Journal articles: 'Urbanization- Delhi'

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Kawatra, Ar Anjali. "Understanding Transitional Spaces: A Case Study of three different phases of Delhi – Old Delhi, Colonial Delhi and Contemporary Delhi." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. 8 (August 31, 2021): 2859–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.37879.

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Abstract: Any space needs to be conceptualized by thorough study of environment, its surroundings and community needs. These spaces are planned to provide a distinct function but many spaces are created with no definite function and are used as a changeover between two spaces. These spaces are referred as ‘Transition Spaces ’and they generate a ‘Spatial prospect ’for many activities, rather than serving a specific function. In this changing time of urbanization, the skyline of the city is changing from traditional buildings to glittering glass and steel structures, overshadowing the existing fabric of the city. This change is sudden not gradual. One perceives the landmarks and left behind are the unrecognizable edges and nodes. These nodes and edges are spaces where people interact and intermingle and thus transition spaces are formed. These transition spaces play a vital role in environmental behavior. The idea of this study is to understand the essence of a space in which one experiences a shift. This shift is important because that is the area where most of the activities happen. Space, like man, needs an identity else it would be lost in time. It is necessary for us to be able to distinguish between the ideas of such places, else understanding the transitions would be difficult. ‘People and space depend on one another; they share each other their true colours. ’(Hertzberger, 2000)

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Sengupta, Kaustubh Mani. "Book review: Sumanta Banerjee, Memoirs of Roads: Calcutta from Colonial Urbanization to Global Modernization." Studies in History 34, no. 2 (May 22, 2018): 219–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0257643018771199.

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Sumanta Banerjee, Memoirs of Roads: Calcutta from Colonial Urbanization to Global Modernization, Oxford University Press and Indian Institute of Advanced Study, Shimla, New Delhi, 2016, x + 175 pp., ₹695.

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Prashar, Sunil Kumar, and Rajib Shaw. "Urbanization and hydro‐meteorological disaster resilience: the case of Delhi." International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment 3, no. 1 (February 24, 2012): 7–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/17595901211201105.

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Balha, Akanksha, Bramha Dutt Vishwakarma, Suneel Pandey, and Chander Kumar Singh. "Predicting impact of urbanization on water resources in megacity Delhi." Remote Sensing Applications: Society and Environment 20 (November 2020): 100361. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rsase.2020.100361.

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Singh, Jasdeep. "Towards a More Resilient Delhi: Rapid Urbanization and Climate Change." Journal of Extreme Events 05, no. 02n03 (September 2018): 1850014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2345737618500148.

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The discourse on resilient cities encapsulates various analogies, which are further constructed through the work of researchers in creation of several resilience assessment methodologies and toolkits. Despite the presence of numerous resilience assessment tools, there is an apparent lack of participation of residents of the global south within the assessment and iterative transformation processes. The situation, hence, is not truly represented through application of these tools in certain socio-political climates such as of India. Consistent economic growth of India has resulted in rapid urbanization of major cities. But, this has not been supplemented with proper planning, resulting in imbalances in all spheres of city infrastructure. Delhi, capital city of India, has been one of the worst hit cities. The hot seasons have caused thousands of fatalities in the past few years. An attempt is made to review the application of current resilience tools in Delhi against the backdrop of the sustainable development goals. In an attempt to improve the approach of these existing tools, an initial iteration is conducted, hinging on qualitative data obtained through surveying a sample population of the city and accessible quantitative metric data. Possible intervention scenarios are further suggested in view of aforementioned stressors and resilience scores. Research question: Where are the current resilience tools found lacking in the case of the global south, specifically in Delhi? How can the applicability of these tools be improved without compromising the deliverables yet ensuring an all-inclusive approach? Key findings: (1) The city is found lacking in adequate infrastructure facilities to its residents especially within the ambits of basic water and sanitation provision and healthcare services. (2) The city is relatively unprepared to face unforeseen events, both at the administrative and the grassroots levels. The lack of knowledge transfer and cooperation are largely evident.

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Budhiraja, Bakul, Prasad Pathak, Girish Agarwal, and Raja Sengupta. "Satellite and Ground Estimates of Surface and Canopy-Layer Urban Heat Island." International Journal of Applied Geospatial Research 12, no. 4 (October 2021): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijagr.2021100101.

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The urban heat island (UHI) effect is one of the prominent impacts of urbanization that affects human health and energy consumption. As the data is limited and inconsistent, UHI comparative studies between UHIUCL and UHISurf on the seasonal scale are limited. The use of only daytime summer imagery reporting “Inverted UHI” undermines the holistic view of the phenomenon. Therefore, this study analyses the seasonal patterns for UHISurf and UHIUCL in three climate zones (Delhi, Pune, and Montreal). The three cities experience a high traditional night-time UHIUCL (Delhi 7°C, Pune 6°C, Montreal 1.89°C). Landsat captures a prominent daytime UHISurf (15°C) in Montreal with temperate climate and daytime inverted UHISurf (-4°C) for Delhi in summer. Seasonally, the night-time UHI is prominent in summer and monsoon for Delhi, summer and spring for Pune, and summer for Montreal. Due to UHI effect, the heatwaves can be more intense in semi-arid and tropical cities than temperate cities.

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Sarkar, Uma Dey, and Bikramaditya K. Choudhary. "Reconfiguring urban waterscape: water kiosks in Delhi as a new governance model." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 10, no. 4 (November 11, 2020): 996–1011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2020.152.

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Abstract International organizations firmly ratifying the human right to water though neoliberal reforms have pushed for increasing commodification and marketization of water. Accelerated urbanization in cities of the Global South have intensified problems associated with access to water and innovative solutions such as water kiosks are seen as the future of water access in underserved areas. This paper studies access to potable water in four resettlement colonies of Delhi with a focus on the water kiosks which operate in these colonies. Tracing the broader reforms which have been initiated in the public utility (Delhi Jal Board), the paper investigates the model of water kiosk of these colonies and the extent to which access to water has been impacted by the introduction of the water kiosks. Based on the processes of changes and continuities in the waterscapes of formal yet marginal spaces in the city and concomitant reconfigurations in urban governance, the paper argues that water kiosks serve to reproduce the uneven power relations embedded in the process of neoliberal urbanization.

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Kushwaha, S., and Y. Nithiyanandam. "THE STUDY OF HEAT ISLAND AND ITS RELATION WITH URBANIZATION IN GURUGRAM, DELHI NCR FOR THE PERIOD OF 1990 TO 2018." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-5/W3 (December 5, 2019): 49–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-5-w3-49-2019.

