Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Urbanised nation'

L'objectif de la these etait d'analyser l'evolution de la notion de patrimoine en grece et son extension a la protection des centres anciens, en tenant compte de deux faits essentiels. La notion de patrimoine s'est developpee dans ce pays en reference exclusive a l'antiquite, element fondamental de l'identite nationale ; lors de l'independance de la grece, l'architecture, formant alors l'essentiel des centres villes, a ete rejetee, parce que symbolisant l'occupation turque. Il s'agissait donc de savoir si la notion de patrimoine avait reussi a s'affranchir de la reference exclusive aux antiquites et a prendre en compte les centres anciens qui constituent l'un des elargissements recents de cette notion. Pour cela, nous avons choisi de travailler sur quelques villes de macedoine dont l'architecture, apparue au xviii siecle et commune a la moitie occidentale de l'empire ottoman, subsiste encore. Ce travail a ete organise en trois points : l'analyse de l'interet porte a l'architecture de grece du nord, de la legislation du patrimoine et de l'administration en charge de sa protection, et des pratiques de protection. Le travail de these a permi de demontrer que l'elargissement de la notion de patrimoine a la protection des centres anciens parait un processus inabouti et cela pour differentes raisons. Le ministere de la culture, l'une des autorites protectrices, ne semble pas avoir su integrer le patrimoine urbain dans sa mission de protection : la legislation, archeologique, privilegie la protection des antiquites et des monuments en general. Le ministere de l'amenagement, devenu la principale autorite protectrice du patrimoine urbain, cherche surtout a reprendre le controle de la construction qui a longtemps constitue le principal moteur de l'economie grecque, engendrant une speculation immobiliere pratiquee a grande echelle. Sa politique privilegie la protection de la disposition urbaine au detriment du bati ancien dont il peut autoriser la reconstruction.

Dans la seconde moitié du XIXe siècle, l’Éthiopie luttait farouchement pour conserver son indépendance, tout en agrandissant considérablement son territoire. Une région de montagnes et de prairies, jusqu’alors aux marges méridionales de l’espace national, se retrouva au centre du pays défini par de nouvelles frontières. C’est là qu’est née Addis Abäba vers 1886, d’abord simple "kätäma" (camp royal) et base logistique pour les conquêtes militaires, avant de devenir un « carrefour du monde ».L’objectif de cette thèse est une mise en lumière du rôle moteur, exercé par la volonté de reconnaissance de la souveraineté nationale, dans le processus particulier de fondation et de pérennisation de la capitale éthiopienne, ainsi que dans son développement au cours du XXe siècle. Les grandes phases de croissance d’Addis Abäba ne peuvent être comprises qu’à l’aune du contexte international, alors que la souveraineté et l’indépendance éthiopiennes étaient menacées. Dans ces moments particuliers, le pouvoir a mis la ville en scène, en la développant et en la dotant d’un patrimoine architectural et monumental. Pour cela, il puisa dans le temps long de l’histoire éthiopienne, dans l’attachement à la chrétienté éthiopienne — la religion "Täwahǝdo" — et dans le mythe national du "Kǝbrä Nägäst". Les règnes et régimes successifs ont adopté une même rhétorique urbaine et bâtisseuse, jusqu’au XXIe siècle
While fiercely struggling for its independence during the second half of the 19th century, Ethiopia extended considerably its territory. A region of meadows and mountains, at the southern march, became the centre of the country in its new borders. There, in 1886, what was first founded as a garrison camp for its strategic position became Addis Abäba, soon the new capital at the crossroads of the world.This thesis aims to highlight the part played by the national sovereignty and its recognition in the particular process of the Ethiopian capital foundation and its perpetuation, as well as its development during the 20th century. The main growing phases of Addis Abäba might only be understood in terms of its international context whilst Ethiopian sovereignty and independence were jeopardized. During those particular times, the rulers used Addis Abäba as a stage for its performance, expanding the city and provided it with architectural and monumental heritage. For this, they drew in the country’s long-time history, in the strong commitment to the Ethiopian Christianity – the "Täwahǝdo" – and into the "Kǝbrä Nägäst" the national myth. The successive systems and reigns until the 21st century have adopted the same urban and building response

