Journal articles on the topic 'Urbanised camp'
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GRUFFUDD, PYRS. "The Battle of Butlin's: Vulgarity and Virtue on the North Wales Coast, 1939–49." Rural History 21, no. 1 (March 5, 2010): 75–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956793309990148.
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AbstractAt the outbreak of the Second World War the holiday camp entrepreneur Billy Butlin agreed a secret deal to build an Admiralty training camp near Pwllheli in North Wales. The camp would be transferred to Butlin at the end of the war for use as a holiday camp. Whilst planners were initially horrified, the strategic argument that such camps would concentrate coastal development and also provide the necessary places for the expansion of ‘holidays with pay’ prevailed. More sustained opposition came from those concerned about the imposition of a culture of urbanised mass leisure on the Welsh heartland of the Llŷn Peninsula. For some, the threat was ‘bathing beauties’ and alcohol; more profoundly, many feared the destruction of a Welsh-speaking rural polity. National sentiment rallied around an alternative social service camp and an overt form of Welsh nation-building. Nonetheless, Butlin won the case and the holiday camp opened in 1947.
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Inoue, Yosuke, Annie Green Howard, Amanda L. Thompson, and Penny Gordon-Larsen. "Secular change in the association between urbanisation and abdominal adiposity in China (1993–2011)." Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 72, no. 6 (March 7, 2018): 484–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech-2017-210258.
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BackgroundLittle attention has been paid to how the association between urbanisation and abdominal adiposity changes over the course of economic development in low-income and middle-income countries.MethodsData came from the China Health and Nutrition Survey waves 1993–2011 (seven waves). A mixed linear model was used to investigate the association between community-level urbanisation with waist-to-height ratio (WHtR; an indicator of abdominal adiposity). We incorporated interaction terms between urbanisation and study waves to understand how the association changed over time. The analyses were stratified by age (children vs adults).ResultsAdult WHtR was positively associated with urbanisation in earlier waves but became inversely associated over time. More specifically, a 1 SD increase in the urbanisation index was associated with higher WHtR by 0.002 and 0.005 in waves 1993 and 1997, while it was associated with lower WHtR by 0.001 in 2011. Among child participants, the increase in WHtR over time was predominantly observed in more urbanised communities.ConclusionOur study suggests a shift in adult abdominal adiposity from more urbanised communities to less urbanised communities over a time of rapid economic development in China. Children living in more urbanised communities had higher increase in abdominal obesity with urbanisation over time relative to children living in less urbanised communities.
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Hailey, Charlie. "More Notes on Camp: A formulary for a New (Camping) Urbanism." Thresholds 33 (January 2007): 27a—33a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/thld_a_00592.
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Butow, David. "Latino Urbanism." Boom 6, no. 1 (2016): 88–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/boom.2016.6.1.88.
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“Latino urbanism” describes the myriad ways that immigrants from Latin America are remaking American cities to feel more like the places from which they came. It describes a culture in many ways the opposite of the “intensely private” city Leon Whiteson described, with an emphasis much more on sociability and extending private and commercial realms outside and onto the street. Perhaps there’s no better example of this than LA’s CicLAvia-modeled on Bogotá’s Ciclovía-the open streets festival that brings tens of thousands of pedestrians and cyclists out onto temporarily closed streets. Latino urbanism is remaking California by adapting what already exists. David Butow’s photo essay captures this dynamic in action in California.
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Dalal, Ayham. "A Socio-economic Perspective on the Urbanisation of Zaatari Camp in Jordan." Migration Letters 12, no. 3 (September 2, 2015): 263–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/ml.v12i3.279.
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Camps are temporal spaces where refugees are provided with humanitarian aid until durable solutions are made possible. During this period of ‘endless waiting’, these camps are planned to be economically self-contained. However, through time, refugee camps tend to urbanise: their initial empty spaces transform into vibrant markets, habitats and social spaces. In response to this ‘unexpected’ - and sometimes ‘unwanted’ - process, the economically self-contained system of camps breaks. This paper looks into the emerging socio-economic dynamics in Zaatari camp in Jordan, on the light of its urbanisation process and the Jordanian economy. It first explains the how humanitarian aid is provided, and then shows how and why, refugees use it to diversify the economy of the camp. The findings of this paper are then articulated on the existing policies to reduce the financial aid such as ‘self-reliance’ and ‘development’.
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Hujale, Moulid. "Kakuma Refugee Camp: Humanitarian Urbanism in Kenya’s Accidental City. By Bram J. Jansen." Journal of Refugee Studies 32, no. 2 (June 1, 2019): 340–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jrs/fez019.
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Brković, Čarna. "The Everyday Life of a Homo Sacer. Enclave Urbanism in Podgorica, Montenegro." Südosteuropa 66, no. 1 (March 26, 2018): 10–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/soeu-2018-0002.
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Abstract This article ethnographically follows the everyday life of a homo sacer—a young Roma woman who has lived her whole life in a camp for displaced persons. The camp has been built for Roma, Ashkalias, and Balkan Egyptians who in 1999 fled from the violence in Kosovo to Podgorica, the capital of Montenegro. The key aim of the article is to see what happens with the concepts of ‘homo sacer’ and ‘bare life’ when ethnographically engaged in the context of Southeastern Europe. The article argues that ethnographic fieldwork in urban settings reveals in what way a homo sacer has an everyday life and a complex sociopolitical existence, and that camps are urban formations that can be related to very different sociohistorical and political projects.
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García-Lozano, Rafael Ángel. "Ordenador de ciudades en ambos mundos. Aproximación al urbanista y arquitecto Gabriel Riesco Fernández del Campo." Araucaria, no. 49 (2022): 568–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.12795/araucaria.2022.i49.28.
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Nos acercamos a la figura de Gabriel Riesco Fernández del Campo por ser una de las más prolíficas de la planificación urbana de España y El Salvador durante el siglo XX, como autor de más de 180 planes. Tras el estudio de su biografía y de algunas de sus obras podemos situarlo en la más alta Administración pública de ambos países, donde su trabajo fue determinante para su ordenación territorial, en los años 50 y tras el terremoto de 1986 en Centroamérica, y en España durante el desarrollismo y la constitución de las Comunidades Autónomas. Asimismo fue asesor de Naciones Unidas para la ordenación territorial en El Salvador. Su obra arquitectónica es aún más desconocida. Palabras-clave: Urbanista, arquitecto, Gabriel Riesco Fernández del Campo, San Salvador, Plan Riesco, ordenación del territorio.
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Luzarraga Iturrioz, Mg Arantzazu. "The White Whale. Offshore Architecture in the Almerian Camp." Revista de Arquitectura 23, no. 34 (June 26, 2018): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5354/0719-5427.2018.47929.
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The concept offshore has two meanings; the first on means literally in the sea far away from or at a distance from the coast; and the second one refers to what is made, situated, or registered abroad; especially in order to obtain benefits of lower taxes and costs, or from a less strict regulation. It is hard to notice offshore architectures, either because they remain conveniently hidden or because their existence has been assimilated too naturally.
El Ejido in Almería, Spain, is a place blessed with 3000 hours of sunshine a year. This motivates that both, agriculture and tourism choose to settle in it. Campo de Dalías, one of the world's most important intensive agriculture sites, shines like a vast sea of plastic. Tourism and delocalized food production coexist without any contact in this former agricultural colony.
The sunshine hours, the immigrant workers and the logistics infrastructure have turned Almería into a participant of the global network. Mobile and seasonal, this highly technological urbanism is extremely complex and very sensitive to fluctuations in world order. These enclaves are areas that anticipate a new form of transnational network of displaced urban spaces.
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Akpınar, İpek. "The Rebuilding of İstanbul Revisited: Foreign Planners in the Early Republican Years." New Perspectives on Turkey 50 (2014): 59–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0896634600006580.
