Journal articles on the topic 'Urbanised nation'
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MURPHY, KATE. "‘The modern idea is to bring the country into the city’: Australian Urban Reformers and the Ideal of Rurality, 1900–1918*." Rural History 20, no. 1 (April 2009): 119–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956793308002616.
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AbstractIn the early twentieth century, Australians strove to create a rural civilisation through state legislation to encourage rural closer settlement. The fantasy that Australia might one day support a rural population of perhaps hundreds of millions endured despite the overwhelmingly urbanised character of the nation and the harsh realities of its environment. This rural dream was present not merely in the discourse surrounding the rural settlement imperative, but also inflected the language and modes of urban reform, as planners sought to ‘ruralise’ the urban environment to reflect something distinctive about Australian life. Previous scholarship addressing the rural ideal in Australian history, as well as urban history, has failed to interrogate these links. This article illuminates the power and ideological reach of rurality in the Australian nation-building project and pushes the boundaries of ‘rural history’ by considering the ways in which reformers sought to extend a projected Australian ‘rural civilisation’ into the cities.
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GRUFFUDD, PYRS. "The Battle of Butlin's: Vulgarity and Virtue on the North Wales Coast, 1939–49." Rural History 21, no. 1 (March 5, 2010): 75–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956793309990148.
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AbstractAt the outbreak of the Second World War the holiday camp entrepreneur Billy Butlin agreed a secret deal to build an Admiralty training camp near Pwllheli in North Wales. The camp would be transferred to Butlin at the end of the war for use as a holiday camp. Whilst planners were initially horrified, the strategic argument that such camps would concentrate coastal development and also provide the necessary places for the expansion of ‘holidays with pay’ prevailed. More sustained opposition came from those concerned about the imposition of a culture of urbanised mass leisure on the Welsh heartland of the Llŷn Peninsula. For some, the threat was ‘bathing beauties’ and alcohol; more profoundly, many feared the destruction of a Welsh-speaking rural polity. National sentiment rallied around an alternative social service camp and an overt form of Welsh nation-building. Nonetheless, Butlin won the case and the holiday camp opened in 1947.
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GREENE, SHANE. "Getting over the Andes: The Geo-Eco-Politics of Indigenous Movements in Peru's Twenty-First Century Inca Empire." Journal of Latin American Studies 38, no. 2 (April 27, 2006): 327–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x06000733.
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This article examines how President Alejandro Toledo's self-professed Andean identity and efforts to establish a state-led indigenous rights framework conflicted with a growing eco-ethno alliance of Andean and Amazonian representatives in Peru. Existing scholarly accounts declare the indigenous movement to be unimportant or, indeed, entirely absent in Peru. Yet, they do so by emphasising the centrality of the historical dynamic between the Andean region, where until recently local peoples have desisted from making explicit indigenous claims, and the urbanised coastal region, where the elite's power is most clearly concentrated. This obscures the Amazon as a site of historical events and eco-ethno-politics of national and global scope. The recent emergence of a debate on indigenous issues shows that the Amazonians' longer engagement in the global sphere of indigenous and environmental politics now places them in the position of exemplifying indigeneity for the Andeans and Peruvians at large. This shift challenges in fundamental ways the historical image of Peru the nation as inextricably implicated in the post-colonial fantasies of what I term the ‘Inca slot’.
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Leonardsen, Dag. "The Impossible Case of Japan." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology 35, no. 2 (August 2002): 203–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1375/acri.35.2.203.
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If increasing crime seems to be an unavoidable concomitant of rapid urbanisation, Japan might be an interesting exception. Both statistics and research tell us that Japan is a modern, rapidly urbanised society with little crime. This article raises the question if, and eventually in which way, one may talk about Japan as a low crime nation. Is there anything of criminological interest to learn from Japan? After describing the Japanese society along five analytical dimensions the answer to this question is that while in the West we can talk about “community lost”, in Japan we should rather talk about “individual lost”. At the individual level the obliteration of the self is the price to be paid for less crime. However, at the collective level Japan might teach the West a lesson. If crime is regarded as actions committed by outsiders, then Japanese society has succeeded in linking the individual to a group context which most likely functions in a crime preventive way. Instead of endless crime preventive programs of “social engineering”, the West should pay more attention to basic sociological insights concerning collective obligations and identities. In this regard we might look to Japan.
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Marasini, S., R. Sharma, P. R. Sthapit, D. Sharma, U. Koju, G. Thapa, and B. P. Nepal. "Refractive Errors and Visual Anomalies in Schoolchildren in the Kavrepalanchowk District." Kathmandu University Medical Journal 8, no. 4 (June 4, 2012): 362–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/kumj.v8i4.6231.
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Background Schoolchildren form an important target group for a nation, as any ocular morbidity in this age group has huge physical, psychological and socio-economical implications. Childhood eye disorders can contribute to the burden of blindness in any society. This study aims to highlight the prevalence of ocular morbidity in governmental schools in a sub-urbanised area of Nepal, in relation to ethnic variation. Methods A descriptive study, and the study population used were schoolchildren who were examined in their schools and afterwards referred to the hospital if required. Presenting and best corrected visual acuity, refraction, binocularity assessment, anterior and posterior segment evaluation was carried out. Data was analysed statistically using SPSS software, version 14. Results We examined 1,802 school children. The mean age was 10.78±3.61 years. Ocular abnormality was detected in 11.7%. Low vision and blindness was rare (0.11% and 0.05%). Ocular morbidities were more common in Newar communities (3.71%) followed by Brahamans (3.38%). Lid abnormalities were the most common (3.55%), and morbidities in each ethnicity were followed by refractive errors (3%), conjunctival abnormalities (1.10%), strabismus (0.88%) and amblyopia (0.33%). Refractive errors were most common among Newar communities (1.16%) at almost twice as many Brahamans (0.61%) followed by Mongolians (0.49%). Convergence insufficiency was detected in 2.49% (p<0.01). Conclusions Ocular morbidities are common in children in Kavhrepalanchowk District with lid abnormalities being the most common issue, probably due to a lack of hygienic practice. Ethnic variation of ocular morbidities is an important observation mostly for refractive error and strabismus.http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/kumj.v8i4.6231 Kathmandu Univ Med J 2010;8(4):362-6
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Saha, Apala. "The Socio-political Relevance of the Indian Smart City Mission:A Critical Analysis." National Geographical Journal of India 66, no. 2 (June 30, 2020): 198–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.48008/ngji.1741.