Le projet d’aménagement urbain est confronté à des problèmes territoriaux et urbains de plus en plus complexes. Comment alors enrichir voire renouveler les pratiques en expérimentant des configurations nouvelles d’acteurs, de méthodes et d’outils ? Les solutions seront ici recherchées dans le champ de l’innovation urbaine, qui couvre un vaste champ d’initiatives, notamment l’innovation de méthode en urbanisme. Dans ce contexte théorique et opérationnel appelant à des expérimentations, la démarche de recherche suivie s’attache à mettre en lien le potentiel offert par certaines pratiques innovantes et les besoins de l’urbanisme. Le mode-projet Urban Living Lab permet de piloter un espace et un processus d’innovation multi-acteurs et collaboratif. La conduite d’une recherche-intervention dans le contexte de l’Opération d’Intérêt National Alzette Belval a permis d'expérimenter l’insertion d’une approche Urban Living Lab dans la gouvernance, le pilotage et les processus opérationnels d’un projet d’aménagement urbain. Ce travail de recherche aboutit à la mise en évidence du potentiel du Urban Living Lab en termes de dialogue entre les processus de la maîtrise d’ouvrage d’un projet d’aménagement urbain et un processus d’innovation produisant des savoirs actionnables. L’expérience montre la capacité de l’approche Urban Living Lab à renégocier les frontières de la gouvernance du projet d’aménagement urbain et d’assurer un ancrage dans la gouvernance territoriale
The urban development project is confronted with increasingly complex territorial and urban problems. How then can we enrich or even renew practices by experimenting with new configurations of actors, methods and tools? Solutions will be sought here in the field of urban innovation, which covers a wide range of initiatives, including method innovation in urban planning. In this theoretical and operational context calling for experimentation, the research approach followed aims to link the potential offered by certain innovative practices with the needs of urban planning. The Urban Living Lab project mode makes it possible to manage a multi-stakeholder and collaborative space and innovation process. The conduct of research and intervention in the context of the Alzette Belval National Interest Operation experimented with the integration of an Urban Living Lab approach into the governance, management and operational processes of an urban development project. This research work leads to the identification of the potential of the Urban Living Lab in terms of dialogue between the processes of project management of an urban development project and an innovation process producing actionable knowledge. Experience shows the ability of the Urban Living Lab approach to renegotiate the governance boundaries of the urban development project and to ensure that it is anchored in territorial governance

Ce travail se situe dans le champ de l'histoire urbaine et sociale. Il se propose de saisir dans trois temporalités politiques, les conditions de production du territoire palestinien revendiqué tout au long du XXème siècle comme objet patriotique et nationaliste et influencé par les présences étrangères ou coloniales successives .L'accent est mis sur la dynamique des pouvoirs, des espaces et des hommes vue à partir de l'éclairage simultané des discours, des milieux professionnels liés à la ville et des types d'espaces urbains produits. La première partie examine la période d'internationalisation urbaine de la Palestine mandataire sous tutelle britannique avec la création d'un tissu cosmopolite et le transfert d'un modèle urbain mais qui parvient pas à s'imposer dans la Palestine arabe. La seconde partie se concentre sur le gouvernement de l'espace et des hommes survenant dans la période d'après guerre (1948-1967) marqué par la partition territoriale et par l'occupation militaire. La recherche met à jour des types de gouvernementalité des hommes et des territoires spécifiques : militarisation des savoirs, colonisation, police de l'espace, transformations d'un espace autochtone et montre le patriotisme des milieux professionnels israéliens en miroir de la résistance palestinienne. La troisième partie est consacrée à la courte période de pacification (1995-2002). La reconstruction donne une légitimité à la libéralisation foncière, à l'urbanisation du capital, au désir de renouvellement historique de la ville traditionnelle.

