Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Urbanisation'

La présente thèse doctorale examine l’hypothèse selon laquelle, parallèlement à la forme extrême que revêt la crise capitaliste mondiale en Grèce, et en définitive du fait de celle-ci, se développe une crise de l’urbanisation dans le pays. Notre approche inclut une recherche bibliographique et une analyse théorique permettant de comprendre la crise globale et les conditions spécifiques en Grèce, une analyse quantitative d’éléments publiés par l'Autorité Hellénique des Statistiques (ELSTAT) et d’autres sources, une analyse quantitative de données non publiées qui nous ont été confiées par ELSTAT dans le cadre d’un contrat spécifique, ainsi que des données primaires.L’analyse des données confirme l’hypothèse d’une crise d’urbanisation se manifestant parallèlement à la crise économique en Grèce. La dimension de la crise est telle que nous puissions parler de crise de contre-urbanisation. Cette crise se manifeste principalement au plus haut niveau de la hiérarchie urbaine, c‘est-à-dire dans les deux agglomérations métropolitaines, Athènes et Thessalonique. Nous avons appelé ce processus « dé-métropolisation ».La crise actuelle de contre-urbanisation a des caractéristiques différentes de celles qui sont généralement envisagées par le discours public. La dé-métropolisation ne prend pas la forme d’une « inversion de polarisation » qui favoriserait les villes moyennes ou petites en général ; il ne s'agit pas non plus d'un retour généralisé à des zones rurales isolées, bien que de tels exemples existent ; elle prend principalement la forme d’une croissance relative d'îles et de régions péri-métropolitaines, caractérisées par un degré d'urbanisation faible ou relativement faible
The present PhD thesis is an attempt to explore the hypothesis of a crisis of urbanisation currently unfolding in Greece parallel to, and in the final analysis due to, the global capitalist crisis and its extreme manifestation in the country. Our approach has involved bibliographical research and theoretical analysis in order to understand the global crisis andthe specific conditions in Greece, quantitative analysis of published data provided by the Hellenic Statistical Authority(ELSTAT) and other sources, quantitative analysis of unpublished data provided by ELSTAT through a personalised special convention, as well as primary data collected in the context of the National Morbidity Survey. Our analysis has confirmed the hypothesis of a crisis of urbanisation in parallel to the ongoing economic crisis. This crisis of urbanisation is of such historical dimensions as to allow us to speak of a counter-urbanisation crisis. This crisis is mostly manifested at the highest levels ofthe urban hierarchy, that is in the two metropolitan agglomerations, Athens andThessaloniki. We have called this process “de-metropolisation”.The current counter-urbanisation crisis has different characteristics than usually assumed in the public discourse. The de-metropolisation effect does not take the form of “polarization reversal” that would favour middle-sized or small cities ingeneral, although some of them do profit; nor is it expressed as a generalised return to remote rural areas, although such examples also exist ; it mostly takes the form of growing islands and peri-metropolitan regions characterised by a low or relatively low degree of urbanisation

Le traite de berlin marque la fin des anciens royaumes africains. L'organisation du moyen congo est confiee a des compagnies concessionnaires plus soucieuses de profit que d'humanisme. Mais l'effort du congo pendant la guerre amene une revision de la politique francaise dans le but d'amener les africains a "la liberte de s'administrer eux-memes". Le 15 aout 1960, le congo accede a la souverainete nationnale. La creation de nombreux postes administratifs et les efforts des compagnies concessionnaires, s'ils permettent une maitrise certaine de l'espace, ne debouchent pas sur une reelle mise en valeur du pays. La realisation du cfco s'accompagne de l'apparition d'une nouvelle serie de villes tout en provoquant la dynamisation des anciens postes. De meme, la mise en service de la voie ferree comilog demontre le role fondamental des voies de communication dans la structuration de l'espace congolais. L'urbanisation a pour corollaire la desertification du monde rural, une modification des structures et de la distribution de la population. La majorite des centres urbains s'averent incapables de jouer le role de pole de developpement, faute d'infrastructures et d'equipements. Seules brazzaville et pointe-noire, et a un moindre degre dolisie, echappent a cette impression d'echec
The berlin treaty marks the end of the ancient african kingdoms. The organisation of the middle congo is entrusted to concession holding companies more interested in profit than humanism. But the congo's effort during the war prompts a rethinking of french policy with the aim of bringing self-government to the africans. On the 15th august 1960, the congo becomes independent. The creation of numerous administrative positions and the efforts of the concession holding companies, if they permit a real mastering of the territory, do not open it up for real developmemnt of the country's resources. The construction of the cfco is accompanied by the creation of a new serial of towns, while also provoking the reorganisation of the former out-stations. The opening of the comilog railway illustrates the primary role of transport links in the organisation of the congolese territory. Urbanisation brings with it the depupulation of the rural areas, a modification of the structureand distribution of the population. The majority of urban areas show themselves unable to play their role as development centers due to the lack of infrastructure and facilities. Only brazzaville and pointe-noire, and to a. Leeser extent dolisie, escape this impression of failure

L'introduction generale propose un survol de la problematique de l'agglomeration et de le dispersion en economie. La question principale consiste a savoir pourquoi les activites economiques et les hommes ont tendance a se rassembler. Il s'agit aussi de savoir ce qui determine la taille d'equilibre de ces agglomerations, les fonctions qui y sont effectues et leurs localisations relatives. L'axe d'analyse est historique. Le premier chapitre developpe une modelisation simple des phenomenes urbains a differentes epoques. L'agglomeration est provoquees par la specialisation du travail. La dispersion peut venir soit des couts de transport des biens agricoles (ce qui definit une urbanisation pre-contemporaine) soit des couts de trnsports intra-urbain (urbanisation contemporaine). Le chapitre suivant examine le lien entre l'industrialisation et l'agriculture. Il est montre qu'en economie fermee l'industrialisation necessite une forte productivite agricole. En revanche en economie ouverte, il peut exister plusieurs equilibre. L'industrialisation peut intervenir en particulier dans les pays ayant une faible productivite agricole mais suite a un choc positif sur l'agriculture. Les chapitres 3 et 4 modelisent la dynamique d'un systeme urbain en concurrence imparfaite et les possibles effets de la politique fonciere. Il est montre que la concurrence entre les villes favorise la croissance et que la politique fonciere peut ameliorer tant l'efficacite statique que l'efficacite dynamique de l'economie. Toutefois, en concurrence imparfaite, les institutions au travers desquelles la politique fonciere est realisee importent. Le dernier chapitre envisage le probleme du financement des biens publics locaux lorsqu'ils rentrent dans la fonction de production et non plus dans la fonction d'utilite. Il est montre que les resultats d'efficacite sont plus difficile a obtenir qu'habituellement
The introduction is a broad survey on the issue of agglomeration and dispersion. The main question is to understand why economic activity and agents tend to gahter in some places. Other related questions are : what determine the size, the functions and the relative locations of agglomerations. The main perspective is historical the first chapter proposes a simple formalisation of urbanisation over time. Agglomeration is triggered by labour specialisation. Dispersion steems either from the transport cost for agricultural products (it defines early urbanisation) or for commuting costs (modern urbanisation). The next chapter is devoted to the controversy about the links between industrialisation and agriculture. It is shown that for a closed economy, a strong agriculture is a necessary condition for industrialisation. On the contrary, for a small open economy, multiple equilibria can arise. Industrialisation can occur in a country with a weak agriculture but after a positive shock on agricultural productivity. Chapters 3 and 4 analyse the dynamics of an urban system with imperfect competition and consider the effects of land policy. It is shown that competition among cities can be beneficial for growth and that land policy can improve both static and dynamic efficiencies of our economy. Moreover, with imperfect competition, institutions through which land policy is conducted matter. Finally, the last chpater examines the problem of the decentralisation of public goods when they enter the production function and not the utility function, as it is usually assumed. It is shown that the usual efficiency results are more demanding than in the traditional case

