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Journal articles on the topic 'Urbanism in Africa'
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1
Sinclair, Paul J. J. "Towards an Understanding of Spatiotemporal Dynamics at Great Zimbabwe." Acta Archaeologica 90, no. 1 (April 22, 2019): 123–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/16000390-09001007.
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In 1987 archaeologists from nine African countries and colleagues from Sweden began a co-operation programme to study urbanism in eastern and southern Africa under the auspices of The Urban Origins programme. The programme involved 22 parallel field projects throughout the West Indian Ocean region and the southern Africa interior. The article presents a compilation of diverse material on Great Zimbabwe that has been scattered in different fora. The research was directed by an overall approach that investigations in urban archaeology in Africa must be at the same scale that people lived in the past. The results briefly presented here show the potential of multivariate assessments of the spatial distributions of large-scale urban sites in Africa.
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Sinclair, Paul J. J. "Towards an Understanding of Spatiotemporal Dynamics at Great Zimbabwe." Acta Archaeologica 90, no. 1 (April 22, 2019): 123–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/16000390-09001007.
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In 1987 archaeologists from nine African countries and colleagues from Sweden began a co-operation programme to study urbanism in eastern and southern Africa under the auspices of The Urban Origins programme. The programme involved 22 parallel field projects throughout the West Indian Ocean region and the southern Africa interior. The article presents a compilation of diverse material on Great Zimbabwe that has been scattered in different fora. The research was directed by an overall approach that investigations in urban archaeology in Africa must be at the same scale that people lived in the past. The results briefly presented here show the potential of multivariate assessments of the spatial distributions of large-scale urban sites in Africa.
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Soi, Isabella, and Paul Nugent. "Peripheral Urbanism in Africa: Border Towns and Twin Towns in Africa." Journal of Borderlands Studies 32, no. 4 (June 8, 2017): 535–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08865655.2016.1196601.
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Agergaard, Jytte, Susanne Kirkegaard, and Torben Birch-Thomsen. "Between Village and Town: Small-Town Urbanism in Sub-Saharan Africa." Sustainability 13, no. 3 (January 29, 2021): 1417. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13031417.
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In the next twenty years, urban populations in Africa are expected to double, while urban land cover could triple. An often-overlooked dimension of this urban transformation is the growth of small towns and medium-sized cities. In this paper, we explore the ways in which small towns are straddling rural and urban life, and consider how insights into this in-betweenness can contribute to our understanding of Africa’s urban transformation. In particular, we examine the ways in which urbanism is produced and expressed in places where urban living is emerging but the administrative label for such locations is still ‘village’. For this purpose, we draw on case-study material from two small towns in Tanzania, comprising both qualitative and quantitative data, including analyses of photographs and maps collected in 2010–2018. First, we explore the dwindling role of agriculture and the importance of farming, businesses and services for the diversification of livelihoods. However, income diversification varies substantially among population groups, depending on economic and migrant status, gender, and age. Second, we show the ways in which institutions, buildings, and transport infrastructure display the material dimensions of urbanism, and how urbanism is planned and aspired to. Third, we describe how well-established middle-aged households, independent women (some of whom are mothers), and young people, mostly living in single-person households, explain their visions and values of the ways in which urbanism is expressed in small towns. In conclusion, we discuss the implications of this urban life-in-becoming of small towns for urban planning, emphasizing the importance of the development of inclusive local governance. Ultimately, we argue that our study establishes an important starting point for further explorations of the role of the simultaneous production and expression of urbanism in small town urbanization.
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Rifkind, David. "Gondar." Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 70, no. 4 (December 1, 2011): 492–511. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jsah.2011.70.4.492.
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Gondar, Ethiopia, expanded dramatically in the late 1930s as a colonial administrative center for Italian East Africa. David Rifkind shows how urban design and architecture functioned in Gondar between 1936 and 1941 as key tools of Italian colonial policy. Italian urbanism throughout the fascist era illustrates the disquieting compatibility of progressive planning and authoritarian politics, and in Gondar modern urban design was used to define imperial identity for both Italian settlers and African colonial subjects. Gondar: Architecture and Urbanism for Italy's Fascist Empire documents the striking sensitivity to topography and historical preservation that Italian designers brought to their colonial mission as well as the skill with which they adapted to the material and political challenges of working in Italy's overseas dominions.
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Chirikure, Shadreck. "Shades of Urbanism(s) and Urbanity in Pre-Colonial Africa: Towards Afro-Centred Interventions." Journal of Urban Archaeology 1 (January 2020): 49–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1484/j.jua.5.120909.
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de Beer, Stephan. "Urban Africa 2050: Imagining Theological Education/Formation for Flourishing African Cities." International Bulletin of Mission Research 46, no. 2 (January 18, 2022): 212–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23969393211006398.
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Africa’s staggering rate of urbanization and the silence of religion or theology in response form the backdrop of this article. Africa’s urban futures, up through 2050, are considered through the lenses of fifteen African cities and theological institutions in these cities. I employ a set of research questions, seeking to contribute theologically to a body of knowledge known as African urbanism. The article imagines theological education/formation in response to Africa’s urban explosion through exploring flourishing cities as an organizing imaginary, but also through outlining concrete embodiments and prospects for reimagining theological education/formation in African cities.
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Barthel, Pierre-Arnaud. "Morocco in the era of eco-urbanism." Smart and Sustainable Built Environment 5, no. 3 (September 5, 2016): 272–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sasbe-05-2014-0033.
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Purpose Environmental urbanism is reflected for the last years in the design of urban megaprojects. This trend is spreading in Morocco to the point that it is considered as the leading player in this emerging field across North Africa. The purpose of this paper is to advance the twofold hypothesis that these specific urban projects are on the one hand tools of capitalism and on the other hand leverage for clear change in the global management project process compared to non-eco-projects. In addition to these two hypotheses, the lack of environmental regulations at the national level and the copy and paste of international standards are serious limits of the approach at the local scale. Design/methodology/approach Drawing on an in-depth case study (Benguérir “green town”) and interviews conducted from 2012 to 2014, the paper will aim to build up a critical and operational research on emerging eco-megaprojects in Morocco. Findings The paper provides empirical insights and confirms the connection between capitalistic megaprojects and environmental urbanism in Morocco. However, it partially rejects the hypothesis that this new trend opens up dramatic change in the making of projects. This study case points sharp limitations and mismatches between virtuous environmentalism and reality on the ground: the problem of adjusting projects to urban policies, a lack of coordination and trust between local officials and developers, excessive reliance on standards and labels, conformity of developers with the international doxa of urban sustainability. However, eco-urbanism can give birth to better integrated and sustainable projects than “mainstream” urbanism when strongly related to local financial, technical and economic capacities of end users and stakeholders in North Africa. Research limitations/implications Because of the chosen research approach, the research results may lack generalizability. Therefore, researchers are encouraged to test the proposed propositions further. Practical implications Recommandations are proposed to improve principles in eco-urbanism in Morocco and beyond in North Africa. Social implications The skills of residents are a source of education to be tapped into and developed further for eco-projects. Originality/value This paper provides an “in situ” analysis of the preparation and implementation of eco-projects in Africa and the national and local adaptations of the internationally promoted eco-city.