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The world is becoming more and more urbanised by the day. India also is all set to become an urban majority nation by the mid-twenty-first century. Most of India's urbanisation seems unplanned and mismanaged leading to a host of social problems like slum extensions, social exclusions, absence of basic accessibilities with the widespread prevalence of social injustice and the process has been majorly attributed to migrants from rural areas. Post-independence plans exhibit several instances of correcting congestions in India's big cities through the creation of alternate absorption points. With this background in mind, the paper goes on to argue that, the urbanisation of mid-sized cities have proven to be mostly unimpressive, failing to relieve the big cities, thereby generating a top-heavy structure. It further finds, through an extensive content analysis that the Smart City Mission was introduced to rid the Indian cities of its long-pending issues by enabling big cities to accommodate better and most importantly empowering mid-sized cities to emerge as centres of growth. However, following the tradition of a certain kind of project-based urbanisation; the mission appears to have inherited vulnerabilities like hierarchical power structures, inadequate local bodies, the dependence of private players, exploitative market forces and inter-group and inter-spatial conflicts from its predecessors like the JNNURM. Undoubtedly, the intent has been to learn from the past but the basic federal structure of governance, the complex socio-spatial dynamics, the varied stakes and concerned stakeholders causes one to re-think if the mission can entirely be a success and create cities which can globally be identified as smart.
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Radzik, Ryszard. "Białorusini na tle procesów narodotwórczych społeczeństw Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej." Sprawy Narodowościowe, no. 41 (February 13, 2022): 53–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.11649/sn.2012.019.
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Belarus Vis a Vis Nation-Building Processes in Central and East European CommunitiesThe text explores the nation-building factors that determined the intensity with which certain nations in Central and East Europe were formed in the 19th century and at the beginning of the 20th century – with some reference to their contemporary situation, especially of today’s Belarus. In addition to Belarus, the analyses also briefly cover nation-building processes in Ukraine (Galicia and Dnieper Ukraine), Slovakia and the Czech Republic. Three categories of factors that are crucial for the processes under discussion have already been distinguished – namely civilization, culture and politics. All three types decisively benefited the Czechs, who succeeded in developing nation-building processes the soonest; the Czechs, among all the other nations in the region, thus first acquired a national awareness at the popular level. On the contrary, the above-mentioned factors did not work to the benefit of the Belarussians and Dnieper Ukrainians. The territories they inhabited were very weakly industrialized and urbanized, while their languages differed from Russian and Polish much less than was the case, on the one hand, of the Slovaks and Czechs, and on the other, of the Hungarians and Austrians (Germans). At the same time, Russian policies obviously hampered the formation of the Belarussian and Ukrainian nations. This article shows the strength with which objective conditions exerted an influence on nation-building processes in our part of the continent.
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Moreira, Fernando Diniz. "Urbanismo e modernidade: reflexões em torno do Plano Agache para o Rio de Janeiro." Revista Brasileira de Estudos Urbanos e Regionais 9, no. 2 (November 30, 2007): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.22296/2317-1529.2007v9n2p95.
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Enquanto o urbanismo na Europa nasceu no bojo de um processo de modernização e reforma social, no Brasil ele encontrou um país que não era verdadeiramente urbano e industrial. Portanto, teorias européias desenvolvidas em resposta à modernização chegaram ao Brasil antes que a modernização acontecesse. Pode-se argumentar que o urbanismo, assim como fábricas, redes de transportes e arranha-céus, assumiu uma natureza marcadamente simbólica. Este texto reflete sobre estes temas tomando como exemplo o plano de Alfred Agache para o Rio de Janeiro (1928-1930). Um marco na evolução do urbanismo brasileiro, esse plano tinha como objetivo resolver os problemas funcionais do Rio de Janeiro, dar-lhe uma feição de capital e incutir na mente de seus habitantes um ideal de vida moderna, sem descurar de requerimentos funcionais, como zoneamento e tráfego. Além de uma análise do processo de contratação de Agache e de seu relacionamento com as elites locais, a ênfase recairá sobre os grandes espaços urbanos projetados por Agache, a Entrada do Brasil e a Praça do Castello.Palavras-chave: urbanismo; Rio de Janeiro; Alfred Agache; modernidade; projeto nacional. Abstract: Urbanism was born in the midst of a social modernization context in Europe, but in Brazil it found a country which was neither urban nor industrial. Therefore, European theories that were developed in response to modernization began arriving in Brazil even before the country’s actual political and social modernization. We can argue that urbanism? as well as factories, networks of transportation and skyscrapers – acquired a patently symbolic nature. This paper reflects on these topics taking into consideration Alfred Agache’s plan for Rio de Janeiro (1928-1930), a hallmark in the evolution of Brazilian urbanism. Its objective was to solve the city’s functional problems, to provide it with an expression of a capital, and to inculcate Rio’s inhabitants with an ideal of modern life, while still considering functional requirements, such as zoning and traffic. In addition to the analysis of the commissioning of Agache and his relationship with local elites, I will emphasize the great urban spaces designed by him, the Gateway of Brazil and the Castello Square. Keywords: urbanism; Rio de Janeiro; Alfred Agache; modernity; nation-building.
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Zlatko, Hadžidedić. "No Capitalism Without Nationalism." Academicus International Scientific Journal 24 (July 2021): 60–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.7336/academicus.2021.24.04.
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Most theories of nationalism labelled as ‘modernist’ tend to overlook the fact that the phenomenon to which they vaguely refer as ‘Modernity’ is defined by a single, very precise and consistent socio-economic system, that of capitalism. However, this fact makes nationalism and capitalism, rather than nationalism and ‘Modernity’, practically congruent. From this perspective, the essential question that arises is whether the emergence of these two was a spontaneous but compatible and useful coincidence, or nationalism was capitalism’s deliberate invention? In the capitalist era, society has become merely a resource whose existence enables functioning of the market. Such a society must destroy all traditional communal ties on which the maintenance of traditional society was based, so that the principles of reciprocity and solidarity be replaced by the procedures of asymmetric economic exchange. Once the procedures of asymmetric economic exchange become the central principle of human relations, society stops functioning as a whole and becomes sharply divided into two parts – a well-organised and tightly-structured network of self-interested individuals permanently striving for perpetual economic gain and a shapeless mob of socially dislodged labour permanently striving for mere survival. The incessant widening of the gap between the two strata makes capitalism’s essential principle of endless accumulation of capital socially unsustainable. For, rapidly urbanised masses, forced into selling their labour below the minimal price, contain a permanently present insurrectionary potential that might threaten stability of the entire system. So, bridging that gap without actually changing the structure of society becomes the paramount task for the system trying to preserve its mechanism of incessant exploitation of labour and limitless accumulation of capital. Therefore, the system has to introduce a social glue that is tailored to conceal, but also to cement, the actual polarisation of society. At the same time, this glue is designed to compensate the uprooted masses for the loss of their authentic identities by replacing these with a single artificial one. This multi-purpose invention is an abstract concept of absolute social unity, named “the nation”, based on the assumption that those who are located on both sides of the gap, no matter whether they are on the exploiting or exploited side, automatically share the same equal rights, same common interests, and same identity.
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Whaples, Robert, and David Buffum. "Fraternalism, Paternalism, the Family, and the Market: Insurance a Century Ago." Social Science History 15, no. 1 (1991): 97–122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0145553200021027.