Market evolution has lead most of the enterprise to focus on their core business while setting outsourcing and collaborative strategies to be able to propose the best product-service offers. This Collaborative Business environment challenges Information System (IS) re-organisation to set agile, reactive and interoperable IT supports. To fulfil these requirements, one can reorganise the information system according to the urbanisation paradigm. Coupled to Service Oriented Architecture, this approach provides interoperable information systems. Nevertheless, traditional urbanization strategies lead to a partitioned and rather rigid IS organization aligned on the company’s functional structure, which hinders initiating collaborative production processes, since production process is transversal and bypasses all enterprise business areas. To overcome these limits, we propose to adopt a new urbanization strategy that combines the transversal production logic with a service orientation to allow incremental production process building, based on goals to be reached. Despite of the advantages of the collaboration, in the dynamic collaboration scenarios, lack of trust can be a braking force while developing collaborative strategies. To this end, we proposed to integrate security needs and constraints into the definitions of business processes, organizational structure and technical components. Hence, the architecture we propose to implement our enterprise urbanization approach is based on a service-oriented model. We extend the traditional IT service to capture semantics associated to the industrial activity so that an industrial service model is proposed. Then security requirements are added in this model to govern access to different interfaces in a composite service. The implementation of this architecture is achieved using an industrial service bus by adding a security module extended with semantic layer on the top of “PEtALS”, an open source ESB
Les évolutions permanentes du marché ont forcé la plupart des entreprises à se focaliser sur les processus liés à leur coeur de métier. Ce recentrage les conduit alors soit à externaliser certaines parties de leurs processus, soit former temporairement une association avec d’autres partenaires. Ces scénarios de collaboration imposent plusieurs contraintes sur la conception et l’organisation du système d’information à fin de le rendre facilement adaptable pour suivre les changements au niveau d’organisation. Pour que le système d’information soit facilement adaptable il est possible de restructurer le système d’information en respectant les principes de l’urbanisation du système d’information couplé par une architecture orienté service, toute fois, cette organisation conduit à des systèmes assez rigides ne donnant pas réellement les capacités d’initier des processus collaboratifs. Or, la collaboration impose de prendre en compte les contraintes de sécurité car l’approche traditionnelle d’urbanisation ne prend pas en considération la possibilité de collaboration et forme des «îlots de sécurité » ce qui s’oppose à la nature transversale de la sécurité. En plus,dans un modèle orienté services, les applications distribuées sur plusieurs site ont peu ou pas de visibilité en matière de l’information nécessaires pour assurer la sécurité au nouveau globale. C’est dans ce contexte que nous avons proposé d’adopter une démarche d’urbanisation d’entreprise qui promeut une organisation transversale du système de production de l’entreprise qui permet une construction incrémentale des processus collaboratifs. Nous sommes parvenus à spécifier un modèle de service industriel construit par regroupement de toutes les fonctions nécessaires autour de la fabrication du produit. Ensuite, nous nous somme proposé de construire un middleware supportant ces services industriels. Cela induit d’ajouter un niveau sémantique capable de gérer les propriétés fonctionnelles et non fonctionnelles (qualité de service et sécurité) aux bus de services traditionnels (ESB). Dans le cadre du projet ANR SEMEUSE visant à doter un ESB Open source (PETALS) d’un niveau sémantique, notre contribution a plus particulièrement portée sur la spécification et la mise en oeuvre des composants permettant d’intégrer de manière contextuelle les politiques de sécurité

This research is focused on the issue of urban development within the context of regional planning in Thailand. The study's main question is how national policy should attempt to shape the emerging urbanisation pattern in Thailand. In the past the country's development plans have emphasised industrialisation which has led to an acceleration in the growth of Bangkok, creating a dual economy and widening regional disparities. The Government's past efforts to decentralise economic activity have been relatively ineffective. This thesis considers a new approach, using the public service sector as the leading economic base for the development of a selected regional centre, Chonburi, in the Eastern Seaboard Sub-region. The study's analysis indicates that it is economically and administratively feasible to implement a Government work dispersal scheme. The analysis also indicates the necessity of controlling the large regional leakages which would otherwise reduce the regional multiplier effects. Overall, the study confirms that a growth pole approach can be initiated by public employment relocation and suggests that there is a viable alternative to nearly all of Thailand's growth being concentrated in Bangkok. However, the study also confirms that if private investment in the growth pole is to be achieved, this approach must be supplemented by long term public investment commitments and subtle co-ordination of private and public programming and planning measures.

Latium Vetus is accepted as having possessed an urban status by the archaic period. The evolution towards this status depended upon various factors operating through centuries. From an initial stage in which the region was composed of insular settlements, the first step towards urbanisation was nucleation of settlement. This was a federal grouping of small, self-governing kin units. Such were the curiae of history; their individualism is emphasised in the topography of the cemeteries. They are revealed in the remnants of early law operating along the lines of reciprocity and collusion. This nucleation was probably a result of demographic pressures; trade and technological innovation may also be considered contributory factors. Certainly these latter emerged as conditioning elements within the development of such communities. The separate units within the settlements practised an individual prestige-goods economy. Their powers were separate from those of the community as a whole. Such powers had to be curbed as the role of manufacture and trade increased. Thus the central, 'state' power grew, as may be seen in legal and historical developments. The aristocracies which had emerged had proved a destabilising factor in the state, for they maintained economic and sociopolitical practices which artificially supported secondary activities and separatist influences. As society became more complex, so the kin basis upon which it was founded proved inadequate. Changes in the demographic constitution of the community, overly competitive economic practice and increasing functional differentiation caused the creation of a public domain, one witnessed in various ways in the source material. Urbanisation was the end-result of the functioning of a prestige-goods economy in a society formed of distinctive groups prior to the initiation of large scale trade and manufacture. The competition inherent within such a society led ultimately to the unity of the urban system.

