% of the Japanese gross national product at that time. For September 2023, the Journal of Disaster Research (JDR) has planned a special issue to commemorate 100 years since the Great Kanto Earthquake. While previous special issues by the JDR have focused on specific disasters, this special issue will focus on the lessons and findings from the catastrophe and will cover even the progress of disaster research since then. We received fourteen important and thought-provoking manuscripts not only on scientific and engineering aspects but also on social and cultural aspects, including comparisons with other disasters, historical views, reconstruction issues, and future perspectives. These fourteen articles can be categorized into the three groups described below. The first four articles are the English translations of articles that originally appeared in “Koho Bosai,” the bimonthly journal on natural disaster reduction that is complied and published by the Disaster Management Section, Cabinet Office, Government of Japan. The JDR believes that these four articles provide a concise English description of various aspects of the Great Kanto Earthquake disasters. Dr. Takemura summarizes the seismic features of the 1923 Kanto Earthquake. Dr. Sekizawa summarizes the large scale urban fires that it caused. Dr. Suzuki describes various aspects of the emergency responses. Dr. Murosaki details the recovery project in Tokyo. Those articles discussed various lessons learned from the 1923 Kanto Earthquake and emphasized the importance of transferring the lessons toward future disaster mitigation. The next six papers were originally works studying various aspects of the Great Kanto Earthquake disasters. Dr. Midorikawa reviews the strong ground motion of the 1923 Kanto Earthquake. Dr. Kaneko evaluates the resulting tsunami. Mr. Mammen sheds new light on the relationship between Charles A. Beard and Goto Shinpei in terms of the recovery. Dr. Albini studies the voices of foreign residents who left impressive disaster processes at that time. Dr. Murao reviews the urbanization of Tokyo after the Kanto Earthquake. Dr. Shima studies the response of the Tokyo Electric Light Company, Inc. to the 1923 Great Kanto Earthquake. The last four papers are works on various aspects of disaster risk reduction, but all of these works were inspired by the 1923 Great Kanto Earthquake in one way or another. Dr. Shaw provides a framework for repositioning earthquake risk reduction. Dr. Shimbo explores the Phase Free Concept. Dr. Shoji focuses on the possibility of Medium-Wave AM Radio Broadcasting. Dr. Yamaguchi studies the Risk Communication Method. The Editorial Board of the JDR thanks all of these contributors and hopes that these articles serve as great sources for further research in disaster risk reduction.
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PROTASOV, ANDREI D., ELENA S. STARODUBTSEVA, GABRIEL A. MOSHLYAK, and ALEXANDER V. ZHESTKOV. "CONTEMPORARY GLOBAL TRENDS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF HIGHER MEDICAL EDUCATION IN THE USA, GREAT BRITAIN, FRANCE, AND CHINA." Bulletin of Contemporary Clinical Medicine 16, no. 5 (October 2023): 127–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.20969/vskm.2023.16(5).127-135.
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Introduction. Higher medical education is one of the most sought-after and elite degrees worldwide. Systems of higher medical education differ from country to country, although they have certain features in common. Core differences are as follows: Training duration at various stages, contents of educational programs, learning technologies, etc. Much attention is paid to physicians training, which is determined by the high social significance of medical education. Aim: To provide an overview of the contemporary global trends in the development of higher medical education in the USA, Great Britain, France, and China. Materials and Methods. World literature was analyzed on trends in the development of higher medical education. Results and Discussion. Development of the healthcare system in the UK requires an integrated approach that considers various aspects in higher medical education, personnel policy, and workplace management. French healthcare system is experiencing various problems, such as the affordability of medical services and staffing shortages in remote regions. The Government of France shall continue to invest in healthcare and address the challenges to ensure universal access to quality medical services, including through its higher education system. US medical education keeps pace with the challenges healthcare systems are facing in the 21st century. To address today’s challenges, US medical education is taking a more interdisciplinary and inclusive approach, focusing on public health, interdisciplinary teamwork, and community-based training. Chinese medical universities pay more attention to practical skills and to integrating various disciplines in training, which allows graduates to be the best medical experts able to solve complex practical problems. Conclusions. Global trends identified herein in the development of higher medical education in the USA, Great Britain, France, and China require reflection, while the best practices should be introduced into the Russian system of higher education. However, approaches to be implemented should be first adapted to the historical, cultural, social, geographical, political, and other realities of Russia.
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Mahali, Samu. "Impact of Urbanization on ‘Horh’ People and Rosion of Majhi- Pargana ,Hunting and Tribal Medicine in Shikar Dishom." Journal of Advance Research in Medical & Health Science (ISSN: 2208-2425) 3, no. 10 (October 31, 2017): 07–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.53555/nnmhs.v3i10.614.
