Academic literature on the topic 'Urbanisation – Chili'

BackgroundLittle attention has been paid to how the association between urbanisation and abdominal adiposity changes over the course of economic development in low-income and middle-income countries.MethodsData came from the China Health and Nutrition Survey waves 1993–2011 (seven waves). A mixed linear model was used to investigate the association between community-level urbanisation with waist-to-height ratio (WHtR; an indicator of abdominal adiposity). We incorporated interaction terms between urbanisation and study waves to understand how the association changed over time. The analyses were stratified by age (children vs adults).ResultsAdult WHtR was positively associated with urbanisation in earlier waves but became inversely associated over time. More specifically, a 1 SD increase in the urbanisation index was associated with higher WHtR by 0.002 and 0.005 in waves 1993 and 1997, while it was associated with lower WHtR by 0.001 in 2011. Among child participants, the increase in WHtR over time was predominantly observed in more urbanised communities.ConclusionOur study suggests a shift in adult abdominal adiposity from more urbanised communities to less urbanised communities over a time of rapid economic development in China. Children living in more urbanised communities had higher increase in abdominal obesity with urbanisation over time relative to children living in less urbanised communities.

AbstractObjective:The aim of this study was an assessment of the effects of urbanisation level, family size and parental education on body mass index (BMI) and mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) among Polish schoolchildren in cross-sectional surveys conducted between 1966 and 2012.Design:The analysis involved schoolchildren measured in four Polish Anthropological Surveys (1966, 1978, 1988 and 2012). Socio-economic factors involved: urbanisation level (city, town and village), family size (one child, two children, three children, four or more children), and father’s and mother’s education (lower and higher education).Setting:Regions in Poland – cities: Warsaw, Lodz and Wroclaw; towns: Bystrzyca Klodzka, Pinczow, Siemiatycze, Wolsztyn and their rural surroundings.Participants:A total sample consisted of 63 757 children (31 774 boys and 31 983 girls) aged 7–18 years.Results:Between 1966 and 1988, both BMI and MUAC had significantly higher values in children from cities, in families with one child and with higher parental education (P < 0·05). However, MUAC revealed significant differences between particular socio-economic groups more frequently than BMI. In 2012, urbanisation level and parental education ceased to show a differentiating effect on both indicators, while family size remained a significant social factor for both measures (BMI: P < 0·05; MUAC: P < 0·01).Conclusions:Since MUAC reflected socio-economic differences more frequently than BMI, it could be a more sensitive and reliable anthropometric measure revealing the effects of socio-economic factors on children’s nutritional status.

Within a rapidly urbanising world, many governments, particularly those in developing nations, will struggle over the next 30 years to support children. There were many key issues and challenges for children in cities identified over a decade ago as countries embarked on the task of addressing and monitoring progress through the Millennium Development Goals (mdgs). But as the 15-year time frame of the mdgs draws near and urbanisation swells and sets to increase significantly in those countries with the least capacity to manage it, it is the post-2015 agenda that is now the key talking point for many un agencies. This article supports and argues, along with others, that the rights and needs of the most vulnerable children and their communities should be central to the post-2015 sustainable development goals (sdgs) and unicef through its urban programmes such as child friendly cities initiative (cfci) has a significant role to play in addressing both the crisis of urbanisation and children’s rights. This article concludes by identifying four key areas where unicef’s cfci has the potential to contribute to the planetary challenges ahead.