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They helped every one his neighbor; and every one said to his brother, Be of good courage.—Isaiah 41:6By the end of the nineteenth century most of the economically advanced European nations had adopted some form of public social insurance. In the world’s richest nation, however, widows and the aged, sick, and injured received little support from the state. Without the help of the state, how did American workers and their families survive in the face of sickness, accidents, old age, or the death of the primary earner? The traditional answer is that they survived rather badly, if at all. Social reformers of the early twentieth century and most modern historians argue that voluntarism was a failure, that it was not suited to the needs of an increasingly industrialized, urbanized populace.
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Sancton, Andrew. "Canada as a highly urbanized nation: new implications for government." Canadian Public Administration/Administration publique du Canada 35, no. 3 (September 1992): 281–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1754-7121.1992.tb00695.x.
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Akpınar, İpek. "The Rebuilding of İstanbul Revisited: Foreign Planners in the Early Republican Years." New Perspectives on Turkey 50 (2014): 59–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0896634600006580.
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AbstractIn the 1930s, the attention of Turkey’s politicians shifted back from Ankara and Anatolian cities to İstanbul. In 1932, the Governorship-Municipality of İstanbul organized an urban design competition for İstanbul, and four foreign city planners were invited. In the meantime, Martin Wagner came to İstanbul for the preparation of urban reports. In 1937, Henri Prost, the prominent urbanist of Paris, was invited to İstanbul and prepared the first master plan of the city. In Turkey and in İstanbul, town planning processes have been significantly influenced by “Western” planning principles, cultures, and experiences while gaining a local meaning in the context of Turkish politics and the state-formation process. The aim of this study is to describe the urban design competition of 1933 and the first master plan of 1937. Beyond references to Western European cities as in the “city-beautiful” planning approach, this study, based on a series of official documents, plan reports and their rhetoric, investigates in particular the role of foreign planners/urbanists in İstanbul in the context of the construction of a nation-state. The analysis of these foreign planners’ work suggests that urban planning in Republican Turkey was closely linked to the construction of the nation state.
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Ho, Ezra. "Smart subjects for a Smart Nation? Governing (smart)mentalities in Singapore." Urban Studies 54, no. 13 (September 1, 2016): 3101–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042098016664305.
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As visions of smart urbanism gain traction around the world, it is crucial that we question the benefits that an increasingly technologised urbanity promise. It is not about the technology, but bettering peoples’ lives, insist smart city advocates. In this paper, I question the progressive potential of the smart city drawing on the case of Singapore’s Smart Nation initiative. Using the case studies of the smart home and ‘learning to code’ movement, I highlight the limits of such ‘smart’ interventions as they are stunted by the neoliberal-developmental logics of the state, thereby facilitating authoritarian consolidation in Singapore. As such, this paper distinguishes itself from previous works on the neoliberal smart city by situated smart urbanism within the socio-political dynamics of neoliberalism-as-developmental strategy. For smart urbanism to better peoples’ everyday lives, technological ‘solutionism’ needs to be replaced with more human-centric framings and understandings of urban challenges.
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Willems, Thijs, and Connor Graham. "The Imagination of Singapore’s Smart Nation as Digital Infrastructure: Rendering (Digital) Work Invisible." East Asian Science, Technology and Society 13, no. 4 (October 11, 2019): 511–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/18752160-8005194.
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Abstract This article aims to understand contemporary forms of “digital work” and how this is imagined in visionary documents in the context of smart urbanism. Specifically, we argue for an infrastructural perspective on smart urbanism to highlight (1) how such visionary documents organize society in specific ways and (2) how this organization is rooted in work that is imagined as being mainly informational and disembodied. Through an analysis of Singapore’s recent Smart Nation initiative, we make a case for the inclusion of the actual human and embodied work that constitutes visions of smart urbanism. This work comprises both the physical construction and maintenance of digital infrastructure and the monitoring of these infrastructures and the interpretation of data on which they run. Finally, we show how an infrastructural inversion of smart urban initiatives is capable of highlighting these invisibilities of human work, specifically by drawing on the mundanity, temporality, and materiality of work that is considered digital.
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Lira, José Tavares Correia de. "O urbanismo e o seu outro: raça, cultura e cidade no Brasil (1920-1945)." Revista Brasileira de Estudos Urbanos e Regionais, no. 1 (May 31, 1999): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.22296/2317-1529.1999n1p47.
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Este trabalho explora algumas matrizes do pensamento social brasileiro em sua abordagem da formação do espaço urbano no país, em particular no que concerne às relações raciais, étnicas e culturais nas cidades. Parte da hipótese de que, a partir dos anos 20, o discurso urbanístico encontra na eugenia e no regionalismo bases confiáveis ao realinhamento nacionalista de sua intervenção técnica no espaço e na cultura de cidades complexamente divididas. Tendo em vista a problemática contemporânea das renovações urbanas, examina as questões de segregação social, distribuição no espaço e identificação cultural de grupos étnicos, nacionais e regionais em estudos e trechos de estudos sobre cidades de Oliveira Vianna, Gilberto Freyre, José Mariano Filho, Donald Pierson e Samuel Lowrie. Palavras-chave: urbanismo; cidade; nação; pensamento social brasileiro; relações raciais; etnicidade; eugenia; culturalismo; regionalismo. "Urbanism and its alter: race, culture and the city in Brazil (1920-1945)" Abstract: This paper deals with some important sources of the social thought in Brazil as they refer to the formation of the urban space in the country, particularly in respect to racial, ethnic, and cultural relations in the city. It raises the hypothesis that the urbanistic discourse, from the 1920s onwards, finds in eugenics and regionalism some reliable basis for the nationalistic realignment of its technical intervention in complexly divided urban spaces and cultures. Having in mind the contemporary question of urban renovation, it specially examines matters of social segregation, spatial distribution and cultural identification of ethnic, national and regional groups in some writings of Oliveira Vianna, Gilberto Freyre, José Mariano Filho, Donald Pierson and Samuel Lowrie. Keywords: urbanism; city; nation; Brazilian social thought; racial relationships; ethnicity; eugenics; culturalism; regionalism.
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Gonzales, Leonora, and Dina Magnaye. "Challenges to the Multi-Functional Uses and Multifarious Benefits of Urban Green Spaces: Basis of Urban Biodiversity Planning and Management in the City of Manila, Philippines." International Journal of Environmental Science & Sustainable Development. 1, no. 1 (December 14, 2016): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.21625/essd.v1i1.33.
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Urbanization is a global phenomenon which is projected by the United Nations to grow annually at 65 million between 2000 and 2030 in developing countries. As an archipelagic nation, the Philippines is considered as a highly urbanized nation where over three-fourths of its population is estimated to reside in urban areas, posting a proportion of one person residing in rural area for every three in urban area. The National Capital Region (NCR), the core region of the counry, registers a 100% urbanization level and where the most densely populated areas converged. It generally exhibits an urban population growth rate that exceeds the national growth rate. Manila, the capital city of the Philippines, is the second largest and the world’s most densely populated city given its small land area and huge human population. The concentration of people in this city and the urbanization processes are foreseen to create environmental stress leading to potential biodiversity losses coupled with other urban environmental occurrences such as flooding, air pollution, sea level rise, earthquake, subsidence, traffic congestion, water pollution, among others. These natural and man-made hazards pose challenge to the multi-functional uses and various benefits of urban green spaces (UGS). UGS play a significant role in enhancing the quality and resiliency of the environment as well as in improving the health and general well being of city dwellers. It is in this context that the challenges and opportunities of UGS are examined. The paper attempts to identify and determine the factors that influence UGS as basis for urban biodiversity planning and management.