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The article deals with the study of changes of Socio-Economic and cultural activities of ‘Horh’ (Santhal and other Tribes) as a result of rapid urbanization. It encompasses an extensive survey of the tribes’ dwelling places in urban, fringe and the rural settlements. The salient features include exploration of the physical and cultural background in the case study area. Composition of tribal families in 1951, Horh population growth rate during 1931 to 2001, Urban to Rural Tribal population ratio, the proportion of Horh people affected by urbanization in the study villages i.e. change of their tradition and culture after the urbanization etc. Major findings include: Perceptible changes occurred in Socio cultural system of Horh like Majhi-Pargana system and Tribal Medicine etc. Urbanization and urban development are seen in Paschimanchal (W.B),Jamsedpur(Jharkhand) and Mayurbhang(Odisha) area i.e Shikar Desom of Horh people in India. The process of population growth in the urban area along with the commercial, industrial and transport preferment have favored the recent urban development throughout the areas. These have been accelerated with the overwhelming growth of population in urban areas through migration at acceleration and natural growth. These have given rise to systems of central places, problems of slums and squatter settlements besides enhancing the linkages of industrial centers thereby increasing the entropy of urban places. All these have forced the Governments to think about change in the urban policies, population policies and planning prospects. In Shikar Dishom Living standard, Educational and Economic condition had changed, they stand developed in all aspects but as a trade-off lost their socio-cultural composition a great deal. They must continue their positive traditional cultures and social traits to avoid the extinction in the long run from the memory of the future generations. It is possible only by the awareness to them. Aboriginal culture has many important things, which need to be preserved and have to continue as Indian culture in the context of sustaining beautiful diversity of Indian culture landscape.
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Jeder, Daniela. "Pedagogy of diversity in teacher training." Journal of Education, Society & Multiculturalism 3, no. 2 (December 1, 2022): 236–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jesm-2022-0029.
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Abstract The present work outlines a series of arguments that support the need for awareness and involvement of teacher trainers in the development of competences for diversity from the stage of initial training. The work also proposes an analysis of knowledge, skills, attitudes of a cognitive, social, emotional nature, self-knowledge capacities, ethical values, etc. as structured ensembles that can be dynamically trained for the purpose of training and developing the competences for diversity of teachers. A sequential presentation of the Professional Standards for teachers from Romania, Great Britain, Australia and France from the perspective of diversity and inclusion offers some benchmarks for an educational practice that promotes equal opportunities for education and development of all children, regardless of differences in the socio-economic status, language, culture/personality, race/ethnicity, religion, abilities or disabilities, learning styles, aspects of personality etc. that differentiate them.
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Hren, Nataliya, Mykhailo Kelman, Maiia Pyvovar, Anna Koval, and Yaroslav Melnyk. "Human rights and current discriminatory manifestations (on the example of age discrimination in the social and communicative sphere)." Age of Human Rights Journal, no. 19 (December 19, 2022): 71–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.17561/tahrj.v19.7124.
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The article provides a comprehensive analysis of counteracting human rights violations due to age discrimination in the social and communicative sphere to identify problematic aspects of this discrimination; to study current changes in connection with the pandemic threat and generalize a set of legal guarantees to prevent and counteract inappropriate legal policy in this area. The research is based on a humanistic approach, which determines the individual value criterion of the research methodology and is manifested through the ideology of anthropocentrism; a complementary approach to scientific research and a balanced combination of national and international state-building and law-making principles. A comparative legal method was used, which made it possible to summarize the legal requirements of various states, including the United Arab Emirates, Great Britain, Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Colombia, on measures to counteract the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic. Statistical and information reports of the European Union countries, monitoring of the Equality Representatives of individual countries (Serbia, Lithuania), analytical data, government decisions and practical cases were used.
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Mankovsky, I. A. "Institutional Economics as a Scientific Basis for the Transition to a New Technological Order: Prospects and Conditions for Application." Economic Revival of Russia, no. 4 (74) (2022): 57–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.37930/1990-9780-2022-4-74-57-67.