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AbstractIn the 1930s, the attention of Turkey’s politicians shifted back from Ankara and Anatolian cities to İstanbul. In 1932, the Governorship-Municipality of İstanbul organized an urban design competition for İstanbul, and four foreign city planners were invited. In the meantime, Martin Wagner came to İstanbul for the preparation of urban reports. In 1937, Henri Prost, the prominent urbanist of Paris, was invited to İstanbul and prepared the first master plan of the city. In Turkey and in İstanbul, town planning processes have been significantly influenced by “Western” planning principles, cultures, and experiences while gaining a local meaning in the context of Turkish politics and the state-formation process. The aim of this study is to describe the urban design competition of 1933 and the first master plan of 1937. Beyond references to Western European cities as in the “city-beautiful” planning approach, this study, based on a series of official documents, plan reports and their rhetoric, investigates in particular the role of foreign planners/urbanists in İstanbul in the context of the construction of a nation-state. The analysis of these foreign planners’ work suggests that urban planning in Republican Turkey was closely linked to the construction of the nation state.
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Sparks, Tony. "Citizens without property: Informality and political agency in a Seattle, Washington homeless encampment." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 49, no. 1 (September 28, 2016): 86–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0308518x16665360.
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Often referred to as “tent cities”, tent encampments have, in the last 10 years, proliferated within and around US cities on a scale unprecedented since the Great Depression. Accounts of these informal dwellings tend to focus on the symbolism of the camp, the function of the camp as safe zone, or the camp as a site of apolitical or prepolitical identity formation. This article attempts to broaden and deepen the conversation on informal dwellings in the US by focusing on the tent encampment as a site of creative political agency and experimentation. Drawing upon a body of work referred to by some as “subaltern urbanism”, I examine how everyday practices of camp management produce localized forms of citizenship and governmentality through which “homeless” residents resist stereotypes of pathology and dependence, reclaim their rational autonomy, and recast deviance as negotiable difference in the production of governmental knowledge. Consideration of these practices, I argue, opens up the possibility of a of a view of encampments that foregrounds the agency of the homeless in the production of new political spaces and subjectivities.
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Lægring, Kasper. "The Politics of the Plinth: Notes on a Latent Ocularcentrism in Aureli’s Theory of an Absolute Architecture." Joelho Revista de Cultura Arquitectonica, no. 8 (December 26, 2017): 142–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.14195/1647-8681_8_9.
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According to Pier Vittori Aureli, architectural form becomes political by being a clearly defined limit. These defining effects of architectural form are also what allow a civic and political space to exist. In contrast to the tradition of urbanism, Aureli praises Mies van der Rohe because of the architect’s use of form as an act of demarcation, where a reinterpreted classical plinth carries a glass-and-steel pavilion structure. While Aureli regards this Modernist plinth as a guarantor of absoluteness and independence from urbanism, this article conversely argues that the Miesian plinth is just as implicated in nineteenth-century urbanism as the gridded plans of Cerdà, since this model can be traced back, not to the Ancient Greek temple, but to a novel nineteenth-century visual culture which came into being under the spell of ocularcentrism and panopticism. Aureli’s theory is thus supplemented with its necessary counterpart to management: the representational component of urbanism.
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García-Coll, Arlinda, and Cristina López-Villanueva. "The Impact of Economic Crisis in Areas of Sprawl in Spanish Cities." Urban Science 2, no. 4 (November 28, 2018): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/urbansci2040113.
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The development of dispersed urbanism in Spain ran parallel to the real estate boom and consolidated a new model of city sprawl based on the expansion of suburban areas. This process, which started in the mid 1980s, came to a halt with the onset of the economic crisis in 2007. With it, construction stopped, mobility fell, and urban growth came to a standstill. The purpose of this article is, firstly, to analyse the recent evolution and chronology of the expansion of dispersed urbanism in the Barcelona Metropolitan Region (BMR) in order to gain an insight into some of its explanatory factors, and secondly, to look into the future middle-term prospects of dispersed urbanism in the BMR and Spain. To this end, we examine trends in the housing market and residential mobility and take stock of the impact of business cycles on them. The conclusion is that dispersed areas still retain their appeal for people in the life stages of the creation and expansion of households. For this reason, an effective economic recovery and a renewed rise in the price of housing in denser cities may contribute to an upturn in the popularity of the dispersed residential model, which nowadays could be considered to be in a ‘lethargic’ phase, waiting for certain factors to concur and reactivate its expansion.
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Harding, Anthony, and Włodzimierz Rączkowski. "Living on the lake in the Iron Age: new results from aerial photographs, geophysical survey and dendrochronology on sites of Biskupin type." Antiquity 84, no. 324 (June 1, 2010): 386–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00066655.
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The island site of Biskupin with its densely planned interior bears an uncanny resemblance to a prison camp. Is it typical of the Iron Age in Northern Europe? The authors here explore neighbouring sites around Poznań using aerial photographs, geophysical survey and dendrochronology – to stunning effect. These low impact methods have given high impact results: dated street plans, some similar and others different from Biskupin, but within the same time frame: almost a repertoire of early urbanism. The authors must also be congratulated on the identification of a new type of Iron Age feature, the ‘open area for spouse avoidance’ defined at Sobiejuchy.
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Buzaian, A., and J. A. Lloyd. "Early Urbanism in Cyrenaica: New Evidence from Euesperides (Benghazi)." Libyan Studies 27 (1996): 129–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263718900002454.
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AbstractExcavations by the Department of Antiquities, Benghazi, Garyunis University, Benghazi and the Society for Libyan Studies took place at the site of Euesperides for a total of seven weeks in 1995 and 1996. Work was concentrated on the northern margins of the city, where much new evidence for its topography and development came to light. The discoveries include successive fortification walls (the earlier of which may belong to c. 600 BC), part of a necropolis, and a large extramural kiln complex of the fourth/third centuries. Evidence bearing on the infrastructure, economy, diet and cultural life of this early Cyrenaican city, which was abandoned by the mid third century BC, was also recovered.
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Simon, Mariann, and Amine Mseddi. "The Vacant Urban Space: Problems, Possibilities, Processes." Periodica Polytechnica Architecture 51, no. 2 (November 27, 2020): 101–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3311/ppar.15749.
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Cities are dynamic entities in perpetual evolution. Through this process, vacant spaces tend to appear under different circumstances. Certainly, empty and abandoned lots in a dense urban fabric are easily locatable. That their state persists over a considerable period is what makes them remarkable. This phenomenon may be viewed from different perspectives by urban planners, architects, geographers, economists, environmentalists, sociology academics and policymakers. Therefore, multiple data, parameters and definitions are in play. This multidisciplinary combination could quickly create a terminology issue in the scientific body related to urbanism and open space design. This paper presents an overview of the definitions of urban vacant spaces, taking into consideration the various perspectives. While following the timeline and the changes in the interpretations of the vacant urban space, it becomes evident how this phenomenon came from a problem of failed urban design to a possible place of resistance and finally an accepted possibility for temporary urbanism.
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North, Peter, Alex Nurse, and Tom Barker. "The neoliberalisation of climate? Progressing climate policy under austerity urbanism." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 49, no. 8 (January 5, 2017): 1797–815. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0308518x16686353.
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While the urban is identified as a productive site for addressing climate change, the ‘post-political’ critique dismisses climate policy as a vacuous discourse that obscures power relations and exclusion, defends the established neoliberal order, and silences challenges. This paper argues that rather than consensus, there is a conflict between urban climate policy and the need to reignite economic growth in the context of austerity urbanism, but also that we should not assume that challenges to neoliberal understandings of the ‘sensible’ will always be disregarded. Rather, urban climate policy can be progressed through partnership processes utilising ‘co-production’ techniques which entail significant agonistic, if not antagonistic, contestation. The argument is illustrated with a case study of climate policy making in the context of austerity urbanism in Liverpool, UK. While ‘low carbon’ is conceptualised by elite actors in Liverpool in neoliberal terms as a source of new low carbon jobs and businesses, with an emphasis on energy security and fuel poverty, this view is not unchallenged. The paper recounts how an ad hoc group of actors in the city came together to form a partnership advocating for more strategic decarbonisation, which should be progressed through a bid for the city to be European Green Capital. The disputes that emerged around this agenda suggest that in the context of austerity urbanism the need for cities to act to mitigate against dangerous climate change is not as uncontested as conceptions of the post-political suggest.