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VĂIDEAN, Viorela Ligia, Ionuț Constantin CUCEU, and Decebal Remus FLORESCU. "The Impact of Corruption on Health Outcomes Empirical Evidence on EU-27." Bulletin of University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca. Horticulture 78, no. 2 (November 29, 2021): 156. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/buasvmcn-hort:2021.0014.
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In a world threatened by increasing perceived corruption, its effects upon the health of nations have been scarcely studied, in spite of the tremendous importance sustained health has held on the European agenda. The purpose of this paper is to determine the impact of corruption upon health outcomes within an environmental performant and urbanised setting. The determinants of health outcomes measured as wellbeing, life expectancy and under-5 child mortality rate are estimated on an unbalanced panel data set covering the 2005–2020-time interval for the 27 member states of the European Union. The resulting econometric models validate the significance of corruption, environmental performance and urbanisation upon health outcomes: subjectively perceived corruption hampers the development of nations’ health while a clean environment with an increasing tendency of urbanisation has a positive impact upon the health outcomes of European nations. This study also sketches important policy implications for improving the health status of European countries.
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Salama, Ashraf M., and David Grierson. "Editorial: An Expedition into Architecture and Urbanism of the Global South." Open House International 41, no. 2 (June 1, 2016): 4–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ohi-02-2016-b0001.
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The nations of Africa, Central and Latin America, and most of Asia are collectively known as the Global South, which includes practically 157 of a total of 184 recognized states in the world according to United Nations reports. Metaphorically, it can be argued that most of the efforts in architectural production, city planning, place making, place management, and urban development are taking place in the Global South and will continue to be so over the next several decades.
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Akbarzadeh, Shahram. "National Identity and Political Legitimacy in Turkmenistan*." Nationalities Papers 27, no. 2 (June 1999): 271–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/009059999109064.
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This paper traces political events and modes of generating legitimacy in Turkmenistan since the Soviet collapse. The emphasis here is on state policies and social movements that relate to “nation building” for their contribution to political legitimacy. The extent of nation-building success is not an immediate subject of inquiry, for this paper is not about public perception and bottom-up response to state policies, but the reverse. It is certain that state-sponsored proclamations and nationalist ideas espoused by the intelligentsia do not always find resonance among the national population at large. However, attention given to social movements in this paper may compensate for this shortcoming in a small way. It must be stated that social movements in Turkmenistan, and Central Asia, as a whole, have been top heavy. They were principally initiated and steered by the urbanized intelligentsia. The extent of mass involvement in such movements is suspect and hard to gauge.
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Panagopoulos, Thomas. "Special Issue: Landscape Urbanism and Green Infrastructure." Land 8, no. 7 (July 17, 2019): 112. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land8070112.
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With the notion of landscape urbanism long neglected, interlinkages between ecology and architecture in the built environment are becoming visible. Yet, the diversity in understandings of the interconnections between cities and nature is the starting point for our research interest. This volume contains nine thoroughly refereed contributions concerning a wide range of topics in landscape architecture and urban green infrastructure. While some papers attempt to conceptualize the relation further, others clearly have an empirical focus. Thereby, this special issue provides a rich body of work, and will act as a starting point for further studies on biophilic urbanism and integrative policies, such as the sustainable development goals of the United Nations.
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Goodman, Bryna. ""Words of Blood and Tears": Petty Urbanites Write Emotion." NAN NÜ 11, no. 2 (2009): 270–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/138768009x12586661923063.
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AbstractRecent attention to the modern history of emotion in China has traced multiple and shifting discourses. The New Culture Movement that competed with "butterfly fiction" in the first decade of China's new Republic championed an autonomous form of individual personhood that broke with the authoritarian family and arranged marriages, and embraced free love and free choice marriage. In the late 1920s, projects of revolutionary emotional retooling reoriented passion, loyalty, and identity in the direction of the nation. But historians have relatively little source material that illuminates the linkage between changes in elite discourses and the everyday experiences of individual commoners, particularly for the study of emotional expression. The unusual survival of a set of petty-urbanite love letters permits the close textual mapping, in this essay, of the ways in which the broad public circulation in the Republican era of multiple and contradictory discourses of emotion entered into and affected particular commoner lives.
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Ephraim, Lydia, Haneef Kwesi Keelson, and Samuel Effah. "Implementation Challenges of the Ghana Rent Policy (Act 220) - A Case Study in the Ashanti Region." Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal 7, no. 5 (May 16, 2020): 178–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/assrj.75.8215.
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The study sought to find out the implementation challenges of the Ghana rent policy (Act 220) as the country is deficit, in terms of providing rental accommodation to meet its growing population. Geographically, the study through the usage of both probability and non-probability sampling techniques covered suburbs in the Ashanti Region as the region is one of the two most urbanized regions in Ghana. The study employed the explanatory research design in order to ascertain the current state of rental housing in Ghana and as well as what influences rent charges and rental choices. The results from the study indicated that though rental housing is a neglected feature, it has the potential of boosting the revenue base of the nation, provided the policy that governs the sector is well implemented to make the sector organized and provide its socio-economic benefits. The study concluded that the major challenge confronting rental housing in Ghana is the neglect of the sector by the government – ensuring the implementation of the rent policy. This neglect has affected the effective and efficient functioning of the sector which has the potential of helping to address the housing need of the nation while providing income to the individual and the nation.
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Abdelmonem, M. Gamal. "The Abject Dream of Neo-Capital: Capitalist Urbanism, Architecture and Endangered Live-Ability of the Middle East’s Modern Cities." Open House International 41, no. 2 (June 1, 2016): 38–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ohi-02-2016-b0006.
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This paper interrogates the notion of “New Capital” in the context of the hegemony of neoliberal urbanism in the Arabcities in the Middle East from historical, socioeconomic, and spatial perspectives. It reviews the historical narratives of new centres and districts in Cairo, Beirut, and evolving capitalist urbanism and architecture in the Arabian Peninsula in search of the elitist dream of neoliberal urbanism. It offers a comprehensive analysis to the notions of neoliberal ideology and urban policies, neo-Capital city as catalyst for nation-building, and neo-Capitalist architecture as the reproduction of clone structures of western models. The paper focuses its critical analysis on the aspects of liveability in the contemporary Arab City and its socio-spatial structures and everyday urban reality. It reports on urban narratives based on archival records, urban projects, and investigations of governmental accounts to determine aspects of success and failure in projects of new capital cities and districts. It argues that cities are essentially social-spatial systems in which hierarchy is a fundamental element, the lack of which determines abject failure of their anticipated vision.