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Piscitelli, Paola. "Translocal urbanism in Southern Africa: between Johannesburg and Maputo." Czech Journal of Social Sciences, Business and Economics 4, no. 4 (December 29, 2015): 6–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.24984/cjssbe.2015.4.4.1.
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Pollio, Andrea. "Making the silicon cape of Africa: Tales, theories and the narration of startup urbanism." Urban Studies 57, no. 13 (January 14, 2020): 2715–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042098019884275.
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Silicon alleys, hills, peaks, beaches, savannahs, islands, lagoons and gulfs have mushroomed across cities of all continents, in the hope of fuelling profitable, innovative startup hubs. These Silicon-Valley replicas deploy economic theories, managerial fads, success stories and best practices that are metonymically linked to Northern California, but they also draw upon local arrangements of heterogeneous constituents: policy experts, entrepreneurs, reports, IT infrastructures, universities, coworking spaces, networking protocols and so forth. The making of one such ecosystem, Cape Town’s so-called ‘silicon cape’, is the topic of this article, which, however, does not try to uncover the specific economic and geographic factors of tech clustering. Rather, it addresses some of the narrative discourses that have framed Cape Town as the entrepreneurial capital of South Africa and Africa at large. It shows how these narrative praxes are both reflexive and ontological: they at once work as metatheories of entrepreneurial innovation in an African city and lay the groundwork for its very possibility. Via an ethnographic engagement of these textual discourses in the making, this article charts the uneasy relationship between technocapitalism and economic development in a city scarred by its colonial past and its racialised inequalities. In doing so, it shows how the discursive making of the silicon cape of Africa mobilised multiple economic sentiments, weaving together the search for profitable technology-based economies and the demand for social justice in a city of the Global South.
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Ezzeddine, Issam. "Enriching Real-Estate Through Sustainable Public Spaces: The case of Dubai- UAE." Emirati Journal of Business, Economics, & Social Studies 3, no. 1 (June 24, 2024): 121–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.54878/n16r8e03.
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In the process of the ongoing urban planning strategies for developing smart cities, the concept of urban public square has not yet been given the attention of urbanists and city planners in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. More focus was given by architects and developers on saturating the market with iconic smart buildings rather than developing more livable communities with public spaces and plazas for people to connect. The overall aim of this paper is to highlight the key role that the real state sector can play to foster developing public spaces and squares as an integral part of smart urbanism. The issue of developing urban public squares in Dubai new communities and formulating policies for including such spaces in new districts and cities should be closely examined. The focus should be on enriching the real estate sector by regulating a concept of injecting urban public squares in the new smart and sustainable urbanism in Dubai to perform as a sociocultural entity within the fabric of new communities for the sake of improving social life and developing vibrant environment. With keywords such as smart city, public squares, social, urban design, livability; and sustainability, this write up makes the case of sustainable urbanization.
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Silva, Carlos Nunes. "Colonial architecture and urbanism in Africa. Intertwined and contested histories." Planning Perspectives 28, no. 1 (January 2013): 156–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02665433.2013.736209.
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Adedeji, Joseph Adeniran, and Liora Bigon. "Cityscapes of Hunting and Fishing: Yoruba Place-Making and Cultural Heritage for a Sustainable Urban Vision." Sustainability 16, no. 19 (September 29, 2024): 8494. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su16198494.
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Literature on African urbanism has generally lacked insight into the significant roles of hunters and fishers as city founders. This has resulted in a knowledge gap regarding the cultural foundation of the cities that could enhance policy frameworks for sustainable urban governance. This article examines corollaries related to the complementarities of hunting and urbanism with case studies from the ethno-linguistic Yoruba region in southwestern Nigeria. Through qualitative methodologies involving ethnography and the (oral) history of landscapes of hunting from the pre-colonial and (British) colonial periods, as well as tracing the current cultural significance of hunting in selected Yoruba cities, the article reveals data that identify hunters and fishers as city founders. It shows that hunting, as a lived heritage, continues to be interlaced with cultural urban practices and Yoruba cosmology and that within this cultural imagery and belief, hunters remain key actors in nature conservation, contributing to socio-cultural capital, economic sustainability, and urban security structures. The article concludes with recommendations for strategies to reconnect with these value systems in rapidly westernizing urban Africa. These reconnections include the re-sacralization of desacralized landscapes of hunting, revival of cultural ideologies, decolonization from occidental conceptions, and re-definition of urbanism and place-making in light of African perspectives despite globalization. In doing so, the article contributes to a deeper understanding of the interconnections between the environmental and societal components of sustainability theory, agenda, and practice in urban contexts; underscores the societal value of lived heritage, cultural heritage, and cultural capital within the growing literature on urban social sustainability; and sheds more light on southern geographies within the social sustainability discourse, a field of study that still disproportionately reflects the global northwest.
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Baumanova, Monika. "Transitory Courtyards as a Feature of Sustainable Urbanism on the East African Coast." Sustainability 14, no. 3 (February 3, 2022): 1759. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14031759.
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The tropical urbanism of coastal East Africa has a thousand-year-long history, making it a recognized example of sustainable urbanism. Although economically dependent on trade, the precolonial Islamic towns of the so-called Swahili coast did not feature markets or other public buildings dedicated to mercantile activities before the European colonial involvement. In this regard, Swahili urban tradition differed from other tropical Islamic cities, such as in Morocco, Mali, Egypt or the Middle East, where markets fulfilled the role of social and economic hubs and, in terms of movement, major transitory/meeting spaces in the trading towns. Yet, the Swahili urban tradition thrived for centuries as a well-connected cosmopolitan type of tropical urbanism. As research has suggested, the public role of spaces associated with trade might have been fulfilled by houses. Using approaches of space syntax and network analysis, this article studies the morphology of the houses considering whether it could have been the courtyards that simulated the role of markets thanks to their transitory spatial configuration. The results are discussed reflecting on other models of houses with courtyards, especially the modern Swahili house appearing later in the colonial era when markets began to be established, and Islamic houses known from elsewhere.