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Ben Ze’ev, Na’ama. "‘I came naïve from the village’: on Palestinian urbanism and ruralism in Haifa under the British Mandate." British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies 47, no. 2 (July 4, 2018): 264–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13530194.2018.1491296.
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Sobko, Z. Z., N. M. Vozniuk, and O. A. Lykho. "Evolution of open air quality of urbanized territories under Covid-19 pandemic conditions." Ukrainian Journal of Ecology 10, no. 6 (December 10, 2020): 48–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/2020_256.
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Current state of world affairs in 2020 during quarantine enforced due to COVID-19 pandemic is characterized, on the one hand, with economic recession, but on the other hand, also with improvement of ecological state of environment. Thus a unique opportunity came up to study processes of open air conditions formation in settlements in circumstances of restricted economic activity and limitations imposed on all kinds of transportation. This article presents results of research of trends of formation of open air quality of urbanized territories (using city of Rivne as an example) during quarantine enforced due to COVID-19 pandemic. It is determined that due to introduction of quarantine measures air quality has improved. So, during the quarantine as well as after relaxation of quarantine measures only concentration of formaldehyde in open air of Rivne city did exceed average daily MAC. Primary source of open air pollution in Rivne city is motor vehicles which comprise 79% of total amount of pollutant emissions. Main pollutants which influence formation of open air quality in the city are: dust, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, hydrogen fluoride and formaldehyde. They exceeded average daily MAC by factor of 1.3 to 32. Complex air pollution index (CAPI) was equal to 5.4 during quarantine restrictions but grew to 5.7 when the restrictions were partially loosened. Thus, air pollution level was evaluated as "mild pollution". During the corresponding periods of 2019 this index was changing from 6.9 ("mild air pollution") to 7.7 ("polluted air") respectively. Open air pollution level is determined by a complex of constituents including pollutant emission amounts, their specifics and dependency on meteorological factors. Due to this aspect we have performed statistical examinations to determine dependency of open air pollutant concentrations on meteorological conditions using multiple correlation coefficients. Strong correlation was exhibited for nitrogen oxide, hydrogen chloride and ammonia: multiple correlation coefficients fall within 0.76-0.80 range; moderate correlation was seen for dust, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, hydrogen disulphide, phenol and formaldehyde with multiple correlation coefficients varying in 0.51-0.70 range.
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Murray, George J. A. "City Building and the Rhetoric of “Readability”: Architectural Debates in the New Berlin." City & Community 7, no. 1 (March 2008): 3–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6040.2007.00238.x.
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Berlin represents an unusual case vis–à–vis the international architectural debate about rebuilding cities. The debate generally takes place between neotraditionalists on the one hand and various avant–gardists on the other. But in Berlin, the main representatives of the first camp are not, for once, members of the New Urbanism movement, nor are they neotraditionalists tout court; they are, at least on their own self–understanding, pioneers of a kind of ‘Third Way’ between the two extremes of neotraditionalism and avant–gardism. Nevertheless, a closer look at their rhetoric reveals deeper–lying affinities with the cultural conservatism characteristic of New Urbanism: the image of the city that they favor for Berlin is one of clarity, order, permanence, weightiness, etc.—a surprising image, given the city's troubled past. I examine the Architektenstreit (“Architects’ Debate”) that arose among planners, architects, critics, and others concerning the rebuilding of the central city in Berlin after reunification, and I discuss, in particular, the doctrine of critical reconstruction that has come to dominate this debate. I locate the origins of critical reconstruction's peculiar rhetoric in a longing for stability amidst the perceived flux of modernity. More generally, I argue (contra many commentators on the Architektenstreit) that a debate on the representations and images of the city is not merely a distraction from, but rather an essential element in, the politics of the city. In Berlin today the substitution of culture for politics is particularly manifest. One sometimes has the impression that architectural form is the most important form of political expression ( Lepenies, 2003 , p. 322). 1
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Weistra, Sabina, and Nikki Luke. "Adoptive parents’ experiences of social support and attitudes towards adoption." Adoption & Fostering 41, no. 3 (September 18, 2017): 228–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0308575917708702.
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The internalisation of stigma by adoptive parents has been related to depressive symptoms and dysfunctional family behaviour. This study investigates stigma internalisation and perception, and their relationships with social support from family, friends and the broader community. The aim is to determine the extent to which adoptive parents feel that societal attitudes are stigmatising and how social support influences stigma. Data were collected using an online survey and semi-structured interviews. Participants (n = 43) reported that the motivation to adopt and the nature of the adoptive family are poorly understood by non-adopters and that the media portrays parents in an unrealistic manner, as either ‘heroes’ or ‘desperate’. Location was found to be significant, with people living in cities perceiving lower stigma than those in towns, suburbs and rural areas. Social support came from an extended ‘family’ made up of close friends, other adopters and religious communities. The findings point to a need for more extensive education on adoption in schools and the media, for increased support services in less urbanised areas and for earlier support for parents adopting from outside their local authority.
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Varga, Sámuel Zsolt, and Lajos Juhász. "Population dynamics and habitat preference of two urbanized Columbidae species and their nest predator in two settlement types." Ornis Hungarica 28, no. 2 (December 1, 2020): 146–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/orhu-2020-0023.
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AbstractSince urbanization is a worldwide phenomenon, numerous species have gained the advantage of urban ecosystems. The Eurasian Collared Doves (Streptopelia decaocto) has become widespread all across Europe along with human-altered habitats. In general, population levels are stable but numbers have locally decreased in the past few decades. In parallel, a new wave of urbanization came forward, so Wood Pigeons (Columba palumbus) entered urban ecosystems alongside with other Columbidae species. In this paper, our primary goal was to find any connection between habitat availability factors such as coniferous tree density and the population dynamics of two urbanized species. A locally emerging corvid species, the Hooded Crow (Corvus cornix) was also taken into consideration in influencing tree-nesting doves and pigeons as a primary nest predator. During the research period, we aimed to express the differences in habitat structure of two urban ecotypes by nesting tree availability and structure and to prove the power of predator presence in sampling sites. Our results showed that residential areas have a higher proportion of coniferous trees, as well as the high preference of residential areas by Wood Pigeons and Eurasian Collared Doves.
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Yassin, Hend H. "Pedestrianization through Tactic." Academic Research Community publication 3, no. 2 (May 1, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.21625/archive.v3i2.497.
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Many ancient cities around the world were known with their livability (Rodriguez, G.R., Brebbia, C.A. & Almorza, D., 2017). However, these cities started to lose this feature, when vehicles became prior to pedestrians who lost their sense of place (Nady, 2015), as many negative impacts came along. In return, people escaped the city’s core searching for lively districts with attractive streets where the human basic activities can be performed. As a result, dead city centers were left behind (Ibrahim, 2016). The present paper work proposes an integrative literature between the pedestrianization and livability, then introduce a creative implementation approach to pedestrianization in order to achieve the following objectives: 1- a tool to break the various barriers that may face implementation, 2-a method of exploration regarding the potential of the misused asphalt, 3- a tactic to re-attract people to the city’s core and its walkable environment and finally, 4- restore the city’s livability thus its urban sustainable development.From this perspective, by rejuvenating the core of a city, the entire city’s livability could be restored, causing an urban sustainable development, through the creative tactical urbanism. Also, the research includes an analysis of international examples, based on the criterion of tactical urbanism practices.
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MIESCHER, STEPHAN F. "BUILDING THE CITY OF THE FUTURE: VISIONS AND EXPERIENCES OF MODERNITY IN GHANA'S AKOSOMBO TOWNSHIP." Journal of African History 53, no. 3 (November 2012): 367–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853712000679.
