Academic literature on the topic 'Urbanization- Delhi'

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Journal articles on the topic "Urbanization- Delhi"

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Kawatra, Ar Anjali. "Understanding Transitional Spaces: A Case Study of three different phases of Delhi – Old Delhi, Colonial Delhi and Contemporary Delhi." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. 8 (August 31, 2021): 2859–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.37879.

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Abstract: Any space needs to be conceptualized by thorough study of environment, its surroundings and community needs. These spaces are planned to provide a distinct function but many spaces are created with no definite function and are used as a changeover between two spaces. These spaces are referred as ‘Transition Spaces ’and they generate a ‘Spatial prospect ’for many activities, rather than serving a specific function. In this changing time of urbanization, the skyline of the city is changing from traditional buildings to glittering glass and steel structures, overshadowing the existing fabric of the city. This change is sudden not gradual. One perceives the landmarks and left behind are the unrecognizable edges and nodes. These nodes and edges are spaces where people interact and intermingle and thus transition spaces are formed. These transition spaces play a vital role in environmental behavior. The idea of this study is to understand the essence of a space in which one experiences a shift. This shift is important because that is the area where most of the activities happen. Space, like man, needs an identity else it would be lost in time. It is necessary for us to be able to distinguish between the ideas of such places, else understanding the transitions would be difficult. ‘People and space depend on one another; they share each other their true colours. ’(Hertzberger, 2000)
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Sengupta, Kaustubh Mani. "Book review: Sumanta Banerjee, Memoirs of Roads: Calcutta from Colonial Urbanization to Global Modernization." Studies in History 34, no. 2 (May 22, 2018): 219–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0257643018771199.

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Sumanta Banerjee, Memoirs of Roads: Calcutta from Colonial Urbanization to Global Modernization, Oxford University Press and Indian Institute of Advanced Study, Shimla, New Delhi, 2016, x + 175 pp., ₹695.
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Prashar, Sunil Kumar, and Rajib Shaw. "Urbanization and hydro‐meteorological disaster resilience: the case of Delhi." International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment 3, no. 1 (February 24, 2012): 7–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/17595901211201105.

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Balha, Akanksha, Bramha Dutt Vishwakarma, Suneel Pandey, and Chander Kumar Singh. "Predicting impact of urbanization on water resources in megacity Delhi." Remote Sensing Applications: Society and Environment 20 (November 2020): 100361. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rsase.2020.100361.

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Singh, Jasdeep. "Towards a More Resilient Delhi: Rapid Urbanization and Climate Change." Journal of Extreme Events 05, no. 02n03 (September 2018): 1850014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2345737618500148.

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The discourse on resilient cities encapsulates various analogies, which are further constructed through the work of researchers in creation of several resilience assessment methodologies and toolkits. Despite the presence of numerous resilience assessment tools, there is an apparent lack of participation of residents of the global south within the assessment and iterative transformation processes. The situation, hence, is not truly represented through application of these tools in certain socio-political climates such as of India. Consistent economic growth of India has resulted in rapid urbanization of major cities. But, this has not been supplemented with proper planning, resulting in imbalances in all spheres of city infrastructure. Delhi, capital city of India, has been one of the worst hit cities. The hot seasons have caused thousands of fatalities in the past few years. An attempt is made to review the application of current resilience tools in Delhi against the backdrop of the sustainable development goals. In an attempt to improve the approach of these existing tools, an initial iteration is conducted, hinging on qualitative data obtained through surveying a sample population of the city and accessible quantitative metric data. Possible intervention scenarios are further suggested in view of aforementioned stressors and resilience scores. Research question: Where are the current resilience tools found lacking in the case of the global south, specifically in Delhi? How can the applicability of these tools be improved without compromising the deliverables yet ensuring an all-inclusive approach? Key findings: (1) The city is found lacking in adequate infrastructure facilities to its residents especially within the ambits of basic water and sanitation provision and healthcare services. (2) The city is relatively unprepared to face unforeseen events, both at the administrative and the grassroots levels. The lack of knowledge transfer and cooperation are largely evident.
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Budhiraja, Bakul, Prasad Pathak, Girish Agarwal, and Raja Sengupta. "Satellite and Ground Estimates of Surface and Canopy-Layer Urban Heat Island." International Journal of Applied Geospatial Research 12, no. 4 (October 2021): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijagr.2021100101.