Low levels of physical activity are a global public health issue. Along with prolonged bouts of sitting, low physical activity is associated with an increase in the risk of noncommunicable diseases. Approximately 17.4% of adults and 39.5% of adolescents in Mexico do not meet the World Health Organization’s recommended level of physical activity. Urbanisation is a potential correlate of physical activity that, at this moment, remains under-researched. The aim of this thesis was to study the association between physical activity in Mexico and two aspects of urbanisation: urbanicity and perception of safety. In this thesis, the urbanicity was estimated using the measure developed by Novak et al. (2012). The first study used physical activity data from the Mexican 2012 National Health and Nutrition Survey and multivariable linear regression models to examine the association between physical activity and urbanicity. The characteristics of urbanicity that were negatively associated with physical activity were population size, economic activity, diversity and communication. The second and third studies, were based on a primary data collection from 4,079 Mexican adolescents. The second study investigated the associations between urbanicity and physical activity. Results showed negative associations between physical activity and communication-based urbanicity; and positive associations with overall urbanicity and population density. The third study investigated the association of physical activity with perception of safety; finding that lower perception of pedestrian safety was associated with lower physical activity amongst females. Findings from this thesis demonstrated there is an association between urbanisation and physical activity in Mexico. Also, it gave an insight of the complexity of these associations, being different between adults and adolescents, between gender, state, and type of physical activity; highlighting the value of examining urbanicity as a multidimensional construct. The findings highlight that urbanisation should be considered in efforts to increase physical activity levels in developing countries.

This thesis examines the impact of urbanisation on Zimbabwean culture, particularly the Shona culture as it is represented in Zimbabwean literature. My main argument in this thesis is that Zimbabwean literature suggests that urbanisation is harmful and destructive to the Shona culture and the way of life of the Shona people.

Cette thèse étudie l'urbanisation et la croissance des villes en Chine. Elle est composée de deux parties : la première partie est consacrée à une revue des modèles théoriques d'urbanisation et à une description de l'urbanisation de la Chine. Le problème de la mesure de la population urbaine, des changements institutionnels ainsi que des spécificités du processus d'urbanisation chinois sont étudiés. La deuxième partie relie la croissance économique urbaine aux économies d'agglomération, et étudie les caractéristiques de la croissance récente de la population des villes. Le concept théorique d'économie agglomération est clarifié avant de procéder à des tests empiriques sur une base de données d'environ 150 villes chinoises pendant la décennie 1990. En suite, nous examinons l'évolution de la distribution de la taille des villes par différents instruments d'analyse. Enfin, nous estimons les déterminants de la croissance urbaine durant la période 1990-2000.
Notre étude suggère que la Chine a connu un retard de l'urbanisation dû aux stratégies d'industrialisation particulières (biais de l'industrie lourde avant les réformes et industrialisation rurale après les réformes) et au caractère incomplet des marchés des facteurs de production (le travail et la terre, entre autres) ; les villes ne sont pas assez grandes pour exploiter les économies d'agglomération. Avec l'approfondissement des réformes économiques, la Chine doit poursuivre cette transformation structurelle rurale/urbaine car le développement de l'économie urbaine va constituer l'un des moteurs de la croissance économique du pays. Les politiques destinées à promouvoir l'urbanisation doivent consister à améliorer les institutions sur les marchés des facteurs de production, et à relâcher les restrictions sur la taille des villes.

Over the last thirty years Cornwall has experienced a dramatic population expansion. Population growth has had effects in many areas, but particularly in housing. The increased demand for housing from those migrating into the area has inflated house prices, yet the Cornish economy is afflicted by low wage levels and high unemployment rates, creating a 'mortgage gap' for long term residents. This coupled with the decline in availability of both publicly and privately rented accommodation has resulted in what has been termed a housing 'crisis' (George 1987, Deacon et al. 1988, Lennon 1991, Williams 1993). It has been suggested that this 'crisis' has resulted in a 'two tier' housing system, recent inmigrants generally enjoying better housing chances than longer term residents of Cornwall (Williams, 1993). Furthermore, it has been suggested that much of Cornwall's housing problems remain 'hidden' having been absorbed into existing household structures. The research presented in this thesis aimed to assess the housing circumstances and chances of both recent in-migrant and long-term residents in order to discover if they do in fact differ. Whether or not housing need was being absorbed into existing household structures was also explored, as were the reasons why. It was found that the housing circumstances and chances of recent in-migrants are generally better than those of long-term residents and that this was as a result of the distinctly different economic characteristics of the groups. Housing need was also found to be to a large extent 'concealed'. This was mainly young adults who were unable to set up independent households as a result of a lack of affordable accommodation. The research suggests that families remain a source of support and assistance to their members in relation to housing, but that the type of support given varies according to occupational class and economic means which might serve to disadvantage long-term residents still further in the future.

Le recensement de la population de 1990, confirme par les estimations realisees depuis, a montre sans ambiguite que, a l'oppose de nombre de previsions, la croissance urbaine se poursuit en France, et meme s'amplifie. Avec le developpement continu des possibilites et des moyens de deplacement depuis plusieurs decennies, la question de la redistribution de la centralite se pose. Interroger le lien entre les deux processus dans l'espace bas-rhodanien, espace de forte temperature urbaine mais mal structure par des villes plus concurrentes que complementaires, conduit a rechercher la persistance des modeles d'organisation spatiale deja eprouves. A toutes les echelles de l'armature urbaine, il s'avere que les phenomenes de hierarchisation se perpetuent et que le modele centre-peripherie, s'il evolue dans ses formes, demeure le principe fondamental de la structuration de l'espace geographique. Le besoin d'agglomeration et d'ancrage au sol de la societe s'oppose vigoureusement aux tendances a l'a-spatialisation de nos pratiques socio- economiques, plus souvent postulees que demontrees
The 1990's population census, confirmed by the estimations realized later, showed without ambiguity that, in France, in the opposite of number of predictions, the urban growth go on, and in fact grows. Since several decades, with the continuous development of moving opportunities and ways, we are faced with the question of centrality redistribution. The interrogation of the connection between the two processes in the lower rhone space, high urban temperature space, but badly structured by more competing than complementary cities, leads to search the persistence of usual spatial organization models. At any urban frame scales, it's confirmed that hierarchization phenomena still go on and that centre-periphery model remains the underlying principle of the geographic space structuring, although the evolving of its forms. For the society, the need of aggregation and soil base is strongly opposed to the non-spatialization trend of our socioeconomic practices, more often postulated than demonstrated

South Africa is experiencing unprecedented population growth due to rapid urbanisation. This growth often overwhelms the current planning and developmental capacities of city-regions acutely impacting informal settlement areas. As a result the city's most vulnerable citizens experience poor service delivery and poor living conditions. This project proposal challenges the current approach to housing delivery and the upgrading of informal settlements in urban areas of South Africa. It is positioned within a complex informal housing environment with poor basic infrastructure and high exposure to the risk of fire and flooding in winter. Based on the research of this project, the Barney Molokana Section in Khayelitsha was selected as the conditions above were evident in this informal settlement. The project comprises three parts; the first is a proposal for an infrastructural intervention aimed to act as a settlement organisational device, the second is a public amenities building that promotes an active public interface and a didactic architecture and the third a series of support structures that further promote the concept of incremental housing development. The process learnt from existing spatial configurations and transformations within informal settlements allowed the working backwards to discover the minimal elements or support structures from which a settlement can grow incrementally.