Abstract China’s rapid rural-urban migration and population ageing are posing significant challenges to traditional patterns of intergenerational familial support. To tackle population ageing, China’s one-child policy has been replaced by a two-child policy, subsequently a three-child policy. With limited institutional childcare facilities in place, ageing grandparents from rural areas often move to the cities where their adult migrant children settle to provide care for grandchildren. This group of older, rural people are largely marginalised and are invisible on the current research and policy agenda. This ongoing study, conducted in the Yangtze River delta urban area — one of the most developed, crowded, and the largest migrant-receiving urban regions in China — aims to uncover their experiences during the process of migration and adaptation, and establish the way in which this arrangement of grandparenting has impacted their everyday lives and well-being. Three compelling themes emerged at this stage: 1) intensified caring responsibilities imposed on older women largely owing to patriarchy; 2) intersection of old age, being women and exclusion of social welfare due to having a rural origin contribute to poor well-being; 3) the feeling of a lack of balance in terms of family exchange over the life course is not uncommon. It is possible that urbanisation will reinforce vulnerability and marginalisation of and exacerbate social exclusion of older women from rural origin. This project will form an important evidence base to tackle issues such as social exclusion of disadvantaged communities in China against the backdrop of rapid population ageing and urbanisation.

In a world threatened by increasing perceived corruption, its effects upon the health of nations have been scarcely studied, in spite of the tremendous importance sustained health has held on the European agenda. The purpose of this paper is to determine the impact of corruption upon health outcomes within an environmental performant and urbanised setting. The determinants of health outcomes measured as wellbeing, life expectancy and under-5 child mortality rate are estimated on an unbalanced panel data set covering the 2005–2020-time interval for the 27 member states of the European Union. The resulting econometric models validate the significance of corruption, environmental performance and urbanisation upon health outcomes: subjectively perceived corruption hampers the development of nations’ health while a clean environment with an increasing tendency of urbanisation has a positive impact upon the health outcomes of European nations. This study also sketches important policy implications for improving the health status of European countries.

IntroductionIndia is home to 20% of the world’s children and yet, little is known on the magnitude and trends of child maltreatment nationwide. The aims of this review are to provide a prevalence of child maltreatment in India with considerations for any effects of gender; urbanisation (eg, urban vs rural) and legislation (Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act 2012).Methods and analysisA rapid review will be undertaken of all quantitative peer-reviewed studies on child maltreatment in India between 2005 and 2020. Four electronic databases will be systematically searched: PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane and PsychInfo. The primary outcomes will include all aspects of child maltreatment: physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional abuse, emotional neglect and physical neglect. Study participants will be between 0 and 18 years and will have reported maltreatment experiences using validated, reliable tools such as the Adverse Childhood Experiences Questionnaire as well as child self-reports and clinician reports. Study selection will follow the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines, and the methodological appraisal of the studies will be assessed by the Newcastle-Ottawa Quality assessment scale. A narrative synthesis will be conducted for all included studies. Also, if sufficient data are available, a meta-analysis will be conducted. Effect sizes will be determined from random-effects models stratified by gender, urbanisation and the pre-2012 and post-2012 POCSO Act cut-off. I2 statistics will be used to assess heterogeneity and identify their potential sources and τ2 statistics will indicate any between-study variance.Ethics and disseminationAs this is a rapid review, minimal ethical risks are expected. The protocol and level 1 self-audit checklist were submitted and approved by the Usher Research Ethics Group panel in the Usher Institute (School of Medicine and Veterinary Sciences) at the University of Edinburgh (Reference B126255). Findings from this review will be disseminated widely through peer-reviewed publications and in various media, for example, conferences, congresses or symposia.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42019150403.