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The urban heat island (UHI) effect is one of the prominent impacts of urbanization that affects human health and energy consumption. As the data is limited and inconsistent, UHI comparative studies between UHIUCL and UHISurf on the seasonal scale are limited. The use of only daytime summer imagery reporting “Inverted UHI” undermines the holistic view of the phenomenon. Therefore, this study analyses the seasonal patterns for UHISurf and UHIUCL in three climate zones (Delhi, Pune, and Montreal). The three cities experience a high traditional night-time UHIUCL (Delhi 7°C, Pune 6°C, Montreal 1.89°C). Landsat captures a prominent daytime UHISurf (15°C) in Montreal with temperate climate and daytime inverted UHISurf (-4°C) for Delhi in summer. Seasonally, the night-time UHI is prominent in summer and monsoon for Delhi, summer and spring for Pune, and summer for Montreal. Due to UHI effect, the heatwaves can be more intense in semi-arid and tropical cities than temperate cities.
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Sarkar, Uma Dey, and Bikramaditya K. Choudhary. "Reconfiguring urban waterscape: water kiosks in Delhi as a new governance model." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 10, no. 4 (November 11, 2020): 996–1011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2020.152.

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Abstract International organizations firmly ratifying the human right to water though neoliberal reforms have pushed for increasing commodification and marketization of water. Accelerated urbanization in cities of the Global South have intensified problems associated with access to water and innovative solutions such as water kiosks are seen as the future of water access in underserved areas. This paper studies access to potable water in four resettlement colonies of Delhi with a focus on the water kiosks which operate in these colonies. Tracing the broader reforms which have been initiated in the public utility (Delhi Jal Board), the paper investigates the model of water kiosk of these colonies and the extent to which access to water has been impacted by the introduction of the water kiosks. Based on the processes of changes and continuities in the waterscapes of formal yet marginal spaces in the city and concomitant reconfigurations in urban governance, the paper argues that water kiosks serve to reproduce the uneven power relations embedded in the process of neoliberal urbanization.
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Kushwaha, S., and Y. Nithiyanandam. "THE STUDY OF HEAT ISLAND AND ITS RELATION WITH URBANIZATION IN GURUGRAM, DELHI NCR FOR THE PERIOD OF 1990 TO 2018." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-5/W3 (December 5, 2019): 49–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-5-w3-49-2019.

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Abstract. Rapid growth in population and land cover makes urban areas more vulnerable to Urban Heat Island. Due to which, cities experience higher mean temperature than its proximate surrounding rural or non-urban area. The relationship between UHI and urbanization is proven in previous studies. Delhi the capital city of India is well known for its extreme heat condition in summer and air pollution. In this study, an attempt has been made to understand UHI behavior in a satellite town of Delhi. Satellite town or cities are the small independent towns built in the vicinity of a large city or metropolitan city. In this paper 4 major satellite towns of Delhi, i.e. Gurugram (name changed from Gurgaon in April 2016), Noida, Faridabad and Ghaziabad has been studied to understand the changing trends in urbanization and temperature. The parameters used are rate of urban expansion, population density, GDP growth and increasing temperature over the last two decades. Gurugram showed the maximum urbanization and identified as study area. Gurugram has undergone a major growth journey from being a small town to ‘The Millennium city’ of the country in a short span. The Landsat images of past three decades ranging from different time period i.e. 1990, 1996, 2002, 2009, 2014 and 2018 were investigated by applying integrated approach of GIS and Remote sensing. The images represent the condition of UHI and urbanization in different period. The temporal change in LULC was used to study the rate of urban growth in last three decades. The results showed the increase in built-up area out of the total area of Gurugram from 10% (i.e.50.6 sq. km) in 1990 to 17.25% (80.5 sq. km) in 2002 which further increased to 45.1% (210.4 sq. km) in 2018. Thermal Infrared band of Landsat series were used to retrieve land surface temperature (LST) intensity of the study period. The results show a positive correlation (r = 0.46) between impervious surfaces and LST. The results of the study could be helpful in identifying the causative factors and level of impacts in different zones and also enable us to develop a mitigation strategy based on spatial decision support system.
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Kusuma, Yadlapalli S., Deepa Burman, Rita Kumari, Anjana S. Lamkang, and Bontha V. Babu. "Impact of health education based intervention on community’s awareness of dengue and its prevention in Delhi, India." Global Health Promotion 26, no. 1 (March 28, 2017): 50–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1757975916686912.