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Brugulat-Panés, Anna, Lee Randall, Thiago Hérick de Sá, Megha Anil, Haowen Kwan, Lambed Tatah, James Woodcock, et al. "The Potential for Healthy, Sustainable, and Equitable Transport Systems in Africa and the Caribbean: A Mixed-Methods Systematic Review and Meta-Study." Sustainability 15, no. 6 (March 16, 2023): 5303. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15065303.
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The Human Mobility Transition model describes shifts in mobility dynamics and transport systems. The aspirational stage, ‘human urbanism’, is characterised by high active travel, universal public transport, low private vehicle use and equitable access to transport. We explored factors associated with travel behaviour in Africa and the Caribbean, investigating the potential to realise ‘human urbanism’ in this context. We conducted a mixed-methods systematic review of ten databases and grey literature for articles published between January 2008 and February 2019. We appraised study quality using Critical Appraisal Skills Programme checklists. We narratively synthesized qualitative and quantitative data, using meta-study principles to integrate the findings. We identified 39,404 studies through database searching, mining reviews, reference screening, and topic experts’ consultation. We included 129 studies (78 quantitative, 28 mixed-methods, 23 qualitative) and 33 grey literature documents. In marginalised groups, including the poor, people living rurally or peripheral to cities, women and girls, and the elderly, transport was poorly accessible, travel was characterised by high levels of walking and paratransit (informal public transport) use, and low private vehicle use. Poorly controlled urban growth (density) and sprawl (expansion), with associated informality, was a salient aspect of this context, resulting in long travel distances and the necessity of motorised transportation. There were existing population-level assets in relation to ‘human urbanism’ (high levels of active travel, good paratransit coverage, low private vehicle use) as well as core challenges (urban sprawl and informality, socioeconomic and gendered barriers to travel, poor transport accessibility). Ineffective mobility systems were a product of uncoordinated urban planning, unregulated land use and subsequent land use conflict. To realise ‘human urbanism’, integrated planning policies recognising the linkages between health, transport and equity are needed. A shift in priority from economic growth to a focus on broader population needs and the rights and wellbeing of ordinary people is required. Policymakers should focus attention on transport accessibility for the most vulnerable.
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von Sommaruga Howard, Teresa. "Book Review: Colonial Architecture and Urbanism in Africa: Intertwined and Contested Histories." Group Analysis 49, no. 1 (December 17, 2015): 89–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0533316415610301.
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Gregory, James J. "Taming The Wilds: tactical urbanism and creative placemaking in the revitalisation of a nature reserve in Johannesburg, South Africa." Bulletin of Geography. Socio-economic Series, no. 60 (June 5, 2023): 33–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/bgss-2023-0014.
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Th e use of tactical urbanism and creative placemaking in the revitalisation of public space has received growing research interest. In Johannesburg, there is evidence of these approaches in the revitalisation of Th e Wilds, a nature reserve located near the inner-city. Th e Wilds experienced neglect and decline due to increased crime. By the mid-2010s, an artist championed the bottom-up revitalisation of Th e Wilds through routine maintenance, the introduction of public art, and events to encourage engagement with the space. Th is study draws on personal communication and semi-structured interviews with key informants and utilises netnography. It was found that the use of public art and social media resulted in an increase in visitor numbers and volunteers who assisted in the maintenance, restoration and engagement with the space. Th e use of tactical urbanism and creative placemaking, however, has brought volunteers into conflict with the city over the usage and co-management of The Wilds.
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Salama, Ashraf M., and David Grierson. "Editorial: An Expedition into Architecture and Urbanism of the Global South." Open House International 41, no. 2 (June 1, 2016): 4–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ohi-02-2016-b0001.
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The nations of Africa, Central and Latin America, and most of Asia are collectively known as the Global South, which includes practically 157 of a total of 184 recognized states in the world according to United Nations reports. Metaphorically, it can be argued that most of the efforts in architectural production, city planning, place making, place management, and urban development are taking place in the Global South and will continue to be so over the next several decades.
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MBAMBO, SANELE. "Antagonistic Integration in the Private Sector-Driven Housing Developments in South Africa." African Journal of Governance and Development (AJGD) 12, no. 2 (December 6, 2023): 100–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.36369/2616-9045/2023/v12i2a7.
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Cities in apartheid South Africa did not exhibit inclusivity traits and city developments thereafter have not differed significantly. Neoliberal urbanism asserts that the city is envisaged as a playing field for the elites, and growing socio-economic inequalities are managed by creating privatised, customised, and networked spaces for consumption by the urban elites. This ideology seeks to enlarge the role of market forces in the housing sector, to increase the role of elites in shaping urban landscapes. This paper, anchored on the theory of neoliberal urbanism, showcases the difficulties of integration and inclusivity in a socio-economically mixed neighbourhoods in post-apartheid SA, using Shaka’s Head in the Ballito area of the KwaDukuza Municipality as the case study. The study engages literature on the production of space to demonstrate how the economically dominant urban classes have maintained hegemony over urban governance and suppressed the efforts of local governments to shape urban neighbourhoods and the interests of the previously disadvantaged groups. Data were obtained through in-depth interviews with role-players in physical planning and human settlements developments and supplemented with household interviews with residents of Shaka’s Head. Research results showed that the type of integration observed in the area can best be described as ‘antagonistic integration’. The paper recommends an increased role of the government in land ownership, physical development, and regulation of private developments. Keywords: Housing, Private developments, Urban communities, Integration, Antagonism
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Gutkind, Peter C. W. "Network Analysis and Urbanism in Africa: The Use of Micro and Macro Analysis*." Canadian Review of Sociology/Revue canadienne de sociologie 2, no. 3 (July 14, 2008): 123–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-618x.1965.tb00749.x.
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Bank, Leslie. "The Rhythms of the Yards: Urbanism, Backyards and Housing Policy in South Africa." Journal of Contemporary African Studies 25, no. 2 (May 2007): 205–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02589000701396298.
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Roux, Hannah Le. "Modern Architecture in Post-Colonial Ghana and Nigeria." Architectural History 47 (2004): 361–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0066622x00001805.