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Way, Gloria Houston, and Mark S. Johnson. "A Guide for Planning Alaska's Emergency Medical Services (EMS) System." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 1, S1 (1985): 132–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00044137.
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Planning for emergency medical services (EMS) in a large state with a sparse population like Alaska poses unique challenges that EMS planners in urbanized areas never have to consider. Alaska is the largest state in the USA in land area, covering 586,000 square miles, or an area more than twice the size of the state of Texas. Alaska also has more miles of coastline than the rest of the USA. Despite its large size, Alaska continues to have the smallest year-round population of any state in the nation (400,481–1980 census). Many of Alaska's villages and towns are not accessible by road, including Juneau, the state capital, which can only be accessed by air or water. This means that, with Alaska's often harsh climate, many communities have no available ingress or egress for several hours, or even several days at a time. In these conditions, response times can not be measured in minutes, as they often are in some urbanized areas in other states. For example, Unalaska in the Aleutian Islands, one of Alaska's major fishing ports, is over 900 miles from the nearest hospital in Anchorage.
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Gounaris, Basil C. "From Peasants into Urbanites, from Village into Nation: Ottoman Monastir in the Early Twentieth Century." European History Quarterly 31, no. 1 (January 2001): 43–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026569140103100102.
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Ainusyamsi, Fadlil Yani. "Analisis Historis Pendidikan Islam pada Masyrakat Madinah." TAJDID 26, no. 1 (May 15, 2019): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.36667/tajdid.v26i1.327.
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This article aims to discover the history of education in the early of Islam in Medina. This research uses a historical analysis method. Research data sources are a number of literatures that is considered valid and credible. This research succeeded in describing several findings. Education pattern of Muhammad in plurality of Medina society tended to be informal, emphasizing the role of family and halâqahs. This study also found historical facts that the values of pluralism, intellectualism, and the spirit of urbanism had become a part of learning and education of Muhammad. The style of the leadership of the Muhammad in the midst of the pluralist society of Medina offers a pattern that is very concerned about the existence of the community students through an example (uswah and qudwah hasanah). In addition, the Prophet taught with full attention and tenderness and humility. He never underestimated someone who came asking for teaching. Islamic education pattern of Muhammad in Medina was marked by a number of characteristics, namely education organized by through the construction of the mosque as a centre of movement, centre of education, and centre of community. The principle carried out by the Muhammad in fostering society is the ethical approach (moral virtue). He believes that moral values not only create peace between individuals in a nation, but also between nations
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Kim, Jung In. "The birth of urban modernity in Gangnam, Seoul." Architectural Research Quarterly 19, no. 4 (December 2015): 369–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1359135515000615.
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This study explores a formative period in the development of Gangnam, an exclusive district south of the Han River that was conceived of and shaped in the context of South Korea's militaristic and capitalist urban culture of the late 1960s. Created in imitation of what was at the time considered to be a highly modern urbanism that had been transplanted not only from the West but also from neighboring countries such as Japan, Hong Kong and Singapore, Gangnam was meant to provide an urban zone that would be secure from the threat of North Korean aggression while simultaneously proclaiming South Korea's ambitions to become a modern nation. This drive to create a new identity for Korea as a capitalist and developed nation, combined with the strong authoritarian nature of the South Korean state, meant that the implementation of modernist architecture and urbanism in Gangnam was primarily made to serve the nation-building and entrepreneurial ambitions of the state. Gangnam thus provides an example of the implementation of modernist structures and planning concepts that were originally envisioned as ways of providing meaningful public space by countering unchecked private speculation (i.e. massive apartment complexes, neighborhood units, superblocks, and automobile-oriented roadways) in the service of materialism at its most flamboyant. This perplexing condition could be said to be the result of what happens when architectural or urban forms are emptied of their publically-oriented ethical impulse, particularly in state-led large-scale urbanisation. While Gangnam can in some respects be considered to be a successful implementation of a modernist cityscape in the sense that it continues to be developed and thrive, it has become the centre of a segregated and unequal urbanity characterized by a highly materialist and extremely competitive culture that is diametrically opposed to the original intentions of those earlier modernist avant-gardes.
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Kong, Lily, and Orlando Woods. "The ideological alignment of smart urbanism in Singapore: Critical reflections on a political paradox." Urban Studies 55, no. 4 (January 16, 2018): 679–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042098017746528.
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Over the past decade, much has been written about the potential of smart urbanism to bring about various and lasting forms of betterment. The embedding of digital technologies within urban infrastructures has been well documented, and the efficiencies of smart models of urban governance and management have been lauded. More recently, however, the discourse has been labelled ‘hegemonic’, and accused of developing a view of smart technology that is blinkered by its failure to critique its socio-political effects. By focusing on the case of Singapore’s ‘Smart Nation’ initiative, this paper embraces the paradoxes at the heart of smart urbanism and, in doing so, interrogates the tension between ideology and praxis, efficiency and control, access and choice, and smart governance and smart citizenship. It also demonstrates how such tensions are (re)produced through ‘fourthspace’ – the digitally enabled spaces of urbanism that are co-created, and that contribute to an expansion and diffusion of social and political responsibility. It ends by suggesting how such spaces have the potential to radically transform not just the urban environment, but also the role of government and citizens in designing urban futures.
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O'connor, Richard A. "Indigenous Urbanism: Class, City and Society in Southeast Asia." Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 26, no. 1 (March 1995): 30–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022463400010468.
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While Southeast Asia revolves around its cities, scholarship spins off into disciplines that ignore this fact. In a region that has known cities for two millennia, where even remote peoples have shaped themselves to or against urban rule, research goes on as if the city were an alien entity, easily factored out and best forgotten. So village studies represent these city-centred nations, and few wonder if the entrepreneurs and middle class who now explain so much might themselves be explained as urban. Our disciplines divide so deeply that no one addresses how the city organizes society and shapes the region.
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Parnreiter, Christof. "Commentary." Journal of Planning Education and Research 31, no. 4 (September 27, 2011): 416–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0739456x11423105.
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A key aspect of how globalization and planning are tied together is that the traveling of planning ideas across nation-states has sped up and gained intensity. Such transnationality echoes similar conceptualization in economic geography, migration studies, and in the literature on “transnational urbanism.” Using the example of the transnational flow of strategic planning ideas and practices, this article highlights the rising role of policy tourism, the important function of city-networks and multilateral institutions (particularly UN-HABITAT), and the uneven processes of transnational norm-making.
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Lynnyk, Iryna. "ANALYSIS OF HEATING PROCESSES OF URBANIZED TERRITORIES OF THE KHARKIV REGION AND MEASURES TO COMBAT THEM." Urban development and spatial planning, no. 77 (May 24, 2021): 287–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.32347/2076-815x.2021.77.287-296.