Les cultures autochtones ou de (pays) sont souvent perçues comme survivance d'un passe uniforme et étrange, souvent idéalisé encore aujourd'hui. Or, la culture basque comme toutes les autres est avant tout une production de l'homme (et des hommes et femmes) et des circonstances concrètes qui font sa vie et son développement. Aussi avons nous tenté de l'étudier dans le contexte de la ville perçue comme modernité sous l'angle des tensions et des conflits donc d'avenir, ce qui indique aussi parfois une rupture avec une certaine "tradition". Notre terrain d'enquête est le centre d'une petite ville rurale : Hasparren (64240), ville de marche bihebdomadaire depuis le XVe siècle et centre industriel de la chaussure depuis la fin du XIXe siècle. Notre étude concerne principalement le phénomène d'urbanisation observé dans cette localité de la région basque des Pyrénées Atlantiques depuis 1875 à nos jours (1994)
Local cultures (or of country) are often perceived like survival of an uniform and strange past often idealized today still. Now Basque culture like all others is previously an human production (and of men and women) and concrete situations - which, makes his life and his development. So we have attempted to study it in the town perceived like modernity en angle of tensions of conflicts then of future. This indicates sometimes breaking with a some "tradition". Our investigation place is the center of a little rural city : Hasparren - f. 64240, marquet place and industrial center of shoes since end of 19th century

L'objet de cette étude consiste à poser la problématique de l'impact de l'urbanisation sur la délinquance juvénile : l'analyse de la corrélation entre le taux d'urbanisation et celui de la délinquance, nous a permis de mieux comprendre les phénomènes d'inadaptation caractéristiques de la périphérie des grandes métropoles actuelles, susceptibles dans le contexte culturel marocain, de présenter certaines spécificités intéressantes. L'objectif de cette recherche, est de vérifier dans quelle mesure la délinquance juvénile au Maroc, est liée aux bouleversements des structures sociales traditionnelles, résultants de la dégradation du cadre référentiel et des modes de vie antérieurs. Notre réflexion se situe dans le cadre du débat actuel, qui perçoit la délinquance non seulement comme conséquence de l'expansion urbaine, mais aussi comme le résultat d'un modèle économique inadapté aux réalités sociales des villes des pays en voie de développement et en particulier le Maroc
This study aims at raising the issue of the impact of urbanisation on juvenile delinquency: the analysis of the correlation between the urbanisation and delinquency rates has enabled us to better understand the phenomena of inadequate adaptation to be fond in suburban areas of big cities and likely to present some interesting characteristics in the Moroccan cultural context. The objective of this research is to check to what extent juvenile delinquency in Morocco is connected with the disruption of traditional social structures resulting From the weakening of the previous reference system and changes in lifestyles. Our approach falls within the framework of the current debate which perceives delinquency not only as consequence of urban sprawl but also as the result of an economic model not adapted to the social facts characteristic developing countries and more particularly Morocco

L'introduction generale presente le probleme general de l'urbanisation et les approches de la definition de l'urbanisme dans les pays developpes et les pays en developpement. Un chapitre preliminaire est consacre a la dynamique de l'urbanisation et a ses effets pervers au maroc. La premiere partie planification urbaine portee et limites est consacree a la problematique fonciere et aux documents d'urbanisme. La seconde partie est consacree a la gestion urbaine entre la deconcentration et la decentralisation. L'analyse deces deux themes debouche sur des propositions concretes tant au niveau de la planification que de la gestion urbaine. Il est aussi propose l'adoption d'une strategie fonciere, l'adaptation des documents d'urbanisme aux realites marocaines et l'articulation minutieuse entre ces deux composantes de la planification urbaine. En matiere de gestion urbaine, l'insuffisance des moyens locaux ne permet pas une decentralisation tres poussee, aussi est-il propose la generalisation des "agences urbaines" qui constituent une sorte de deconcentration comme etape de transition vers la decentralisation
The overall introduction introduces the general problem of town development and attempts to define town planning in industrialised countries and in developing countries. A preliminary chapter is devoted to the dynamics of town planning and its negative effects in morocco. The first part - town planning : its scope and its limits - deals with the problem of property and with planning documents. The second part considers urban administration against the background of de concentration and decentralisation. The analysis of these two issues leads to concrete proposals with regard to both urban planning and administration. Proposals are also put forward for the adoption of a property policy. The adaptation of town planning documents to the moroccan context, and for the elaborate links between these two components of town planning. With regard to urban administration, the shortcomings of the local structures make advanced decentralisation difficult. A proposal is therefore made for the increased use of "urban agencies", which contitute a kind of de-concentration as a transitory step leading to decentralisation

Á la suite d'une période d'intense urbanisation du territoire de la République populaire de Chine, qui s'est matérialisée par une forte croissance des 5 grandes mégalopoles (Shangai, Beijing, Tianjin, Chongqing, Guangzhou) mais également de centaines de villes millionnaires, l'enjeu du développement des petites villes commence à être perçu. Peuvent-elles devenir des acteurs du développement des espaces ruraux, contenir l'exode rural vers les métropoles ? C'est à cette fin que le Xème plan quinquennal (2001-2005) pour l'économie nationale donne des orientations en faveur de l'essor des petites villes.
S'appuyant sur des enquêtes réalisées dans les petites villes chinoises, ce travail tente de les catégoriser afin de déterminer la place qu'elles occupent dans l'organisation et l'économie du territoire ; le rôle qu'elles jouent dans le développement de régions faiblement urbanisées peut contribuer à freiner la concentration urbaine dans les mégalopoles du littoral oriental. L'auteur analyse également la manière dont l'urbanisation des petites villes chinoises constitue un facteur de requalification des tissus urbains des petites villes favorisant leur attractivité et leur compétitivité.