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It is noted that the economic development of the Russian Federation takes place in the conditions of digitalization of the economy, the construction of an innovative type of economy with the subsequent transition to a new technological order. It is established that the goals of innovative development and the results to which the economy should come are legalized in the decree of the Government of the Russian Federation and, therefore, are mandatory for implementation. It is stated that achieving the goals of innovative development requires the development of an appropriate economic theory, the methodology of which is based on an interdisciplinary approach to the analysis of economic relations. It is argued that the neoclassical economic theory, which uses mathematics and econometrics as a tool for constructing theoretical models and verifying their validity, cannot be recommended for further use as a scientific basis for the digitalization of the economy and its development as an innovation-type economy. It is proposed as a scientific basis for building a new economic policy of the state in the conditions of digitalization of the economy to apply institutional economic theory as a scientific basis that meets the modern requirements of economic development, the methodology of which involves taking into account in the course of economic analysis various aspects of social interaction directly or indirectly capable of influencing the behavior of economic agents. A brief analysis of the publications of Russian scientists in the field of institutional economic theory is carried out, it is concluded that the basis for the development of Russian institutionalism are the scientific achievements of scientists from the USA and Great Britain, but, due to the fact that the scientific achievements of foreign scientists are based on the study of the institutional environment of the USA and Great Britain, which differs in fundamental aspects from the institutional environment of the Russian Federation, the conclusion is made about the need to adapt institutional economic theory to the Russian institutional environment. Proposals are made to carry out priority measures for the development of institutional economic theory corresponding to the political, legal and other social characteristics of the Russian Federation.
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Nazarenko, Volodymyr. "System Modeling of the Smart City in Context of Land Management E-Service." Land Science 3, no. 1 (April 27, 2021): p22. http://dx.doi.org/10.30560/ls.v3n1p22.
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The smart city is a prominent field of research, which is at the intersection of broader fields of economics, social, and land sciences. Four core smart city research subfields were identified, specifically defined, and classified – urbanization, city planning, and governance, land and resources management. In this paper author presented a classification of modern smart city research tools and introduced smart city, conceptual research model. Information system is critical in describing underlying principles of modern urbanization processes and modeling it is processed effectively. This scientific work aims to address the challenges any new researcher in this field encounters, such as lack of extensive overview and classification of available tools. The list of major economic aspects of the smart city system and the main services, that city provides, are introduced and explained within the scope of this article. The author presents a conceptual model of a smart city from both a general scientific viewpoint as well as in the context of information system modeling. Data is a key component of any system modeling process as well as it is an essential part of tool classification. This paper places emphasis on data classification by its application and its research subfield. A great deal of attention is paid towards system modeling of land management subsystems in the context of smart city digital service. This article can serve as a theoretical foundation for further research and practical implementation of future smart systems.
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Linne, Karsten. "The “New Labour Policy” in Nazi Colonial Planning for Africa." International Review of Social History 49, no. 2 (August 2004): 197–224. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002085900400149x.
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The National Socialist planning for a recolonization of Africa was based on a new social and labour policy and focused chiefly on the “labour question”. In designing their schemes, planners strove to mobilize wage labour and circumvent the much-feared “proletarianization” of the workers. The key problem in exploiting the African colonies had two main aspects: a shortage of manpower and migrant labour. Therefore, planners designed complex systems of organized, state-controlled labour recruitment, and formulated rules for labour contracts and compensation. An expanded labour administration was to ensure that the “deployment of labour” ran smoothly and that workers were registered, evaluated, and supervised. Furthermore, “white labour guardians” were to be assigned the responsibility of overseeing the social wellbeing of the African workers. As was evident not only in Germany but in the colonial powers, France and Great Britain, as well, these concepts all fit into the general trend of the times, a trend characterized by the application of scientific methods in solving social issues, by the increased emphasis on state intervention, and by the introduction of sociopolitical measures. Nazi planning was based on Germany's prewar politics but also reflected the changes occurring in German work life after 1933.
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Wang, Lina, Fanfei Zhao, and Guanqun Zhang. "Analysis on the Impact of Large-Scale Sports Events on Regional Economy Based on SWOT-PEST Model." Journal of Mathematics 2022 (March 7, 2022): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/7769128.
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Against the background of surging globalization and accelerating urbanization, more and more cities are choosing to reposition their urban landscape by hosting sports events at different levels to achieve a great leap forward in urban development. Major sporting events can quickly gather various resources from all over the country and even the world for a city, promoting it to become a world-famous city with international influence. In the twenty-first century, more and more Chinese cities are bidding to host important sporting events at different levels, but historical experience shows that hosting slightly important sporting events is a “double-edged sword” and economic benefits are no longer the main reason for a city to host an event. Using the SWOT-PEST model, this paper provides an in-depth analysis of the advantages, disadvantages, opportunities, and challenges of marginally important sporting events of different levels affecting the regional economy from political, economic, social, and technological aspects, so as to understand in detail the economic impact of sporting events.
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Horowitz, Irving Louis. "Between the Charybdis of Capitalism and the Scylla of Communism: The Emigration of German Social Scientists, 1933-1945." Social Science History 11, no. 2 (1987): 113–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0145553200015753.