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Dengue is endemic in India. The capital, Delhi, continues to witness a higher number of cases due to urbanization-related factors. This study is intended to implement health education towards prevention of dengue, and to assess its impact on people’s knowledge and practices related to causes and prevention of dengue among urban poor in Delhi. Pre- ( n = 484) and post- ( n = 496) intervention surveys from 15 sub-clusters from five slums/slum-like settlements in Delhi were carried out. Health education based intervention was carried out through partnership with the municipal bodies and non-governmental organizations. Socio-demographic characteristics of participants were similar in both surveys. Intervention resulted in significant increase in knowledge on cause, symptom perception and mosquito behaviour in terms of breeding and biting habits. Practice of personal protection measures increased significantly. The participation of people increased during intervention compared to the routine programme. Health education based interventions are instrumental in improving people’s knowledge and behaviour. Hence, routine health educational activities as a supportive strategy in the health system need to be strengthened. New integrated approaches such as eco-bio-social approaches with community participation are to be developed and tested in endemic settings like Delhi.
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Gupta, Tanya, and Chandrakala Kesarwani. "Rivers as Lifeline of Urbanization- An Environmental Case Analysis." International Journal of Advance Research and Innovation 10, no. 1 (2022): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.51976/ijari.1012201.

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Rivers and water are essential resources for human life, the environment and development of any nation. In India, the significance of rivers as the focal point of human settlement was established from the early times of civilisation and will remain so. Ancient India is always referred as land of seven rivers. Rivers here have religious significance but India’s rivers are depleting at an alarming rate. Riverfronts are not merely unique spaces in a city, but also the most representative region which reflect the local character. Since the industrial revolution, urban population and the need for land have increased rapidly; a good many riverfront spaces have been occupied, resulting in the deterioration of water quality of the rivers. A case study on the degradation of river and their restoration is been explained in this paper using example of Hindon river and Yamuna River. The region of Ghaziabad is plain and lacks topographic prominence. River channels break the monotony of physical landscape. The major sources of waste generation within Ghaziabad largely comprise of residential areas, poor yojna area, vegetable markets industrial and slaughter waste .open dumping of municipal solid waste quiet often in scattered heaps has occupies a larger space near the river . The land around the river Hindon is a breeding ground for pathogens, flies, malodours and generation of which leads to water pollution. The land can be completely bioremedised followed by development of beautiful garden “Eco-Energy Park - Hindon Eco Park” adjacent to Sai Upvan. The research aims at providing landscape solutions to eliminate the further degradation and pollution of nearby soil, air and Hindon river. Today, with the abysmal state of drainage and solid-waste management of the city Delhi, the Yamuna has become a huge drain carrying the waste of this mega city. Millions of rupees have been spent by successive governments in order to clean the river, but to no significant change in the situation. The spaces around the river are also rather ‘lost spaces’ with either agricultural field, derelict power stations, stadiums and memorials. With very high densities in the residential areas, it has to be realized that Delhi is in dire need of a large public open space. The study aims at reconnecting the city to the river not only metaphorically, but to establish physical linkages and improve the quality of the environment and create opportunities to activate the riverfront. The paper will focus on the causes, impact and measures of pollution of rivers in case of Yamuna and Hindon in NCR region
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Urbanization- Delhi"

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Bose, Debangana. "From `Possessory Politics’ to the Politics of Placemaking: The Urbanization of an Agrarian-Urban Frontier and the Differentiated Governance of an Informal Property Market in Delhi." The Ohio State University, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1563447869643631.