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Flooding of urbanized areas causes and activates dangerous geological pro-cesses, is a real threat to the safety of life of the population and the functioning of economic facilities. In this regard, the issues of studying the conditions for the devel-opment and spread of flooding on the territory of Ukraine are important and urgent. The article identifies the factors causing flooding of urbanized areas. The trends in the development of flooding in the Kharkiv region and the city of Kharkiv are deter-mined. In Ukraine, the flooded area is about 8 million hectares, and the number of flooded settlements is up to 5 thousand. The most flooded are Odessa, Nikolaev, Kherson regions. In the Kharkiv region, flooding is widespread in 39 cities and ur-ban-type settlements, and in 205 villages on an area of 200,8 km2, the affected area is 0,6 %. Flooding is observed in all districts of the region. The most flooded cities are Kharkiv, Barvenkovo, Valki, Izyum, Pervomaisky, the total flooded area was 185,7 km2, urban-type settlements Krasnopavlovka and Pechenegi, the total flooded area – 15,1 km2. The reasons for the flooding have been established. The consequences of flooding of urbanized territories are analyzed. Flooding leads to a deterioration in the condition of built-up areas and sanitary living conditions of people, an increase in morbidity, pollution of water and soil, waterlogging of significant areas of land, con-tributes to the development of negative physical and geological processes such as landslides, karst, etc., which can lead to subsidence of buildings and structures, and further to their destruction, deformations of underground engineering networks. Ana-lyzed measures to combat flooding, which can be divided into preventive and elimi-nation of already existing flooding. The activities that are proposed to be held in the city of Kharkov and the Kharkov region are outlined.
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Ostárek, M. "Environmental urbanism and sustainable cities." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 900, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012031. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/900/1/012031.
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Abstract The paper focuses on the links between sustainability and urbanism with a focus on the environment. In order to achieve the sustainability of cities, it is necessary to monitor the balance between economic, social and environmental interests, and urbanization is closely linked to this. Urbanism with a focus on the environment or ecological urbanism is a type that focuses on projects in ecological aspects, such as humidification, temperature reduction in the city, energy buildings, planting, urban surfaces, etc. Sustainability of cities is also one of the topics of the United Nations which generally addresses Sustainable Development Goals. In order to achieve the goal of sustainable cities, it is necessary to ensure access to trouble-free and affordable housing and services for all citizens by 2030. This development program is set for the time period 2015-2030. As far as the city is concerned, this in itself fundamentally affects the quality of the surrounding environment, especially interventions in undeveloped areas, land use and city administration. Spatial urban development is also focused in detail on searching and regeneration of unused areas which can have a negative impact in the form of slower growth or decline. The newly emerging BIM method, which demonstrably streamlines the management and development of cities, can also contribute to overall sustainability which further leads to the concept of smart cities. It is a concept of smart cities of urban development that moves to the sectors of management, energy, environment, infrastructure and population in an effort to streamline the management and development of cities using new methods. The result of the work is to show cities as the powerful player in reducing of greenhouse gas emissions which can help to build more liveable environment. Cities are not the biggest problem but the biggest opportunity for change.
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Datta, Ayona. "Postcolonial urban futures: Imagining and governing India’s smart urban age." Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 37, no. 3 (October 4, 2018): 393–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0263775818800721.
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This paper examines the ‘future’ as a blueprint for social power relations in postcolonial urbanism. It addresses a crucial gap in the rich scholarship on postcolonial urbanism that has largely ignored the ‘centrality of time’ (Chakrabarty, 2000 ) in the politics and speed of urban transformations. This paper takes postcolonial urbanism as a ‘colonisation of/with time’ (Adam, 2004 ) that reaches across spaces, scales and times of the past, present and future to produce cities as spatio-temporal entities. Using the lens of ‘futuring’ (Urry, 2016 ) as a practice of imagining and governing cities through speed, this paper analyses India’s national 100 Smart Cities Mission through a set of popular myths that create a dialectic relation between past and future. It suggests that smart cities in India are marked by the deployment of two parallel mythologies of speed – nationhood and technology. While the former refers to a mythical moral state, the latter refers to transparent and accountable governance in order to produce smart cities in the image of the moral state. The paper concludes that while postcolonial future time is imagined at the scale of the smart city, there is a simultaneous recalibration of its governance at the scale of the nation.
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Aykac, Gulsah. "Book review: New Islamist Architecture and Urbanism: Negotiating Nation and Islam Through Built Environment in Turkey." Urban Studies 56, no. 9 (January 17, 2019): 1922–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042098018824063.
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H., Raghavendra A., Monika Singh, Pragti Chabra, and Arun Kumar Sharma. "Prevalence of hypertension and its determinants in an urbanized village of East Delhi." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 4, no. 5 (April 24, 2017): 1704. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20171788.
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Background: Hypertension is the major public health problem both in developing and developed nations. There is disparity in prevalence of hypertension in rural and urban areas. Data is available on the prevalence of hypertension in both urban and rural areas but studies on migratory population are limited. Methods: A community based cross sectional study conducted in urbanized village of east Delhi. WHO STEPS questionnaire was used collect the data. Total of 451 persons were interviewed by stratified random sampling method. Data analysis was done using SPSS version 16. Results: Prevalence of hypertension was 16.4%, high age group, high income, body mass index more than 23 and duration of stay in urban area were significantly associated with prevalence of hypertension. Conclusions: Older age group, higher BMI and longer duration of stay in urban area have significant associations with the higher prevalence of hypertension.
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McNeill, Donald. "Volumetric urbanism: The production and extraction of Singaporean territory." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 51, no. 4 (February 20, 2019): 849–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0308518x19830699.
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This paper examines how state territorial development strategies, financial and regulatory practices and architectural and engineering expertise shape ‘volumetric’ urban space. In doing so, it frames the built environment as being an envelope through which state accumulation strategies are materialized through both the technical manipulation of territory and the metrics that accompany it. It focuses on a key site of post-Independence Singaporean urbanism, the Marina Bay area, to examine how dimensional urban development has been combined with governance practices to produce and extract new territory. The paper illustrates this through three processes: the engineering of land platforms that could be developed to expand the logistical productivity of Singaporean territory; the deployment of ‘atmospheric engineering’ such as the use of air-conditioning technologies in creating controlled environments that maximize the value of interiorized territory; and the creation of a calculative regime for governing underground space. It describes how Singaporean state agencies have deployed experts in engineering, surveying and architecture, as well as implementing new legislation and regulation in producing these volumetric affordances. It is argued in conclusion that the calculative manipulation of key sites in the built environments of global cities such as Singapore should be accorded more significance within studies of nation-state territorial strategy, and the geopolitics of cities.
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Erensü, Sinan, Barış İne, and Yaşar Adnan Adanalı. "From the Occupied Parks to the Gardens of the Nation." Social Text 40, no. 1 (March 1, 2022): 109–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/01642472-9495146.