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Abstract. Rapid growth in population and land cover makes urban areas more vulnerable to Urban Heat Island. Due to which, cities experience higher mean temperature than its proximate surrounding rural or non-urban area. The relationship between UHI and urbanization is proven in previous studies. Delhi the capital city of India is well known for its extreme heat condition in summer and air pollution. In this study, an attempt has been made to understand UHI behavior in a satellite town of Delhi. Satellite town or cities are the small independent towns built in the vicinity of a large city or metropolitan city. In this paper 4 major satellite towns of Delhi, i.e. Gurugram (name changed from Gurgaon in April 2016), Noida, Faridabad and Ghaziabad has been studied to understand the changing trends in urbanization and temperature. The parameters used are rate of urban expansion, population density, GDP growth and increasing temperature over the last two decades. Gurugram showed the maximum urbanization and identified as study area. Gurugram has undergone a major growth journey from being a small town to ‘The Millennium city’ of the country in a short span. The Landsat images of past three decades ranging from different time period i.e. 1990, 1996, 2002, 2009, 2014 and 2018 were investigated by applying integrated approach of GIS and Remote sensing. The images represent the condition of UHI and urbanization in different period. The temporal change in LULC was used to study the rate of urban growth in last three decades. The results showed the increase in built-up area out of the total area of Gurugram from 10% (i.e.50.6 sq. km) in 1990 to 17.25% (80.5 sq. km) in 2002 which further increased to 45.1% (210.4 sq. km) in 2018. Thermal Infrared band of Landsat series were used to retrieve land surface temperature (LST) intensity of the study period. The results show a positive correlation (r = 0.46) between impervious surfaces and LST. The results of the study could be helpful in identifying the causative factors and level of impacts in different zones and also enable us to develop a mitigation strategy based on spatial decision support system.

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Kusuma, Yadlapalli S., Deepa Burman, Rita Kumari, Anjana S. Lamkang, and Bontha V. Babu. "Impact of health education based intervention on community’s awareness of dengue and its prevention in Delhi, India." Global Health Promotion 26, no. 1 (March 28, 2017): 50–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1757975916686912.

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Dengue is endemic in India. The capital, Delhi, continues to witness a higher number of cases due to urbanization-related factors. This study is intended to implement health education towards prevention of dengue, and to assess its impact on people’s knowledge and practices related to causes and prevention of dengue among urban poor in Delhi. Pre- ( n = 484) and post- ( n = 496) intervention surveys from 15 sub-clusters from five slums/slum-like settlements in Delhi were carried out. Health education based intervention was carried out through partnership with the municipal bodies and non-governmental organizations. Socio-demographic characteristics of participants were similar in both surveys. Intervention resulted in significant increase in knowledge on cause, symptom perception and mosquito behaviour in terms of breeding and biting habits. Practice of personal protection measures increased significantly. The participation of people increased during intervention compared to the routine programme. Health education based interventions are instrumental in improving people’s knowledge and behaviour. Hence, routine health educational activities as a supportive strategy in the health system need to be strengthened. New integrated approaches such as eco-bio-social approaches with community participation are to be developed and tested in endemic settings like Delhi.

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Gupta, Tanya, and Chandrakala Kesarwani. "Rivers as Lifeline of Urbanization- An Environmental Case Analysis." International Journal of Advance Research and Innovation 10, no. 1 (2022): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.51976/ijari.1012201.

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Rivers and water are essential resources for human life, the environment and development of any nation. In India, the significance of rivers as the focal point of human settlement was established from the early times of civilisation and will remain so. Ancient India is always referred as land of seven rivers. Rivers here have religious significance but India’s rivers are depleting at an alarming rate. Riverfronts are not merely unique spaces in a city, but also the most representative region which reflect the local character. Since the industrial revolution, urban population and the need for land have increased rapidly; a good many riverfront spaces have been occupied, resulting in the deterioration of water quality of the rivers. A case study on the degradation of river and their restoration is been explained in this paper using example of Hindon river and Yamuna River. The region of Ghaziabad is plain and lacks topographic prominence. River channels break the monotony of physical landscape. The major sources of waste generation within Ghaziabad largely comprise of residential areas, poor yojna area, vegetable markets industrial and slaughter waste .open dumping of municipal solid waste quiet often in scattered heaps has occupies a larger space near the river . The land around the river Hindon is a breeding ground for pathogens, flies, malodours and generation of which leads to water pollution. The land can be completely bioremedised followed by development of beautiful garden “Eco-Energy Park - Hindon Eco Park” adjacent to Sai Upvan. The research aims at providing landscape solutions to eliminate the further degradation and pollution of nearby soil, air and Hindon river. Today, with the abysmal state of drainage and solid-waste management of the city Delhi, the Yamuna has become a huge drain carrying the waste of this mega city. Millions of rupees have been spent by successive governments in order to clean the river, but to no significant change in the situation. The spaces around the river are also rather ‘lost spaces’ with either agricultural field, derelict power stations, stadiums and memorials. With very high densities in the residential areas, it has to be realized that Delhi is in dire need of a large public open space. The study aims at reconnecting the city to the river not only metaphorically, but to establish physical linkages and improve the quality of the environment and create opportunities to activate the riverfront. The paper will focus on the causes, impact and measures of pollution of rivers in case of Yamuna and Hindon in NCR region

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Jain, Madhavi, A. P. Dimri, and D. Niyogi. "Urban Sprawl Patterns and Processes in Delhi from 1977 to 2014 Based on Remote Sensing and Spatial Metrics Approaches." Earth Interactions 20, no. 14 (April 1, 2016): 1–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/ei-d-15-0040.1.

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Abstract Recent decades have witnessed rapid urbanization and urban population growth resulting in urban sprawl of cities. This paper analyzes the spatiotemporal dynamics of the urbanization process (using remote sensing and spatial metrics) that has occurred in Delhi, the capital city of India, which is divided into nine districts. The urban patterns and processes within the nine administrative districts of the city based on raw satellite data have been taken into consideration. Area, population, patch, edge, and shape metrics along with Pearson’s chi statistics and Shannon’s entropy have been calculated. Three types of urban patterns exist in the city: 1) highly sprawled districts, namely, West, North, North East, and East; 2) medium sprawled districts, namely, North West, South, and South West; and 3) least sprawled districts—Central and New Delhi. Relative entropy, which scales Shannon’s entropy values from 0 to 1, is calculated for the districts and time spans. Its values are 0.80, 0.92, and 0.50 from 1977 to 1993, 1993 to 2006, and 2006 to 2014, respectively, indicating a high degree of urban sprawl. Parametric and nonparametric correlation tests suggest the existence of associations between built-up density and population density, area-weighted mean patch fractal dimension (AWMPFD) and area-weighted mean shape index (AWMSI), compactness index and edge density, normalized compactness index and number of patches, and AWMPFD and built-up density.

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Singh, Parul, Sudha Ravindranath, Vidya A, and K. Ganesha Raj. "Understanding the Vegetation Dynamics of NCT- Delhi Using Remote Sensing." Journal of Geomatics 16, no. 2 (October 31, 2022): 234–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.58825/jog.2022.16.2.53.