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… an architecture and form of urbanism will emerge closely connected with the set of ideas that have international validity but reflecting the conditions of climate, the habits of the people and the aspirations of the countries lying under the cloudy belt of the equatorial world.Max Fry and Jane Drew, architects, 1956The concept of architecture, even in its widest traditional sense, is foreign to Africa.John Lloyd, architect, 1966Maxwell Fry and Jane Drew, who had been in and out of West Africa since the 1940s as planners and architects, were optimistic about the role of architecture in the tropics on the eve of independence. In the text of Tropical Architecture in the Humid Zones they championed the development in Africa of the tropical modernism they had pioneered in their own work. In sharp contrast, John Lloyd, writing from Ghana just ten years later, conveyed a sense of the discipline’s estrangement from the context.
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Zandile Nombulelo, Dlongolo, Irvine Philippa Margaret, and Memela Sinenhlanhla. "Creative Destruction and Built Environment Heritage in Makhanda, South Africa." Modern Geográfia 19, no. 2 (March 2024): 47–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.15170/mg.2024.19.02.04.
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Heritage conservation is recognised as an important component of sustainable development but is often considered a lower priority compared to other development imperatives, and societal issues. The prioritization of economic and urban development threatens urban heritage through a process known as creative destruction. This research uses the concept of creative destruction to explore the interplay between market forces and urban planning and management practices on the heritage conservation of the city of Makhanda in South Africa. Makhanda has a rich and varied cultural heritage landscape, including many individual buildings and streetscapes. A qualitative approach, including semi-structured key informant interviews and secondary sources was employed. The study found that municipal dysfunction and other urban management challenges result in difficultly in enforcing legislation and policy, and thereby threatens heritage conservation. The fates of three buildings within the historic urban fabric of the city are explored in terms of the impacts of neoliberal urbanism occurring within this context. The research contends that for heritage management to be successful, there needs to be a balanced approach through improvements in stakeholder relationships, governance, institutional capacity, knowledge sharing and community involvement in decision-making processes.
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Howe, Lindsay Blair. "Towards a cooperative urbanism? An alternative conceptualization of urban development for Johannesburg’s mining belt." Environment and Urbanization 34, no. 2 (October 2022): 391–412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09562478221112032.
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This paper explores the multidimensional aspects of inequality that shape urban areas and imagines an alternative future for one such space in Johannesburg, South Africa. It builds on literature from urban studies and planning theory to explore planning practices that politicize inequality, valorize difference and promote the shared management of collective resources. Then, drawing on a decade of qualitative research, the paper imagines how cooperative urbanism could be applied in the factious context of Johannesburg, describing the potential for developing the former mining belt of the Witwatersrand as a series of multi-scalar interventions, networking sites of cooperative action to incrementally address the entrenched inequality of the region. Thus, the paper brings together interdisciplinary conversations on theory with empirical research, discussing concrete ways to continue shifting urban planning and development towards increased environmental and social justice.
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Shannon, Murtah, Kei Otsuki, Annelies Zoomers, and Mayke Kaag. "Sustainable Urbanization on Occupied Land? The Politics of Infrastructure Development and Resettlement in Beira City, Mozambique." Sustainability 10, no. 9 (September 1, 2018): 3123. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10093123.
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With this article we contribute to debates on urban land governance and sustainable urban development in Africa by providing an empirical analysis of forced displacement and resettlement associated with infrastructure development in Beira city, Mozambique. In recent years Beira has become the recipient of numerous investment flows targeting the built environment by a range of international investors. By analyzing the micropolitical engagements associated with three different infrastructure projects, based on extensive qualitative interviews, observations, and document analysis, we demonstrate how each intervention has been associated with highly informal and divergent processes of forced displacement and resettlement. We argue that these land related impacts have been annexed from debates on sustainable infrastructure development, and that they exhibit some fundamental differences from established resettlement research. We conclude by arguing that forced displacement and resettlement should be understood as a deliberate and systematic feature of urban infrastructure development, through which new social-spatial arrangements are created. This ultimately points to the emergence of a novel mode of fragmented urbanism within the context of urban development in Africa which poses new challenges to urban sustainability.
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Park, Douglas Post. "Climate change, human response and the origins of urbanism at Timbuktu: archaeological investigations into the prehistoric urbanism of the Timbuktu region on the Niger Bend, Mali, West Africa." Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa 47, no. 2 (June 2012): 246–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0067270x.2012.674256.
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Benninger, Christopher Charles. "Principles of intelligent urbanism: The case of the new Capital Plan for Bhutan." Ekistics and The New Habitat 69, no. 412-414 (June 1, 2002): 60–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.53910/26531313-e200269412-414386.
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Christopher Benninger has lived and worked in India for the past 30 years. He founded the School of Planning at Ahmedabad (1971) and the Centre for Development Studies and Activities in Pune ( 1976). He studied Urban Planning at M.l.T. and architecture at Harvard, where he was later a professor of architecture. While at Harvard he became actively involved with the World Society for Ekistics (WSE) through his colleagues Barbara Ward and Jaqueline Tyrwhitt. He attended the 1967 Delos Symposion, where he was deeply influenced by C.A.Doxiadis and the Ekistics movement. Benninger has prepared urban plans for Bhutan, where he is designing the new capital, India and Sri Lanka. He has been involved in advisory work for the World Bank, the UNO and the Asian Development Bank in Africa, Southeast Asia and the Subcontinent. His architectural studio has won the Designer of the Year Award (1999); American Institute of Architect's Award (2000) and other awards. He has published articles in journals in America, Europe and Asia. He is on the Board of Editors of Cities, U.K. The text that follows is a slightly edited and revised version of a paper presented at the WSE Symposion "Defining Success of the City in the 21st Century," Berlin, 24-28 October, 2001.
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Snaddon, Bruce, Andrew Morrison, Peter Hemmersam, Andrea Grant Broom, and Ola Erstad. "Investigating design-based learning ecologies." Artifact 6, no. 1 (December 1, 2019): 2.1–2.30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/art_00002_1.
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In this article we argue that, for educators in design, urbanism and sustainability, the responsibility of connecting emergent design practice and changing societal needs into pedagogical activities demands that attention be given to ecologies of learning that explore the interplay between what is and what might be. As such, this futuring imperative brings into play a mix of modes of situated learning experience, communication and tools from design and learning to query the planned and built environment as a given, while offering alternate future visions and critiques. In this article, we argue for agile pedagogy that enables students to co-create as citizens in public spaces, through agentive multimodal construction of their identities and modes of transformative representation. Our core research problematic is how to develop, enact and critique design-based pedagogies that may allow designer-educator-researchers and students alike to co-create learning ecologies as dynamic engagement in re-making the city. This we take up within the wider context of climate change and pressing societal and environmental needs within which design and urbanism education increasingly needs to be oriented. Our inquiry is located within a shared practice of design pedagogy across two continents, and climatic and disciplinary domains between the western cape in South Africa and the far north of Norway. The main finding of this research is that pedagogies that are enabling of and attentive to the interplay of an assemblage of relational context-sensitive modalities can be conducive to sustainable and futuring design-based urban engagements.