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Abstract Ever since the Gezi Park protests in Istanbul in the summer 2013, defending and reclaiming the city parks, market gardens, public squares, and urban forests has become a mainstream act of defiance and a symbolic rejection of an intensifying authoritarianism, neoliberal urbanism, and exclusionary planning practices. Growing interest in the mobilizing capacity of the emerging urban-environmental imaginary, however, has not remained exclusive to the opposition. Rather than dismissing the critique entirely, the governing Justice and Development Party (AKP) has most recently embraced the politics of urban greenery and strived to mold it in its own image. This article focuses on the contentious politics of urban greenery in Istanbul and examines how the city's green public spaces have come to proxy a larger struggle over the future of Turkey. By discussing the possibilities, challenges, and limits of the politics of urban greenery, this article examines how the government has attempted to absorb an emerging urban-environmental objection into its fold. To do so, the article traces the genealogy of Istanbul's park politics in the last decade and most specifically focuses on the latest iteration of the urban greenery frenzy: the Gardens of the Nation. By studying how this nationwide urban greenery drive has been designed, promoted, discussed, inaugurated, and used, this article provides an account for the critical role green aesthetics play in conjuring up alternative environmental imaginaries and communities against the backdrop of a populist authoritarian climate.
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Trubina, Elena. "CONFIGURING CENTER-PERIPHERY RELATIONS: RELATIONAL LEGACY IN THE OVER-CENTRALIZED STATE." Journal of Architecture and Urbanism 39, no. 1 (April 14, 2015): 28–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/20297955.2015.1031445.
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This essay explores the idea of relational legacy in connection to the interconnected group of central and provincial cities. The concept is applied to concrete explorations of the relationship between the cities. We explore the idea through the emergence of discourses on nation, interurban differences and various conceptions of belonging. We find that the relational dynamics of urban space has been actively constructed by the media. It is concluded that existing conceptions of interurban relations need to take account of the contradictory dynamics behind the urbanites’ perception of cities. We also need to contend with manifestations of “state racism” which appear to achieve a greater prominence.
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OTTER, CHRIS. "The technosphere: a new concept for urban studies." Urban History 44, no. 1 (April 8, 2016): 145–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963926816000328.
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According to the United Nations University Institute for the Advanced Study of Sustainability, ‘cities are responsible for 67% of the total global energy consumption and more than 70% of greenhouse gas emissions and these trends significantly intensify the severity of some of the two great challenges of our time; climate change and energy security’. Moreover, if cities are driving anthropogenic climate change, the effects are felt everywhere on earth, from glaciers to atolls, from oceans to the troposphere. It is no longer simply society that has been, to cite Henri Lefebvre, ‘completely urbanized’. The entire planet and its atmosphere have been subordinated to the metabolic demands of extremely large human settlements.
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Hernández Pezzi, Carlos. "La energía como paradigma del cambio urbanístico y ambiental." WPS Review International on Sustainable Housing and Urban Renewal, no. 3 (June 3, 2016): 22–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.24310/wps.vi3.14235.
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La presente comunicación a Greencities & Sostenibilidad 2015 se plantea como un esquema de ideas y propuestas articuladas sobre la nueva relación de energía y ciudad, siguiendo las pautas de las Agendas 21 locales, la Agenda Urbana de Málaga, la Estrategia Europea 2020 y los Objetivos del Milenio de la ONU, trabajando con los argumentos básicos, la información y la bibliografía necesaria para centrar los posicionamientos que están a favor de la hipótesis de que el urbanismo del siglo XXI ha cambiado radicalmente de retos y objetivos. Agenda Urbana de Málaga. Como antesala de la Conferencia Mundial United Nations Conference on Housing and sustainable urban development Habitat III en Quito en octubre de 2016, el Foro Greencities & Sostenibilidad, en octubre de 2015, es una plataforma de acción y difusión para lanzar la Agenda Urbana de Málaga y proponer cambios en las directrices y orientaciones del urbanismo en España.
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Mota Jr., Américo, Ana Paula Penha Guedes, Alane Mota dos Santos, Rafael Valois, Erlei Bispo, Bruna Almeida, and Anderson Armstrong. "Climate Change and Sustainable Practices: Telehealth as a Tool for Sharing Indigenous Practices." International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Science 9, no. 11 (2022): 491–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijaers.911.58.
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The use of telehealth is growing as an auxiliary tool for urbanized societies in the propagation of teaching and health care for Indigenous communities. However, little has been discussed regarding the potential applicability as an instrument for the propagation of Indigenous cultural traditions that positively impact the health and well-being of their communities, whose organizational habits influence the containment of climate change, or be it, conditions that favor the global health of the planet. The methodology that was used to choose which practices would be analyzed was based on the systematization carried out in 2019 by the United Nations. Articles published in the last five years were selected in order to ensure that the discussion would be guided by contemporary perspectives. We sought to enumerate some of the consequences that climate change may have for different social groups over the coming few decades and to report the agricultural practices of Brazilian Indigenous peoples, who apply sustainable methodologies in their daily lives, with habits that have been passed down from generation to generation. These practices could be propagated to urbanized industrial communities by means of the multiplication of an original telehealth program created and transmitted by Indigenous peoples, based on their millenary knowledge about sustainable community health.
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Onyeaka, Helen, Osmond C. Ekwebelem, Ukpai A. Eze, Queeneth I. Onwuka, Job Aleke, Ogueri Nwaiwu, and Joy Onyinyechi Chionuma. "Improving Food Safety Culture in Nigeria: A Review of Practical Issues." Foods 10, no. 8 (August 13, 2021): 1878. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10081878.
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As a developing nation and the most populous nation in Africa, Nigeria has enormous challenges connected with food safety culture. To produce and provide safe, secure and nutritious food, consumers and food businesses must abide by a set of shared values known as food safety culture. In Nigeria, food safety culture is a complex subject due to Nigeria’s heterogeneous and diverse nature, as demonstrated by its over 250 ethnic groups. As Nigeria becomes more urbanized and incomes continue to fluctuate at robust rates, few Nigerians are conscious of food safety issues. In addition, oversight from government regulators around food safety require improvement. Public engagement in food safety issues has not witnessed a promising trajectory in recent years. In this article, we provide a review of the food safety culture in Nigeria and its role and influence on various cases of food safety issues in Nigeria. Of interest to this paper are studies exploring consumer and food handler perceptions and behavior regarding food safety. In addition, keen attention is devoted to areas that are in need of additional research to help address practical and on-the-ground challenges associated with Nigeria’s food safety practices. This article suggests that improving food safety culture in Nigeria requires both applying the best management and communication approaches in different regions and understanding the local food safety practices.
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De Block, Greet, and Bruno De Meulder. "Iterative Modernism." Transfers 1, no. 1 (March 1, 2011): 97–126. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/trans.2011.010106.
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This article traces the implicit spatial project of Belgian engineers during the interwar period. By analyzing infrastructure planning and its inscribed spatial ideas as well as examining the hybrid modernity advocated by engineers and politicians, this article contributes to both urban and transport history.Unlike colleagues in countries such as Germany, Italy and the United States, Belgian engineers were not convinced that highways offered a salutary new order to a nation traumatized by the First World War. On the contrary, the Ponts et Chaussées asserted that this new limited access road would tear apart the densely populated areas and the diverse regional identities in Belgium. In their opinion, only an integration of existing and new infrastructure could harmonize the historically fragmented and urbanized territory. Tirelessly, engineers produced infrastructure plans, strategically interweaving different transport systems, which had to result in an overall transformation of the territory to facilitate modern production and export logics.