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Urban vegetation is a crucial ecosystem component that keeps the environment in check. The existence of a well-distributed vegetation cover helps to ensure the city's long-term sustainability and aesthetic appeal. Rapid urban expansion has direct and indirect effects on vegetation growth and its distribution. This paper studied the vegetation cover dynamics using remotely sensed Landsat series datasets in the National Capital Territory (NCT) of Delhi. The study examined the vegetation change over 28 years and observed a reduction of about 15% due to rapid urbanization. This work studied the prominent Green Spaces (GS) in NCT- Delhi and highlighted their significance. The study also investigated the district-wise change in the vegetation cover. The vegetation mapping of the region can be utilized as a tool for integrated spatial planning to address urban challenges like air pollution, reducing the effects of urban heat islands, and public health improvement.

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Swati Bidhuri, Mohd Mazhar Ali Khan, Tanveer Ahmad, Divya Rani Vaishnav, and Faizan sarwar. "Trend of Mortality by Water Related Intestinal infectious Diseases: A Study of National Capital Territory of Delhi, (2001 to 2011)." Journal of Multidisciplinary Research in Healthcare 6, no. 1 (July 17, 2020): 7–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.15415/jmrh.2019.61002.

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National Capital Territory (NCT) of Delhi is experiencing rapid urbanization for the last few decades. The area is lagging behind in water and waste management infrastructure. This is due to the fact that Delhi is recording high growth rate of population mostly through in-migration over the year which is taxing much upon the existing water resources and the provisions made for water supply. Consequently demand is higher than supply of the safe drinking water. The consumption of unsafe drinking water is therefore increasing and is causing serious health problems among the fellow residents of NCT of Delhi. These health problems are basically related to the digestive as well as excretory systems of the human body. These disorders are promoting mortality particularly among those segments of population which do not have access to potable drinking water. This paper is therefore a modest attempt towards examining the population growth rate and the scenarios of demand and supply for potable water as well as the overall water related intestinal infections and related mortality at present and their future occurrence. This requires synergy between the different sectors of the state to overcome the problem. of intestinal infection diseases in the region.

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Kumar, Bablu, Kopal Verma, and Umesh Kulshrestha. "Deposition and Mineralogical Characteristics of Atmospheric Dust in relation to Land Use and Land Cover Change in Delhi (India)." Geography Journal 2014 (August 26, 2014): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/325612.

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This study highlights that the increasing urbanization and industrialization in Delhi are responsible for higher fluxes of atmospheric dust and its chemical constituents. Delhi has experienced a drastic change in land use and land cover area during the past two decades. Road lengths of the city have increased by 76% from 1985 to 2011. The number of mobile vehicles has reached 80,52,508 in 2014 from 24,32,295 in 1994. The industrial units in Delhi have increased by 39.54% in 2011 as compared to 1994 value. Atmospheric dust which is originated from soil in this region becomes carbon rich due to interaction of suspended soil with atmospheric pollutants. Emissions of carbonaceous aerosols from coal and petroleum combustions are mainly responsible for silica dominated soil dust transforming into carbon rich particulate matter. Such dust may play very important role in the atmosphere having significant influence on human health, global warming, climate change, radiative forcing, visibility, and cloud formation. It is expected that if the rate of development remains the same, green cover of the city invariably will be sized down in order to meet the demand of housing, transportation, industries, and so forth in proportion to the rising population.

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Palat Narayanan, Nipesh. "World-class as a provincial construct: Historicizing planning in Colombo and Delhi." Planning Theory 19, no. 3 (December 12, 2019): 268–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1473095219892999.

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South Asia’s bourgeoning agglomerations are argued to derive their imageries from the abstracted northern notions of the urban, partially captured by the umbrella phrase – world-class. This article unpacks the notion of world-class using planning exercises in Colombo and Delhi. I argue that world-class cannot be seen in isolation to read the violence of urbanization, but when planning is historicized, visions like world-class present themselves as a subsequent logical step. Therefore, for any radical opposition to exclusionary planning, we need to look at the possibility of an epistemological rupture in the planning discourse rather than to critique the notion of world-class.

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Singh, Prafull, Anindita Sarkar Chaudhuri, Pradipika Verma, Vivek Kumar Singh, and Sansar Raj Meena. "Earth observation data sets in monitoring of urbanization and urban heat island of Delhi, India." Geomatics, Natural Hazards and Risk 13, no. 1 (July 14, 2022): 1762–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19475705.2022.2097452.

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Choudhary, Shikha, N. P. S. Chauhan, and Rajiv Kalsi. "Impact of Urbanization on Seasonal Population Status and Occupancy of House Sparrows in Delhi, India." Current Science 119, no. 10 (November 25, 2020): 1706. http://dx.doi.org/10.18520/cs/v119/i10/1706-1711.

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Rahman, A., S. Agarwal, and A. Sarkar. "Assessing Urbanization and Quality of Urban Environment Using Remote Sensing and GIS in East Delhi." Epidemiology 18, Suppl (September 2007): S80—S81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.ede.0000288999.19662.46.

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Forrest, Jacob. "Ross Exo Adams 2019: Circulation and Urbanization . London, Thousand Oaks, New Delhi and Singapore: Sage." International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 43, no. 6 (October 30, 2019): 1212–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-2427.12863.

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Mondal, Biswajit, Pragya Sharma, Debolina Kundu, and Sarita Bansal. "Spatio-temporal Assessment of Landscape Ecological Risk and Associated Drivers: A Case Study of Delhi." Environment and Urbanization ASIA 12, no. 1_suppl (March 2021): S85—S106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09754253211007830.

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Urbanization is considered as the key driver for land use and land cover (LULC) changes across the globe and Delhi is no exception to this phenomenon. The population of Delhi has almost doubled from 8.4 million in 1991 to 16.3 million in 2011. Correspondingly, the built-up area has also increased from 336.82 to 598.22 km 2 during 1999–2018. This urban expansion has led to emergence of serious ecological risk and fragmentation of the landscape. In this context, it is imperative to analyse the level of risks induced by such urban expansion and its underlying associations with other factors. This article quantifies the LULC changes in Delhi during 1999–2018 using Landsat 5 (TM) and Landsat 8 (OLI) data. A spatio-temporal sprawl induced risk assessment index has been developed by combining landscape fragmentation score and land use land cover vulnerability score. The landscape fragmentation score was based on four landscape metrics, whereas the vulnerability score was computed from LULC data. The article also assesses the association between risk areas and economic activities, environmental and infrastructural amenities that are considered key drivers of urban expansion in Delhi. To estimate spatio-temporal variability between risk areas and key drivers, ordinary least square regression and geographical weighted regression (GWR) were used. The GWR results reveal that sprawl-induced ecological risk in Delhi is strongly associated with economic activity, infrastructural accessibility and environmental amenities. This spatial empirical assessment also shows that urban growth incentives or services such as roads, metro rail, schools and hospitals can also create pressure on the landscape if local authorities arbitrarily provide these services across space without considering the associated risks.

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Goyal, Kirti, and Arun Kumar. "A modelling approach to assess wastewater reuse potential for Delhi city." Water Supply 20, no. 5 (May 4, 2020): 1716–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2020.080.