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Snaddon, Bruce, Andrew Morrison, Peter Hemmersam, Andrea Grant Broom, and Ola Erstad. "Investigating design-based learning ecologies." Artifact 6, no. 1 (December 1, 2019): 6.1–6.30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/art_00006_1.
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In this article we argue that, for educators in design, urbanism and sustainability, the responsibility of connecting emergent design practice and changing societal needs into pedagogical activities demands that attention be given to ecologies of learning that explore the interplay between what is and what might be. As such, this futuring imperative brings into play a mix of modes of situated learning experience, communication and tools from design and learning to query the planned and built environment as a given, while offering alternate future visions and critiques. In this article, we argue for agile pedagogy that enables students to co-create as citizens in public spaces, through agentive multimodal construction of their identities and modes of transformative representation. Our core research problematic is how to develop, enact and critique design-based pedagogies that may allow designer-educator-researchers and students alike to co-create learning ecologies as dynamic engagement in re-making the city. This we take up within the wider context of climate change and pressing societal and environmental needs within which design and urbanism education increasingly needs to be oriented. Our inquiry is located within a shared practice of design pedagogy across two continents, and climatic and disciplinary domains between the western cape in South Africa and the far north of Norway. The main finding of this research is that pedagogies that are enabling of and attentive to the interplay of an assemblage of relational context-sensitive modalities can be conducive to sustainable and futuring design-based urban engagements.
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Whelan, R. "The End of the Pagan City: Religion, Economy, and Urbanism in Late Antique North Africa. By ANNA LEONE." Journal of Theological Studies 65, no. 2 (September 8, 2014): 764–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jts/flu133.
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Fournier, Éric. "The End of the Pagan City. Religion, Economy, and Urbanism in Late Antique North Africa by Anna Leone." Journal of Early Christian Studies 24, no. 4 (2016): 608–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/earl.2016.0048.
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Lategan, Louis, Brian Fisher-Holloway, Juanee Cilliers, and Sarel Cilliers. "Moving on to Greener Pastures? A Review of South Africa’s Housing Megaproject Literature." Sustainability 17, no. 4 (February 18, 2025): 1677. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17041677.
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South Africa is a leader in the scholarship on green urbanism in the Global South, but academic progress has not translated to broad implementation. Notably, government-subsidized housing projects have produced peripheral developments featuring low build quality, conventional gray infrastructure, and deficient socio-economic and environmental amenities. Declining delivery and increasing informal settlement spawned a 2014 shift to housing megaprojects to increase output and improve living conditions, socio-economic integration, and sustainability. The shift offered opportunities for a normative focus on greener development mirrored in the discourse surrounding project descriptions. Yet, the level of enactment has remained unclear. In reflecting on these points, this paper employs environmental justice as a theoretical framework and completes a comprehensive review of the academic literature on housing megaprojects and the depth of their greener development commitments. A three-phase, seven-stage review protocol retrieves the relevant literature, and bibliometric and qualitative content analyses identify publication trends and themes. Results indicate limited scholarship on new megaprojects with sporadic and superficial references to greener development, mostly reserved for higher-income segments and private developments. In response, this paper calls for more determined action to launch context-aware and just greener megaprojects and offers corresponding guidance for research and practice of value to South Africa and beyond.
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Makalima, Mzuchumile. "Addressing Urban Inequality Through Innovative Social Housing Strategies." Regional and Business Studies 16, no. 1 (July 17, 2024): 39–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.33568/rbs.4874.
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This article presents a detailed examination of how social housing is approached in three major South African cities: Johannesburg, Durban, and Cape Town. These cities serve as unique examples, each dealing with different issues and finding creative solutions. The study conducts this comparative analysis through document analysis namely the City of Johannesburg Housing Policy, Durban Metropolitan Housing Strategy, the City of Cape Town Integrated Development Plan, and the National Department of Human Settlements Annual Report. Community involvement, and sustainable practices related to social housing emerge as critical components in all these cities seeking to achieve adequate urban development through social housing. In Johannesburg, there is a strong focus on addressing the ongoing effects of apartheid through „restorative housing” and encouraging diverse communities through mixed-income housing. Durban stands out for its „cultural inclusivity” approach, which views diversity as an advantage in urban development. In Cape Town, they have adopted „ecological urbanism” to harmonize nature and urban life, overcoming geographical challenges. One common theme in these cities is the involvement of the community, empowering residents to be active participants in shaping their living spaces. Sustainability is not just about the environment but also about connecting housing projects with economic and social systems. This analysis highlights how social housing can transform urban areas into fair, inclusive, and sustainable places, not only in South Africa but worldwide.
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van Niekerk, Brendon. "Housing as urbanism: A policy to discourage urban sprawl and provide well-located and affordable housing in South Africa." Town and Regional Planning 73 (December 11, 2018): 68–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.18820/2415-0495/trp73.5.
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Njoh, Ambe J., and Esther P. Chie. "Vocabularies of Spatiality in French Colonial Urbanism: Some Covert Rationales of Street Names in Colonial Dakar, West Africa and Saigon, Indochina." Journal of Asian and African Studies 54, no. 8 (July 4, 2019): 1109–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021909619860248.
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The study analyses toponymic practices in two colonial spaces on two continents. The colonial spaces, Dakar and Saigon, were capitals of the Federation of French West Africa and French Indochina, respectively. Toponymy is used as a tool to articulate socio-cultural and political power in both spaces; also, streets were christened after French military, politico-administrative and religious personalities. Two differences are noted. First, streets in colonial Saigon were named after French military heroes and clergymen, while streets in Dakar were named after French political luminaries. Second, post-colonial Saigon witnessed efforts to re-appropriate the city’s identity, but not so in Dakar.
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Schmidt, Peter R., and Matthew C. Curtis. "Urban precursors in the Horn: early 1st-millennium BC communities in Eritrea." Antiquity 75, no. 290 (December 2001): 849–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00089420.