BackgroundExposure to atmospheric pollutants is a danger for the health of pregnant mother and children. Our objective was to identify individual (socioeconomic and behavioural) and contextual factors associated with atmospheric pollution pregnancy exposure at the nationwide level.MethodAmong 14 921 women from the French nationwide ELFE (French Longitudinal Study of Children) mother-child cohort recruited in 2011, outdoor exposure levels of PM2.5, PM10 (particulate matter <2.5 µm and <10 µm in diameter) and NO2 (nitrogen dioxide) were estimated at the pregnancy home address from a dispersion model with 1 km resolution. We used classification and regression trees (CART) and linear regression to characterise the association of atmospheric pollutants with individual (maternal age, body mass index, parity, education level, relationship status, smoking status) and contextual (European Deprivation Index, urbanisation level) factors.ResultsPatterns of associations were globally similar across pollutants. For the CART approach, the highest tertile of exposure included mainly women not in a relationship living in urban and socially deprived areas, with lower education level. Linear regression models identified different determinants of atmospheric pollutants exposure according to the residential urbanisation level. In urban areas, atmospheric pollutants exposure increased with social deprivation, while in rural areas a U-shaped relationship was observed.ConclusionWe highlighted social inequalities in atmospheric pollutants exposure according to contextual characteristics such as urbanisation level and social deprivation and also according to individual characteristics such as education, being in a relationship and smoking status. In French urban areas, pregnant women from the most deprived neighbourhoods were those most exposed to health-threatening atmospheric pollutants.

As a result of industrialisation, urbanisation, and mass migrations, the problem of homeless and abandoned children emerged in urban centres. Identified by some as dangerous and threatening to the existing social order, solutions to rescue or control the children were sought, including placing-out through forced migration and immigration programs, with no plan or intention of family reunification. This article examines two experimental programs that took the form of forced migration/immigration between the mid-1800s and mid-1900s – the “Orphan Trains” in the United States and the British “Child Migrant Programme”. The dire consequences of these programs gained public attention and had a profound impact on the development of the global emerging child welfare movement and concerns for the rights of children.

SummaryPostpartum sexual abstinence may be a major determinant of fertility and of maternal and child health in sub-Saharan Africa. This study examines the relationship between ethnicity and abstinence using data from the 1988 Ghana Demographic and Health Survey. There is considerable diversity in the length of abstinence although only for one ethnic group, the Mole-Dagbani and other Ghanaians, is abstinence, both actual and ideal, very long. Respondents in most ethnic groups believe their abstinence to be adequate. A key motivation for abstinence is the unwillingness to have sexual intercourse with nursing mothers. Education, urbanisation, changes in marriage patterns and religious traditions are major factors shaping the ethnic differentials in abstinence. In comparison to breast-feeding, abstinence appears to have relatively little impact on the length of the birth interval and, for Ghana, has relatively few implications for fertility and child health.

This study has examined the impact of political instability on child labour on the panel of 53 developing economies. To conduct this analysis, this study has applied GMM (generalized method of moments) techniques to the panel data of child labour (dependent variable) and political instability urbanisation, inflation, gross domestic product, and trade (independent variables) from 2000 to 2015. In addition, it has conducted the disaggregated analysis, which is based on the level of income in developing economies. This study has concluded that political instability has a positive impact on child labour in developing countries. Child labour is positively related to inflation and trade, negatively associated with economic growth rate and urbanization. According to disaggregated analysis, political instability also positively affects child labour in low-income and high-income countries. Still, trade has a positive impact on high-income countries and a negative impact on low-income countries. In addition, control variables and child labour in the primary model and disaggregate analysis have the same relationships. Empirical results of this study suggest that political instability plays a critical role in increasing child labour in developing countries and has indicated that the government of developing countries should pay particular attention to political instability. Child labour can be reduced by taking good steps toward controlling political instability.