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Abstract Water availability is facing crisis throughout the world because of various factors viz., population growth, climate change, and rapid urbanization, leading to the requirement of treated wastewater as an additional source of water supply. However, the actual amount of wastewater that may be reused depends on many factors such as water demand, availability, cost and social acceptability, etc. In this study, a linear programming model has been developed to identify the amount of treated wastewater that may be used for various applications subject to water availability and demand constraints, taking Delhi city as a case study. The results suggest that wastewater reuse has the maximum potential in agriculture and landscape irrigation use followed by domestic and industrial applications. The framework developed in the study provides useful information for integrated planning and management of the reuse of wastewater in order to augment the existing water supply. It may be modified and used for the estimation of wastewater reuse potential in other areas with similar conditions.

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Paul, Monalisa. "Impact of urbanization on moth (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Heterocera) diversity across different urban landscapes of Delhi, India." Acta Ecologica Sinica 41, no. 3 (June 2021): 204–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chnaes.2021.01.008.

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Rahman, Atiqur, Yogesh Kumar, Shahab Fazal, and Sunil Bhaskaran. "Urbanization and Quality of Urban Environment Using Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques in East Delhi-India." Journal of Geographic Information System 03, no. 01 (2011): 62–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jgis.2011.31005.

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Wescoat, James L., and Rio Fischer. "Hinterland of a Hinterland: The Changing Capital Cities of Sultanate and Mughal Bengal." International Journal of Islamic Architecture 11, no. 2 (July 1, 2022): 241–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/ijia_00079_1.

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Urban research on Bengal has emphasized colonial Calcutta (postcolonial Kolkata) and its hinterland, paying less attention to precolonial centres and processes of urbanization. Between the thirteenth and the early eighteenth centuries, the trading village of Kalikata lay on the coastal margin of Bengal. The regional capitals of the Sultanate and Mughal periods were located further inland at Gour, Pandua, Rajmahal, Dhaka, and Murshidabad, in the hinterlands of imperial capitals in the Delhi region. Bengal capitals changed frequently with fluvial and geopolitical conditions, which had implications for their economic and architectural development. Coastal trading settlements competed with one another in commercial and military matters, which established a new hinterland by the late eighteenth century, with ‘hinterland’ defined as the economic catchment region of the maritime port of Calcutta. This article retraces these processes from chronicles, revenue records, and archaeological surveys. Our examination concludes with the national eclipse of Calcutta by New Delhi in the early twentieth century, and the prospect of climate-driven retreat to inland capitals in Bengal in a twenty-first-century shift that would resemble urban patterns of the precolonial era.

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Kumari, Priyanka, Sukriti Kapur, Vishal Garg, and Krishan Kumar. "Effect of Surface Temperature on Energy Consumption in a Calibrated Building: A Case Study of Delhi." Climate 8, no. 6 (June 2, 2020): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cli8060071.

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Rapid urbanization and associated land-use changes in cities cause an increase in the demand for electricity by altering the local climate. The present study aims to examine the variations in total energy and cooling energy demand in a calibrated building energy model, caused by urban heat island formation over Delhi. The study used Sentinel-2A multispectral imagery for land use and land cover (LULC) of mapping of Delhi, and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) imagery for land surface temperature (LST) mapping during March 2018. It was observed that regions with dense built-up areas (i.e., with built-up area greater than 90%) had a higher annual land surface temperature (LST), i.e., 293.5 K and urban heat island intensity (UHII) ranging from 0.9 K–5.9 K. In contrast, lower annual values of LST (290K) and UHII (0.0–0.4 K) were observed in regions with high vegetation cover (53%). Statistical analysis reveals that a negative correlation exists between vegetation and nighttime LST, which is further confirmed by linear regression analysis. Energy simulations were performed on a calibrated building model placed at three different sites, identified on the basis of land use and land cover percentage and annual LST. Simulation results showed that the site located in the central part of Delhi displayed higher annual energy consumption (255.21 MWh/y) compared to the site located in the rural periphery (235.69 MWh/y). For all the three sites, the maximum electricity consumption was observed in the summer season, while the minimum was seen in the winter season. The study indicates that UHI formation leads to increased energy consumption in buildings, and thus UHI mitigation measures hold great potential for energy saving in a large city like Delhi.

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Mohan, Manju, Subhan K. Pathan, Kolli Narendrareddy, Anurag Kandya, and Sucheta Pandey. "Dynamics of Urbanization and Its Impact on Land-Use/Land-Cover: A Case Study of Megacity Delhi." Journal of Environmental Protection 02, no. 09 (2011): 1274–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jep.2011.29147.

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Firdaus, Ghuncha, and Ateeque Ahmad. "Impact analysis of urbanization on rural livelihood – an empirical study of an urban centre of Delhi, India." International Journal of Urban Sciences 15, no. 3 (December 2011): 147–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/12265934.2011.626176.

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Halder, D., and R. D. Garg. "SENTINEL-2A BASED IMPERVIOUSNESS MONITORING OF URBAN BUILT ENVIRONMENT." International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLIII-B3-2021 (June 29, 2021): 651–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xliii-b3-2021-651-2021.

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Abstract. The cities where the future happens first, they are open, creative, cosmopolitan and sexy and the perfect antidote to reactionary nationalism but the urbanization in unplanned manner is becoming an environmental-social-economical threat to accommodate the huge number of population which is literally boosting the present situation of climate change due to global warming. Extracting, measuring and treating the urban area which compiles of dense built-up and complex road network, is very essential to decrease the negative impact on environment. If most of the impervious surfaces can be replaced with permeable or semi-permeable materials or solar panel then the habitation will be saved from natural disastrous events like heat wave and flash flood. Urbanization can be categorized mainly into two: a) Static (urban open space + built space) and b) Dynamic (transportation). The static and dynamic urbanizations largely consist of impermeable or impervious materials. Impervious surfaces are alluded as the anthropogenic elements through that water can't infiltrate into the soil, such as streets, driveways, parking areas, houses, structures etc. An urban area is a densely populated human settlement, facilitated with multiple infrastructures including built and un-built. These areas or settlements are categorized as towns, suburbs, cities by urban morphology. Through balancing the ratio between the un-built (urban space) and built (building & roads), urban disastrous events can be minimized. This research mainly focused on the extraction of impervious areas using regression modelling approach which is used to generate an impervious surface map from Sentinel-2A dataset of Delhi. Utilising multiple normalised indices can provide better classification results. This study shows that in urban areas imperviousness is becoming one of the prominent computational parameter and monitoring impervious areas could help us understand a lot of urban phenomena which are built-up induced and its rapid change in urban environment is giving rise to unhealthy living conditions.

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Singh, SK, Vasudev Kapoor, Karan Siriya, and Mehak Vashisth. "Performance Evaluation of Extended Aeration-Based Sewage Treatment Plants at NCT of Delhi, India." Journal of University of Shanghai for Science and Technology 23, no. 05 (May 24, 2021): 515–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.51201/jusst/21/05126.