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Eritrea fought a war of liberation for three decades between the early 1960s and 1991. While professional research stagnated because of the war, amateur archaeologists provided the sole source of information for ancient material culture in the country during this era. With the coming of independence in 1993, awareness of the potential value of Eritrea’s heritage resources began to grow, leading to an initiative in 1997 to teach archaeology and heritage management at the University of Asmara.Out of the combined training and research programmes conducted by the University of Asmara have come several major discoveries that change the way that the rise of urbanism is seen in the Horn of Africa. We highlight research showing that between 800 BC and 400 BC the greater Asmara area of Eritrea supported the earliest settled agropastoralist communities known in the highlands of the Horn. These communities pre-date and are contemporaneous with Pre-Aksumite settlements in the highlands of southern Eritrea and northern Ethiopia.
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Zappulla, Carmelo, Cristian Suau, and Alenka Fikfak. "THE PATTERN MAKING OF MEGA-SLUMS ON SEMANTICS IN SLUM URBAN CULTURES." JOURNAL OF ARCHITECTURE AND URBANISM 38, no. 4 (December 23, 2014): 247–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/20297955.2014.987368.
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Mega-slums are dynamic laboratories for urban pattern making. Instead of surveying about stable urban symbols represented by formal orders and regular geometries, this study explores the semantic meaning of informal urbanism associated with chaos or randomness and often ignored by critique and conventions. Slums are forms of ‘instant urbanity’ that underscore alternative ways of self-organisation, which include bottom-up strategies, autonomous urban dynamics and spatial activation by remaking. Are slum patterns representing a lack of symbolism or, on contrary, rich, complex, and fluid urban idioms? Urban informality without planning offers immense opportunities to investigate resilient urban forms and languages as complex systems throughout self-ruled structures. Slums are not only the result of urban economic asymmetries and social marginalisation but the elementary construction of survival urbanism, a randomised, agile and transformative pattern system. Slum making is a form of subsistence urbanity that constructs transitory, elusive or spontaneous geometries. They differ in sizes, magnitudes and geometries regarding cultural, climatic and topographic conditions. Slums are unstable systems in continuous transformation. This essay questions the stigmatisation of informalised urban patterns as ‘other’ unclassified codes by analysing a selection of twenty mega-slums in the Americas, Africa and Asia regarding semantics, urban and geometrical meanings. Their urban tissues contain various symbols that activate the every-day production of spaces. They can be visible or invisible; passive or active; and formal or informal. A taxonomic tree of slums was developed to compare and map slum regions to describe similarities and differences among the selected case studies. From this analysis, a profound discourse appeared between informal settlements: tissue-patterns at macro level and cell-patterns in micro urbanisation. Does the macro pattern inform the micro, or vice versa?
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Ballard, Richard, and Philip Harrison. "Transnational urbanism interrupted: A Chinese developer’s attempts to secure approval to build the ‘New York of Africa’ at Modderfontein, Johannesburg." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 52, no. 2 (June 19, 2019): 383–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0308518x19853277.
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This article examines how developers attempt to move into new settings, and how such attempts sometimes fail. Unlike long-standing developers, who are in various ways ‘embedded’ ( Henneberry and Parris, 2013 ), newcomers have to overcome their lack of familiarity with the context of their intended project. Using the case of a proposed megaproject at Modderfontein in Johannesburg, we examine how a Chinese developer worked to articulate with the Johannesburg planning environment. It produced an extensive network by deploying its staff to Johannesburg, hiring local professional staff, winning the favour of provincial politicians and hiring consultants in the UK in order to help close a deal with planners responsible for approval. Sophisticated efforts to pitch the project to municipal planners using win-win narratives failed to satisfy the planners’ material concerns that the project would break up urban space, would be financially exclusionary and could undermine economies elsewhere in the city. The developer ultimately withdrew as a result of delays in approval combined with a financial crisis it faced in its home context. The article considers the interplay between the transnational networks that emerge around megaprojects; the communicative space of project negotiations that is characterised by different cultures of planning; and the political economic context that allows – or interrupts – transnational development.
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Saidi, Finzi, Jabulani Absalom Makhubu, and Dickson Adu-Agyei. "Multiple Mnazi Mmoja." Journal of Public Space 7, no. 1 (December 31, 2022): 231–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.32891/jps.v7i1.1534.
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This paper argues for the appreciation of multiple identities present within cities in Africa by discussing the pedagogic experiment of an architectural design studio and the design projects of the studio between 2017 and 2019. Mnazi Mmoja is a Kiswahili phrase loosely translated to mean "one coconut tree"- oneness in a post-colonial context. This paper interrogates the problematic single-stroke description of African challenges, a continent with over 51 countries with diverse cultures, ethnicities, and urban morphologies. The paper argues that there are many Mnazi Mmoja. Unit15X’s design teaching strategy has been to challenge knowledge in architecture, landscape, and urban design by First taking students at the University of Johannesburg to other African countries to foster cultural awareness. Secondly, Unit15X’s studio utilizes landscape themes, allowing students to research complex relationships between urban inhabitants and their landscapes and their production to enhance critical awareness and move beyond aesthetic explorations. Our curiosity guides us to understand what it means to practice architecture, landscape architecture, urban design, and planning by interrogating public spaces on the continent. This paper discusses Unit15X's studio exploration of Larval (Emergent) Landscapes on the public space of the Mnazi Moja site of historical and cultural significance in Dar es Salaam in Tanzania through two students' speculative design projects.Two students’ projects, The Anti-Atlas, and The One Coconut Tree, explore the concept of Mnazi Mmoja- 'oneness' - to pause questions that challenge planning and design legislations and begin to speculate on how indigenous knowledge, multiple identities, and African material conditions can be (re)-applied to contemporary contexts in order to raise awareness of: identity; multiculturalism in cites; post-colonial urbanism within cities in an attempt to reinterpret the multiple representations of the concept of Mnazi Mmoja.
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Udelsmann Rodrigues, Cristina, Patience Mususa, Karen Büscher, and Jeroen Cuvelier. "Boomtown Urbanization and Rural-Urban Transformation in Mining and Conflict Regions in Angola, the DRC and Zambia." Sustainability 13, no. 4 (February 20, 2021): 2285. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13042285.