Depuis une trentaine d'années les entrées de villes ont connu un développement désordonné. Elles ont fait l'objet d'implantations anarchiques, principalement commerciales, sans souci d'aménagement. La problématique qui guide cette thèse est la tentative de mise au point de solutions à la fois urbanistiques en terme d'aménagement urbain, péri-urbain et architecturales à la dégradation du paysage des entrées de villes, qui puissent permettre, avant leur mise au point concrète, une discussion avec un large public. Cela impose d'une part de partir de la restitution graphique la plus précise possible de la situation actuelle des lieux analyses, et d'autre part de pouvoir proposer différents types de solutions, de pouvoir les tester visuellement et de pouvoir ensuite les améliorer dans le détail en fonction des avis reçus de la population concernée. Il y a donc dans ce travail une phase d'analyse, une phase de modélisation et une phase de restitution d'images virtuelles en trois dimensions selon différentes options possibles. Ce texte de présentation de la recherche est accompagné d'un cd-rom qui contient le résultat de la modélisation avec 3d studio un logiciel de synthèse d'image : * la scène (de la RN 14 à partir de la commune de Boos jusqu'à la commune de Rouen) modélisée au format 3ds (autodesk tm 3d studio). * la bibliothèque des textures (plusieurs types des façades des bâtiments, des végétations et des signalisations ont été scannées et traites à l'aide du logiciel de retouches d'images adobe Photoshop sur le parcours de la RN 14). * les animations : trois études d'animations comparatives sur le centre commercial de maxicoop de la commune de Bonsecours au format avi (audio-video interleaved). * les résultats des images modélisées sur les parcours de la rn14 au format bmp (windowsbitmap). * une présentation générale de la thèse au format ppt (le logiciel microsoft powerpoint)
For the past thirty years, city access roads have been subjected to some disorganized development, as they have been object of anarchical implantation, mainly for commercial purposes, without any concern for proper planning. The aim of this doctorate dissertation is an attempt to clarify town planning and architectural solutions that are appropriate to the deteriorating peri-urban landscapes, in order to allow some discussion among the public before being implemented. This objective involves on the one hand a precise graphic restitution of the present situations, and, on the other hand, a panel of possible solutions. Visual tests must be proposed, in order to take benefits of the improvements linked to the reactions of the population concerned. There is therefore in this work an initial phase of analysis, a second phase of modeling, and a final phase of virtual 3d image restitution featuring different possible planning options. The present paper document is accompanied by a cd-rom containing the results of the modeling process, with "3d studio", a software for image processing : * the scene of the national road 14 (n14) from the borough of Boos to Rouen modeled using 3ds format (autodesk tm 3d studio). * the textures library including various types of buildings facades, vegetation, and road signs along the n14 that were scanned and treated using adobe Photoshop tm software. * the animations of three comparative planning options on the maxicoop commercial center at Bonsecours along the n14 road, using the avi format (audio-video interleaved). * a presentation of some modeled images in form of pictures along the road using the bmp format (windows-bitmap). * a general presentation of the thesis using the ppt format (microsoft powerpoint tm software)

Texte remanié de: Th. doct.--Ethnol.--Bordeaux 2, 1995.
Mention parallèle de titre ou de responsabilité : Euskal kultura ta hiritartzea Hazparnen. La couv. porte : "société, économie, histoire, langues, animation..." En appendice, choix de documents. Bibliogr. p. 225-234.

Increasing urbanisation of coastal areas is placing unprecedented pressure on estuarine environments. Impacts associated with urbanisation can alter the health of estuarine ecosystems, reducing their capacity to provide valuable ecosystem services. In order protect these environments, relationships between estuarine health and urbanisation should be understood and applied to sustainable urban planning in coastal areas. Responses measured in estuarine biota offer much potential for providing pragmatic and sensitive means for the detection of urban impacts in estuaries. I assessed the responses of estuarine biota to increasing levels of urbanisation in the rapidly developing coastal region of southeast Queensland, Australia. I measured a suite of biotic indicators, namely: the δ15N of mangroves and crabs as a tracer for urban N sources, sediment chlorophyll a concentration (Chl a) as an estimate of the biomass of microphytobenthos (MPB), and a condition index in crabs, measured as the hepatosomatic index (HI). Urbanisation was estimated as the percentage of catchment covered by impervious surfaces (impervious cover, IC). Increases in impervious surfaces such as roads, footpaths and car parks are closely linked to urbanisation. These surfaces concentrate and convey pollutants generated from urban activities into coastal waterways and estuaries, thus making IC a useful indicator of urban impact.
Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Griffith School of Environment
Science, Environment, Engineering and Technology
Full Text

This thesis examines localities in the vicinity of cities, starting with Ekeby- Almby which is situated near Örebro. In the past twenty years, Ekeby- Almby has experienced vast sociodemographic changes. These lines of development give rise to a number of questions. For example, does the socioeconomic change of Ekeby-Almby reflect a general trend for this kind of locality? What are the perspectives and concepts that characterise the planning of these localities, and what is the significance of these suburban areas for the urban development as a whole? The purpose of this thesis is to examine the peri-urban localities, their role in, and their significance to, the development of cities. The thesis is made up of three empirical parts. Some of the main results are that the peri-urban localities can bedescribed as continuously growing, even during periods of shrinking towns and growing countryside (70s and 80s), and re-urbanisation (90s and 00s). Other results from the study are that layers of peri-urban localities with partially separatesocioeconomic profiles become apparent. Together these localities are, in various ways, part of the city’s socioeconomic differentiation. Finally, the result from the study indicates that the development of localities is shaped by a series of structures, and actors operating in relation to these. The development of the peri-urban localities can, theoretically, be seen as an urban counter- urbanisation, but perhaps primarily as a Swedish periurbia, and thus as an extension of the city, often described as an urban sprawl. This study also discusses the role of the peri-urban locality in the city’s social geography, where it among other things can be described as the ”hidden” space of the segregated city. Another aspect of the peri-urban locality is that it can be seen as a place which is important in an intermunicipal competition in population growth.

La présente thèse est une réflexion globale sur le conflit violent né à Alger, qui a opposé les islamistes radicaux, porteurs d’un nouvel ordre social à fondement religieux, aux représentants de l’Etat algérien, après l’événement politique déclencheur que fut l’arrêt du processus électoral de 1990 qui a donné la victoire aux dits islamistes. En raison de la résurgence de la religion dans sa prétention à instaurer un ordre social, il nous a paru nécessaire de commencer cette réflexion, au cours d’une première partie, par une approche historique du rapport entre religion et politique, et de son lien à l’ordre urbain. Alger de la Régence Turque, est une ville prise dans l’histoire mouvementée du conflit entre le monde musulman et le monde chrétien, dont le théâtre fut la méditerranée sillonnée par les corsaires de tous bords. Alger occupée par les Français se voit imposer brutalement un ordre nouveau, la vielle médina et sa société disparaissent du paysage visuel, sommés de se transformer ou de se cacher, ce qu’ils firent en se réfugiant dans les croyances religieuses, tout en subissant la greffe paradoxale de l’exigence d’un Etat moderne. La guerre d’indépendance est menée au cri de ralliement au jihad, seul à même de mobiliser un monde rural demeuré dans son système culturel et cultuel originel, malgré les déstructurations diverses subies par l’ordre social traditionnel. L’épreuve de la guerre marque les imaginaires et légitiment les vainqueurs à exercer un pouvoir hégémonique, que la rente du pétrole plus ou moins redistribuée aide à soutenir. Sur fond de luttes urbaines dont l’enjeu est la gestion des espaces de la ville et la libération de l’accès à l’installation urbaine, la société se divise entre celle reliée à la bureaucratie au pouvoir, qui gère le portefeuille foncier et immobilier, et les autres groupes sociaux, exclus des réseaux clientélistes du pouvoir, qui développent un système informel parallèle d’accès au sol par l’urbanisation spontanée. Nous tentons alors un décryptage de l’articulation de ce mouvement d’essence politique qu’est l’islamisme au moment de sa naissance à ces luttes urbaines. C’est l’objet de la deuxième partie. Le passage du mouvement de sa forme politique à une forme de violence extrême nous fait aborder en troisième partie une réflexion sur l’anthropologie de la violence, un décryptage du contexte social et politique qui a favorisé son émergence, une analyse critique de l’islamisme politique et une lecture comparée du rapport de la violence au religieux dans les trois monothéismes…
This thesis is a comprehensive reflection on the violent conflict born in Algiers, which pitted radical Islamists, who hold a new social order in religious foundation, representatives of the Algerian state after the political event was the trigger that 'Case of 1990 elections which gave victory to the Islamists said. Due to the resurgence of religion in its claim to establish a social order, we felt it necessary to begin this reflection during a first part, a historical approach the relationship between religion and politics, and its link the urban order. Algiers Regency Turkish, is a city caught in the turbulent history of conflict between the Muslim and Christian world, including the Mediterranean theater was furrowed by the privateers of all kinds. Algiers occupied by the French is imposed suddenly a new order, the old Medina and his company disappeared from the visual landscape, told to convert or hide, which they did by taking refuge in religious beliefs, while undergoingRegistry paradoxical requirement of a modern state. The war of independence led to a rallying cry for jihad, only able to mobilize the rural system remained in its original cultural and religious, despite the various destructurations suffered by the traditional social order. The ordeal of war marks the imaginary winnings to legitimize dominant power, the surplus oil more or less redistributed helps support. Against the backdrop of urban battles in which the stake is the management areas of the city and the release of access to urban settlement, the company is divided between those connected to the ruling bureaucracy, which manages the property portfolio and real estate and other social groups excluded from the power of patronage networks, which develop a parallel informal system of access to land by the spontaneous urbanization. So we try deciphering the articulation of this movement that is essentially political Islam at its birth in the urban battles.This is the subject of Part Two. The portion of the movement of its political form to a form of extreme violence brings us to the third part a reflection on the anthropology of violence, a decryption of social and political context which has fostered its emergence, a critical analysis of Islamism policy and comparative reading of the report of religious violence in the three monotheistic religions