Les parcs nationaux et les Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONBs) en Angleterre ont, depuis la fin des années 1970, été identifiés comme des territoires propices à la manifestation de dynamiques de gentrification rurale. L’hypothèse de ce travail de recherche repose sur une démarche exploratoire destinée à démontrer que dans ces territoires de nature protégée, les dynamiques de gentrification rurale sont intenses et singulières. Le parc national de Dartmoor, celui du Peak District, et l’AONB des Cotswolds, sont des espaces emblématiques et attractifs pour des nouveaux habitants aisés qui mettent en oeuvre des stratégies résidentielles et transposent, une fois installés, des représentations nourries par leurs sensibilités environnementales, héritées d’un mouvement depuis longtemps structuré. À travers leurs pratiques (comme celles du rewilding), ils s’approprient leurs territoires et les modèlent selon leurs attentes. Par leur maîtrise du planning system, certains gentrifieurs nouent des alliances et impulsent des fronts écologiques qui se traduisent parfois au contentieux et cadenassent toujours plus ces territoires de nature convoités et exclusifs. En dépit d’initiatives locales, l’impossibilité pour les populations locales modestes de revenir vivre dans les parcs nationaux et l’AONB, est une réalité. Cette crise du logement peut s’interpréter comme une des conséquences de la gentrification rurale. Les communautés (in)visibles sont, elles aussi, tenues à l’écart de ces territoires de nature et, si elles y habitent, subissent des exclusions symboliques qui pourraient être assimilées à des formes d'injustices environnementales. Les autorités gestionnaires de ces territoires de nature, et le gouvernement de l’après BREXIT, sont aujourd'hui encore confrontés au défi de trouver l’équilibre entre le social et l’environnemental
National Parks (NPs) and Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONBs) in England have, since the late 1970s, been identified as relevant fields of research to study rural gentrification. The hypothesis of this research is based on the fact that in these protected areas, the dynamics of rural gentrification are intense and specific. The Dartmoor National Park, the Peak District National Park, and the Cotswolds AONB, are emblematic and attract new affluents inhabitants who implement residential strategies and transpose, after settling, their representations nourished by environmental ideals, inherited from a long-standing movement. Through their pratices (like those of rewilding), they seize their territories and model them according to their expectations. Some gentrifiers master the keys and codes of the planning system, form alliances and stimulate eco-fronts which sometimes lead to litigation and increasingly lock out these coveted and exclusives areas of nature. This thesis is based on an exploratory approach which allowas us to follow the footsteps of rural gentrification and to take the measure of the intensity of the social and territorial change. Despite local initiatives, local populations are often unable to return to live in the National Parks and the AONB. The costs of access to housing are prohibitive and can be interpreted as one of the consequences of rural gentrification. The (in)visible communities are also kep away from these territories of protected nature and, if they live thre, suffer from symbolic exclusions, close to environmental injustices. National Park Authorities, AONB’s Boards, and the government after BREXIT, are still facing the challenge of finding a balance between the social and the environmental

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This paper addresses the second phase of operation the National Housing Bank (BNH) (1977 - 1986) characterized by a phase of experimentation and criticism to the model supported housing production adopted in sets produced by the state. In this context, emerges a broad set experiences of municipal social housing, with great heterogeneity that appear alongside the traditional interventions, already applied by BNH. These experiences projetuais when compared to the model used by BNH in its early stages, adopt innovative assumptions as sustainable development, diversity of projects, participation processes and stimulating self managed in partnership with organized society. In this sense, this research aims to analyze the main project Set Mangabeira in light of transformations between the first and second phase of BNH.
Este trabalho aborda a segunda fase de atuação do Banco Nacional de Habitação (BNH), entre 1977 e 1986, caracterizada por uma fase de experimentalismo e crítica, às ações anteriores. Nesse quadro, emerge um amplo conjunto de experiências municipais de habitação de interesse social, com grande heterogeneidade que surgem ao lado das ntervenções tradicionais, já aplicadas pelo BNH. Essas experiências projetuais, quando comparados ao modelo usado pelo BNH na sua primeira fase, adotam pressupostos inovadores como desenvolvimento sustentável, diversidade de projetos arquitetônicos, estímulo a processos participativos e autogestionários em parceria com a sociedade organizada. Neste sentido, esta pesquisa tem como objetivo principal analisar o projeto do Conjunto Mangabeira à luz das transformações sofridas entre a primeira e a segunda fase do BNH.