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Starting from temporary settlements turning into permanent urban centers, this paper discusses the transformations taking place through the process of so-called ‘boomtown’ urbanization in Central and Southern Africa. Based on data collected in Angola, Zambia and the Democratic Republic of Congo, the paper identifies the different conditions for migration and settlement and the complex socio-economic, spatial, as well as political transformations produced by the fast growth and expansion of boomtowns. Different historical and contemporary processes shape boomtown urbanization in Africa, from colonial territorial governance to large- and small-scale mining or dynamics of violence and forced displacement. As centers of attraction, opportunities, diversified livelihoods and cultures for aspiring urbanities, boomtowns represent an interesting site from which to investigate rural-urban transformation in a context of resource extraction and conflict/post conflict governance. They equally represent potential catalyzing sites for growth, development and stability, hence deserving not only more academic but also policy attention. Based on the authors’ long-term field experience in the countries under study, the analysis draws on ethnographic fieldwork data collected through observations as well as interviews and focus group discussions with key actors involved in the everyday shaping of boomtown urbanism. The findings point to discernible patterns of boomtown consolidation across these adjacent countries, which are a result of combinations of types of migration, migrants’ agency and the governance structures, with clear implications for urban policy for both makeshift and consolidating towns.
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Park, Thomas K., and Mamadou Baro. "The Six Cities Project: developing a methodology of surveying densely populated areas using social science assisted and diachronic remote sensing based classification of habitation." Journal of Political Ecology 10, no. 1 (December 1, 2003): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.2458/v10i1.21647.
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This paper provides a statistical evaluation of the methodology of the NSF funded Six Cities Project. The project develops a methodology for surveying densely inhabited areas by processing diachronic remote sensing imagery to create habitation strata or urban classes. These classes become part of a sampling strategy which gives every pixel associated with habitation a specified chance of selection and then draws a representative sample of pixels. These pixels become center points for household surveys which can study a variety of issues including health, environment, livelihood strategies, demographics and household labor, expenditures and income. The methodology lends itself to GIS construction and the generation of data that can be easily compared and can be of maximal use to municipalities, governments, scholars and NGOs. It also provides a long term basis for inexpensive surveys that can have a high claim to reliability and representativity.Key words: remote sensing, urbanism, survey methodology, National Science Foundation, health, environment, livelihood strategies, demographic, household labor, expenditures, income, Africa, Middle East, Morocco, Senegal, Mali, Niger, Tanzania, Botswana, Marrakech, Dakar, Bamako, Niamey, Dodoma, Gaborone.
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Morris, Darby. "Colonial Architecture and Urbanism in Africa: Intertwined and Contested Histories: Fassil Demissie, Editor Ashgate, 2012 456 pages, 82 images $127.81 (hardcover)." Journal of Architectural Education 68, no. 2 (July 3, 2014): 260–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10464883.2014.937307.
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Odendaal, Nancy. "Splintering Urbanism or Split Agendas? Examining the Spatial Distribution of Technology Access in Relation to ICT Policy in Durban, South Africa." Urban Studies 48, no. 11 (January 17, 2011): 2375–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042098010388951.
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Sinclair, Paul J. J. "Archaeology in Eastern Africa: An Overview of Current Chronological Issues." Journal of African History 32, no. 2 (July 1991): 179–219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853700025706.
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Even at this still early stage in the development of the chronostratigraphic framework in eastern Africa a number of important advances have been reported. As more attention is paid to the different responses of food producers to the variety of resources provided by the range of available environments then, and only then, will we be in a position to understand the diachronic processes which result in settlement aggregation and urban development.In the Lake Nyanza region at the hub of the Sudanic and Guinea–Congolian regional vegetation centres, early dates for iron working are not yet convincing enough to demonstrate independent invention of iron working, but the region is almost certainly the most important diffusion source of the technique to the eastern and southern sectors of the sub-continent.Currently available data from the Maasai–Somali region show clearly the early adoption of food production techniques and a capacity to absorb iron technology without necessarily abandoning pastoral production. This did not, however, mean a lack of development based on agriculture as the towns of the Somali coast with their advanced craft production clearly show. However, it is interesting that the urban development seems closely linked to the juxtaposition of the valuable agricultural resources provided by the Shabelle river running close to the coast and the marine resources of the littoral.The Zanzibar–Inhambane floral mosaic provides a context for the spread southwards of the early farming communities and for the development of the coastal towns. Particularly important here appears to have been the combination of surface and arboreal forms of agriculture with the exploitation of marine resources. Links eastwards with the specialized floral communities of the Comoro archipelago and Madagascar were also fully established. The highlands of Madagascar experienced the expansion from the eleventh century a.d. onwards of a settlement system increasingly focused upon hydraulic agriculture which culminated in the powerful Merina kingdom and ultimately the present day capital of Antananarivo.On the continent relatively little penetration into the Zambezian miombo woodland communities was achieved by the coastal urban dwellers. In the woodlands of the vast highlands of the interior different developmental trajectories of settlement systems occurred. Here food production cannot be shown to have become established earlier than the late first millennium b.c. But by the mid first millennium a.d. significant settlement hierarchies based on mixed cropping and cattle keeping were established on the Zimbabwe plateau and the margins of the Kalahari. These together with the incorporation of the opportunities presented by inter-regional exchange and the exotic trade goods penetrating from the coast ultimately gave rise to the powerful state formations of the Mapungubwe and Zimbabwe traditions.Together these developments show a remarkable degree of regional articulation and it remains true that an adequate understanding of the processes giving rise to urbanism in any part of eastern Africa cannot be understood in isolation.
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Woodcraft, Saffron, Emmanuel Osuteye, Tim Ndezi, and Festo D. Makoba. "Pathways to the ‘Good Life’: Co-Producing Prosperity Research in Informal Settlements in Tanzania." Urban Planning 5, no. 3 (August 31, 2020): 288–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/up.v5i3.3177.
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Residents of informal settlements in urban centres in Africa are known to suffer disproportionate burdens of environmental and socio-economic inequalities and are often excluded from macro-level visions and policies that seek to make cities safer and prosperous (Birkmann, 2007; da Silva & Braulio, 2014; Dodman et al., 2013). This tension undermines the validity of orthodox, ‘expert-led’ visions, policies and measures of prosperity that are distant from the lived-experience of marginalised urban residents. Based on new empirical work with communities in three informal settlements in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, this article argues that novel methodological and theoretical approaches to co-producing context-specific policy-relevant knowledge about pathways to prosperity (translated by the communities as maisha bora, ‘the good life’) creates inclusive spaces for both community participation in processes of urban knowledge production and critical social enquiry that can lead to grounded theory building. By co-producing both an agreed and relevant methodological approach for the study, and its subsequent documentation and analysis, this work contributes valuable empirical insights about the capacities and capabilities of local communities to shape and influence urban policy-making and in this way speaks to calls for a global urbanism (Ong, 2011; Robinson, 2016) that brings diverse voices and geographies to urban theory to better account for the diversity of urban experiences and processes found in twenty-first century cities.
