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Devi, K., and Gautam Roy. "Child labour and its relationship to Body Mass Index (BMI), school attendance and academic marks." Journal of Nutrition Research 1, no. 1 (December 15, 2013): 14–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.55289/jnutres/v1i1.4.
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To determine the relationship between work and the BMI, average attendance and marks obtained by school children in rural and urban areas of Pondicherry. A cross-sectional study was carried out in the schools situated in the service areas of Jawaharlal Institute Rural Health Center (JIRHC) and Jawaharlal Institute Urban Health Center (JIUHC) of JIPMER, Pondicherry. In all the classes studied, working children in the urban area scored slightly lower marks. In the urban area the average attendance at school among the working children was found to be slightly, but not significantly, lower compared to the non-working children. In rural areas compared to the non-working children, the average BMI of the working children was slightly lower in classes VIII and IX. The average BMI of the working children in the urban area was slightly lower in all the classes compared to the not working children. Key words: Child labour, Body mass index, school attendance, Academic marks, Pondicherry
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Nugraha, Achmad T., Priyo M. Waskito, Ahmadriswan Nasution, and Gunawan Prayitno. "The Determinants of Working Children in Urban and Rural Indonesia in 2019." Paspalum: Jurnal Ilmiah Pertanian 10, no. 1 (March 30, 2022): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.35138/paspalum.v10i1.374.
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This study aims to examine the determinants of working children based on individual and environmental factors in urban and rural areas. The study draws on secondary data from various sources, including the March 2019 National Socio-Economic Survey (Susenas), the Indonesia Poverty Profile 2019, the Indonesian Education Statistics 2019, and the Indonesian Child Profile 2020. A multilevel binary logistic regression model was used as the analytical method. According to the study's findings, children have a greater proclivity to work in rural areas than in urban areas. The study's findings also show that children who smoke have a higher proclivity in both urban and rural areas. Further research indicates that individual factors, such as household size as measured by the number of household members, have a more significant influence on the determinants of children working in urban areas. Meanwhile, environmental factors significantly influence the determinants of children working in rural areas, precisely the percentage of children working in the informal sector and the school participation rate of 13-15 years old. The findings show that the determinants of working children in urban and rural areas are similar on an individual level but differ on an environmental level. Based on these findings, the government and related parties must encourage the reduction of smoking behavior in children in urban and rural areas to reduce the number of working children. Accelerating the decline in working children, particularly in rural areas, can increase school participation through improved educational quality and facilities.
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Nuwayhid, I. A. "Health of children working in small urban industrial shops." Occupational and Environmental Medicine 62, no. 2 (February 1, 2005): 86–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oem.2004.015503.
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Lutz, Amy, and Dalia Abdelhady. "Working–Class Children of Mexican Immigrants in Dallas, Texas." City & Community 19, no. 2 (June 2020): 310–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cico.12497.
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Desta, Chalachew Getahun. "Do young children prohibit mothers from working? A study in the Amhara Region, Ethiopia." International Journal of Population Studies 3, no. 2 (December 8, 2017): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.18063/ijps.v3i2.208.
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Theoretical work relating economic effect of children suggests that labor market participation decreases for mothers with large number of young children and increases when children are adults. The majority of empirical studies find results consistent with this expectation, but there are some studies which fail to confirm this theoretical prediction for the developing countries. This paper used data from a household survey of rural and urban married women to test the theoretical prediction that labor market participation decreases for mothers with large number of young children and increases when children are adults. Results show that when all households are considered, children seem to have positive effects on the probability of the mother’s work participation. However, when household lifecycle and rural-urban location differences are considered, coefficients are negative (but not statistically insignificant) for urban households with large number of young children and positive (and statistically significant) for those households with more adult children; whereas for rural households, these coefficient signs are reversed. Results from the quantitative data combined with qualitative narratives suggest that large numbers of young children do not prohibit rural mothers from working.
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Raheeq, Wajiha, and Muhammad Arshad. "Media exposure among the children of working and non-working mothers in Pakistani urban society." Pakistan Journal of Applied Social Sciences 11, no. 2 (September 8, 2020): 173–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.46568/pjass.v11i2.497.
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In this study (n=250) working and non- working mothers were surveyed about the amount of time their kids watch television. These mothers were randomly selected from different schools of Karachi Gulshan-e-Iqbal town. It was investigated that whether working and non-working mother spent quality time with their children and what are their preferences once they get back from their work place. It is observed that technology have made easier for any child to get engaged and stuck for hours in front of TV screen. These audiences vary from all ages but children are more exposed to it due to eye catching sharp images of screen. This study will determine the role of working and stay at home mothers about their control over their kids watching television and their preferable modes of controlling screen time. This study examines maternal control over television viewing and preferable channels watched by child. The strict maternal behavior is associated with fewer amounts of television viewing and preferring co-viewing. Those mother who have strict control over televiewing timings have less psychological problems in their kids and have fewer social issues. Therefore, every mother is quiet concerned about her child but her nature of work and job changes her pattern of controlling her kids.
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Haque, Md Monoarul, A. K. M. Majbah Uddin, Md Zahid Hasan Khan, and Khaleda Islam. "Health and Nutritional Profile of Working and Non-Working Slum Children." Chattagram Maa-O-Shishu Hospital Medical College Journal 13, no. 3 (November 29, 2014): 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/cmoshmcj.v13i3.21016.