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Due to urbanization and industrialization huge amount of wastewater is being generated, which is causing water pollution. Nowadays water pollution is a serious problem. The present study has been carried out to evaluate the efficiency of a waste water treatment plants with Extended Aeration Sludge Process (EASP). This has been done by examining the various physiochemical characteristics of wastewater (BOD, COD, TSS & PO4), including a comparison of these characteristics at inlet and outlets of wastewater treatment plants and their variance over time. The examination of the competency of a technology is necessary for further optimization of the treatment units whilst complying with the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) requirements. In New Delhi’s Extended Aeration Plants are not working to their peak potential, but have still been able to treat the significant wastewater effectively. The study implies that the effluent released into the Yamuna River would not contribute to the river’s level of pollution.

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Singh, Ankita, Tapas Kumar Ray, and Balraj Dhiman. "Prevalence of Risk Factors of Common non-communicable diseases: A community based study in young adult women in Delhi." Indian Journal of Community Health 32, no. 3 (September 30, 2020): 548–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.47203/ijch.2020.v32i03.014.

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Introduction: In India, due to high rates of urbanization and economic improvement, there is a shift in disease spectrum from communicable to non-communicable diseases. Non-communicable disease contributes to around 5.87 million (60%) of all deaths in India. The level of exposure and vulnerability to non-communicable diseases is more in women than men. The present study was done in a community setting to identify the prevalence and distribution of risk factors for common non-communicable diseases among young adult women. Aim & Objective: To study prevalence of risk factors of common non-communicable diseases in young adult women. Settings and Design: A community-based cross-sectional study conducted in Palam Village of New Delhi. Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study conducted in Palam Village of New Delhi. A total of 585 study subjects were interviewed using a self-designed, semi-structured, pre-designed questionnaire. Waist circumference, blood pressure and weight was measured using non-stretchable measuring tape, digital blood pressure apparatus and digital weighing scale respectively. Results: Half of the study subjects were moderately active. Most of the participants have unhealthy dietary habits. Around 2/3rd of the study subjects were taking inadequate servings of fruits and vegetables, and almost half of them were consuming salt more than the recommended levels. Conclusion: High-risk factors of common non-communicable diseases among young adult women are seen in Palam Village, New Delhi. To prevent further increase in burden of noncommunicable diseases and to lower their serious consequences, prevention and control interventions must be implemented at individual, population and program level.

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Jamloki, Asha, Anuj Ranjan, Abhishek Chauhan, S. K. Tyagi, and Tanu Jindal. "Comparative Assessment of Seasonal Variation in Size-Segregated Particulate Matters around Urban Drains." Asian Journal of Chemistry 34, no. 10 (2022): 2757–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2022.23885.

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The rapidly growing urbanization has resulted in increased environmental pollution and degradation that has equally affected the quality of air and wastewater. Urban drains that carry wastewater from households and industries are also carrying loads of pollutants. The current study was conducted to compare the trend in the concentration of particulate matter (PM) in the air, across the seasons near the urban drains in Delhi, a metropolitan city. The air samples were taken from Najafgarh drain, which is the biggest drain of Delhi city and has a contribution of about 60% of the total wastewater released from Delhi city into river Yamuna. The Indian Standard method IS 5182 Part 24:2019 was used for PM2.5 & IS 5182 Part 23:2006 was used for PM10 monitoring and analysis. The results of the analysis showed that the variation in particulate matter (PM) is observed with changes in relative humidity and with seasonal changes. The variation in PM2.5 levels was seen in a range of 55.30-118.42 μg/m3 from June 2020 to February 2021 & in PM10 levels were seen in the range of 77.54-261.99 μg/m3 during June 2020 to February 2021 for location L1. The variation in PM2.5 levels was seen in a range of 23.84-76.94 μg/m3 from June 2020 to February 2021 & in PM10 levels were seen in the range of 42.06-149.48 μg/m3 during June 2020 to February 2021 for location L2. Few studies have shown that contaminants can enter into the fresh air from the municipal wastewaters and open drains.

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Akram, Mian Muhammad, and Najia Asrar Zaidi. "Impact of Colonialism on Environment: A Socio-Ecological Study of Twilight in Delhi." Special Issue, no. 2 (December 2021): 45–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5782/.kjhss.2021.45.59.

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Massive devastation of indigenous social ecology was envisaged during the colonial expansion in almost all parts of the world since the 16th century. This colonial craze resulted in the exploitation of the natural resources of the colonial territories, which leads to environmental degradation. The alarming consequences of economic expansion including depletion of the ozone layer, air pollution, loss of forests and biodiversity, extinction of animal and plant species, loss of marine life, water and soil pollution have occurred at an alarming rate. Substantial destruction has greatly affected the global environment in the shape of global warming, urbanization, and massive industrialization among other grave issues. Modern intelligentsia and academia give rise to environmental consciousness through multiple campaigns including the celebration of “Earth Day”, the emergence of environmental activist organizations like “Friends of the Earth”, “Earth First”, “Sea Shepherd” and the formation of “Association for the Study of Literature and Environment ASLE” in America, the vis-à-vis start of Environmental studies and Ecocriticism at universities all over the world. Soon it prospered into further interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary fields of studies, in addition to the environmental campaigns activated across the world.

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Akram, Mian Muhammad, and Najia Asrar Zaidi. "Impact of Colonialism on Environment: A Socio-Ecological Study of Twilight in Delhi." Khazar Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 25, no. 2 (July 2022): 45–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5782/2223-2621.2022.25.2.45.

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Massive devastation of indigenous social ecology was envisaged during the colonial expansion in almost all parts of the world since the 16th century. This colonial craze resulted in the exploitation of the natural resources of the colonial territories, which leads to environmental degradation. The alarming consequences of economic expansion including depletion of the ozone layer, air pollution, loss of forests and biodiversity, extinction of animal and plant species, loss of marine life, water and soil pollution have occurred at an alarming rate. Substantial destruction has greatly affected the global environment in the shape of global warming, urbanization, and massive industrialization among other grave issues. Modern intelligentsia and academia give rise to environmental consciousness through multiple campaigns including the celebration of “Earth Day”, the emergence of environmental activist organizations like “Friends of the Earth”, “Earth First”, “Sea Shepherd” and the formation of “Association for the Study of Literature and Environment ASLE” in America, the vis-à-vis start of Environmental studies and Ecocriticism at universities all over the world. Soon it prospered into further interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary fields of studies, in addition to the environmental campaigns activated across the world.

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Crook, Nigel. "R. Ramachandran: Urbanization and urban systems in India. xiv, 364 pp. Delhi, etc.: Oxford University Press, 1989.£17.50." Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 54, no. 2 (June 1991): 405–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0041977x00015275.

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Rawal, Tina, Maartje Willeboordse, Monika Arora, Nitika Sharma, Gaurang P. Nazar, Nikhil Tandon, and Constant P. van Schayck. "Prevalence of Excessive Weight and Underweight and Its Associated Knowledge and Lifestyle Behaviors among Urban Private School-Going Adolescents in New Delhi." Nutrients 13, no. 9 (September 21, 2021): 3296. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13093296.