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ABSTRACTAkosombo Township, designed by the Greek urbanist Constantinos Doxiadis, is the model city at the foot of the hydroelectric Akosombo Dam, Ghana's largest development project. The article explores different visions of high modernist planning for Akosombo and juxtaposes it with the desires for and imaginations of modernity among its residents. Officials of the Volta River Authority, the agency in charge of the township, promoted specific ideas about housing, husbandry, and hygiene, while residents engaged with and resisted this kind of social engineering. These tensions came to the fore, when the squatters of Combine struggled to remain in the township. In conversation with residents, VRA officials produced a form of ‘high modernist local knowledge’.
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Guerra, Abilio. "Roberto Segre, 1934-2013. A Life of Adventure that Ends with a Banal Tragedy." Modern Africa, Tropical Architecture, no. 48 (2013): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.52200/48.a.i0e84o9q.
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Born in 1934 in Milan, Roberto Segre migrated to Argentina with his family in 1939, fleeing the anti–Semitism of Benito Mussolini’s fascist government. He graduated as an architect at the University of Buenos Aires in 1960 and soon after, in 1963, settled in La Havana, Cuba, where he taught history of architecture for three decades. In 1994, he began his career as a Brazilian researcher and professor on graduate courses in urban planning at the Faculty of Architecture and Urbanism of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), where he served until March 2013. During these decades of professional activity, he came to be respected as a critic and historian, publishing many books and articles of the utmost importance on Latin American architecture.
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Filion, Pierre. "Suburban Innovations." Urban Planning 2, no. 4 (December 11, 2017): 137–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/up.v2i4.1276.
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This commentary addresses the evolution of the North American suburb over the last 70 years, a period over which it adopted a development pattern marking a radical break from prior forms of urban settlement. Early in this period, the emerging suburban form constituted perhaps the sharpest transition in the history of urbanism in terms of urban form and transportation. This suburban form rapidly came to dominate North American metropolitan regions and spread to other parts of the world. In this commentary, I propose a brief history of the North American suburb since the late 1940s seen through the lens of the contributions it made to the evolution of urbanism across the continent. I contend that while suburbs are often associated with urban stasis, because perceived as an impediment to the emergence of new environmentally sensitive and socially and functionally integrated urban formulas relying on public transit and walking, they have played a major transformative role in the past and may be the source of further urban transitions in the future. North American suburbs have also undergone deep social changes over the last decades. However, I question the claim, made by some researchers, that we are entering a post-suburban era; but at the same time, I acknowledge the possibility of major future innovations within present suburban configurations.
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Nyagolova, Natalia. "The topos of the city in the Bulgarian prose from the 1960s. Its structure and mythopoetics." Slavic Almanac, no. 1-2 (2022): 265–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.31168/2073-5731.2022.1-2.3.04.
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The article depicts the main processes of literary urbanism in the 1960s in the Bulgarian prose, which witness the permeability of the socialist realist canon and the expansion of its thematic and structural boundaries. Three new models of negatively connoted city space that came into being in the context of the “Thaw” are outlined. The differences between the presented models and the Soviet urbanism of the 1960s, which often presents city as a territory of poetry, trust and connection with the revolutionary past, are taken into account. The present article traces the presence of the topos of the “sinful city” in Pavel Vezhinov’s Smell of Almonds, Bogomil Rainov’s Roads to Nowhere and Vassil Popov’s The Time of the Hero. The author reconstructs the genesis of the given topos in the tradition of Bulgarian urban literary fiction from the 1920s to the 1940s and analyzes the influence of mass literature. A group of semantic features typical for the poetics of this topos in the considered works is presented, such as: — destruction and fragmentation; — incompleteness and deformation of the interior; — semiotization of sounds and aromas; — provincialism and cosmopolitanism. The confrontation of the topos with the basic postulates of the socialist realism as well as the productivity of the given model in the Bulgarian literary fiction of the 1970s is outlined.
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Saijo, Kiyoshi. "An overview of the research work on Prof. Saijo including projects on cross-curriculum environmental education programs and on sustainable bamboo utilization." Impact 2021, no. 3 (March 29, 2021): 76–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.21820/23987073.2021.3.76.
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Industrialisation in Japan has seen the country become increasingly urbanised. This has led to a level of disconnection from the countryside among Japanese people and nature has been affected by a lack of human interaction. Previously, satoyama, which refers to the area between the mountains and arable land and has come to represent humankind's interaction with the natural world, could be used to describe the interaction between Japanese people and nature. Bamboo is one natural material that was widely used by Japanese people in many applications, including as food and building materials. But, with the increase in urbanisation came a decline in the use of bamboo in Japan. As a result, bamboo trees and forests expanded across satoyama lands and their rapid expansion into different ecosystems led to the destruction of non-bamboo ecosystems. Professor Kiyoshi Saijo, Faculty of Education, Miyagi University of Education, Japan, is creating curricula to educate Japanese society on the importance of satoyama, and the need to use bamboo. Saijo has created educational programmes at both a university level and for primary school children that align with the aims of the UNs sustainable development goals, including the case study of the Tanabata festival, which features the use of bamboo in several different ways.
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O'Neill, Conor, Hamish Sinclair, Alan Kelly, and Harry Kennedy. "Interaction of forensic and general psychiatric services in Ireland: learning the lessons or repeating the mistakes?" Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine 19, no. 2 (June 2002): 48–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0790966700006959.
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AbstractObjective:General psychiatric bed numbers in Ireland have reduced markedly in recent decades. In other jurisdictions such reductions have been accompanied by increases in the prevalence rates of severe mental illness among prisoners. We examined variations in per capita provision of local psychiatric beds and community residential places in Ireland for associations with forensic psychiatric service utilisation.Method:All admissions via the courts and prisons to the national forensic psychiatry service during the years 1997-1999 were assigned to the appropriate health board. Forensic admission and bed utilisation rates were compared with measures of general psychiatric service provision.Results:There were 476 admissions via the criminal justice system during the study period (0.74% of all psychiatric admissions in Ireland). A disproportionate number came from the most urbanised area. There were fivefold differences in overall bed and hostel place allocation between Irish health boards. Combined general psychiatric beds were inversely correlated with forensic bed utilisation (Spearman r = -0.75, p = 0.013). These differences showed a strong inverse correlation with forensic service utilisation.Conclusions:General psychiatric services are relatively under-resourced in areas of greatest predicted need in Ireland. This is associated with increased use of forensic psychiatric services and may reflect accumulation of the mentally ill in Irish prisons.
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Cichowicz, Robert, and Artur Stelegowski. "Hourly Profiles of Air Pollution Variation in Selected Cities, Towns and Villages in Poland." E3S Web of Conferences 101 (2019): 03003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201910103003.
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Concentration of air pollution in urbanized and agricultural areas is related to the activity of various economy sectors (the so-called SNAP categories). Therefore, the change in the emission of pollutants by an anthropogenic source should result in a change in the air pollution level in the selected area. To better understand the nature of changes in air pollution concentration in urban and agricultural areas, an analysis of data of five-year (2012-2016) air quality measurements, carried out at selected automatic air quality monitoring stations in Poland, Europe. The data came from stations located in 5 regions (Lower Silesia, Greater Poland, Lodz, Masovia and Lublin) in central Poland. The average hourly concentrations in selected areas in cities, towns and villages were compared with the hourly emission factors of power generation sector (SNAP1), residential and commercial combustion sector (SNAP2) and road transport sector (SNAP7). The hourly profiles of air pollution level were expressed by means of the “imission factor”, as analogous to the hourly profiles of the “emission factor” that is being used in the LOTOS-EUROS and the CHIMERE chemistry-transport models.
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Tucker, Chris, Michael Klerck, and Anna Flouris. "Mapping Resilience in the Town Camps of Mparntwe." Architecture 2, no. 3 (June 22, 2022): 446–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/architecture2030025.