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Background: The nutritional status of children does not only directly reflect the socioeconomic status of the family and social wellbeing of the community, but also the efficiency of the health care system, and the influence of the surrounding environment. Objective: The present study is an attempt to assess the health and nutritional profile of working and non working slum children in selected slum in Dhaka. Methods: It was a cross sectional descriptive study. The subjects were selected purposively. The study was conducted among 200 slum children in three slum area of Dhaka city. Anthropometric data such as height and weight of the study subjects were collected by using standard techniques. Nutritional status was measured according to WHO guideline. Result: Most of children came from around 12 year age group and male, female distribution was equal. Most of them was Muslim and their income was <5000 taka per month. Underweight (50%, 35%), normal (38%, 49%), overweight (8%, 10%) and obese (4%, 6%) were among working and non working children respectively. Around 50% of children did not think food for his own, later and need not cook for his own. Almost all took rice 2- 3times/day. Milk, meat, egg, fruits, noodles and soft drinks did not take 2- 3times/day. Vegetables and pulses were taken randomly. Conclusion: Tackling malnutrition in urban slums requires a holistic approach, especially when targeting populations of school-age children.Recommendation: Intervention programs related to health and nutritional status may be arranged.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/cmoshmcj.v13i3.21016
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Tine, Michele. "Working Memory Differences Between Children Living in Rural and Urban Poverty." Journal of Cognition and Development 15, no. 4 (September 4, 2014): 599–613. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15248372.2013.797906.
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Schutte, Anne R., Julia C. Torquati, and Heidi L. Beattie. "Impact of Urban Nature on Executive Functioning in Early and Middle Childhood." Environment and Behavior 49, no. 1 (July 28, 2016): 3–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0013916515603095.
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According to attention restoration theory, directed attention can become fatigued and then be restored by spending time in a restorative environment. This study examined the restorative effects of nature on children’s executive functioning. Seven- to 8-year-olds (school aged, n = 34) and 4- to 5-year-olds (preschool, n = 33) participated in two sessions in which they completed an activity to fatigue attention, then walked along urban streets (urban walk) in one session and in a park-like area (nature walk) in another session, and finally completed assessments of working memory, inhibitory control, and attention. Children responded faster on the attention task after a nature walk than an urban walk. School-aged children performed significantly better on the attention task than preschoolers following the nature walk, but not urban walk. Walk type did not affect inhibitory control or verbal working memory. However, preschoolers’ spatial working memory remained more stable following the nature walk than the urban walk.
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Esin, Melek Nihal, Serap Bulduk, and Haluk Ince. "Workrelated Risks and Health Problems of Working Children in Urban Istanbul, Turkey." Journal of Occupational Health 47, no. 5 (September 2005): 431–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1539/joh.47.431.
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Zaki, A., M. El Shazly, M. Abdel Fattah, K. El Said, and F. Curtale. "Lead toxicity among working children and adolescents in Alexandria, Egypt." Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal 4, no. 3 (May 15, 1998): 520–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.26719/1998.4.3.520.
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A substantial number of children and adolescents work and are exposed to different occupational and environmental hazards. In order to identify the prevalence of lead toxicity and related risk factors, a study was conducted of 408 working children and adolescents in Alexandria. In 20.1% of those sampled, the blood lead level was >/= 25 mg/dl. For children working in battery workshops in El-Gomrouk and Mina El-Bassal districts, anaemia and smoking were found to be significantly associated with a higher risk of lead toxicity. Thus, more attention should be paid to the problem of lead toxicity in working children, particularly in industrialized urban cities with heavy traffic and an unprotected work environment
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Syafrianty, Raras, Abu Mansur, and Iredho Fani Reza. "Dimensions of Islamic Parenting Style for Children's Age in Parents Working in Urban Areas." Indonesian Journal of Behavioral Studies 1, no. 4 (December 31, 2021): 535–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.19109/ijobs.v1i4.11367.
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This study aims to find out how the description of Islamic parenting for parents who work in urban areas. This study uses descriptive qualitative research methods. The technique used is perposive sampling technique, the research subjects are 6 married couples who have children aged 7-14 years, married couples who work and are aged 25-40 years. The data collection method used is semi-structured interviews. The results of this study indicate that Islamic parenting for parents who work in urban areas is that the subject applies discipline, strict supervision, limits, must follow orders and punish if children make mistakes and violate the rules that have been made.
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Silva, Janelle M., and Regina Day Langhout. "Moving Toward An Empowering Setting in a First Grade Classroom Serving Primarily Working Class and Working Poor Latina/o Children: An Exploratory Analysis." Urban Review 48, no. 1 (December 1, 2015): 149–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11256-015-0349-2.
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Azzaoui, F. Z., H. Hami, and A. O. T. Ahami. "Memory impairments and its interaction with environmental factors in children aged 6 to 8 years living in gharb plain (N-w of Morocco)." European Psychiatry 26, S2 (March 2011): 264. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(11)71974-5.