Cette thèse étudie la relation historique et contemporaine entre exploitation minière, migrations et urbanisation dans les villes portuaires d'Iquique et d'Arica, situées respectivement dans les régions chiliennes de Tarapacá et Arica. L'étude porte sur la période allant de 1885 à nos jours, dans un contexte marqué par le développement de deux grands cycles miniers, du salpêtre et du cuivre. La situation géographique particulière d'Iquique et d'Arica, ainsi que le développement d'importantes infrastructures portuaires en font des villes privilégiées pour observer les nouvelles formes de croissance urbaine et les migrations, associées à l'exploitation minière, ainsi que les défis qu'elles impliquent, depuis la complexité des flux migratoires internes et internationaux qu'elle entraîne à la coexistence conflictuelle que suppose une vie urbaine hétérogène. Cependant, les études traditionnelles sur ces villes ont eut surtout un caractère historique, se concentrant particulièrement sur le cycle minier dit du salpêtre (1885-1930) et négligeant, en retour, leurs trajectoires contemporaines. Ainsi, cette thèse propose une analyse actualisée et comparative, en accordant une attention particulière aux processus contemporains. En effet, les processus migratoires et urbains liés à l'exploitation minière donnent lieu à une "nouvelle ville minière" qu'il s'agit de comprendre. Les objectifs spécifiques de cette recherche consistent à identifier, analyser et caractériser les processus migratoires et d'urbanisation, historiquement et actuellement associés aux activités minières à Iquique et Arica. La recherche s'appuie sur une méthodologie qualitative, à travers l'observation participante, des histoires de vies et des entretiens sémi-structurés, réalisés au cours de cinq ans de terrains (2016-2021), parmi les mineurs, leurs familles et leur environnement. L'analyse s'appuie sur les formes de commutation minière, des réseaux de parenté et les type de conflits identifiés. La démonstration permet de comprendre ces nouvelles spatialités minières partant de l'imbrication entre communation et parenté dans les trajectoires des mineurs, dans deux contextes conflictuels distincts marqué, à Iquique par le passage de l'ancienne vielle du salpêtre à la nouvelle ville du cuivre, et à Arica, par la transition entre une ville traditionnellement agricole à une ville minière mondialisée. L'interprétation générale fait apparaître les notions de "géoanthropologie”, basé sur la complémentarité des perspectives géographiques et anthropologiques, et de "ethnographie télescopique”, basé sur un regard prospectif/rétrospectif des réalités sociales
This thesis comparatively investigates the historical and contemporary relationship between mining, migration, and urbanization in the port cities of Iquique and Arica, respectively located in the Chilean regions of Tarapacá and Arica and Parinacota. Delimiting the study of this object from 1885 to the present, in a context framed by the development of two main mining cycles, -saltpeter and copper-, this research is especially important in both practical and theoretical senses.This importance is linked to the particular geographical location of Iquique and Arica, as well as to the port infrastructures and mining circulations that they represent there, making them privileged cities to understand the object in such a precise context. Especially in aspects associated with the variable forms of urban growth, and human displacement, associated with mining, such as the challenges it implies. From the complexity of internal and international migratory flows that it entails, to the conflictive coexistence that a heterogeneous urban life supposes.However, traditional studies of the object have been emphatically historical, concentrating especially on the so-called saltpeter mining cycle (1885-1930). Neglecting, in return, the contemporary qualities of all its edges. On the other hand, this thesis proposes an updated and comparative analysis of the aforementioned object, paying special attention to its new qualities in the ports of Iquique and Arica. Revealing new migratory and urban processes associated with mining, and allowing visibility of the emergence of a new mining city in northern Chile.Therefore, the specific objectives of this research consist of identifying, analyzing, and characterizing migratory and urbanization processes, historically and contemporaneously associated with mining activities in Iquique and Arica. These objectives are met through a qualitative methodology, supported by the application of participant observations and 26 semi-structured ethnographic interviews with a biographical format. Applied during a five-year fieldwork (2016-2021), these techniques were aimed at mining workers, their families and environments. Thus, the empirical record of the object studied is carried out in three specific areas. These areas are the mining commutation, the kinship of mining workers, and the conflicts associated with the object, since they synthesize transformations of great interest.This interest is linked to the results obtained by this research. These results consist of the recognition of new spatial productions associated with mining, articulated through commutations and mining kinships, in a context of contingent urban conflicts in Iquique and Arica. In Iquique, it entails a contrast between saltpeter past and copper present. In Arica, contrast between agricultural-border past and mining present.An original theoretical and methodological analysis is built for this thesis. The first is called "geoanthropological", due to the complementation between geographical and anthropological perspectives that it supposes. The second “telescopic” ethnography, due to the simultaneously prospective/retrospective record that it demands. The category "populate" is proposed to name the daily practices of the object
Esta tesis investiga comparativamente la relación histórica y contemporánea entre minería, migración y urbanización en las urbes portuarias de Iquique y de Arica, respectivamente ubicadas en las regiones chilenas de Tarapacá y Arica y Parinacota. Delimitando el estudio de este objeto desde 1885 hasta la actualidad, en un contexto enmarcado por el desarrollo de dos ciclos mineros principales, -del salitre y el cobre-, la presente investigación guarda especial importancia en sentidos prácticos y teóricos. Esta importancia se vincula con la particular ubicación geográfica de Iquique y Arica, como con las infraestructuras portuarias y circulaciones mineras que allí representan, convirtiéndoles en urbes privilegiadas para atender el objeto en tal preciso contexto. Sobre todo en aspectos asociados con las variables formas de crecimiento urbano, y desplazamiento humano, asociados con la minería, como los desafíos que implica. Desde la complejización de flujos migratorios internos e internacionales que conlleva, hasta las convivencias conflictivas que así supone una vida urbana heterogeneizada. Sin embargo, los estudios tradicionales del objeto han sido enfáticamente históricos, concentrándose especialmente en el así llamado ciclo minero salitrero (1885-1930). Desatendiéndose, en contrapartida, las cualidades contemporáneas de todas sus aristas. En cambio, esta tesis propone un análisis actualizado y comparativo del objeto dicho, atendiendo especialmente sus nuevas cualidades en los puertos de Iquique y Arica. Relevando nuevos procesos migratorios y urbanos asociados en ellos a la minería, y permitiendo visibilizar la emergencia de una nueva ciudad minera en el norte chileno. Por ello, los objetivos específicos de esta investigación consisten en identificar, analizar, y caracterizar, procesos migratorios, y de urbanización, asociados histórica y contemporáneamente en Iquique y Arica con actividades mineras. Estos objetivos son cumplidos mediante una metodología cualitativa, sostenida en la aplicación de observaciones participantes y 26 entrevistas etnográficas semi-estructuradas con formato biográfico. Aplicadas durante un trabajo de campo de cinco años (2016-2021), dichas técnicas estuvieron dirigidas a trabajadores mineros, sus familias y entornos. Así, el registro empírico del objeto estudiado se realiza en tres ámbitos concretos. Estos ámbitos son la conmutación minera, el parentesco de trabajadores mineros, y las conflictividades asociadas al objeto, pues sintetizan transformaciones de gran interés. Este interés se vincula con los propios resultados que obtiene la presente investigación. Estos resultados consisten en el reconocimiento de nuevas producciones espaciales asociadas con la minería, articuladas mediante conmutaciones y parentescos mineros, en un contexto de contingentes conflictividades urbanas en Iquique y Arica por igual. En Iquique, conlleva contraposición entre su pasado salitrero y su presente cuprífero. En Arica, contraposición entre su pasado agrícola-fronterizo y su presente minero. Se construye un análisis teórico y metodológico original para investigar el objeto y su historicidad. El primero es llamado “geoantropológico”, por la complementación entre perspectivas geográficas y antropológicas que supone. El segundo etnografía “telescópica”, por el registro simultáneamente prospectivo/retrospectivo que demanda. Se propone la categoría “poblar” para denominar a las prácticas cotidianas del objeto