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This study approaches the process of urban and architectural preservation instituted in Sao Joao del Rei, the resolutions and the extend of the acts of protection at municipal, state and federal levels, as well as the population`s attitudes with the heritage in a setting of urban transformations and quest for economic progress The conflict between the federal preservations laws and local interests will be analyzed, involving the commercial agents and the technicians of the Institute of National Historical and Artistic Heritage. Nowadays, this thematic sets up a transient scenario, marked initially by neglect of people with the patrimony, then by the appreciation of the collective memory and, recently, by the possibility of association with the economic development.
Este trabalho aborda o processo de tombamento arquitetônico e urbanístico instituído em São João del-Rei, considerando as deliberações e a abrangência dos atos de salvaguarda em nível federal, estadual e municipal, assim como a reação da população perante o patrimônio dentro de um contexto de transformações urbanas associado à busca pelo progresso econômico. O campo de conflito criado em torno da fronteira de tombamento federal e dos interesses locais envolvendo os agentes comerciais e técnicos do Instituto do Patrimônio Histórico e Artístico Nacional também é analisado. Ao estender a temática até hoje, um cenário transitório se configurou, marcado inicialmente pelo descaso da população para com o patrimônio, avançando para a valorização da memória coletiva e, recentemente, atrelando-o à possibilidade de desenvolvimento econômico.

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O presente trabalho tem o fito precípuo de analisar o cenário econômico da nanotecnologia no Brasil à luz de experiências internacionais selecionadas sob o prisma de Sistemas Nacionais de Inovação. A proposta de contribuição deste trabalho está centrada na ampliação da escassa literatura sobre a temática, especialmente sob o viés analítico dos Sistemas Nacionais de Inovação. O trabalho em um primeiro momento analisa os principais conceitos, características e as funcionalidades da nanotecnologia. A partir da contextualização e caracterização, o estudo avança, dedicando-se a ingressar na teoria econômica com vistas a buscar os fundamentos analíticos que sustentam a análise da nanotecnologia sob a ótica dos Sistemas Nacionais de Inovação. Sob o viés de SNI, analisam-se, posteriormente, experiências internacionais de países selecionados: EUA, Alemanha, Rússia e China, bem como da União Europeia, intentando a compreensão da criação de iniciativas nacionais focadas no desenvolvimento da nanotecnologia. À luz dessas experiências, por fim, busca-se compreender o cenário econômico da nanotecnologia no Brasil através de uma análise das dimensões científica, tecnológica-industrial e político-regulatória ao longo dos últimos anos (2000 a 2013), uma vez que essas dimensões possibilitam o aporte ao entendimento de fatores que auxiliam a análise econômica, considerando a linha neoschumpteriana. Em linhas gerais, é possível depreender-se das experiências internacionais que todos os países estudados possuem Iniciativas Nacionais já consolidadas, com mais de 10 anos de experiências, e se caracterizam: a) pelo estímulo de atividades de inovação com interação entre Universidades e Empresas; b) pela realização de investimentos públicos em projetos para desenvolvimento da nanotecnologia em empresas; c) pelo destaque mundial na produção científica e em depósitos de patentes; e d) pela criação de marcos regulatórios e de definições, conceitos e limites de aplicações em nanopartículas na indústria. No que tange aos resultados encontrados no estudo, referente ao Brasil, verifica-se um incipiente ambiente de promoção e de incentivo à nanotecnologia no Brasil, especialmente em termos de estrutura de atividades de pesquisa aplicada, de fomento de atividades de Interação Universidade-Empresa e de inexistência de marcos regulatórios. Contudo, é possível a visualização, partir da análise do cenário das referidas dimensões, de bons resultados nos planos de produção científica (18º colocação no ranking mundial, conforme dados de 2011) e de depósitos de patentes (13º colocação no ranking mundial, conforme dados de 2011) se comparado a países líderes, seus respectivos investimentos e suas dimensões referentes à criação de iniciativas nacionais em nanotecnologias já há anos consolidadas. Em termos de contribuição teórica, destaca-se a apresentação da discussão a respeito da nova onda nos SNI com a chegada da nanotecnologia. Conclui-se também pela grande lacuna, em uma perspectiva de agenda de pesquisa, lançando-se o desafio de novos estudos sobre a temática.
This work has the aim of analyzing the economic scenario of nanotechnology in Brazil in the light of international selected experiences under the prism of National Innovation Systems. The contribution proposed by this research is focused on expanding the scarce literature on this subject, especially in the analytical bias of National Innovation Systems. The work at a first moment analyzes the main concepts, features and functionality of nanotechnology. From the contextualization and the characterization, the study advances, dedicating up to enter in the economic theory in order to get the analytical foundations underpinning the analysis of nanotechnology from the perspective of National Innovation Systems. Under the bias of SNI, we will analyze, posteriorly, international experiences of selected countries: USA, Germany, Russia and China, as well as European Union, attempting to understand the creation of national initiatives focused on the development of nanotechnology. In light of these experiences, finally, we seek to understand the economic scenario of nanotechnology in Brazil through an analysis of the scientific, technological-industrial, political and regulatory dimensions over the past years (2000-2013), since these dimensions will enable the contribution to the understanding of factors that support the economic analysis, considering the neoschumpterian line. Generally speaking, it is possible to infer from international experiences that all the countries studied have national initiatives already consolidated, with over 10 years of experience, and are characterized by: a) the encouragement of innovation activities with interaction between universities and companies; b) carrying out public investment in projects for the development of nanotechnology in companies; c) the world highlight in the scientific literature and patent applications; d) the creation of regulatory frameworks and definitions, concepts and application limits on nanoparticles in the industry. With respect to the results found in the study, referring to Brazil, there is an incipient environment of promotion and encouragement of nanotechnology in Brazil, especially in terms of structure to applied research activities, promotion of university-industry interaction activities and the absence of regulatory frameworks. However, it is possible to visualize, from the analysis of these dimensions scenario, good results in terms of scientific production (18th place in the world ranking, according to data of 2011) and patent deposits (13th place in the world ranking, according to data of 2011) compared to leading countries, their investments and its dimensions referent to the creation of national initiatives in nanotechnology which was years ago consolidated. In terms of theoretical contribution, is highlighted the discussion of the new wave in SNI with the arrival of nanotechnology. It also concluded that there is a large gap, in a perspective of research agenda, launching the challenge of new studies on the subject.