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Rosser, Gervase. "Review of periodical articles: Pre-1500." Urban History 26, no. 1 (May 1999): 102–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963926899210176.
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Survey the world . . . from Ireland to Japan: the medieval town is everywhere. Whether in Europe or Africa, India, the Slav lands or the Far East, no self-respecting country now lacks its examples of civic life during the first fifteen centuries of the Christian era. As a broad cultural phenomenon, the rediscovery of urbanism in this historical period is both ensnaring and liberating at the same time. The snare is the difficulty of knowing when a proposed comparison – whether made between continents, or within a much smaller area – is not the mere imposition upon unfamiliar evidence of a model imported from elsewhere. After years of European insistence on the otherness of the east, it would be ironic if all non-European cultures were now to become absorbed in a single historical framework, constructed upon part of the experience of post-Roman western Europe. And Europe itself, as perhaps does not need to be stressed these days, is bound by no ‘natural’ unity of experience. On the other hand, a genuinely comparative urban history is liberating. It opens the possibility of deeper knowledge of a particular local society, through research which registers real comparisons yet which is at the same time open to surprise. As Bloch taught, there is more to be learned from distinguishing differences in past cultures than from accumulating similarities. Yet neither of these projects, and in particular the first, can profitably be pursued for long on a narrowly insular front.
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Ramatlo, Tebogo. "BOXED IN. Challenges of Escaping the Inherited Spatial Realities of Apartheid from the Centre to The Periphery." Astrágalo. Cultura de la Arquitectura y la Ciudad, no. 29 (2021): 157–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.12795/astragalo.2021.i29.08.
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This paper interrogates the existing spatial realities of Johannesburg as it was shaped by colonialism and the challenges of providing an inclusive urbanism between the centre, the periphery and the in-between. Johannesburg is a major urban centre in South Africa, with increasing economic and spatial inequality. The inherited spatial realities are still evident today; these structural realities are restrictive, unsustainable, and disadvantage communities ecologically, economically and socially. The paper is premised on an understanding that economic inequality is related to spatial inequality. The author draws on the personal lived experiences of being born on the periphery and the limitations of escaping the legacies of colonial spatial planning including the challenges of living on fragmented urban morphology.The author looks at the typology of the segregated post-apartheid township and the negative elements of apartheids spatial planning, especially focused on the restrictions it has on housing, employment opportunities, transport and public space on the periphery in comparison to the centre and how the in-between spaces further perpetuate socio-economic disparity. The author attempts through research to understand the resilience adopted by the Soweto community to have a safe and welcoming place despite the persistence of structural restrictions. The intention is to address the fragmentation and segregation caused by the inherited spatial structures. The planning of colonial cities, especially Johannesburg was based on achieving maximum control. The urban morphology was many times based on policies that organised people through race, class, and ethnicity.Its spatial planning was defined by separating citizens into different racial groups and economic classes. The rich white people located in the suburbs in the centre and the poor black people located in townships at the periphery separated by wide natural and man-made buffers in-between. The urban morphology of Johannesburg will be studied with a comparison analysis with other African cities which have similar patterns of spatial fragmentation in urban form due to colonial powers. The aim is to observe, compare and propose a defragmentation process towards the transformation of Johannesburg
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Kessy, Emanuel T. "The Archaeology of Nunge Site: An Ancient Salt Making Settlement and Trading Centre in Bagamoyo, Tanzania." Utafiti 14, no. 1 (December 10, 2019): 23–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/26836408-14010002.
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Abstract The Bagamoyo area is among the Tanzanian coastal locations where evidence of intercontinental trade dates back to the last few centuries of the first millennium AD. Previous investigations have indicated that the region’s earliest settlement is represented by Early Triangular Incised Ware [TIW] around 600 to 700 AD, at Bwembweni site located two kilometres south of Kaole. During the Later TIW, the population shifted to Kaole Hill during the period noted by the use of Plain Ware, and later moved to the adjacent Kaole Ruins by the thirteenth century. Traditionally, the majority of earlier investigations for such conclusions have been restricted to Bwembweni and Kaole sites, and to a limited extent to Bagamoyo Town itself and its vicinity. However, recent reconnaissance and excavation of Nunge, a single type pottery tradition site located to the north, suggests that although Bagamoyo’s involvement in intercontinental exchange dates back to the seventh century AD, the narrative is more complicated than previously assumed. It appears that between the subsequent ninth to eleventh centuries, the area lost such links, before resurfacing again in the twelfth to thirteenth centuries. Within that time frame, Nunge developed into an extensive urban centre whose prosperity was based on salt production for exchange. This discovery suggests that the development to urbanism at (Later Iron Age phase) Nunge-Bagamoyo predates that of the Kaole town, when the area is known to have had a few links with the outside world. These findings contribute crucially to the debate regarding early urbanisation along the Swahili coast, by challenging the conventional view that Arab or Asian settlements were the earliest urban centres along the coast of East Africa.
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Miles, Richard. "Two works on urbanism in late-antique N Africa - GARETH SEARS, LATE ROMAN AFRICAN URBANISM: CONTINUITY AND TRANSFORMATION IN THE CITY (Archaeopress; British Archaeological Reports International Series 1693, Oxford2007). Pp. viii + 143, 3 maps, 27 figs. ISBN 978 1 407 301 31 0. £35. - ANNA LEONE, CHANGING TOWNSCAPES IN NORTH AFRICA FROM LATE ANTIQUITY TO THE ARAB CONQUEST (Munera: Studi storici sulla Tarda Antichità 28; Edipuglia, Bari2007). Pp. 358, figs. 71. ISBN 978-88-7118-498-8. EUR. 50." Journal of Roman Archaeology 23 (2010): 799–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1047759400003184.
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Ijagbemi, Bayo. "Perspectives On African Urbanism: “New Methodologies”." Journal of Political Ecology 10, no. 1 (December 1, 2003): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2458/v10i1.21652.
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This article raises questions about sample size and representativity of the remote sensing based urban sampling methodology. It argues that for many purposes a larger sample, than that of the initial study, would be better and complementary sampling procedures such as network analysis and snowball sampling may be indispensable to capture the variation needed to study some specific research topics. It uses the case of recent immigration to Gaborone, Botswana, to illustrate these points.Key words: Gaborone, Botswana, rural-urban migration, sampling techniques, urbanization, remote sensing.