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From the perspective of urban planning, the history of the Town Camps of Mparntwe (Alice Springs) has made them a unique form of urban development within Australia; they embody at once a First Nation form of urbanism and Country, colonial policies of inequity and dispossession, and a disparate public and community infrastructure that reflects the inadequate and ever-changing funding landscape it has been open to. While these issues continue, this paper discusses the resilience of these communities through the Local Decision Making agreement, signed in 2019 between the Northern Territory Government and Tangentyere Council. One thing that has been critical to translating and communicating local decisions for government funding has been the establishment of an inclusive and robust process of participatory mapping—Mapping Local Decisions—where both the deficiencies and potential of community infrastructure within each Town Camp is being identified. As local community knowledge is embedded within these practices, so too are issues of health, accessibility, safety and a changing climate similarly embedded within the architectural and infrastructure projects developed for government funding. Being conceived and supported by local communities, projects are finding better ways to secure this funding, building on a resilience these communities have for the places they live.
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Wadhwa, Abhinav, and Pavan Kumar Kummamuru. "A study on the effectiveness of percolation ponds as a stormwater harvesting alternative for a semi-urban catchment." Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology-Aqua 70, no. 2 (January 22, 2021): 184–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/aqua.2021.039.
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Abstract One of the challenges in urban stormwater management is to identify a suitable stormwater management method which will be socially, technologically and economically viable. In this paper, a study on the effectiveness of decentralized and interconnected percolation ponds as a stormwater harvesting technology, for a partially urbanized (semi-urban) catchment is presented. When applied to a case study region in Katpadi, Tamil Nadu, the results were encouraging. The investment required for implementing the proposed stormwater harvesting came to be about ₹555 Million for Option I and ₹714 Million for Option II. The annual volume of water that can be added to the groundwater system through infiltration from the ponds was found to be 1.22 Mm3 in the case of Option I and 0.74 Mm3 in the case of Option II. The percentage area under stormwater harvesting for the entire catchment was found to be 6.14% under Option I and 9.36 under Option II. The hydrologic performance of the proposed stormwater harvesting system indicated that for peak runoff values Option II is more efficient (in terms of minimizing runoff volume) compared to Option I; however, for daily rainfall values, Option I is hydrologically more efficient when compared to Option II.
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Charney, Paul. "A Sense of Belonging: Colonial Indian Cofradías and Ethnicity in the Valley of Lima, Peru." Americas 54, no. 3 (January 1998): 379–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1008415.
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With the Spanish conquest came racial miscegenation, depopulation, forced relocation, and migration, which resulted in the implosion of many ethnic (as well as linguistic) distinctions among the Indian peoples. Facilitating this implosion was a European-invented label “indio,” which eliminated—philosophically, juridically, and legally—virtually all ethnic differences. Yet it bestowed upon the Indian peoples a separate existence. In the Peruvian Andes, Indians themselves during rebellious episodes contributed to this ethnic leveling when they called for pan-Andean unity or the return of the pax incaica. To be sure, numerous Indian groups did not entirely loose their distinct identities, and the ethnic implosion itself varied in time and space. Ethnic differences could be maintained through the upkeep of cultural and racial traits, such as in dress, language, marital patterns, or territorial and social boundaries. In large measure, the leveling or disappearance of precontact ethnicities occurred at a faster rate in the urban environments where Indians from rural areas took up residence, or in any region where Spanish culture or non-Indian peoples predominated. There, the invented “indio” or new ethnicity was the viable alternative and thus stronger, while the autochthonous base and ethnic distinctions remained weaker. This weakness differentiated urbanized Indians from their rural counterparts who sustained their links to the past far longer.
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Li, Xiaoguang, Zhan Ju, and Marinus van den Berg. "Urbanization, education, and language behavior." Restructuring Chinese Speech Communities 26, no. 1 (June 9, 2016): 81–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/japc.26.1.04xia.
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This paper reports the language behavior of a sample of Jilin University students. The data were collected in 2008, and a total of 2682 questionnaires were processed. The sample was detailed as to place-of-origin, year of study, college, and gender, and addressed language behavior and language attitude. Students originated from three areas: the Northeast, the Mandarin dialect area, and Southeastern China. Most students came from township environments and grew up there. The NE is relatively more urbanized as the result of early industrialization, but the Southeast, as regards family income, was the richer area. The study relates the reported language behavior to urban status, education and income level of parents, as well as to level of PTH pronunciation. It also addressed students’ attitude toward Putonghua dominance, and code-switching. Code-switching with English words also was studied. Generally, proportionally more students with backgrounds in major urban centers (provincial cities and municipalities) claim Putonghua as first and best language than students originating from townships. Larger numbers of students with the latter background, however, show increased proficiency in Putonghua. Language use data, finally, make clear that in all three areas, the local and regional dialects are the majority means of communication, whereas the use of Putonghua increases across generations from grandparents to same generation kin.
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Holden, Stacy E. "Constructing an Archival Cityscape: Local Views of Colonial Urbanism in the French Protectorate of Morocco." History in Africa 34 (2007): 121–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/hia.2007.0008.
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Existing studies of colonial architecture and urbanism in Morocco—much as in the case of France's other African holdings—usually highlight the political intentions of foreign administrators, not the local residents who lived and worked there. After three years of research in Moroccan archives, I came upon many primary sources that will allow historians to show Moroccans as energetic actors who shaped urban life in the French Protectorate (1912-56). The documents that I found hold significant potential for unraveling the social history of trades, neighborhoods, and institutions in the medina. The term “medina” designates the narrow streets and walled quarters of the premodern city, which colonial administrators kept distinct from the modern Ville Nouvelle built for European use. These sources make it clear that French administrators implementing urban policies in the medina faced the day-to-day responses of ordinary Moroccans of various social and economic classes. More importantly, they suggest that the colonial encounter played a secondary role in the quotidian choices of these residents, who worried more about relations with other locals, such as trouble-some neighbors or avaricious shopkeepers, than with French officers and civilians located in the Ville Nouvelle.My own research focuses on the experiences of millers and butchers in Fez, but my insights into the archival treasures of this North African kingdom will help historians interested in other cities and socio-economic groupings. In this paper I will discuss five distinct types of documentation: archives of the municipality, archives of the Department of Fine Arts, documentation on religious endowments, land titles, and transcripts of judicial proceedings. By exploiting these sources, historians can begin to reconsider how and why Moroccans shaped the physical and socio-economic development of their cities.
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Pevec, Iza, and Murat Germen. "If There is No Community, There is No City: Interview with Murat Germen." Protest, Vol. 4, no. 2 (2019): 4–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.47659/m7.004.int.
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Public space directs how we live and act, how we socialize and even protest. If there is no community and solidarity there is no city, no civilization; there can only be a »city-state« as the modern version of an empire, says Murat Germen, photographer known for his critical view on the home-town of Istanbul. Muta-morphosis, probably one of his most famous series, uses digital manipulation to show a dark vision of future cities: buildings cramed together as in a strange and dangerous mutation process, almost melting as objects in Dali’s paintings. Through his artworks, text and lectures, Murat Germen criticizes excessive urbanization, motivated by capital and not by human needs. He also documented Gezi Park protests, in which the political aspect of managing the city became very apparent. His photos can be understood as a visual protest and Murat Germen thinks some of them may turn into visual evidence of the urban crime committed by the present Turkish government since 2002, when it came to power. Keywords: art, art and social power, gentrification, urbanism, visual protest
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Blaszkiewicz, Jacek. "Listening to the Old City." Journal of Musicology 37, no. 2 (2020): 123–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jm.2020.37.2.123.