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O objetivo desta dissertação é investigar os conflitos territoriais decorrentes do estabelecimento do Parque Nacional do Superagui no território tradicionalmente ocupado da comunidade de Barbados, no município de Guaraqueçaba - PR. Os conflitos são decorrentes da sobreposição de interesses de diferentes agentes em um mesmo espaço. A comunidade de Barbados deseja o livre acesso ao seu território e seus recursos como forma de se reproduzir cultural e economicamente, mas sofre restrições em suas atividades tradicionais devido aos objetivos de conservação da Unidade de Conservação em questão. O problema da pesquisa consistiu no levantamento de como se dá a formação sócio-espacial da área de estudo (levando em conta os embates locais travados no âmbito da sociedade civil durante o períodon imperialista do modo de produção capitalista) e de que forma este contexto tem gerado conflitos materiais e imateriais na comunidade de Barbados. Os conflitos territoriais são identificados em parte da literatura consultada, e demonstram o caráter polissêmico da temática bem como do posicionamento dos pesquisadores que se propõem a discuti-la. Os conceitos norteadores utilizados como referencial teórico são os de Formação Sócio-espacial, Identidade, Territorialidade Específica, Comunidades Tradicionais e Sociedade Civil. A abordagem qualitativa utilizada na metodologia envolveu a adoção do método etnográfico possibilitado pela observação participante, entrevistas semi-estruturadas e mapeamentos participativos. Conclui-se que a identidade dos moradores de Barbados está sendo formada a partir da relação deles com determinados agentes contrastivos. A partir de uma leitura gramsciana busquei identificar os aparelhos privados da hegemonia que estão atuando na região e trazendo, com isso, a discussão acerca das comunidades tradicionais, tratando-a de maneira reificada e em prol do gerenciamento ao invés da resolução dos conflitos locais. O levantamento da formação sócioespacial da região possibilitou a identificação de diversos agentes e acontecimentos que influenciaram a configuração sócioespacial atual de Barbados. O conflito vivido pela comunidade e a Unidade de Conservação se configura em duas perspectivas: uma mais imediata e aparente que se refere à oposição de interesses no acesso aos recursos e gestão do território, e outra mais universal, resultante das exigências do modo de produção atual em relação à região. De maneira geral, a luta das comunidades tradicionais e a formação das identidades locais são legítimas, mas é preciso que os sujeitos envolvidos nesta luta estejam atentos à pedagogia da hegemonia imbuída nos discursos de algumas organizações não-governamentais, bem como em políticas públicas que instrumentalizam este fragmento da classe proletária como uma ferramenta do capital ao invés de contribuírem ao enfrentamento dele