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IntroductionThe “Gharb” plain (area of our study) localized in the North-West of Morocco is one of the most important agricultural and industrial regions of the Kingdom. Unfortunately, it suffered from the increase of different polluting human activities which expose the population, especially children, to serious neurobehavioral problems.Objective and aimsEvaluation of the short term memory and working memory in urban, periurban and rural schooled children (aged 6 to 8 years) living in Gharb plain and studying the relationship between the performance in this test and the quality of environment.MethodsMemory Sub-test of WISC III (Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children) and questionnaire about some environmental conditions.ResultsThe obtained results had shown that 3,64% periurban children and 3,03% rural children suffer from short memory impairments and no impairments in urban children were registered. For working memory, 21,05%, 47,06% and 66,67% of impairments were found in urban, periurban and rural children respectively.Moreover, a significant correlations between the performances of short term memory and building materials (p < 0.05), source of pollution near the school (p < 0.05), and consumption of well water (p < 0.001) were registered.ConclusionsThe memory impairments recorded in these children appeared in connection with environmental factors, but a deeper investigation is needed for studying all these factors, in addition to others (psychological, socio-economical, and nutritional) ones.
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Nakahara, Shinji, Krishna C. Poudel, Milan Lopchan, Masao Ichikawa, Kalpana Poudel-Tandukar, Masamine Jimba, and Susumu Wakai. "Availability of childcare support and nutritional status of children of non-working and working mothers in urban Nepal." American Journal of Human Biology 18, no. 2 (2006): 169–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajhb.20481.
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Mohd Tajuddin, Jaslina, Raden Ajeng Kartini Nazam, and Sharifah Dayana Al Sahab Wan Abu Bakar. "Challenges of Online Learning Faced by Working Parents in Urban Areas." Journal of Contemporary Issues and Thought 12, no. 1 (January 20, 2022): 55–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.37134/jcit.vol12.1.5.2022.
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This paper analyzed the challenges faced by working parents in guiding their children during online learning. It will focus on issues related to technology, time and parents' knowledge related to their children's online learning. Qualitative method was adopted and 41 parents were interviewed through Google form. Urban areas were chosen as there is a lack of studies conducted on parents' challenges in urban areas. Findings showed that parents have average to good knowledge on technology and they are willing to learn on the platforms used by schools and spend time to accompany their children’s learning at home. However, parents stated that this role has also affected their office work.
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Amin, Md Nurul, Shayela Farah, Mohoshina Karim, Farhana Rahman, and Shitil Ibna Islam. "State of Working Slum Children in Dhaka City." Ibrahim Cardiac Medical Journal 9, no. 1-2 (March 5, 2020): 49–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/icmj.v9i1-2.53990.
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Background & objective: Rapid urbanisation in the 20th century has been accompanied by the development of slums. Nearly one-third of the world’s population and > 60% of urban populations in the least developed countries including hundreds of millions of children live in slums. Slums are areas of broad social and health disadvantage to children and their families due to extreme poverty, overcrowding, poor water quality and sanitation, substandard housing, limited access to basic health and education services. The objective of this study was to assess the demographic and nutritional status of working slum children in Dhaka city.
Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at Moghbazar slum, situated in Dhaka city from July to December, 2013. A total of 200 slum children aged 6 to18 years whose parents’ (either father or mother) voluntarily consented to allow their children participate in the study.
Result: Out of 200 slum children, 57(28.5%) were in the age group of 12-14 years, among them 110(55.0%) were male. More than 50% never attended any kinds of formal school. Forty five percent children lived with their parents. Over half (26%) of the slum children were engaged in beggary, 23% were van/rickshaw puller, 22% were rag-picker (Tokai), 10% were cooli. Three-quarters of the children had medium work-load and 80% did 5-8 hours work per day sixty percent of the children had monthly income of Taka 1000-1500. In terms of BMI, one-third (33.5%) was severely under-nourished, 55% were of normal BMI and 11.5% were overweight and obese.
Conclusion: The study presented a gloomy picture (in terms of nutritional status) of working children in a selected slum within Dhaka city. Therefore, health related programmes should focus to improve the overall wellbeing of the working slum children.
Ibrahim Card Med J 2019; 9 (1&2): 49-53
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Farah, Shayela, Mohoshina Karim, and Sharmina Afrin. "Situation of Working Slum Children in Dhaka City." Delta Medical College Journal 7, no. 1 (March 19, 2019): 26–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/dmcj.v7i1.40617.
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Background: Rapid urbanisation in the 20th century has been accompanied by the development of slums. Nearly one-third of the world’s population and more than 60% of urban population in the least developed countries live in slums, including hundreds of millions of children. Slums are areas of broad social and health disadvantage to children and their families due to extreme poverty, overcrowding, poor water and sanitation, substandard housing, limited access to basic health and education services.
Objective: To assess the demographic and nutritional situation of working slum children in Dhaka city.
Materials and method: This descriptive cross sectional study was conducted at Moghbazar slum situated in Dhaka city from July to December, 2015.
Results: Out of 200 slum children, 57 (28.5%) were in the age group of 12-14 years, among them 110 (55.0%) were male. Regarding educational background, more than fifty percent never attended any kind of school. Forty five percent respondents lived with their parents. About 26% of the slum children were engaged in beggary, 23% were van/rickshaw puller, 22% were tokai, and 10% were cooli. Near about 75% respondents did medium type of work and 80% did 5-8 hour work per day and most of their income was 500-800 Tk. per month. One third respondents were severe under nourished, 50 (25%) were normal and 30 (15%) respondents were obese.
Conclusion: Increasing numbers of slums constitute a major challenge to development. Therefore, health related programmes should focus to improve the overall wellbeing of the working slum children.