The thesis is based on data collected during a twenty months period of fieldwork undertaken in Calcutta, India. The main concern is with the effects of processes of urbanisation on middle-class women's lives in a heterogeneous neighbourhood. While focusing on members of the Bengali Hindu majority comparative material drawn from data referring to the Bengali Christian and Marwari communities is incorporated. Initially the socio-economic history of different castes and communities and in particular the Subarnabanik Bene (goldsmiths and sellers of gold) occupational and ritual patterns as well as educational standards are investigated. In the following chapters the effects of socio-economic change on marriage patterns (love- and arranged marriages) and their evaluation as well as various types of marriage transactions undertaken are described and interpreted. In the course of the remaining chapters household structures, women's work in the domestic sphere and female employment as well as redefined concepts relating to segregation and seclusion are analysed. Throughout the thesis various aspects of women's ritual activities, reproductive behaviour and kinship relations are investigated in a rapidly changing urban setting. Within the given context concepts of gender- and community-identity are explored and the influence of long-term and recent economic changes are analysed. Different meanings of phenomena like dowry, seclusion or the joint family and ideologies employed to legitimise the same are described with reference to traditional and modern practice. The domestic sphere identified with women and kinship is interpreted as linked to concepts of status within the urban setting where caste and community affiliation are among a number of defining features of group affiliation such as class and regional origin. Relations between gender and community are explored within the context of the locality and its history. As an overall hypothesis the flexibility and modern content of assumedly traditional concepts and practices is demonstrated.

This thesis explores three topics within the broad area of urban growth and environment in China, city size distribution, city growth pattern and the environment impacts of city growth. The research is firstly motivated by two key stylized facts- the well-known Zipf's law for cities (which states that the number of cities of size greater than S is proportional to 1/S, i.e. the rank of a city is inversely correlated with its size) and Gibrat's law for cities (which states that city growth rate is independent of its size). Thus Chapter 3 and 4 examine the evolution of city size distribution by testing for Zipf’s law and Gibrat’s law in China from 1879 to 2009 (number of cities varies over time). Chapter 5 thereafter investigates the growth pattern of Chinese cities by testing for the sequential city growth (Cuberes, 2009). Given the concern of the environment impacts of city growth, Chapter 6 examines the impact of city size on local air quality using 30 major cities in China from 2003 to 2012.

Cette these a pour objet l'etude d'un bassin minier situe a l'est du departement des bouches-du-rhone entre les agglomerations de marseille et d'aix-en-provence. L'exploitation precoce du gisement de lignite s'est developpee dans la 2eme moitie du xixe siecle, ainsi que des industries de base induites (cimenteries, alumine) au cours du xxeme siecle, une concentration s'est operee vers gardanne, principale ville et pole industriel. A partir des annees 1960, les problemes de conversion precoces ont amene une diversification industrielle. Les reserves minieres sont importantes et le rendement est un des plus eleves d'europe, mais des problemes de commercialisation se posent. Les perspectives du developpement economique presentent des incertitudes. La croissance industrielle a engendre une croissance demographique, avec des vagues d'immigration, et une urbanisation. La croissance demographique et urbaine recente est tres forte. Elle est liee au phenomene de peri-urbanisation, a partir des deux grandes agglomerations de l'aire metropolitaine marseillaise. Cela a evite un deperissement d'une partie du bassin minier, mais lui a fait perdre son originalite. Le bassin minier devient un bassin residentiel. Des amenagements partiels et des groupements de communes lies par une meme communaute de destin, ont ete tentes.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, 2005.
Title from title screen (viewed 13 January 2009) Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy to the School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science. Includes bibliographical references. Also issued in print.