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With rapid urbanization and the Indian nutrition transition, Indian adolescents face a high risk of developing an energy imbalance. This study aims to assess the prevalence of excessive weight, underweight, and associated knowledge and lifestyle behaviors among private school-going adolescents in Delhi. A cross-sectional study was conducted in students (6th–7th grades) of eight randomly selected private schools in Delhi, India in 2019. A self-administered survey was used to assess students’ dietary-and-physical-activity-related knowledge and behavior. Anthropometric measurements (height, weight, and waist circumference) were also conducted. Out of 1567 participants, 7.2% were underweight, 61.3% normal, and 31.5% excess in weight. Underweight was associated with significantly more eating whilst studying for exams (relative risk ratio (RRR) 1.7 (1.0–2.9)). Excessive weight was associated with less incorrect knowledge on behaviors causing overweight (RRR 0.7 (0.5–0.9)), more often reading nutritional labels of packed food items (RRR 0.6 (0.4–0.9)), and less frequent vegetable-intake (RRR 0.7 (0.4–0.9)). Underweight students showed more suboptimal knowledge and unhealthy behaviors, whilst students with excessive weight showed more correct knowledge and healthy behaviors. This study highlights the immediate need for effective health-promoting interventions focused on the importance of healthy lifestyle at least in underweight adolescents.

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Tang, Junmei, and Liping Di. "Past and Future Trajectories of Farmland Loss Due to Rapid Urbanization Using Landsat Imagery and the Markov-CA Model: A Case Study of Delhi, India." Remote Sensing 11, no. 2 (January 18, 2019): 180. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11020180.

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This study integrated multi-temporal Landsat images, the Markov-Cellular Automation (CA) model, and socioeconomic factors to analyze the historical and future farmland loss in the Delhi metropolitan area, one of the most rapidly urbanized areas in the world. Accordingly, the major objectives of this study were: (1) to classify the land use and land cover (LULC) map using multi-temporal Landsat images from 1994 to 2014; (2) to develop and calibrate the Markov-CA model based on the Markov transition probabilities of LULC classes, the CA diffusion factor, and other ancillary factors; and (3) to analyze and compare the past loss of farmland and predict the future loss of farmland in relation to rapid urban expansion from the year 1995 to 2030. The predicted results indicated the high accuracy of the Markov-CA model, with an overall accuracy of 0.75 and Kappa value of 0.59. The predicted results showed that urban expansion is likely to continue to the year of 2030, though the rate of increase will slow down from the year 2020. The area of farmland has decreased and will continue to decrease at a relatively stable rate. The Markov-CA model provided a better understanding of the past, current, and future trends of LULC change, with farmland loss being a typical change in this region. The predicted result will help planners to develop suitable government policies to guide sustainable urban development in Delhi, India.

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Jain, Sarika, and Tanvi Gupta. "Combined Impact of Urbanization and Climate Change on Summer Surface Air Temperature over the Delhi Mumbai Industrial Corridor Region." International Journal of Climate Change: Impacts and Responses 13, no. 2 (2021): 39–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.18848/1835-7156/cgp/v13i02/39-60.

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Maharjan, Manisha, Anil Aryal, Bijay Man Shakya, Rocky Talchabhadel, Bhesh Raj Thapa, and Saurav Kumar. "Evaluation of Urban Heat Island (UHI) Using Satellite Images in Densely Populated Cities of South Asia." Earth 2, no. 1 (February 9, 2021): 86–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/earth2010006.

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Rapid Urbanization, and other anthropogenic activities, have amplified the change in land-use transition from green space to heat emission in built-up areas globally. As a result, there has been an increase in the land surface temperature (LST) causing the Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect, particularly in large cities. The UHI effect poses a serious risk to human health and well-being, magnified in large developing cities with limited resources to cope with such issues. This study focuses on understanding the UHI effect in Kathmandu Valley (KV), Delhi, and Dhaka, three growing cities in South Asia. The UHI effect was evaluated by analyzing the UHI intensity of the city with respect to the surroundings. We found that the central urban area, of all three cities, experienced more heat zones compared to the peri-urban areas. The estimated average surface temperature ranged from 21.1 ∘C in March 2014 to 32.0 ∘C in June 2015 in KV, while Delhi and Dhaka experienced surface temperature variation from 29.7 ∘C in June 2017 to 40.2 ∘C in June 2019 and 23.6 ∘C in March 2017 to 33.2 ∘C in March 2014, respectively. Based on magnitude and variation of LST, highly built-up central KV showed heat island characteristics. In both Delhi and Dhaka, the western regions showed the UHI effect. Overall, this study finds that the UHI zones are more concentrated near the urban business centers with high population density. The results suggest that most areas in these cities have a rising LST trend and are on the verge of being UHI regions. Therefore, it is essential that further detailed assessment is conducted to understand and abate the impact of the temperature variations.

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Teklemariam, Nathan. "Sustainable Development Goals and Equity in Urban Planning: A Comparative Analysis of Chicago, São Paulo, and Delhi." Sustainability 14, no. 20 (October 14, 2022): 13227. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142013227.

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Today, for the first time in the history of human civilization, over half of the world’s population lives in urban areas. Due to this global urbanization, the United Nations included sustainable urban development in its recent Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) agenda. SDG Goal 11 is one of 17 comprehensive SDGs, and it pays specific attention to making “cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable”. This study comparatively analyzes the current state of participatory urban planning processes in three cities: Chicago, Illinois, U.S.; São Paulo, Brazil; and Delhi, India. Utilizing the cities’ most recent master plans, a content analysis found that public engagement was a key instrument that they adopted in the production of their planning documents, but the level of engagement and tools used to engage the public differed among cities, with Chicago and São Paulo demonstrating more robust public engagement than Delhi. The historical context of the comparative countries’ political, cultural, and socioeconomic development also plays a role in the degree to which a landscape for public engagement and participation exists. The study finds that the ideals of a just city can be determined by the level of participation with which cities engage their citizens during the planning process, and that sustainable urban development is further determined by the level of social equity that currently exists in a city itself.

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Mitchell, Bruce C., Jayajit Chakraborty, and Pratyusha Basu. "Social Inequities in Urban Heat and Greenspace: Analyzing Climate Justice in Delhi, India." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 9 (April 30, 2021): 4800. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18094800.

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Climate change and rapid urbanization currently pose major challenges for equitable development in megacities of the Global South, such as Delhi, India. This study considers how urban social inequities are distributed in terms of burdens and benefits by quantifying exposure through an urban heat risk index (UHRI), and proximity to greenspace through the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), at the ward level in Delhi. Landsat derived remote sensing imagery for May and September 2011 is used in a sensitivity analysis of varying seasonal exposure. Multivariable models based on generalized estimating equations (GEEs) reveal significant statistical associations (p < 0.05) between UHRI/NDVI and several indicators of social vulnerability. For example, the proportions of children (β = 0.922, p = 0.024) and agricultural workers (β = 0.394, p = 0.016) are positively associated with the May UHRI, while the proportions of households with assets (β = −1.978, p = 0.017) and households with electricity (β = −0.605, p = 0.010) are negatively associated with the May UHRI. In contrast, the proportions of children (β = 0.001, p = 0.633) and agricultural workers (β = 0.002, p = 0.356) are not significantly associated with the May NDVI, while the proportions of households with assets (β = 0.013, p = 0.010) and those with electricity (β = 0.008, p = 0.006) are positively associated with the May NDVI. Our findings emphasize the need for future research and policies to consider how socially vulnerable groups are inequitably exposed to the impact of climate change-related urban heat without the mitigating effects of greenspace.