Delta Med Col J. Jan 2019 7(1): 26-30
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Westhoff, Wayne W., Martha L. Coulter, Robert J. McDermott, and Derek R. Holcomb. "Assessing the Self-Reported Health Risks of Urban Street Children Working in the Dominican Republic." International Quarterly of Community Health Education 15, no. 2 (July 1994): 137–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/v5te-lhrt-9nwx-xp1d.
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Children throughout the world work on street corners selling newspapers, washing car windows, shining shoes, or hustling anything that will earn cash for the day. Many of them start early in the morning, work all day without attending school, and then return home late in the evening. A 26-item questionnaire was given to a sample of forty children working the streets of Santo Domingo. Examination of the responses revealed that the mean age was 14.5 years. Over 92 percent of the children had contact with a relative in the past thirty days. Fifty percent responded that they were victims of physical abuse at home, while 97 percent said they believe they are healthy. Qualitative data on family, friends, and future goals are discussed.
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Rudner, Julie. "Educating Future Planners about Working with Children and Young People." Social Inclusion 5, no. 3 (September 26, 2017): 195–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/si.v5i3.974.
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Planning and urban design professionals should ensure they engage children/young people in their work so planning systems and strategic policy can be more inclusive of the needs and aspirations of children/young people. Yet practitioners do not necessarily view children/young people as legitimate stakeholders, and professionals do not necessarily have the skills to be inclusive. To shift current policy and practice, planners and designers need to be better educated so they can facilitate children’s/young people’s contributions as well as advocate effectively for systemic change. The UN Convention on the Rights of the Child and the UNICEF Child Friendly Cities provide legitimacy and direction for current and future professionals about why engagement with children/young people should be a fundamental part of professional practice. However, it’s important that students and practitioners learn how to engage with children/young people ethically. A key starting point is the way in which education is constituted as ethical practice when conducting research and engagement activities with children/young people. Lansdown’s (2011) requirements for ethical engagement are applied to reflexively evaluate the design and implementation of a university subject, delivered in Victoria, Australia, that trains future planners about how to work with children and young people.
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J, Jayanthi. "A Comparative Study to Assess the Knowledge and Practice Regarding Child Rearing Practice among Working and Non- Working Mothers of 1 to 3 Years of Children at Selected Urban Communities of Raipur." Nursing & Healthcare International Journal 6, no. 1 (2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/nhij-16000256.
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Introduction: As we all know that a child is the future of one’s nation. A child’s mind is just like a mud. He/she can be shaped in any way whatever the parents/caretakers want, like a potter makes a pot in different shapes using mud. So many differences among Indians. It is impossible to describe a defined set of customs and beliefs about the child rearing practices such as socio- economic status, education, as individual experiences vary from family to family Aims: The aim of the study was to assess and compare the knowledge and practice on child rearing practices among working and non-working mothers by self- Structured Questionnaire in selected community areas. Materials and Methods: An extensive review of literature was undertaken. Quantitative non-experimental cross sectional comparative research approach is used. The sample size consisted of 100 mothers (50 working and 50 non-working mothers) selected from the urban community areas of Mowa Raipur by using purposive sampling technique. The data were collected using a self-Structured Questionnaire and the Tool was organized in three parts. (Demographic variables, Knowledge and Practice questions on child rearing practices). The average time given for completion of the questions was 45 minutes in each mother. Results: The data was analyzed using the descriptive and inferential statistics where the result shows that the assessment of knowledge in working mothers 66% & In nonworking mothers 74% had average knowledge, In working 32% & In non- working mothers had 24% good knowledge, In working & non-working mothers both 2% had of excellent knowledge .The mean of knowledge among working mothers was 20.32 and mean % was 50.8%. And Mean of knowledge among non-working mothers was 19.62 and mean %was 49.05% Mean for overall of knowledge among working and non-working mothers was 19.97 and mean percent was 49.93%. The result shows that the assessment of practice in working mothers 72% & In non- working mothers 82% had average practice, In working 18% & In non-working mothers had 14% good practice, Correlation is computed by Karl Pearson coefficient of correlation (r = -0.66), there is moderately positive correlation between knowledge and practice, it shows that when knowledge increases, practice will also increases. Association is computed by applying ‘chi square Conclusion: The findings of the study concluded that non-working mothers had more (average) knowledge and practice than working mothers regarding child rearing practices.
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Ciptanurani, Ceria, and Hsin-Jen Chen. "Association Between Household Structure and Concurrent Stunting and Overweight Among Young Children in Indonesia: Evidence from A National Health Survey." Current Developments in Nutrition 4, Supplement_2 (May 29, 2020): 171. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzaa043_022.