Over 85% of Australia’s population live in urban areas and many turtle populations occur on Australia’s east coast where urban development is particularly concentrated. In the state of NSW, over half of the freshwater coastal wetlands have been highly modified or completely destroyed, and urban freshwater creeks often have only a narrow strip of weedy bushland left along their banks. Even though habitat degradation may result in declines in density and distribution of turtle populations, there are few data on Australian freshwater turtles in urban areas. In addition to extreme habitat alteration, urban waterways are innundated with anthropogenic contaminants from sources including wet weather surface runoff and industrial and sewage discharges. Pollutants can impact all systems of the body with potentially severe effects on reproduction and survival that can result in deterioration of animal populations. Turtles are particularly susceptible to anthropogenic contaminants due to their intimate contact with the aquatic environment, an often high trophic level, their ability to accumulate toxins, and their longevity. For almost all contaminants, the degree of accumulation in and effect on reptile species is unknown. Sublethal effects in field situations are particularly poorly studied and have never been documented in pleurodiran turtles. As a pioneering work in Australian reptile ecotoxicology, this thesis takes a broad approach, but focuses primarily on immunotoxicity and reproductive toxicity – two areas that greatly impact the size and continuance of animal populations. The aim of the thesis is to provide baseline data on haematology, cellular immunology and tissue metal concentrations for freshwater turtles in Sydney – data which were lacking for all Australian turtle species prior to this study. After initial assessment of the distribution and density of freshwater turtles in Sydney, the study examines the potential for Sydney’s turtles as sentinel species for measuring the effects of pollution on haematology, cellular immunity, and parasite loads; and considers the relationships between urban metal pollution and reproductive variables. The relative suitability of non-lethally sampled tissues (blood, carapace, egg) for use in biomonitoring is also assessed. Three species of Australian freshwater turtles were found in the Sydney region, with Chelodina longicollis occurring naturally in the area, and populations of Emydura macquarii and Elseya latisternum likely to have originated from translocated individuals. The North American turtle Trachemys scripta elegans was not encountered during this study despite concerns that it was establishing in the Sydney area. Chelodina longicollis populations were widespread, although poor recruitmment was indicated by low capture rates and comparatively low percentage of juveniles at some sites. Not so widespread, Emydura macquarii was present in much larger numbers than C. longicollis and with a high juvenile component in some areas of southeastern Sydney. I provide information on erythrocyte and leucocyte parameters in C. longicollis over a range of sites, pollution conditions, and seasons. In C. longicollis, numbers of lymphocytes, heterophils and eosinophils varied over sites, but not due to pollution from sewage treatment plant outfalls. There was significant temporal variation in erythrocyte, lymphocyte, eosinophil, heterophil, and basophil number, the heterophil:lymphocyte ratio, and haematocrit, but not consistently among sites. Future studies should ensure simultaneous sampling across sites for comparative purposes. Similarly, turtle populations downstream of sewage treatment plant outfalls showed no consistent difference in number, body condition, blood haemogregarine load, or leech (haemogregarine vector) load from upstream populations. Leech (Helobdella papillornata, with some Placobdella sp.) load and haemogregarine numbers increase dramatically once C. longicollis reach a carapace of 110 mm. The number of leeches on turtles varied across season, year, and site. Turtles with large numbers of leeches had reduced haematocrit, but the presence of leeches had no other correlations with haematological parameters. Haemogregarine numbers did not change across season or year, and were not correlated with haematological variables. The hypothesis that pollutants lead to an increase in normal blood protozoa due to reduced immunity thus was not supported. The concentration of metals in C. longicollis and E. macquarii carapace and in lagoon sediments varied significantly over four urban and four national park sites, but not based on this split. Pollution in periurban areas, such as illegal dumping of toxic wastes and atmospheric deposition of pollutants, means that each site must be classified separately as to degree of metal pollution. There was little or no affect of species, size, sex, or gravidity on metal concentrations in the carapace of adult turtles. Emydura macquarii had higher concentrations of blood Fe than C. longicollis from a different site, but this is possibly due to an increase in haemoglobin resulting from the site’s low aquatic oxygen concentration rather than any increased environmental exposure. Chelid turtles in Sydney do not show much promise as a biomonitoring tool. Carapace analysis is largely discounted as a potential tool for metal biomonitoring due to poor correlations between potentially toxic metals in non-lethally samplable tissues (carapace, claw) and internal organs (liver, kidney) or bone (femur). However, carapace metal concentrations still potentially reflect long-term metal presence or different dietary exposures as evidenced by the significant variation in concentrations over sites. A rare correlation was found for concentrations of aquatic Pb and carapace Pb, and a correlation was also found for concentrations of blood Pb and carapace Pb in E. macquarii. Thus any potential for tissue biomonitoring seems to lie with this highly ecotoxicologically relevant metal. Although two other ecotoxicologically relevent metals, Cu and Se, were significantly higher in egg contents of C. longicollis compared to E. macquarii, these elements are also essential and a lack of baseline values means it is not known if this simply reflects natural taxonomic variation. Ni, a metal of toxicological concern in sea turtles, was not present in egg contents, and only variably present in eggshell. The absence of Pb from eggs, despite its presence in many maternal tissues, suggests that selective metal uptake into eggs may be protective of toxic elements, rather than eggs serving as a maternal method of toxic metal elimination as has been previously suggested. The paucity of toxic metal detection in eggs renders them unlikely tissues for biomonitoring. The maternal tissue or tissues or environmental source from which egg metals originate remains obscure, although a significant negative effect of maternal carapace concentrations of Ca and Mg on eggshell thickness in E. macquarii indicates that there may be mobilisation of Ca and Mg from the carapace for eggshell formation. The only metal whose eggshell concentration correlated with eggshell thickness was Mg, indicating that ecotoxic metals previously associated with eggshell thinning are not problematic in the Sydney chelids. As with North American turtles living at polluted sites, none of the chelid hatchlings were found to have any overt abnormalities. Hatching success was poor and hatching mass low for eggs of both C. longicollis and E. macquarii, although results from natural nests are required to determine whether or not this was an outcome of hormonally-induced oviposition and artificial incubation. It is difficult to interpret metal concentrations found in the soft tissues, calcified tissues, and eggs of chelonians due to the paucity of comparative data, and much more research is required on tissue metal concentrations before patterns will emerge. This especially applies to pleurodires for which no previous information is available. From comparisons with the limited data available for other freshwater turtles, marine turtles, and other aquatic reptiles, it does not appear that Sydney’s turtle populations have unusually high metal concentrations in tissues. Exclusion of toxic metals such as Pb from the egg may also be protective to the developing embryo. An ability to live in polluted habitats, while limiting the accumulation of toxic contaminants, may be one key to their persistence in urban waterways from which other freshwater fauna have disappeared. Reproductive impacts such as low embryo survival and small hatchling weights require more rigorous examination, but may have less effect on these animals which have such naturally high egg and hatchling mortality. Although it was generally hard to demonstrate biochemical, physiological or population impacts of contaminants, C. longicollis from a site with severe sewage pollution did display unusual alterations in a number of haematological variables, body condition, and carapace bone structure. Despite this, the population was large and had a comparatively high ratio of juveniles. Additionally, the adverse haematological alterations appeared reversible. Thus, successful populations in Sydney probably are more dependent on basic ecological needs being met, than on low levels of environmental contaminants. The ongoing persistence of chelid populations in Sydney is likely to be dependent to some extent on their opportunistic diets, which generally make animals less vulnerable to habitat modification and the reduction in prey item diversity following pollution (Mason 1996, Allanson & Georges 1999), with a further benefit possibly bestowed at some sites on E. macquarii by its omnivory.

Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Over 85% of Australia’s population live in urban areas and many turtle populations occur on Australia’s east coast where urban development is particularly concentrated. In the state of NSW, over half of the freshwater coastal wetlands have been highly modified or completely destroyed, and urban freshwater creeks often have only a narrow strip of weedy bushland left along their banks. Even though habitat degradation may result in declines in density and distribution of turtle populations, there are few data on Australian freshwater turtles in urban areas. In addition to extreme habitat alteration, urban waterways are innundated with anthropogenic contaminants from sources including wet weather surface runoff and industrial and sewage discharges. Pollutants can impact all systems of the body with potentially severe effects on reproduction and survival that can result in deterioration of animal populations. Turtles are particularly susceptible to anthropogenic contaminants due to their intimate contact with the aquatic environment, an often high trophic level, their ability to accumulate toxins, and their longevity. For almost all contaminants, the degree of accumulation in and effect on reptile species is unknown. Sublethal effects in field situations are particularly poorly studied and have never been documented in pleurodiran turtles. As a pioneering work in Australian reptile ecotoxicology, this thesis takes a broad approach, but focuses primarily on immunotoxicity and reproductive toxicity – two areas that greatly impact the size and continuance of animal populations. The aim of the thesis is to provide baseline data on haematology, cellular immunology and tissue metal concentrations for freshwater turtles in Sydney – data which were lacking for all Australian turtle species prior to this study. After initial assessment of the distribution and density of freshwater turtles in Sydney, the study examines the potential for Sydney’s turtles as sentinel species for measuring the effects of pollution on haematology, cellular immunity, and parasite loads; and considers the relationships between urban metal pollution and reproductive variables. The relative suitability of non-lethally sampled tissues (blood, carapace, egg) for use in biomonitoring is also assessed. Three species of Australian freshwater turtles were found in the Sydney region, with Chelodina longicollis occurring naturally in the area, and populations of Emydura macquarii and Elseya latisternum likely to have originated from translocated individuals. The North American turtle Trachemys scripta elegans was not encountered during this study despite concerns that it was establishing in the Sydney area. Chelodina longicollis populations were widespread, although poor recruitmment was indicated by low capture rates and comparatively low percentage of juveniles at some sites. Not so widespread, Emydura macquarii was present in much larger numbers than C. longicollis and with a high juvenile component in some areas of southeastern Sydney. I provide information on erythrocyte and leucocyte parameters in C. longicollis over a range of sites, pollution conditions, and seasons. In C. longicollis, numbers of lymphocytes, heterophils and eosinophils varied over sites, but not due to pollution from sewage treatment plant outfalls. There was significant temporal variation in erythrocyte, lymphocyte, eosinophil, heterophil, and basophil number, the heterophil:lymphocyte ratio, and haematocrit, but not consistently among sites. Future studies should ensure simultaneous sampling across sites for comparative purposes. Similarly, turtle populations downstream of sewage treatment plant outfalls showed no consistent difference in number, body condition, blood haemogregarine load, or leech (haemogregarine vector) load from upstream populations. Leech (Helobdella papillornata, with some Placobdella sp.) load and haemogregarine numbers increase dramatically once C. longicollis reach a carapace of 110 mm. The number of leeches on turtles varied across season, year, and site. Turtles with large numbers of leeches had reduced haematocrit, but the presence of leeches had no other correlations with haematological parameters. Haemogregarine numbers did not change across season or year, and were not correlated with haematological variables. The hypothesis that pollutants lead to an increase in normal blood protozoa due to reduced immunity thus was not supported. The concentration of metals in C. longicollis and E. macquarii carapace and in lagoon sediments varied significantly over four urban and four national park sites, but not based on this split. Pollution in periurban areas, such as illegal dumping of toxic wastes and atmospheric deposition of pollutants, means that each site must be classified separately as to degree of metal pollution. There was little or no affect of species, size, sex, or gravidity on metal concentrations in the carapace of adult turtles. Emydura macquarii had higher concentrations of blood Fe than C. longicollis from a different site, but this is possibly due to an increase in haemoglobin resulting from the site’s low aquatic oxygen concentration rather than any increased environmental exposure. Chelid turtles in Sydney do not show much promise as a biomonitoring tool. Carapace analysis is largely discounted as a potential tool for metal biomonitoring due to poor correlations between potentially toxic metals in non-lethally samplable tissues (carapace, claw) and internal organs (liver, kidney) or bone (femur). However, carapace metal concentrations still potentially reflect long-term metal presence or different dietary exposures as evidenced by the significant variation in concentrations over sites. A rare correlation was found for concentrations of aquatic Pb and carapace Pb, and a correlation was also found for concentrations of blood Pb and carapace Pb in E. macquarii. Thus any potential for tissue biomonitoring seems to lie with this highly ecotoxicologically relevant metal. Although two other ecotoxicologically relevent metals, Cu and Se, were significantly higher in egg contents of C. longicollis compared to E. macquarii, these elements are also essential and a lack of baseline values means it is not known if this simply reflects natural taxonomic variation. Ni, a metal of toxicological concern in sea turtles, was not present in egg contents, and only variably present in eggshell. The absence of Pb from eggs, despite its presence in many maternal tissues, suggests that selective metal uptake into eggs may be protective of toxic elements, rather than eggs serving as a maternal method of toxic metal elimination as has been previously suggested. The paucity of toxic metal detection in eggs renders them unlikely tissues for biomonitoring. The maternal tissue or tissues or environmental source from which egg metals originate remains obscure, although a significant negative effect of maternal carapace concentrations of Ca and Mg on eggshell thickness in E. macquarii indicates that there may be mobilisation of Ca and Mg from the carapace for eggshell formation. The only metal whose eggshell concentration correlated with eggshell thickness was Mg, indicating that ecotoxic metals previously associated with eggshell thinning are not problematic in the Sydney chelids. As with North American turtles living at polluted sites, none of the chelid hatchlings were found to have any overt abnormalities. Hatching success was poor and hatching mass low for eggs of both C. longicollis and E. macquarii, although results from natural nests are required to determine whether or not this was an outcome of hormonally-induced oviposition and artificial incubation. It is difficult to interpret metal concentrations found in the soft tissues, calcified tissues, and eggs of chelonians due to the paucity of comparative data, and much more research is required on tissue metal concentrations before patterns will emerge. This especially applies to pleurodires for which no previous information is available. From comparisons with the limited data available for other freshwater turtles, marine turtles, and other aquatic reptiles, it does not appear that Sydney’s turtle populations have unusually high metal concentrations in tissues. Exclusion of toxic metals such as Pb from the egg may also be protective to the developing embryo. An ability to live in polluted habitats, while limiting the accumulation of toxic contaminants, may be one key to their persistence in urban waterways from which other freshwater fauna have disappeared. Reproductive impacts such as low embryo survival and small hatchling weights require more rigorous examination, but may have less effect on these animals which have such naturally high egg and hatchling mortality. Although it was generally hard to demonstrate biochemical, physiological or population impacts of contaminants, C. longicollis from a site with severe sewage pollution did display unusual alterations in a number of haematological variables, body condition, and carapace bone structure. Despite this, the population was large and had a comparatively high ratio of juveniles. Additionally, the adverse haematological alterations appeared reversible. Thus, successful populations in Sydney probably are more dependent on basic ecological needs being met, than on low levels of environmental contaminants. The ongoing persistence of chelid populations in Sydney is likely to be dependent to some extent on their opportunistic diets, which generally make animals less vulnerable to habitat modification and the reduction in prey item diversity following pollution (Mason 1996, Allanson & Georges 1999), with a further benefit possibly bestowed at some sites on E. macquarii by its omnivory.

Yes
Abstract: The aim of this paper is to examine the alleged association between urbanisation and violence and to take some preliminary steps towards an exploration of the role of trust in improving urban governance and thus reduce violence. In this paper, violence is interpreted broadly to include both active or direct violence but also passive and social violence in terms of lack of voice, and as a symptom of governance failure. The paper includes a cross section analysis based on data for some 123 countries and an in-depth case study of India. I will also examine what may be termed as the Kerala-Bihar paradox. Kerala is well-known for its achievements in human development and according to India human development report of 2001, Kerala is ranked 1 on human development indicators while Bihar is among the states lagging behind in terms of human development. However, state level analysis of crime suggests that Kerala is more criminalised than Bihar. In examining this paradox, some inferences are drawn on the role of trust in improving accountable governance and how this may result in reducing violent crime. Some issues for further research are identified.