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Mohan Kumar, T. M., K. B. Suhas, and Siddegowda. "A Case study of Urban Heat Island and Air Pollution Mechanism in Bengaluru Metropolitan city." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1255, no. 1 (September 1, 2022): 012014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1255/1/012014.

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Abstract The industrialization in urban areas includes the economical increment, growth of GDPA, youth empowerment. The effects of industrialisation results in air pollution, sewage disposal, decline in green cover percentage. Urbanization or growth of city and Industrialization are embedded with one to another, without improving of Industrial sector, the growth of country cannot progress, but rapid industrialization and urbanization of metropolitan is cities of our country leads to generate huge environmental problems. This paper aims to determine and explore the relation with industrialization with Urban Heat Island (UHI). UHI is a phenomenon of accumulation of more temperature than rural areas. The metropolitan cities like Delhi, Mumbai, Ahmadabad, Kolkata, Bengaluru etc. These are the cities grown rapidly in present scenario. The mechanism of UHI, implications of it is in these metropolitan cities are overview of this research work. It includes collection, analysis of data related to UHI. Finally, it reveals the effect of UHI in different metropolitan cities. Increase in solid waste generation, air quality alteration, loss of aquatic life, air pollution, rise of skin diseases, asthma, respiratory problem etc. The objective of this paper is to understand the mechanism of the UHI process and its implications in different metropolitan cities by analyzing with parameter like raise in city temperature, thermal discomfort, pollution level, uneven rainfall, and increase in flood level.

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Verma, S., S. Agrawal, and K. Dutta. "SATELLITE IMAGERY DRIVEN ASSESSMENT OF LAND USE LAND COVER, URBANIZATION AND SURFACE TEMPERATURE PATTERN DYNAMICS OVER TROPICAL MEGACITIES." International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLVI-4/W6-2021 (November 18, 2021): 313–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlvi-4-w6-2021-313-2021.

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Abstract. In most of the developing nations, fast paced urbanisation is going on. This has changed the spatial patterns of Land Use Land Cover (LULC) and Land Surface Temperature (LST) over time. Continual studies are required in this context to know these phenomena more clearly. This study is carried out to analyse the spatio-temporal changes in LULC, urbanisation and LST in the metropolitan cities of India namely Delhi and Bengaluru. Landsat images of TM and OLI sensors are taken for the years 2001, 2010 and 2020. The LULC layer is obtained through supervised image classification. Concentric circles at the interval of 2 km are drawn from the centroid of the study areas which are used to compute Shannon's entropy through zonal analysis of the reclassified LULC layer. The thermal band of the Landsat is used for the computation of LST. The results of both the study areas revealed 1) decline in the open land, vegetation and water body; 2) rampant growth of built-up and urban area which become more compact over the years; and 3) spread of the higher LST zones.

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Telle, Olivier, Birgit Nikolay, Vikram Kumar, Samuel Benkimoun, Rupali Pal, BN Nagpal, and Richard E. Paul. "Social and environmental risk factors for dengue in Delhi city: A retrospective study." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 15, no. 2 (February 11, 2021): e0009024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0009024.

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Global urbanization is leading to an inexorable spread of several major diseases that need to be stemmed. Dengue is one of these major diseases spreading in cities today, with its principal mosquito vector superbly adapted to the urban environment. Current mosquito control strategies are proving inadequate, especially in the face of such urbanisation and novel, evidence-based targeted approaches are needed. Through combined epidemiological and entomological approaches, we aimed to identify a novel sanitation strategy to alleviate the burden of dengue through how the dengue virus spreads through the community. We combined surveillance case mapping, prospective serological studies, year-round mosquito surveys, socio-economic and Knowledge Attitudes and Practices surveys across Delhi. We identified lack of access to tap water (≤98%) as an important risk factor for dengue virus IgG sero-positivity (adjusted Odds Ratio 4.69, 95% C.I. 2.06–10.67) and not poverty per se. Wealthier districts had a higher dengue burden despite lower mosquito densities than the Intermediary income communities (adjusted Odds Ratio 2.92, 95% C.I. 1.26–6.72). This probably reflects dengue being introduced by people travelling from poorer areas to work in wealthier houses. These poorer, high density areas, where temperatures are also warmer, also had dengue cases during the winter. Control strategies based on improved access to a reliable supply of tap water plus focal intervention in intra-urban heat islands prior to the dengue season could not only lead to a reduction in mosquito abundance but also eliminate the reservoir of dengue virus clearly circulating at low levels in winter in socio-economically disadvantaged areas.

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MANRAL, Upma, and Faiyaz A. KHUDSAR. "Assessment of Wetland Water Quality and Avian Diversity of a Human-Modified Floodplain Wetland on River Yamuna." Notulae Scientia Biologicae 5, no. 1 (February 23, 2013): 25–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nsb519008.

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Okhla Bird Sanctuary (OBS) is an Important Bird Area, which comes under the protected area network of Uttar Pradesh with one-third area lying in the state of Delhi (India). OBS has widest flood plains along the Delhi stretch of river Yamuna and is important in conserving the ecological wealth of floodplains of the river. Rapid urbanization and industrialization and discharge of untreated wastewater into the river have resulted in deteriorated water quality. The present study focused on assessment of water quality, aquatic flora and avifaunal diversity in the OBS. Water quality was analyzed following methods of APHA. For vegetation analysis, sub-merged and free-floating plants were scooped up from five randomly selected sites. Total bird counts were conducted for water birds and species richness, evenness and Shannon-Weaver species diversity indices were calculated. Results indicate that the organic load is very high in the wetland as evident from low levels of dissolved oxygen (2.26 ± 1.62 mg/l) and high Biological and Chemical Oxygen Demands (15.20 ± 3.75 mg/l, 44.60 ± 12.07 mg/l). Nine species of free-floating and submerged plants were recorded; Hydrilla verticillata, Vallisneria spiralis, Azolla pinnata and Ceratophyllum demersum dominated both deep and shallow water areas. 52 species of waterbirds including four near-threatened species viz., Anhinga melanogaster, Mycteria leucocephala, Threskiornis melanocephalus and Aythya nyroca were recorded. OBS provides opportunities for conservation in a metropolitan area, thus, appropriate measures should be taken to maintain its ecological integrity.

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Singh, Hari. "Transforming ABC Co- Through Lean Management & Agile Manufacturing." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT & INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY 1, no. 3 (September 25, 2012): 173–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/ijmit.v1i3.1430.