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Abstract Objectives To examine the association of household type and household composition with concurrent stunting and overweight in young children in Indonesia. Methods A secondary data analysis of children aged 2–5 years (n = 45,050) in a nationally representative cross-sectional survey (Indonesian Basic Health Research/RISKESDAS 2013). We utilized household member information to construct the household structure which was analyzed as household type (nuclear, extended, and grandfamilies), number of parents, household size, number of working adults, number of dependent adults and number of dependent children. We defined concurrent stunting and overweight as height-for-age Z-score <−2 and weight-for-height Z-score >+2 based on WHO Child Growth Standards. Multivariate logistic regression was performed separately for urban and rural to assess the relationship between household structure variables and concurrent stunting and overweight. The analyses were weighted to reflect national estimates and were adjusted for confounding variables. Results The prevalence of concurrent stunting and overweight was higher in children from the nuclear household (5.8%) than those living in extended household (4.5%) or grandfamilies (4.9%). In rural areas, children from extended households had lower odds of concurrent stunting and overweight compared to those from nuclear households (OR: 0.76; 95% CI: 0.61–0.95). In urban areas, when compared to small-sized households (2–4 people), the odds of concurrent stunting and overweight in children decreased to 0.71 (95% CI: 0.55–0.90), 0.67 (95% CI: 0.47–0.97), and 0.65 (95% CI: 0.38–1.10), respectively for households with five, six, and seven or more people. We also found that when compared to households with three or more working adults, the odds of concurrent stunting and overweight in children increased to 1.66 (95% CI: 1.09–2.54) and 1.91 (95% CI: 1.22–2.99), respectively for households with two and one working adult. However, such association was not observed in rural settings. Conclusions The extent to which household structures were associated with concurrent stunting and overweight in children differed between urban and rural. These findings highlight the need to consider different strategies addressing double burden of malnutrition for children living in urban and rural areas. Funding Sources None.
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Hassan, Nayera E., Sahar A. El-Masry, Tarek Farid, and Aya Khalil. "Influence of Parental and Some Demographic Characteristics on Overweight/Obesity Status among a Sample of Egyptian Children." Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences 4, no. 3 (August 27, 2016): 342–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2016.088.
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BACKGROUND: Overweight/obesity is a multi-factorial problem, which results from rapidly changing social, economic, and physical environments that have led to an energy imbalance.AIM: To identify the association between childhood overweight/obesity and some socio-demographic risk factors, as parental age, body mass index (BMI), education and occupation, family size and residence (urban/rural).SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Cross-sectional study included 154 children of both sexes; aged 5-18 years; with their parents; one of them was working at the National Research Centre and from their relatives and neighbours. Data was collected about the child birth weight, family size, parental ages, education, occupation and place of residence. Anthropometric measurements including weight, height, and body mass index (BMI) of children and their parents were conducted.RESULTS: Obesity was detected among 19.5% of children (BMI > 95th percentile), 75.3% of their mothers and 49.6% of their fathers (BMI > 30 Kg/m^2). While overweight was present in 11.0% of the children (BMI > 85th- <95 percentile), 16.9% of their mothers and 36.5% of their fathers (BMI > 25-29.9 Kg/m^2). Child obesity was more prominent in urban than rural areas (21.3% versus 12.5%) and among housewives (22.8%) than among working mothers (16%, p < 0.016). Child overweight was more common in rural than urban areas (12.5% versus 10.7%) and among children with high father education (20%). Child BMI had significant positive correlations only with the child age, parental ages and BMIs, and family size. In spite of that, parental BMIs had significant positive correlations with each other and with family size, and significant negative correlations with maternal education and occupation and paternal education.CONCLUSION: Childhood obesity and overweight were more prominent in urban than rural areas, among children with non-working housewives mothers and highly educated fathers (college or above). Parental education and occupation had an indirect significant effect on child BMI through their significant effect on parental BMIs.
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Deshpande, A. "Everyday Life of Slum Children: A Case study from Education Perspective." CARDIOMETRY, no. 23 (August 20, 2022): 319–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.18137/cardiometry.2022.23.319325.
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Every year, the city of Pune attracts migrant workers due to urbanization, and these migrants form residential pockets called slums. Today, around 40% of Pune’s population lives in urban slums, around 11% of children, who have little or no access to education with the everyday hand-to-mouth struggle for survival. This study explores the lives of slum children and their educational conditions. Three case studies were conducted with three slums from uptown areas of Pune. Focus group discussions, interviews, and visual survey methods were employed, leading to qualitative analysis. Analysis threw light on the everyday challenges faced by slum children in accessing education. The visual studies imply the need for architectural intervention. The findings also suggest policy implications towards the provision of education towards the betterment of the lives of slum children. Working and learning are the two social processes; without breaking the legal structures on child labor, children working within the home as domestic labor or in the household enterprise is a common occurrence in urban centers, particularly among those who are household income is derived from the informal sector and who have lower income levels. Working modes and times differ depending on the situation. Owing to the size of India’s informal economy and attempts to reduce child labor trafficking, a strong emphasis has been placed on developing and implementing social policies that address child labor.
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Deshpande, Aditi. "Everyday Life of Slum Children: A Case Study from Education Perspective." Revista Gestão Inovação e Tecnologias 11, no. 4 (September 16, 2021): 5191–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.47059/revistageintec.v11i4.2556.
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Every year, the city of Pune attracts migrant workers due to urbanization, and these migrants form residential pockets called slums. Today, around 40% of Pune's population lives in urban slums, around 11% of children, who have little or no access to education with the everyday hand-to-mouth struggle for survival. This study explores the lives of slum children and their educational conditions. Three case studies were conducted with three slums from uptown areas of Pune. Focus group discussions, interviews, and visual survey methods were employed, leading to qualitative analysis. Analysis threw light on the everyday challenges faced by slum children in accessing education. The visual studies imply the need for architectural intervention. The findings also suggest policy implications towards the provision of education towards the betterment of the lives of slum children. Working and learning are the two social processes; without breaking the legal structures on child labor, children working within the home as domestic labor or in the household enterprise is a common occurrence in urban centers, particularly among those who are household income is derived from the informal sector and who have lower income levels. Working modes and times differ depending on the situation. Owing to the size of India's informal economy and attempts to reduce child labor trafficking, a strong emphasis has been placed on developing and implementing social policies that address child labor.