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The ubiquitous din of Paris’s street hawkers, known as the cris de Paris or the “cries of Paris,” has captured the Parisian imagination since the Middle Ages. During the 1850s and 1860s, however, urban demolition severely disturbed the everyday rhythms of street commerce. The proliferation of books, poetry, and musical works featuring the cris de Paris circa 1860 reveals that many in the Parisian literary community feared the eventual disappearance of the city’s iconic sights and sounds. These nostalgia discourses transpired into broader criticism of Georges-Eugène Haussmann and the discriminatory mode of urbanism that he practiced. Haussmannization irrevocably altered the Parisian soundscape by displacing, policing, and thus silencing the working-class communities that made their living with their voices. As an ideological device, nostalgia offered a counternarrative to Second Empire ideas of progress by suggesting that urbanization would vanquish any remaining image of what came to be known as le vieux Paris. An analysis of Jean-Georges Kastner’s symphonic cantata Les cris de Paris (1857) shows how representations of the urban soundscape articulated a distinctly Parisian notion of modernity: a skirmish between a utopian “capital of the nineteenth century” and a romanticized Old City.
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UPADHYAY, SHASHI BHUSHAN. "Premchand and the Moral Economy of Peasantry in Colonial North India." Modern Asian Studies 45, no. 5 (June 29, 2010): 1227–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x09000055.
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AbstractThis paper argues that the concept of moral economy, formulated by E.P. Thompson and developed in Asian contexts by James Scott and Paul Greenough can be usefully employed to analyse the peasant narratives of Premchand, one of the greatest writers in Hindi-Urdu literatures. But such an application is possible only if the concept is expanded further. In Premchand's works related to peasantry we find several ideological currents. However, the idea of peasantry's own cultural resources in opposition to other social groups appears to be predominant in his later works. There is a sense of centrality of peasant culture which Premchand and some others among the Hindi literary intelligentsia came to acquire, and deployed for various purposes—against colonial regime, against the products of colonial modernity (e.g., factories, English schools, courts, medical profession), against the new urban middle classes and their culture, against urbanism as a whole and, sometimes, even against the Congress, the representative of organized nationalism. Distinct from both the everyday forms of resistance and open rebellion, Premchand visualizes a comprehensive peasant paradigm in opposition to colonialism, and urban middle-class perspectives.
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Bennett, Mia M., and Hilary Oliva Faxon. "Uneven Frontiers: Exposing the Geopolitics of Myanmar’s Borderlands with Critical Remote Sensing." Remote Sensing 13, no. 6 (March 18, 2021): 1158. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13061158.
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A critical remote sensing approach illuminates the geopolitics of development within Myanmar and across its ethnic minority borderlands. By integrating nighttime light (NTL) data from 1992–2020, long-term ethnographic fieldwork, and a review of scholarly and gray literature, we analyzed how Myanmar’s economic geography defies official policy, attesting to persistent inequality and the complex relationships between state-sponsored and militia-led violence, resource extraction, and trade. While analysis of DMSP-OLS data (1992–2013) and VIIRS data (2013–2020) reveals that Myanmar brightened overall, especially since the 2010s in line with its now-halting liberalization, growth in lights was unequally distributed. Although ethnic minority states brightened more rapidly than urbanized ethnic majority lowland regions, in 2020, the latter still emitted 5.6-fold more radiance per km2. Moreover, between 2013 and 2020, Myanmar’s borderlands were on average just 13% as bright as those of its five neighboring countries. Hot spot analysis of radiance within a 50 km-wide area spanning both sides of the border confirmed that most significant clusters of light lay outside Myanmar. Among the few hot spots on Myanmar’s side, many were associated with official border crossings such as Muse, the formal hub for trade with China, and Tachileik and Myawaddy next to Thailand. Yet some of the most significant increases in illumination between 2013 and 2020 occurred in areas controlled by the Wa United State Party and its army, which are pursuing infrastructure development and mining along the Chinese border from Panghsang to the illicit trade hub of Mongla. Substantial brightening related to the “world’s largest refugee camp” was also detected in Bangladesh, where displaced Rohingya Muslims fled after Myanmar’s military launched a violent crackdown. However, no radiance nor change in radiance were discernible in areas within Myanmar where ethnic cleansing operations occurred, pointing to the limitations of NTL. The diverse drivers and implications of changes in light observed from space emphasize the need for political and economically situated remote sensing.
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Dolan, Martin. "Radical Responses: Architects and Architecture in Urban Development as a Response to Violence in Medellín, Colombia." Space and Culture 23, no. 2 (April 21, 2018): 106–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1206331218770368.
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This study looks at the innovative urban regeneration now known as “social urbanism” seen in Medellín, Colombia, with a specific focus on how architects and architectural processes were utilized in urban development approaches by the mayors in their innovative responses to tackling the socioeconomic problems in marginalized areas of the city that was declared the most violent city in the world in 1991. It serves as a discourse on the role of professional groups, in this case, architects, and the role of inclusive design process in conflict transformation by building on the literature relating to peace building and urban regeneration and uses primary qualitative research and secondary quantitative research and reports, offering personal perceptions of the responses adopted. The findings show the influence of the mayors’ policies on the way that architects now operate and also on how these architects were used to imbue a philosophy and mentality of inclusive design that permeates the city. The greatest innovations that came out of the responses were the adoption of collaborative approaches, building on community strengths and the development of a multidisciplinary, collaborative approach to design that increased social, human, and physical capital and contributed to increasing the legitimacy of the state.
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Samalavičius, Almantas. "URBANISTINĖ PLĖTRA IR RACIONALUMO RETORIKA: C. A. DOXIADIS’O KONCEPCIJŲ LIKIMAS/URBAN DEVELOPMENT AND RHETORIC OF RATIONALITY: THE FATE OF C. A. DOXIADIS’ CONCEPTS." JOURNAL OF ARCHITECTURE AND URBANISM 32, no. 1 (March 31, 2008): 28–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/13921630.2008.32.28-33.
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The prospects of a new century urge us to reconsider the mental legacy of the past century: theories and practices of urban planning that came into existence in a certain intellectual climate and circumstances. The paper is an attempt to reconsider the rhetoric of rationality that manifested in urban design in the second half of the 20th century. Focusing on the legacy of the Greek architect, theorist and urban planner Constantinos A. Doxiadis as well as his relationship with the dominating ideas of his time, the author examines what were the sources of his concepts of entopia and ecumenopolis and in what aspects they are different from cyclical theory of city’s growth, articulated by Lewis Mumford. The contexts in which ideology of progress gained strength resulted in the rise of belief of rational and globalising urban planning, introduced by Doxiadis’ ekistics. It is shown that despite highly rational rhetoric and the use of scientific data, methods and procedures of research in planning the future global city, the final results were rather modest and limited, despite of the fact that the Greek urban planner succeeded in carrying a vast number of projects in several continents: the belief in the concept of progress faded away and attempts to “export” values of Western liberal democracy with the help of urban planning proved to be far less succesful than was initially intended. Santrauka Naujo amžiaus urbanistinės raidos perspektyvos akina įvertinti praėjusiame šimtmetyje klestėjusias urbanistines koncepcijas ir jų įtaką miesto raidai. Graikų architektas, urbanistikos teoretikas ir miestų planuotojas Constantinos A. Doxiadis paliko ryškų pėdsaką urbanistinės minties ir miestų planavimo istorijoje, kuris iki šiol nėra adekvačiai aptartas ir įvertintas. Sukūręs originalų, daugiadiciplinį ekistikos mokslą, jis sukūrė ateities miesto – ekumenopolio projektavimo sistemą, o kartu atliko urbanistinius tyrimus ir rengė projektus daugelyje pasaulio šalių. Analizuojama, kokią įtaką graikų urbanisto idėjų recepcijai padarė jo paties scientistinės ir racionalistinės premisos bei kompleksinių tyrimų metodologija ir kokios buvo jo koncepcijų sąsajos su bendra laikotarpio atmosfera, kurioje stiprėjo pažangos ideologija, racionalizmas, persmelkęs ne tik ekonomiką, bet ir kitas Vakarų visuomenės sferas. Taip pat aiškinamasi, kodėl bandymai globalią urbanistinę plėtrą derinti su Vakarų liberaliosios demokratijos vertybių ekspansija nebuvo itin sėkmingi. Urbanisto projektų likimas Azijos šalyse pademonstravo, kad racionalizmo doktrinomis pagrįstas planavimas nėra pajėgus pakeisti vietos bendruomenių gyvensenos ir mentaliteto. Parodoma, kad kartu su nesėkmėmis „eksportuojant“ vakarietiškas urbanistines schemas pasikeitė požiūris į realias architektūros bei planavimo galias, su kuriomis XX amžiaus modernistai siejo ypatingas viltis.