Urban enclaves - private and gated developments for elitist groups - are a worldwide spread mode of colonisation of the peri-urban and countryside of metropolitan areas, in a context of cities under capitalist globalisation and urban neoliberalisation. At the same time, environmental concerns and environmentalism are acknowledged as increasingly relevant drivers of change in urban planning and urbanism worldwide, as a myriad of public and private initiatives of urban sustainability and urban greening are reported in cities worldwide. This thesis examines the intertwining of neoliberal urbanism and urban greening in the urban enclaves that sprouted in Santiago de Chile in the late 1990s, amidst the political tensions of the period of political transition to democracy and the debates over the continuity or dismissal of Pinochet's neoliberal legacy for the urban policies. Although many studies have focused on the Chilean neoliberal experiment, the role of environmentalism and environmental discourses in the reforms to urban growth policies in Santiago in the postdictatorial period remains unexplored. And, despite the debates over social inequality triggered by their rise, the environmental transformation that the new urban enclaves have produced and their role in the production of environmental inequality have not been substantially addressed. This study analyses the linkages between neoliberal urbanism and urban greening in the making, maintaining and living of urban enclaves in Chicureo, in Santiago's metropolitan countryside. Anchored on Urban Political Ecology proposals, this research examines the role of a new urban metabolism of material flows and subjectivity driven by the urban enclaves in the production of a new socio-nature in Chicureo. The findings suggest that the assemblage of innovations in neoliberal planning, market environmentalism and elitist utopianism is generating green enclaves that reproduce social privilege and environmental inequality. Nevertheless, tensions and conflicts account for possibilities of alternative directions in Chicureo's development.