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Matić, Ivana, Renata Škrbić, Jelena Kerkez, Ljiljana Simić, and Isidora Jankelin. "Teacher's experiences in working with children with developmental disabilities." Norma 28, no. 1 (2023): 55–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/norma2301055m.
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Teachers are often mentioned among the key factors of the quality of the teaching process, and it is considered that teachers with experience in working with children with disabilities are more confident in their professional knowledge and skills and have high expectations of their students, despite the fact that some of them may have severe degree of developmental disability. The successful implementation of inclusive education in the sense of placing students with disabilities in classrooms within the regular system of education could contribute to the competence of teachers in this area, but also to their motivation to provide appropriate instructions and assistance. The goal of the research is to determine what type of developmental disabilities teachers most often encountered within the framework of direct work in education. The sample consisted of 288 teachers, and a questionnaire created for the purposes of this research was used. Based on the results of the research, it was determined the presence of differences in the type of disabilities among students included in the regular education system, compared to schools for the education of children with developmental disabilities, as well as a greater presence of children with developmental disabilities in the older grades of elementary school. There are also differences in the experience of teachers employed in urban areas compared to those employed in rural areas.
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WHEELOCK, JANE, and KATHARINE JONES. "‘Grandparents Are the Next Best Thing’: Informal Childcare for Working Parents in Urban Britain." Journal of Social Policy 31, no. 3 (July 2002): 441–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279402006657.
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This article is based on a unique empirical investigation of the contribution that informal childcare – relatives, friends or neighbours looking after children, usually on an unpaid basis – makes in allowing parents to go out to work. There has been little research on either the use of such complementary childcare by parents, or of the carers who undertake it, and this is a review of a two-stage investigation of both. One of the earliest initiatives of the Labour government elected in 1997 was to put a National Childcare Strategy in place. The strategy recognised the importance of childcare both for the development of children and in enabling parents – particularly mothers – to go out to work. To date, however, childcare needs and provision have been assessed almost entirely in terms of formal childcare. A clear understanding of why working parents use complementary childcare (particularly from grandparents) is essential for any childcare policy that hopes to be attuned to what families actually want. The article argues that policy makers, lured by a simplistic vision of economic vitality into adopting a behavioural paradigm from economics – in which parents are assumed to respond to purely financial incentives – are likely to find themselves distracted from important issues of the social well-being of working families with children. Childcare needs are related to dramatic changes in women's labour market participation over recent years, where the largest increase in female employment has been among mothers of children under the age of five. Neither mothers nor fathers may be in a position to provide the desired amount of childcare inside the nuclear household. This situation gives rise to the possibility of a ‘childcare deficit’. In failing to acknowledge and underpin the value which parents place upon complementary forms of childcare, policy makers are in danger of committing themselves to institutional arrangements which may make that deficit worse in the longer term.
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RICHTER, KERRY. "Child Care Choice in Urban Thailand." Journal of Family Issues 18, no. 2 (March 1997): 174–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019251397018002004.
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This article uses qualitative and quantitative evidence to examine child care decision making in Bangkok, Thailand. The preference model developed from qualitative data predicts a strong preference for care by a relative, even if the child has to live separately from his/her mother, and distrust of nonrelative and formal care. Overall about three quarters of children in the sample were cared for by their mother (some of whom were combining work with child care) or another relative when they were age 2. Although the degree to which mothers were working in a formal setting was the strongest predictor of being in nonmaternal care, children of higher socioeconomic status were also found more likely to be in nonmaternal care and less likely to be in a relative's care. The results are discussed in light of changing roles for women in a society undergoing rapid socioeconomic change.
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Ayub, Arshad, Ipsa Mohapatra, and Pinaki Panigrahi. "Effect of maternal employment on health status of pre-school children in an urban-slum of Bhubaneswar." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 7, no. 10 (September 25, 2020): 3912. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20204353.
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Background: Women employment enhances household income and translates into better standard of living especially for children. That means maternal employment may benefit children’s health by increasing parent’s ability to buy high-quality food, good housing, and appropriate medical care. But, time spent at work may also decrease mother’s ability to care for and supervise children, leading perhaps to less healthy activities, such as eating poorly, unhygienically or engaging in too many unhealthy activities. This study tries to examine maternal employment as one potentially critical influence on the health status of young children in low-income families. The objectives were to assess the health status of preschool children and to find out the association between employment status of mothers and health status of their children of preschool age group.Methods: A community based cross sectional study was done involving mothers having at least one child and living in the urban health training center (UHTC) catchment area. A pretested semi structured questionnaire was used to assess the health status of the preschool children and the related variables.Results: 110 women were included in the study out of which 78 were not working/homemakers and 32 were employed. Immunization of children was better among employed mothers (81%) than children of unemployed mothers (67.9%). Hospitalization was also more among the children of non-working mothers.Conclusions: Employment somehow helps in better care for children which is reflected in the health status of the children and also by the immunization status.
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Nevárez-La Torre, Aida A. "Transiency in Urban Schools." Education and Urban Society 44, no. 1 (December 20, 2010): 3–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0013124510380911.