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Kumar, Mithilesh. "Infrastructure, labor, and government : a study of Delhi airport." Thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1959.7/uws:45924.

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Delhi airport is an important infrastructural installation around which urban spaces and production sites are organized. This thesis studies labor, production sites, and urban spaces in the vicinity of Delhi airport at two levels. At one level, I study workers and labor processes within the terminal buildings. I also study labor in multiple sites that lie beyond the airport but exist in close relation to it both geographically as well as in terms of their production functions. These sites include a workshop located in the town of Kapashera on the border between Delhi and the state of Haryana, an urban village called Mehram Nagar that provides taxi services to the airport, and Nangal Dewat, a village displaced as a result of the airport’s expansion. My aim is to demonstrate how the production of goods and services in these sites is integral to the functioning of the airport. The thesis approaches Delhi airport as a central research object, through which it analyzes labor processes, informal settlements and urban villages, and modes of formal and informal governance. In this sense, I understand the airport as an infrastructural facility that produces relations between labor, capital, and government. Conceptually, the thesis operates at the interface of infrastructure studies, political economy, and theories of government and political subjectivity. I ask how spatial and temporal relations between the workings of Delhi airport and production sites in surrounding areas give rise to different forms of labor. My empirical investigations show how the transformation of informal settlements and urban villages in the airport’s vicinity conditions their role as a source of labor supply for the airport and associated industries. I also demonstrate that this transformation produces political subjects with contentious relationships to government and airport authorities. Because the airport’s operations generate profound changes in production relations, the governance of proximate spaces and labor sites is central to its functioning. I study the governing authority of the airport, Delhi International Airport Limited (DIAL), in its relation to labor and urban spaces over which it exerts influence in matters such as eviction, the control of parking spaces and roads, and the fate of urban villages.
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Beaton, Andrew. "Testing and Refining a Unique Approach for Setting Environmental Flow and Water Level Targets for a Southern Ontario Subwatershed." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10214/3850.

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In this study Bradford’s (2008) approach for setting ecological flow and water level targets is tested and refined through application within the Lake Simcoe Region Conservation Authority’s (LSRCA) subwatershed of Lover’s Creek. A method for defining subwatershed objectives and identifying habitat specialists through expert input is proposed and tested. The natural regime of each streamflow and wetland site is characterized along with the hydrological alteration at each site. Potential ecological responses to the hydrologic alterations are then hypothesized for the different types of changes calculated at each site. Methods for setting overall ecosystem health and specific ecological objective flow targets are proposed and tested. These targets are integrated into a flow regime for each site and a process for using this information for decision making is suggested. Flow magnitude quantification is attempted using hydraulic modelling and sediment transport equations, however the data used were found to be inadequate for this application. The accuracy of the targets developed using the method presented in this paper is mainly limited by the accuracy of the hydrological model and quantified flow magnitudes. Recommendations for improving these components of the assessment are made. The unique approach and recommendations presented in this paper provide explicit steps for developing flow targets for subwatersheds within the LSRCA. This research contributes toward the advancement of EFA within the LSRCA, which provides opportunity for enhanced protection and restoration of ecosystem health across the watershed.
Lake Simcoe Region Conservation Authority
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Books on the topic "Urbanization- Delhi"

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Delhi Sultanate: Urbanization and social change. New Delhi: Viva Books, 2009.

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Siddiqi, Iqtidar Husain. Delhi Sultanate: Urbanization and social change. New Delhi: Viva Books, 2009.

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Policing Delhi: Urbanization, crime, and law enforcement. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2011.

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P, Mishra O. Policing Delhi: Urbanization, crime, and law enforcement. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2011.