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Pereira, Edilson. "A ESTÉTICA DAS CIDADES: LUCIO COSTA, TRAÇADOS DE VIDA E DO PATRIMÔNIO NACIONAL." Estudos Históricos (Rio de Janeiro) 35, no. 76 (May 2022): 267–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s2178-149420220205.
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RESUMO O artigo recompõe parte da trajetória de Lucio Costa, sobretudo nas décadas iniciais de sua carreira, para abordar a perspectiva estética do fenômeno urbano no Brasil. A análise enfoca sua articulação a projetos coletivos em um “campo de possibilidades” da arquitetura e do patrimônio nacional, atentando às relações mantidas com seus pares. A biografia de um personagem central do urbanismo nacional permite esmiuçar os sentidos da consagração moderna da arquitetura como belas-artes. Além disso, ela revela os efeitos dos arranjos entre vanguarda e desvio, tradição e modernidade nas políticas patrimoniais do Estado brasileiro.
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Siddiqi, Anooradha. "Ephemerality." Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East 40, no. 1 (May 1, 2020): 24–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/1089201x-8186005.
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Abstract What are the politics of ephemerality? In the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees establishment at Dadaab, Kenya, a massive complex of refugee camps near the border of Somalia, the visual and architectural terms of ephemerality—a permanent impermanence—transform the act of seeing. By thinking through one refugee's experience and analyzing urbanism, architectural form and symbolism, and spatial-political organization, this essay suggests that ephemerality plays a part in structuring subjectivity, with implications for the narration of history.
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Halink, Simon. "“Almost Like Family. Or Were They?” Vikings, Frisian Identity, and the Nordification of the Past." Humanities 11, no. 5 (October 9, 2022): 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/h11050125.
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In the course of the twentieth century, the glorified image of Viking Age Scandinavia exerted an increasing attraction on intellectuals and nation builders in remote parts of Europe, especially those which self-identified as peripheral, marginalized, and ‘northern’. In the Dutch province of Friesland, the cultivation of a Frisian national identity went hand in hand with an antagonizing process of self-contrastation vis-à-vis the urbanized heartland in the west of the country. Fueled by these anti-Holland sentiments, the adoption of Nordic identity models could serve to create alternative narrative molds in which to cast the Frisian past. In this article, I will chart this process of cultural “nordification” from its initial phase in the writings of Frisian Scandinavophiles to contemporary remediations of Frisian history in popular culture and public discourses. In this context, special attention will be paid to the reception history of the pagan King Redbad (d. 719) and his modern transformation from ‘God’s enemy’ to beloved national icon.
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Phelps, Nicholas A., and Andrew M. Wood. "The New Post-suburban Politics?" Urban Studies 48, no. 12 (August 9, 2011): 2591–610. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042098011411944.
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Settlements variously termed ‘ex-urbs’, ‘edge cities’, ‘technoburbs’ are taken to signal something different from suburbia and as a consequence might be considered post-suburban. Existing literature has focused on defining post-suburbia as a new era and as a new form of settlement space. Whether post-suburbia can also be delimited in terms of its distinctive politics is the open question explored here. The paper begins by considering the need to make urban political theory more tailored to the different settlements that populate the heavily urbanised regions of nations. The paper stresses the structural properties of capitalism that generate differences within the unity of the urbanisation process. It then discusses what is new about a class of post-suburban settlements, concentrating on what the increasing economic gravity of post-suburbia, the difficulty of bounding post-suburban communities and the continuing role of the state imply for understanding urban politics and the reformulation of urban political theory.
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Satterthwaite, David, Gordon McGranahan, and Cecilia Tacoli. "Urbanization and its implications for food and farming." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 365, no. 1554 (September 27, 2010): 2809–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2010.0136.
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This paper discusses the influences on food and farming of an increasingly urbanized world and a declining ratio of food producers to food consumers. Urbanization has been underpinned by the rapid growth in the world economy and in the proportion of gross world product and of workers in industrial and service enterprises. Globally, agriculture has met the demands from this rapidly growing urban population, including food that is more energy-, land-, water- and greenhouse gas emission-intensive. But hundreds of millions of urban dwellers suffer under-nutrition. So the key issues with regard to agriculture and urbanization are whether the growing and changing demands for agricultural products from growing urban populations can be sustained while at the same time underpinning agricultural prosperity and reducing rural and urban poverty. To this are added the need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to build resilience in agriculture and urban development to climate change impacts. The paper gives particular attention to low- and middle-income nations since these have more than three-quarters of the world's urban population and most of its largest cities and these include nations where issues of food security are most pressing.
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Tuniyazi, Maimaiti, Shuang Li, Xiaoyu Hu, Yunhe Fu, and Naisheng Zhang. "The Role of Early Life Microbiota Composition in the Development of Allergic Diseases." Microorganisms 10, no. 6 (June 9, 2022): 1190. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10061190.
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Allergic diseases are becoming a major healthcare issue in many developed nations, where living environment and lifestyle are most predominantly distinct. Such differences include urbanized, industrialized living environments, overused hygiene products, antibiotics, stationary lifestyle, and fast-food-based diets, which tend to reduce microbial diversity and lead to impaired immune protection, which further increase the development of allergic diseases. At the same time, studies have also shown that modulating a microbiocidal community can ameliorate allergic symptoms. Therefore, in this paper, we aimed to review recent findings on the potential role of human microbiota in the gastrointestinal tract, surface of skin, and respiratory tract in the development of allergic diseases. Furthermore, we addressed a potential therapeutic or even preventive strategy for such allergic diseases by modulating human microbial composition.
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Mehaffy, Michael W., and Tigran Haas. "New Urbanism in the New Urban Agenda: Threads of an Unfinished Reformation." Urban Planning 5, no. 4 (December 22, 2020): 441–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/up.v5i4.3371.
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We present evidence that New Urbanism, defined as a set of normative urban characteristics codified in the 1996 Charter of the New Urbanism, reached a seminal moment—in mission if not in name—with the 2016 New Urban Agenda, a landmark document adopted by acclamation by all 193 member states of the United Nations. We compare the two documents and find key parallels between them (including mix of uses, walkable multi-modal streets, buildings defining public space, mix of building ages and heritage patterns, co-production of the city by the citizens, and understanding of the city as an evolutionary self-organizing structure). Both documents also reveal striking contrasts with the highly influential 20th century Athens Charter, from 1933, developed by the Congrès Internationaux d’Architecture Moderne. Yet, both newer documents also still face formidable barriers to implementation, and, as we argue, each faces similar challenges in formulating effective alternatives to business as usual. We trace this history up to the present day, and the necessary requirements for what we conclude is an ‘unfinished reformation’ ahead.