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Chvojková, Petra Nešvarová, Pavel Fošumpaur, Martin Hladík, Martin Horský, Tomáš Kašpar, Martin Králík, and Milan Zukal. "Historical and Modern Bridges over the Elbe-Vltava Waterway." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1203, no. 2 (November 1, 2021): 022014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1203/2/022014.
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Abstract The Elbe-Vltava Waterway (EVW) consists of continuously navigable sections of the Vltava and Elbe rivers in the Czech Republic comprising a total length of over 300 km. Most of the length of this waterway was obtained by building a system of interconnected weir basins using the canalization method. Detailed plans for making this waterway navigable started in the early 19th century, and the construction of the structures was enabled by the Austro-Hungarian Water Act of 1869. So, most locks along this waterway constitute a part of industrial heritage. Among its main structures are weirs, hydroelectric power stations and locks designed by pre-eminent Czech architects of the 19th and early-20th centuries. Many of them are excellent examples of modernist industrial architecture. Since the beginning of construction of the weir system along the EVW, bridge construction also came into focus in order to provide transportation access to both banks of the Elbe and Vltava rivers in this historically heavily urbanised area of Bohemia. This article deals with the historical development of bridge constructions over the EVW, systematically categorising them as road, railway and pedestrian bridges. Focus is on the basic technical aspects of the bridge design and technical solution, but also on their historical value and the need for a sensitive approach to their modernisation. The goal of the research is to complete the current web application www.lvvc.cz devoted to the EVW structures with the architectonically and technically most interesting bridges, including their histories. The system has been designed as an expert system, making the archived historical documents, maps, plans and photographs available for use by government institutions as well as by the general public for education and for the protection of this technical cultural heritage. The research was conducted as part of project no. DG18P02OVV004 entitled “Documentation and presentation of technical cultural heritage along the Elbe-Vltava Waterway” within a support programme for applied research and experimental development of national and cultural identity, funded by the Ministry of Culture of the Czech Republic.
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Ainusyamsi, Fadlil Yani. "Analisis Historis Pendidikan Islam pada Masyrakat Madinah." TAJDID 26, no. 1 (May 15, 2019): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.36667/tajdid.v26i1.327.
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This article aims to discover the history of education in the early of Islam in Medina. This research uses a historical analysis method. Research data sources are a number of literatures that is considered valid and credible. This research succeeded in describing several findings. Education pattern of Muhammad in plurality of Medina society tended to be informal, emphasizing the role of family and halâqahs. This study also found historical facts that the values of pluralism, intellectualism, and the spirit of urbanism had become a part of learning and education of Muhammad. The style of the leadership of the Muhammad in the midst of the pluralist society of Medina offers a pattern that is very concerned about the existence of the community students through an example (uswah and qudwah hasanah). In addition, the Prophet taught with full attention and tenderness and humility. He never underestimated someone who came asking for teaching. Islamic education pattern of Muhammad in Medina was marked by a number of characteristics, namely education organized by through the construction of the mosque as a centre of movement, centre of education, and centre of community. The principle carried out by the Muhammad in fostering society is the ethical approach (moral virtue). He believes that moral values not only create peace between individuals in a nation, but also between nations
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Neto, Pedro Figueiredo. "Bram J. Jansen. Kakuma Refugee Camp. Humanitarian Urbanism in Kenya’s Accidental City. London: Zed Books, 2018. Distributed by the University of Chicago Press. 234 pp. Bibliography. Notes. Index. $95.00 Paper. ISBN: 978-1-78699-189-8." African Studies Review 62, no. 4 (November 11, 2019): E10—E12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/asr.2019.57.
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Taylor, Peter M. "A Pipeline Spill into the Mersey Estuary, England." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1991, no. 1 (March 1, 1991): 299–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1991-1-299.
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ABSTRACT On the 19th of August 1989 at 2:30 p.m., a fracture occurred in a pipeline carrying Venezuelan crude oil from a shipping terminal at Tranmere to the Shell (U.K.) Ltd. oil refinery at Stanlow, on the Mersey Estuary, England. 150 metric tons of oil were released into the estuary before the pipeline was sealed; tidal currents widely distributed the oil within a tidal cycle. The Mersey Estuary is heavily industrialized and urbanized but does retain extensive areas of salt marsh and intertidal mud flats which are internationally important for wildfowl and wading birds. Cleanup operations were coordinated by the two local fire brigades whose areas of responsibility included impacted shoreline. Input to the response came from government, local authorities, specialist consultants, and various other interested parties. The occurrence of the spill on one of the highest spring tides of the year and under favorable weather conditions served to lessen the environmental impacts. Less than two weeks after the spill, Shell (U.K.) and Cheshire County Council set up the Mersey Oil Spill Project Advisory Group, with a membership drawn from independent scientific groups, which would monitor the environmental effects of the spill and publish its findings. The primary report of the advisory group is a detailed historical record of the spill incident, the response to it, and the coordination of that response, as well as the lessons learned by the involved parties. Further studies consider the persistence of the oil, and its effects on birds, invertebrates, vegetation, and algae. Recommendations have already led to a review of the local contingency plan and the commissioning of work to produce specific cleanup guidelines and sensitivity maps for the region. In February 1990, a court action brought by the newly formed National Rivers Authority led to Shell (U.K.) Ltd. being fined £1 million due to the pollution arising from this incident.
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Hollnagel, Heloisa Candia, Luiz Jurandir Simões De Araújo, and Ricardo Luiz Pereira Bueno. "Analysis of the Contribution of Small Residential Care Centers for the Elderly to reduce the Socio Environmental Impact and Foster Entrepreneurship in Brazilian Megacities (São Paulo)." Journal on Innovation and Sustainability. RISUS ISSN 2179-3565 7, no. 3 (December 13, 2016): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.24212/2179-3565.2016v7i3p103-119.
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On 2016 the 17 United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of the 2030 Agenda officially came into force proposing that Governments can work to promote inclusive and sustainable economic growth, employment and decent work for all. This study aims to analyze the contribution of Residential Elderly Care Center – RECC to promote SD along with social support in urban centers of megacities. Considering that the current scenario presents: longer life expectancy and increasing numbers of older people; the growing presence of women in the market and the hierarchy of companies making more and more difficult for them to stay at home as well as the failure of public care structure to respond adequately to citizens’ demands new business models are welcome. While the families are getting smaller which removes potential caregivers within them, conversely mobility issues among peripheral areas and public institutions are increasing. Large arrangements for caring can be useful in some contexts, but generally, require commuting from home to the support structure and new public and private investments. The potential reduction of human daily dislocations could improve the environment and life quality in megacities in many aspects: decreasing vehicles CO2 emissions, pollution and the volume of traffic; giving practicality to everyday life of families with dependent members of care and generating new opportunities of small business. In addition, this new residential structures employment might reduce the need to shift the caregivers themselves to their work place, strengthen community bounds and not require immobilization of new properties of the exclusive use for Care centers in highly urbanized areas. The methodology used in this paper is based in the exploratory-descriptive and bibliographical-documentary method. Results of the study are corroborated by a series of complementary research of the authors. Conceptual step-by-step flowchart to assist an entrepreneur to open a RECC is described.