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Ali, Sabir. Environmental scenario of Delhi slums. Delhi: Gyan Sagar Publications, 1998.

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editor, Singh Supriya, and RMIT University, eds. Searching for community: Melbourne to Delhi. New Delhi: Manohar, 2015.

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Shahjahanabad: The sovereign city in Mughal India, 1639-1739. Cambridge [England]: Cambridge University Press, 1993.

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Blake, Stephen P. Shahjahanabad: The sovereign city in Mughal India, 1639-1739. Cambridge [England]: Cambridge University Press, 1991.

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India. Ministry of Environment and Forests., Delhi (India : Union Territory). Planning Dept., and Delhi Urban Environment and Infrastructure Improvement Project., eds. Delhi Urban Environment and Infrastructure Improvement Project (DUEIIP). [New Delhi]: Govt. of India, Ministry of Environment and Forests and Govt. of National Capital Territory of Delhi, Planning Dept., 2001.

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Jolly, U. S. Challenges for a mega city: Delhi, a planned city with unplanned growth. New Delhi: Concept Pub. Co., 2010.

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Book chapters on the topic "Urbanization- Delhi"

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Balaban, Osman. "Delhi, India." In Urbanization and Climate Co-Benefits, 43–48. Abingdon, Oxon; New York, NY: Routledge, 2017. | Series: Routledge advances in climate change research: Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315667300-3.

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Prabhakar, Ashish V. "The air pollution conundrum in Delhi." In Urbanization in the Global South, 225–41. London: Routledge India, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003093282-12.

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Ravi, Pooja. "Impact of Urban Policy Reform: A Case Study of the Informal Sector in Solid Waste Management in Delhi." In Urbanization in Asia, 165–77. New Delhi: Springer India, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-1638-4_10.

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Kumar, Pawan. "Value of Travel Time Saved in Modal Shift from Bus to Metro Case Study: Rohini (West) Delhi Metro Station." In Urbanization in Asia, 137–48. New Delhi: Springer India, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-1638-4_8.

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Akhtar, Rais, Pragya Tewari Gupta, and A. K. Srivastava. "Urbanization, Urban Heat Island Effects and Dengue Outbreak in Delhi." In Climate Change and Human Health Scenario in South and Southeast Asia, 99–111. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-23684-1_7.

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Sarma, Simona, and Bhaswati Choudhury. "Effect on Migrants Due to Urbanization: A Study of Slum Area in New Delhi." In Urban Hydrology, Watershed Management and Socio-Economic Aspects, 331–40. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-40195-9_26.

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Pandey, B. W., Himanshu Mishra, and Usha Kumari Pathak. "Planning for Healthy and Sustainable Urbanization: A Case Study of National Capital Territory, Delhi." In Making Cities Resilient, 53–63. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-94932-1_5.

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Sen, Sucharita. "Neo-Liberal Urbanization, Work Participation and Women: Comparing the Urban and Peri-urban Contexts of Delhi with Mumbai and Kolkata." In Marginalization in Globalizing Delhi: Issues of Land, Livelihoods and Health, 129–51. New Delhi: Springer India, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-3583-5_8.

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Kher, Jagriti, Savita Aggarwal, Geeta Punhani, and Sakshi Saini. "Urbanization, Climate Linked Water Vulnerability as Impediments to Gender Equality: A Case Study of Delhi, India." In Handbook of Climate Change Resilience, 1–28. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71025-9_33-1.

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Kundu, Debolina. "Urbanization Trends of Indian Metropolises: A Case of Delhi with Specific Reference to the Urban Poor." In Urban Development Challenges, Risks and Resilience in Asian Mega Cities, 31–47. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-55043-3_2.

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Conference papers on the topic "Urbanization- Delhi"

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Kumari, Poonam, and Arvind Kumar Nema. "Impact of Urbanization on Climate Change in Delhi NCR Due to Land Use Changes." In ASCE India Conference 2017. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784482032.033.