China, like India, has experienced rapid demographic change in recent decades. Combined with the dramatic economic growth which started with the introduction of market-orientated economic reforms from the late 1970s, demographic change has had enormous impacts on Chinese society, marriage, family relations and family building. This paper starts with a general overview of the ‘planks’ of this demographic change: rising life expectancy and lowered fertility, the distorted child sex ratio, and migration and urbanisation. It then moves on to a discussion of some of the consequences of these changes focusing on marriage, the shortage of brides and marriage finance; the implications of lowered fertility for women; and population aging and its challenge to the intergenerational contract. Marriage migration is discussed both in the context of the shortage of brides, and as one of the changes especially affecting women.

Many single interventions are available to enhance access to and quality of maternal health services but none alone can significantly reduce the rate of maternal mortality in a population. Factors such as rapid urbanisation, political unrest, changes in fertility rates, or growing numbers of institutional births, change the scenario of maternal risk and call for reappraisal of a country’s maternal health strategy and programme priorities. Strategies to improve maternal health, such as the Global Strategy for Women’s and Children’s Health, act as a roadmap to ensure that every woman and her newborn survive. It is vital to consider both the whole reproductive, maternal, neonatal, child, and adolescent health continuum of care, and all levels of healthcare, from community to tertiary settings to improve maternal health. Furthermore, women must be empowered to take decisions about their own health and access to quality healthcare services must be improved.

This proposition presents a design and artistic research focused on the soil that aims to generate active and poetic forms of reflection around the fragile interdependence of human and non-human lives in an increasingly precarious urban environment, emphasised by the current ecological crisis. In order to engage in such reflections, this practice-oriented research —led by designers, architects, artists and educators— collects relational modes of material interdependence in the region of Valparaíso, Chile, by exploring veins and clay pits for pottery making that are relevant and known by artisans and artists of this area. These spaces are threatened by the increasingly precarious environmental conditions that are exacerbated by the monoculture of the land, the reconstitution of the soil by massive urbanisation projects, and the inaccessibility to clay pits due to the replacement of the commons by the privatisation and exploitation of the land. These urban conflicts generate deterritorialisation that contrasts with the significant relevance and values that these spaces hold for artists, artisans, and other groups, that promote their protection and the respectful interaction with the soil. Against this background, this practice-oriented research explores and expects to make visible the transformation of these lands by following the uses of the soil, identifying conflicts and values that emerge around these extraction sites through immersive sensitive experiences. These immersions into different clay pits consist of walking around, observing the ground, sensing the space, collecting clay from the soil together, sensing and manipulating the material to explore its properties. Thus, by examining the materials, voices and artistic expressions —in the form of poems, sound compositions, images, drawings, photos, cartographies and clay objects— co-produced during four immersions into diverse veins of the Valparaíso Region, we expect to bring back to the fore alternative modes of reflexivity around these sites. This sum of collective experiences for exploration and creation in the veins and clay pits of Valparaíso serves to trace other relational ways of inhabiting, valuing and working with the soil. Therefore, we envisage this practice-oriented research project as a poetic alternative to critically question the modern technocratic logics of urbanisation that operate in the region through the commodification and overexploitation of the land.