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Bescherer, Peter. "Von der Großstadtfeindschaft zum Nazikiez? Warum ein urbaner Populismus von rechts eine reelle Gefahr ist." Sozialer Fortschritt 68, no. 8-9 (August 1, 2019): 609–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3790/sfo.68.8-9.609.
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Zusammenfassung Die reaktionären Bewegungen der Vergangenheit verteufelten das vermeintlich sündhafte, wurzellose und degenerierte Leben in der Großstadt und glorifizierten die Genügsamkeit und Fruchtbarkeit des ‚Bauernstandes‘. Zwar waren städtische Räume immer auch der Ort rechter Hegemoniebestrebungen, die von der Monumentalarchitektur der Nazis bis hin zu den ‚national befreiten Zonen‘ der NPD reichten. Die Stadt war aber in der Regel nicht ihr Thema. Mit der Krise der liberalen Demokratie droht sich das Politikfeld Stadt für die Rechte zu öffnen. Der Aufsatz illustriert anhand der Wohnungsfrage und der Sicherheitspolitik, wie Stadtentwicklung eine populistische Lücke hinterlässt, in die rechte Parteien und Bewegungen hineindrängen (können). Anhand eines Falls aus der empirischen Forschung wird darüber hinaus diskutiert, wie sich politische Nachfrage und rechtspopulistisches Angebot zueinander verhalten. Abstract: From Anti-Urbanism to Urban Populism? The Upcoming Danger of an Urban-Based Radical Right Reactionary movements of the past demonized city life for nurturing dissolute, rootless and degenerated habits. On the contrary, they praised the frugality and fertility of rural people. The city has always been a site of hegemonic politics by the radical right, ranging from National-Socialist architecture to no-go areas established by neo-Nazis in East German towns after the reunification. It has, however, usually not been a matter of rightist politics. The crisis of liberal democracy, that came about the last years, runs the risk of providing the radical right with access to urban development. By analyzing issues on the housing market and in urban security politics the paper points out a ‘populist gap’ in urban development that could be filled by the right. Furthermore, an empirical case study reveals tensions between the demand site and supply side of urban populism.
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Orehowskyi, Wadym. "TRADE AND MONEY CIRCULATION OF THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE." BULLETIN OF CHERNIVTSI INSTITUTE OF TRADE AND ECONOMICS 2, no. 86 (June 30, 2022): 8–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.34025/2310-8185-2022-2.86.01.
Full textAbstract:
The article is devoted to the main directions and features of trade and money circulation of the Byzantine Empire. Describing the main sectors of the economy, the author notes that it was based on agriculture. Agriculture, viticulture and livestock were its main industries. At the same time it is noted that in the Middle Ages Byzantium was the most urbanized country. There were more than 1,000 cities with Constantinople, the largest of them. The author notes that the Byzantine cities were not only important administrative but also economic centers. It was characteristic of the Byzantine economy that a quarter of the gross national product came from handicrafts and trade. Describing trade, the author of the article notes that Constantinople was not only the capital and residence of the emperor, but it acted as an intermediary in trade between West and East. Convenient and safe routes have contributed to the growth of trade. Iron, perfume, spices, opium, and precious stones were imported from India; silk was exported from China; from Iran - soft wool; from Asia Minor - meat and metals; from Ethiopia - slaves. Thin linen was imported from the West to Byzantium, and Constantinople was not only a consumer of these goods, but also a center of commission trade and resale. The author also pays attention to Russian-Byzantine trade relations. Russia exported to Byzantium part of the tribute and military booty, especially slaves and raw materials. It imported mostly expensive fabrics, various ornaments, weapons, spices, etc. In the second part of the article the author refers to the Byzantine trade of the XII- XV centuries. During this period, immigrants from the Italian cities of Genoa, Pisa and Venice were in significant competition with Byzantine merchants. The Venetians, who established a powerful colony in Constantinople, became especially famous in this regard. Gradually, the empire lost control of its own economic and financial resources, which contributed to a huge uncontrolled outflow of Byzantine capital to Europe. The conclusions note that trade facilitated the exchange of goods not only between Byzantium and the West. It became a powerful leader of Byzantine cultural influence on European countries. However, cultural dominance contradicted Byzantium's economic backwardness of European countries. External defeats and internal problems increased the empire's dependence on foreigners, and duty-free trade, although filling the market with many European and Asian goods, quickly led to the decline of Byzantine crafts and the degradation of agriculture.
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Shawly, Hassan. "Evaluating Compact City Model Implementation as a Sustainable Urban Development Tool to Control Urban Sprawl in the City of Jeddah." Sustainability 14, no. 20 (October 14, 2022): 13218. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142013218.
Full textAbstract:
Urban sprawl is one of the most challenging urban phenomena. Many urban planners believe that it is difficult to achieve sustainable development without managing undesired urban growth. Since the 1960s, a wide range of urban planning policies have been introduced to manage urban sprawl. The concepts of New Urbanism, smart growth, and compact city started to be discussed and implemented in developed countries. Jeddah, as the second largest city in Saudi Arabia, is no exception. The planning authority has attempted to apply a compact city model to control urban sprawl. This study aims to evaluate the implementation of the compact city model in Jeddah by comparing the outcomes to what was expected. It presents the historical urban growth pattern and discusses in detail the effect of the policy implementation on both district and city growth level. The main study findings are as follows: (i) While the compact city model depends on encouraging people to live in high-density districts and mixed-use development to reduce commuting time and increase the efficiency of public transport, Jeddah failed to provide an efficient public transportation system to encourage investments in mixed-use real-estate projects. (ii) A higher population density was achieved (from 44 to 155 person per hectare), but it came with many other infrastructure, social, and economic issues. (iii) The implementation failed to control the sprawl as was anticipated. The city grew within the study area by about 20% and the price per square m was increased by 300%. Thus, the main finding of the study shows that to achieve noticeable sustainable urban development—in the case of Jeddah—the planning authority should aim for more regulation of flat urban development and promote a more realistic and sustainable intensification policy. A well-designed approach to guide future development and provide functional open spaces to enhance the sense of community, reducing automobile dependency and respecting all other local social, economic, and environmental aspects, could be more effective in reducing and controlling the rate of urban sprawl.
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Davies, Penelope J. E. "A REPUBLICAN DILEMMA: CITY OR STATE? OR, THE CONCRETE REVOLUTION REVISITED." Papers of the British School at Rome 85 (July 24, 2017): 71–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0068246217000046.
Full textAbstract:
In a well-known passage, the Greek historian Polybius, writing in the mid-second century BC, attributes Rome's success as a republic to a perfect balance of power between its constituent elements, army, senate and people (Histories6.11); and indeed, the Republic's long survival was an achievement worth explaining. On another note, over a century later, Livy remarked how Republican Rome, with its rambling street plan and miscellany of buildings, compared unfavourably with the magnificent royal cities of the eastern Mediterranean; he put this down to hasty rebuilding after a great Gallic conflagration around 390 BC. Few scholars now accept his explanation. A handful of scholars argue for underlying rationales, usually when setting up the early city as a foil for its transformation under Augustus and subsequent emperors, and their conclusions tend towards characterizing the city's design as an unintended corollary to the annual turnover of magistrates. This article, likewise, argues for the role of government in the city's appearance; but it contends that the state of Republican urbanism was deliberate. A response, of sorts, to both ancient authors' observations, it addresses how provisions to ensure equilibrium in one of the Republic's components, the senatorial class, in the interests of preserving the res publica, came at a vital cost to the city's architectural evolution. These provisions took the form of intentional constraints (on time and money), to prevent élite Romans from building like, and thus presenting themselves as, Mediterranean monarchs. Painting with a broad chronological stroke, it traces the tension between the Roman Republic in its ideal state and the physical city, exploring the strategies élite Romans developed to work within the constraints. Only when unforeseen factors weakened the state's power to self-regulate could the built city flourish and, in doing so, further diminish the state. Many of these factors — such as increased wealth in the second century and the first-century preponderance of special commands — are known; to these, this article argues, should be added the development of concrete.