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Gupta, Sagar, and Shaurya Chauhan. "URBAN OPEN SOURCE: Synthesis of a Citizen- Centric Framework to Design Densifying Cities." In 109th ACSA Annual Meeting Proceedings. ACSA Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35483/acsa.am.109.95.

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Prominent urbanizing centres across the globe like Delhi, Dhaka or Manila have exhibited that development often faces a challenge in bridging the gap among the top-down collective requirements of the city and the bottom-up individual aspirations. When this exclusion is intertwined with rapid urbanization and diversifying urban demography: unplanned sprawl, poor planning and low-density devel¬opment emerge as automated responses. In parallel, new ideas and methods of densification and public participation are being widely adopted as sustainable alternatives for the future of urban development. This research advocates a col¬laborative design method for future development: one that allows rapid application with its prototypical nature and an inclusive approach with mediation between the ‘user’ and the ‘urban’, purely with the use of empirical tools. Building upon principles of ‘open-sourcing’ in design, the research establishes a context-responsive ‘open source development framework’ that can be used for on-ground applications. In its process, the research has referred to the Sarojini Nagar large-scale redevelopment in the core of New Delhi as a field experiment – a case that encompasses extreme physical, demographic and economic diversity. This framework is used for a simulated model development at five prevalent scales in design: master planning, urban design, architecture, tectonics and modularity, in a chronological manner. At each of these scales, the possible approaches for open-sourcing are identified and validated, through hit-&-trial, and subsequently recorded. Over the five-step framework, a two-part subsidiary process is also suggested after each cycle of application, for continued appraisal and refinement. The research is an exploration – of the possibilities for an architect – to re-calibrate the architectural design process and make it more responsive and people-centric, to assume the role of a creator for a dynamic and responsive development framework.
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Talluri, Aishwarya. "Spatial planning and design for food security. Building Positive Rural-urban Linkages." In 55th ISOCARP World Planning Congress, Beyond Metropolis, Jakarta-Bogor, Indonesia. ISOCARP, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.47472/rymx6371.

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Food is vital for human survival. Food has had a significant impact on our built environment since the beginning of human life. The process of feeding oneself was most people’s primary job for the greater part of human history. Urban Migration moved people away from rural and natural landscapes on which they had been dependent for food and other amenities for centuries.1 Emergence of the cities leads to a new paradigm where the consumers get their food from rural hinterland where the main production of food products happens2 . In a globalized world with an unprecedented on-going process of urbanization, There is an ever reducing clarity between urban and rural, the paper argues that the category of the urban & rural as a spatial and morphological descriptor has to be reformulated, calling for refreshing, innovating and formulating the way in which urban and rural resource flows happen. India is projected to be more than 50% urban by 2050 (currently 29%). The next phase of economic and social development will be focused on urbanization of its rural areas. This 50 %, which will impact millions of people, will not come from cities, but from the growth of rural towns and small cities. Urbanization is accelerated through Government schemes such as JNNURM (Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission ) , PMAY (Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana), 100 smart cities challenge, Rurban Mission are formulated with developmental mindset. The current notions of ‘development’ are increasing travel distances, fuels consumption, food imports, deterioration of biodiversity, pollution, temperatures, cost of living. The enormity of the issue is realized when the cumulative effect of all cities is addressed. Urban biased development becomes an ignorant choice, causing the death of rural and deterioration of ecological assets. Most people live in places that are distant from production fields have been observed as an increasing trend. Physical separation of people from food production has resulted in a degree of indifference about where and how food is produced, making food a de-contextualized market product as said by Halweil, 20023 . The resulting Psychological separation of people from the food supply and the impacts this may have on long term sustainability of food systems. Methodology : . Sharing the learning about planning for food security through Field surveys, secondary and tertiary sources. Based on the study following parameters : 1. Regional system of water 2. Landforms 3. Soil type 4. Transportation networks 5. Historical evolution 6. Urban influences A case study of Delhi, India, as a site to study a scenario that can be an alternative development model for the peri-urban regions of the city. To use the understanding of spatial development and planning to formulate guidelines for sustainable development of a region that would foster food security.
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