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Many urban classrooms are facing an influx of students who are transient, part of migrant families who decide to reside in cities and large urban centers looking for financial stability and better educational opportunities for their children. This represents a different challenge for English as a second language, bilingual, and mainstream teachers who might not be equipped to work with English language learners (ELLs) who have a transient background and speak a language for which few instructional resources exist. Reviewing the scholarly literature, the author investigates salient issues of providing quality education for the sons and daughters of migrant workers, who before residing in urban areas experienced a nomad lifestyle while working migrant jobs. The author also poses some of the promising practices that have been suggested by academicians and practitioners to address the many challenges of educating highly mobile ELLs.
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DePriest, Kelli, and Arlene Butz. "Neighborhood-Level Factors Related to Asthma in Children Living in Urban Areas." Journal of School Nursing 33, no. 1 (October 22, 2016): 8–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1059840516674054.
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Asthma disproportionately affects children who are non-White and of low socioeconomic status. One innovative approach to address these health disparities is to investigate the child’s neighborhood environment and factors influencing asthma symptoms. The purpose of this integrative review is to critique research investigating the relationships between neighborhood-level factors and asthma morbidity in urban children. Three literature databases were searched using the terms “asthma,” “child,” “neighborhood,” and “urban.” The articles included were organized into six themes within the larger domains of prevalence, physical, and social factors. Literature tables provide in-depth analysis of each article and demonstrate a need for strengthening analysis methods. The current research points to the necessity for a multilevel study to analyze neighborhood-level factors that are associated with increased asthma morbidity in urban children. School nurse clinicians, working within children’s neighborhoods, are uniquely positioned to assess modifiable neighborhood-level determinants of health in caring for children with asthma.
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VR, Roja, Prakash Narayanan, Varalakshmi Chandra Sekaran, and Ajith Kumar MG. "Living environment and health of under-five children in urban slums of a coastal region in South India." Ghana Medical Journal 54, no. 4 (December 4, 2020): 238–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/gmj.v54i4.6.
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Objective: The primary objective of the study was to determine the association between the living environment and morbidity, nutritional status, immunization status, and personal hygiene of under-five children living in urban slums in southern India.
Methods: This study included 224 mothers of under-five children living in urban slums of Udupi Taluk, Karnataka. A total of 17 urban slums were selected randomly using random cluster sampling.
Results: Undernutrition was high among children of illiterate mothers (63.8%), and the children of working mothers were affected by more morbidity (96.6%) as compared with housewives. Morbidity was also found to be high among children belonging to families with low incomes (66.1%) and low socio-economic backgrounds (93.1%). Safe drinking water, water supply, sanitation, hygiene, age of the child, mother’s and father’s education, mother’s occupation and age, number of children in the family, use of mosquito nets, type of household, and family income were significantly associated with child morbidity, nutritional status, immunization status, and personal hygiene of under-five children living in urban slums.
Conclusion: Overall, in our study, family characteristics including parental education, occupation and income were significantly associated with outcomes among under-five children. The availability of safe drinking water and sanitation, and the use of mosquito nets to prevent vector-borne diseases are basic needs that need to be urgently met to improve child health.
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Ahad, Md Abdul, Mitu Chowdhury, Yvonne K. Parry, and Eileen Willis. "Urban Child Labor in Bangladesh: Determinants and Its Possible Impacts on Health and Education." Social Sciences 10, no. 3 (March 19, 2021): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci10030107.
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(1) Background: A significant proportion of child laborers are compelled to work in exploitative environments, and experience both deteriorating health and financial loss. The present study sought to determine the factors affecting child labor and the characteristics of their working environment. (2) Methods: A questionnaire survey was conducted with 80 child laborers aged 5 to 17 years. Alongside descriptive statistics, a newly devised technique known as the Influencing Causes Index (ICI) was administered and tested. (3) Results: The demographic findings reveal that most child laborers are young children (12–14 years) and 32.5% of child laborers have never attended school. The thorough assessment of determinants reflects that not only poverty but schooling expenses and a lack of access to opportunities in primary schools are also the top-ranked push factors to trigger children towards labor. Around 72.5% of children work for over 8 h a day. A significant proportion of participants received no leave, training, or access to hygiene facilities. The existing pattern of employment and working conditions resulted in musculoskeletal pain and dermatological infections among child laborers (p < 0.05). (4) Conclusions: This research suggests that income measures for households and an education program for both children and parents would expedite the abolition of child labor.
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Iqbal, Meesha, Zafar Fatmi, Kausar Khan, and Asaad Nafees. "Violence and abuse among working children in urban and suburban areas of lower Sindh, Pakistan." Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal 27, no. 5 (May 26, 2021): 501–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.26719/2021.27.5.501.
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Background: Child labourers are exposed to an insecure environment and higher risk of violence. Violence among child labourers is an under-studied phenomenon which requires contextual assessment. Aims: We applied Bronfenbrenner’s ecological model (micro-, exo- and macro-system) to understand the interplay of individual, community, societal and policy context fuelling violence. Methods: Focus group discussions and family ethnographies of child-labourers working in common occupational sectors of suburban areas of Sindh were carried out to gain in-depth understanding of their immediate environment and abuse (micro-system). Frequency of emotional, physical and sexual violence (5–14 years; n = 634) was also determined. Indepth interviews with employers (exo-system, n = 4) and key-informant-interviews of prominent stakeholders in Pakistan (macro-system, n = 4) working against labour/violence were carried out Thematic-content analysis was performed using MAXQDA, version 8.0. Results: We estimated that 21%, 19% and 9% of children suffered from emotional, physical and sexual violence respectively. Child labourers’ interviews indicated the existence of all forms of abuse at home and in the workplace; sexual violence by grandfathers was highlighted (micro-system). Children reported frequent scolding and insults in the workplace along with physical violence that could be fatal (exo-system). The legal environment of violence in Pakistan was considered deficient as it did not address the hidden forms (touching, kissing, etc.; macro-system). Conclusion: We documented that all forms of violence were rampant among the child labourers, and improved efforts and comprehensive legislation is direly needed to alleviate the situation.