Longtemps le littoral - symbole de mort, domaine des monstres redoutables - n'est resté qu'un « territoire du vide », déserté des populations et des voyageurs. La crainte que suscite alors ce milieu, hostile et répulsif jusqu'au XVIIIe siècle, n'exige aucunement l'adoption d'un corps de règles étoffées : la justification du droit, sa finalité sociale plus particulièrement, disparaît en effet dès lors que l'espace reste exempt de toute pression anthropique. Depuis le début du XXe siècle toutefois, le phénomène de littoralisation conduit à une multiplication des conflits d'usage auxquels la règle juridique doit faire face. Ainsi la gestion rationnelle des zones côtières impose-t-elle aujourd'hui une reconnaissance juridique de la spécificité de ce territoire singulier. À échelle internationale, la nature même du littoral et ses exigences de gestion intégrée semblent pourtant difficilement saisissables par le droit. Dès lors, comme pour d'autres matières relevant de la protection de l'environnement marin, le recours à l'approche régionale s'impose comme une démarche des plus pertinentes : en témoignent les initiatives menées par le système régional méditerranéen, dont les évolutions récentes laissent présager l'adoption du premier instrument juridique supra-étatique de protection du littoral. Dans cette attente, la préservation des zones côtières relève avant tout des droits internes. Ainsi, confrontés à des pressions souvent identiques, les zones côtières restent diversement appréhendées par le droit et font donc l'objet de stratégies de gestion distincte : c'est ce que révèle l'étude des systèmes juridiques français et italien.

Cette recherche vise à offrir un portrait de la pratique de l’aménagement urbain d’une communauté autochtone, Wendake, selon un cadre d’analyse tenant compte du contexte colonial dans lequel elle a évolué et évolue toujours. L’imposition de la juridiction de la Couronne fédérale sur les terres indiennes et les politiques subséquentes de la Loi sur les Indiens font partie d’un cadre politique colonialiste de peuplement qui est toujours bien en place, tel que démontré par le pouvoir limité de gestion sur la planification urbaine de leurs communautés qu’exercent les conseils de bande en vertu de la Loi sur les Indiens, ainsi que par les règles du ministère des Affaires autochtones et du Développement du Nord du Canada, qui posent de sévères contraintes à toute volonté de développement ou d’amélioration.
This research describes specific urban planning practices in the aboriginal community of Wendake, while acknowledging the colonial context in which they were created and are still exercised. It argues that the imposition of Crown jurisdiction on Indian land and the subsequent Indian Act policies are part of a settler colonialist framework that is still largely at play, as demonstrated by the limited management power that band councils do have over their communities’ urban planning according to the Indian Act, and by the rules set out by the Canadian Ministry of Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development, which pose severe constraints on any development or improvement measures.

The master thesis deals with regional planning in Czechoslovakia. It approaches this urban discipline at its peak in the thirties and forties. The aim of the work is to introduce the origin and subsequent development of regional planning, particularly its theory, through texts and studies of urban planners. The introduction examines the theory and practice of regional planning in foreign countries and outlines which tools were used to import it to Czechoslovakia. Subsequently reflects how was this theory adopted by urban planners and institutions in the Czechoslovak environment and further developed. The thesis indicates a shift in the understanding of this theory in the pre-war period, during the occupation and after the war. This variation was related to political, economic and social changes and documents a close relationship between regional planning and a national economic plan. The work also examines how regional planning was believed to be organized and legally authorized and represents the first systematic attempts in methodology of regional plans' preparatory work. In sequential chapters the thesis analyses the content of regional plans in terms of settlement, transport, production, recreation and nature. The content is documented on specific studies, especially of the Moravian-Silesian...