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I would like to examine two aspects of German scholarly emigration to the Western democracies, especially the United States and Great Britain. I do not necessarily seek to offer a full explanation of this complex historical and ideological issue, but rather an analysis that attempts to avoid the maze of sociological generalizing that has grown up around the politically inspired migration of scholars.Let me state quite frankly that I am neither a devotee of the history of ideas approach nor an apologist for any particular group of exiles or their ideology. Rather, I seek to understand the common denominators, or better, the root elements that recently led René König (1984) to locate the source of the German sociological exodus in the virulent nationalism of the 1920s, and to argue that the fusion of conservative and radical elements in post-1933 rational socialism was a culmination rather than a cause of social scientific breakdown. As Otto Neurath put this plight: “We are like sailors who must rebuild their ships on the open sea without benefit of a dock, or an opportunity to select the best replacement parts” (Blum, 1985).
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Takács, Péter. "Theoretical optimization of tram availibility for daily schedules (role of public transport and trams in Budapest)." Studia Mundi - Economica 7, no. 3 (2020): 86–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.18531/studia.mundi.2020.07.03.86-96.
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The demand for change of location could be emphasised of all the factors of urban development, as it constantly exists in societies even if for different purposes. Mobilisation provides the background of the engine that operates the economy and the society, its role is to realise the movement of persons, goods and services. The key driver of the urbanization, emerging due to the geographic concentration and coordination of economic and social activities, is the changes in the transport system. Physical characteristics of the cities and their changes have a great impact on the development of the transport system. Due to its good environmental impacts, favouring urban rail networks is clearly targeted in urban planning today. With regard to the availability of cars and the schedules, concerning the increased and changing performance requirements, companies that operate tram services seek optimization opportunities primarily in order to reduce expenses. Conformity between transport development and urban development shall be continuously ensured if we wish to prevent fault-lines in the development of the city, however, realization of them has to be matched with the operator’s intentions for optimization. Considering these aspects on the long run serves the creation of a better economic, social and spatial structure at the settlement concerned, thereby improving sustainable living standards.
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Korostichenko, Ekaterina I., and Yaroslav I. Klimov. "The social dimension of the new atheism." Philosophy Journal 16, no. 2 (2023): 96–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.21146/2072-0726-2023-16-2-96-114.
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The article examines the socio-political aspect of the new atheism. Within the framework of this phenomenon, initially associated with the four bestselling authors R. Dawkins, S. Harris, K. Hitchens, D. Dennett, who launched the “fight against religion” in the mid-2000s, a community and a weakly organized movement eventually formed. A number of connected questions are considered: characteristics of the phenomenon of new atheism (origins, sources, specifics); perception of atheism and new atheism by society in the USA and Great Britain; political views of key figures of the new atheism, external assessment of their political influence; views and activity of supporters, external assessment of the socio-political influence of the movement. The article focuses on the aspects of the new atheism as a movement in the USA and the UK. The author comes to the following conclusions: the “creators” of the new atheism scarcely touch upon the socio-political agenda in their activities (the main foreign policy interest is the fight against Islamic terrorism); currently, the new atheism as a movement and a community reacts to politics rather than forms it; not all actions of new atheists aimed at reducing the social and political presence of religion or at reducing discrimination against atheists achieve their goals; the main achievement of the new atheism movement is that atheism as a worldview ceases to be a marginal agenda, and non-believers receive a formalized, positively colored identity for themselves. The latter is important in the context of discrimination of non-believers against believers, which in the United States takes place both in the public consciousness and even at the highest political level.
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S.Bychkov, S. Bychkov. "ASPECTS OF PUBLIC CRISIS MANAGEMENT: BEST PRACTICES AND POSSIBLE IMPLEMENTATION IN UKRAINE." Socio World-Social Research & Behavioral Sciences 11, no. 01 (March 23, 2023): 43–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.36962/swd11012023-43.
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At the article, the experience of public crisis management in the post-war period in Japan and Germany was considered. Among the main features of crisis measures, the following were highlighted: demonopolization of the economy, support for the development of small and medium businesses, tax reform, accelerated industrialization of technologically backward regions of the country, government protectionism of local production, and prevention of foreign and domestic competition. At the article the special attention was paid to the crisis measures used by the governments of some countries in the management of certain depressed areas (Germany, Great Britain, Italy, USA). It was revealed that the key is to stimulate production, business and increase employment in the regions. However, some countries are taking comprehensive measures to improve all regions simultaneously, while others are paying more attention to economically backward regions in order to provide them with the opportunity to take an active part in the socio-economic development of the country. Separately, public crisis management decisions taken by a number of governments in order to minimize the negative consequences of the global financial crisis of 2008 were analyzed. All activities can be combined into several main blocks, namely the creation of an additional system of social protection for employees, the expansion of opportunities for employment growth, the development and implementation of retraining and advanced training programs for employees. Keywords: public crisis management, best practices, implementation, support, government, economic development.