After the pacification of La Frontera, the military forts were the starting point for the new towns in Araucanía. These places were populated as a function of the provision of sites together with the implementation of communication and urbanisation routes provided by the Chilean state. The gradual industrial and agricultural development associated with these first cities of Araucanía, together with the increase in population, led to the occupation of the areas immediately surrounding the original layout of the town. After the analysis of the first plans drawn up for the cities of Temuco and Nueva Imperial, we recognise the framework of a city project that defines and anticipates its form. In this sense, the cartography is analysed as a source of the project, from which the necessary actions for urban development are materialised. Keywords: historical cartographies, Araucanía, Temuco, Nueva Imperial Tras la pacificación de La Frontera, los fuertes militares fueron el punto de inicio de las nuevas ciudades de la Araucanía. Estos lugares se fueron poblando en función de la entrega de sitios junto a la implementación de vías de comunicación y urbanización provistas por el Estado chileno. El paulatino desarrollo industrial y agrícola asociado a estas primeras ciudades de la Araucanía, sumado al incremento de la población, dio curso a la ocupación de las áreas inmediatas al trazado original de la población. Tras los análisis de los primeros planos levantados para las ciudades de Temuco y Nueva Imperial, se reconoce el entramado de un proyecto de ciudad que define y anticipa la forma de esta, En este sentido la cartografía es analizada como fuente de proyecto, desde el cual se materializaran las acciones necesarias para el desarrollo urbano. Palabras clave: cartografía histórica, Araucanía, Temuco, Nueva Imperial

While the worst forms of child labour (WFCL) is not only an urban phenomenon, evidence suggests that WFCL emerges in cities in unique ways due to the complex structures and dynamics of urban systems. This report, therefore, develops a conceptual framework for WFCL in cities that integrates key understandings of urban systems and evidence about urban WFCL. This report reviews current literature on the complex systemic nature of cities – drawing on literature on the urban land nexus, urban complexity, informality, and inclusive urbanisation. It also reviews studies of child labour (focusing on the worst forms, where possible) in urban contexts. In this way, the report offers an innovative way of understanding the challenge of WFCL, and outlines the premises of a research agenda for responding to WFCL in cities. These contributions are made with the specific cities and neighbourhoods in mind where the CLARISSA programme is being implemented; however, they should be useful more generally.

Due to strong filial piety, parents(-in-law) play an important role in their adult daughters’ fertility decisions in Vietnam; women feel pressured to fulfil their duties to produce a male descendant for the family. However, rapid urbanisation and industrialisation mean that multigenerational households are becoming less common, despite having been the standard household structure for centuries. Based on the 2020–21 Vietnam Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey, we investigate if women who coreside with the parental generation are more likely to desire additional children. In an industrialised economy, grandparents may be an important source of childcare while simultaneously exerting pressure on their adult children to have additional children. Further, we explore the association of the sex of previous child(ren) to capture the pressure associated with son preference. Multivariate regressions reveal an association between coresiding with parents and the desire for a second child, regardless of the sex of the first child. Among women with two children, third-child desires do not appear to be associated with coresiding with parents but are substantially related to having two daughters. Given the strong two-child norm in Vietnam and previous policies implying negative consequences for parents with three or more children, few women show a desire for a third child. Those women who report a desire for a third child mostly have two daughters, reflecting societal norms about the need for a male heir.