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ABC co. was established in Delhi in 1980, which produced electrical switchgears & appliances. The company had manual operations initially; quality was not a thrust area having about 16% process rejections. The demand for electrical appliances/switchgears was rising with increase in urbanization/ construction activities. The warranty return was as high as 6% and more competitors entered in the market making it difficult to improve sales. After brainstorming session, management implemented various techniques of TQM tools (5S, SQC, TPM, etc.). Investment in new technology including installation of few new machines and few low cost automation of equipment was made.ABC co. expected the payback period of three years for the new installed capacity. The internal rejections came down and as also cost and thereby market demand rose significantly. The major contribution was: a) Improving quality, b) Inventory reductions, c) BOM cost reduction, d) reduced order to supply time.

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Paredes-Miranda, G., W. P. Arnott, H. Moosmüller, M. C. Green, and M. Gyawali. "Black Carbon Aerosol Concentration in Five Cities and Its Scaling with City Population." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 94, no. 1 (January 1, 2013): 41–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-11-00225.1.

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A question of importance for urban planning and attainment of air quality standards is how pollutant concentrations scale with city population. This study uses measurements of light absorption and light scattering coefficients as proxies for primary (i.e., black carbon aerosols) and total pollutant concentration to start addressing the relationship between per capita air pollutant concentration and city population. Analyses of aerosol light scattering and absorption measurements in suburban Mexico City, Mexico; Las Vegas, Nevada; Reno, Nevada; Beijing, China; and Delhi, India, suggest that common air pollutant concentrations scale approximately as the square root of the urban population, which is consistent with a simple 2D box model. This simple scaling relationship for per capita air pollution concentration might be useful both as a guide for comparing cities as well as for preparing for future projections of increased urbanization, especially for cities having more than 10 million inhabitants.

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Kumar, P., S. Ravindranath, and K. G. Raj. "OBJECT ORIENTED CLASSIFICATION AND FEATURE EXTRACTION FOR PARTS OF EAST DELHI USING HYBRID APPROACH." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-5 (November 19, 2018): 749–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-5-749-2018.

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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Rapid urbanization of Indian cities requires a focused attention with respect to preparation of Master Plans of cities. Urban land use/land cover from very high resolution satellite data sets is an important input for the preparation of the master plans of the cities along with extraction of transportation network, infrastructure details etc. Conventional classifiers, which are pixel based do not yield reasonably accurate urban land use/land cover classification of very high resolution satellite data (usually merged images of Panchromatic &amp; Multispectral). Object Based Image Classification techniques are being used to generate urban land use maps with ease which is GIS compatible while using very high resolution satellite data sets. In this study, Object Based Image Analysis (OBIA) has been used to create broad level urban Land Use / Land Cover (LU/LC) map using high resolution ResourceSat-2 LISS-4 and Cartosat-1 pan-sharpened image on the study area covering parts of East Delhi City. Spectral indices, geometric parameters and statistical textural methods were used to create algorithms and rule sets for feature classification. A LU/LC map of the study area comprising of 4 major LU/LC classes with its main focus on separation of barren areas from built up areas has been attempted. The overall accuracy of the result obtained is estimated to be approximately 70%.</p>

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Sharma, Rohit, Raghvendra Kumar, Pradeep Kumar Singh, Maria Simona Raboaca, and Raluca-Andreea Felseghi. "A Systematic Study on the Analysis of the Emission of CO, CO2 and HC for Four-Wheelers and Its Impact on the Sustainable Ecosystem." Sustainability 12, no. 17 (August 19, 2020): 6707. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12176707.

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The urbanization in Delhi NCR has led to a rapid increase in the vehicle count concerning the rise in population and mobilization. The emissions from the vehicles are currently counted amongst the main sources of air pollution in Delhi. This affects the quality of air. The emission criterion of various pollutants that are emitted from vehicles is evaluated through various International models, which include various vehicles, their modes of pollutants emitted while driving and other factors that are affecting the weather. The approximate emission of pollutants such as Carbon Monoxide (CO) and/or Particulate Matter (PM), from a variety of vehicles and different fuel types, has undergone diurnal variation over the years, depending on the time of the day. This study presents the emission factor of gaseous pollutants Hydrocarbons (HC), Carbon Monoxides (CO) and Carbon Dioxide (CO2) of 181 four-wheeler cars from different companies containing different types of fuels. The measurement of gaseous pollutants is performed for Delhi, the most polluted city in India. The various facts and data were calculated and analyzed with reference to the standard values set by the national schemes of the Pollution and Environment. Based on this statistical data obtained and analyzed, the scenarios regarding future vehicle growth rate and its impact on air quality are mentioned to overcome emission problems. Therefore, it is important to develop and deploy methods for obtaining real-world measurements of vehicle emissions, to estimate the pollutants. The analysis shows that few parameters need to be a concern for reducing the pollutants emission by vehicles. These major parameters are the high survival rates, decrease in annual mileage and major enforcement for three-to-five-year-old vehicles. This study shows that many old vehicles are used in different regions of the country, regardless of many notifications of banning old vehicles by the Government of India. These old vehicles are the major source of vehicle pollutants. The analysis stated that the diesel engine would emit less CO2/km than a petrol engine if having an almost similar engine capacity.

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Raheja, Supriya, and Sahil Malik. "Prediction of Air Quality Using LSTM Recurrent Neural Network." International Journal of Software Innovation 10, no. 1 (January 2022): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijsi.297982.

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Rapid increase of Industrialization and Urbanization significantly draws the interest of researchers towards the prediction of air quality. Efficient modelling of air quality parameters using deep learning methods can facilitate the imminent implications of air pollution. However, existing methods weakens at consideration of long-term dependencies for multiple parameters. The present study aims prediction of air quality of New Delhi based on concentration of multiple parameters namely PM2.5, PM10, CO, O3, NO2 and SO2. The study uses long short-term memory (LSTM) approach due to its efficiency over other deep learning methods and referred it as A-LSTM prediction model. It supports multiple layers to add more linearity to the desired output. Performance of A-LSTM is evaluated for prediction of year 2019 data. Mean absolute error, root mean squared error, precision, recall and F1-score metrics are considered for comparison with other three prediction models namely support vector regressor (SVR), SVR with LSTM and I-LSTM.

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Kapoor, Deepa, and Alka Munjal. "Functional Foods: The New Secret of the Health Conscious Indian Women!!" Global Business Review 18, no. 3 (April 9, 2017): 750–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0972150917692196.

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In India, with growing disposable income and increased urbanization and health consciousness among people, the demand for functional foods is emerging. Consumers are more proactive about their health and this in turn has stirred the global market for functional foods and beverages. This article attempts to segment consumers using cluster analysis on the basis of their health orientation and perception towards functional foods. Correlation has been employed to measure the relation between health orientation and functional foods perception. The research has been carried out using primary data collected from 150 women respondents in Delhi NCR. Data analysis showed there is low correlation between health orientation and functional foods perception. Gym instructors and nutritionists are found to be the most important source of information for functional foods. Women respondents have been segmented into three distinct groups showing varied attitudes towards functional foods and health orientation. Among demographic characteristics, age affects the attitude towards self-health and consumption of functional foods.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Urbanization- Delhi'

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