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Minnett, Valerie, and Mary-Anne Poutanen. "Swatting Flies for Health: Children and Tuberculosis in Early Twentieth-Century Montreal." Articles 36, no. 1 (May 16, 2013): 32–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1015818ar.
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Responding to an appeal by city physicians and health reformers to destroy a prodigious disease carrier, the housefly, the Montreal Daily Star launched an island-wide contest in July 1912, offering prizes to children who collected the most dead flies. Nearly a thousand children, largely from working-class families, participated in a three-week-long "Swat the Fly" competition. Engaging Montreal children in this contest underscores a popular idea at the time that the best way to improve public health and combat the ignorance of a generation was to arm a new one with knowledge. While historians recognize that children's participation in campaigns to promote public health measures was pivotal to their success, youngsters are often rendered as passive recipients of reformers' efforts. We argue the contrary: children were active agents in public health crusades both as consumers and as advocates.
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Jordan, Nancy L. "Basal Readers and Reading as Socialization: What Are Children Learning?" Language Arts 82, no. 3 (January 1, 2005): 204–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.58680/la20054391.
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This manuscript analyzes the content of the texts that were used for reading instruction in second-grade classrooms at two urban sites–one that used Open Court and the other that used Direct Instruction. Even though the practices and the texts differ, the teaching of literacy and literacy itself became part of the social practices that seem to leave working class children disadvantaged in the institutional world of schooling and in lifetime opportunities for employment.
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Das, Debasmita, and Dillip Giri. "The effect of self-concept and achievement motivation on the study habits of the children belonging to working and non-working mothers." RESEARCH REVIEW International Journal of Multidisciplinary 8, no. 3 (March 14, 2023): 308–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.31305/rrijm.2023.v08.n03.039.
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Introduction: Research studies on the growth and development of adolescent children belonging to working and non-working mothers revealed that the children belonging to working mothers had to compromise a lot with their psychological adjustment, emotional health, and socialization compared to their peers belonging to non-working mothers. Another way the children of non-working mothers were found more pampered, bullied, and overconfident was their behavioural problems. The cognitive development of this group of children was drastically affected by their mothers as working professionals or house mothers. Rationale: Though there are many research studies available on self-concept, academic achievement, and study habits of the students a few studies were found to be related to the adolescent children belonging to working and non-working mothers. Again a few studies were there on the effect of demographic characteristics of the children on their cognitive development. Besides, it was also important to investigate the correlation between the variables through the demographic characteristics of the students belonging to working and non-working mothers. Objective: The purpose of the study was to find out the effect of self-concept and achievement motivation on the study habits of secondary school children belonging to working and non-working mothers. Also, to study the effect of independent and dependent variables through the demographic characteristics of the secondary school students. Again, the study also investigated the correlation between the variables primarily as well as through their demographic characteristics. Methods: It was descriptive research. The methods were quantitative and included standardized questionnaires for the survey. The population study includes all students studying in secondary classes. The purposive sampling technique was adopted. The sample size was 150(N=150) and again was segregated with various demographic characteristics. Research Tools: The Achievement Motivation Scale(n-Ach) developed by Dr. Deo and Dr. Mohan, in 1985 and the Students Self-Concept Questionnaire developed by Dr. Saraswat in 1985 and revised in 2010 were used as standardized research tools to collect the data. To consider the Academic Achievement criterion of the students their mark in their Pre-Board exams during academic year 2021-22 was taken into account. Data analysis and interpretation: The data were analyzed through the application of descriptive statistics, the t-test, and Pearson’s Product Moment correlation. Results: Self-concept and achievement motivation of the children belonging to working and non-working mothers had an extremely positive effect on their study habits (p< 0.0001). Also, self-concept had a very strong effect on the study habits of both male and female students (p< 0.0001). However, the achievement motivation of the children did not have a strong effect on their study habits((p> 0.0001). The self-concept and achievement motivation had no significant effect on the study habits of students belonging to working mothers and living in rural areas. Better achievement motivation and better self-concept of urban students were found with better study habits. The self-concept of the children belonging to nuclear families with working and non-working mothers did not have a significant effect on their study habits. Achievement motivation did not have a significant effect on the study habits of the children of joint families. The self-concept and achievement motivation of the children from all three socio-economic backgrounds had a very significant effect on their study habits. It was found that despite their association with a single or both parents’ families their self-concept and achievement motivation have a very strong effect on their study habits. There was no significant correlation between the self-concept, achievement motivation, and study habits of the children belonging to either working or non-working mothers. There was a non-significant very small positive or negative relationship found between the self-concept, achievement motivation, and study habits of male and female students belonging to working and non-working mothers. There was a medium positive relationship between self-concept and study habits of students living in urban areas (r (98) = .493, p < .001). Precisely, the study revealed that the self-concept of the children belonging to nuclear families with working and non-working mothers did not have a significant effect on their study habits. Between Achievement motivation and study habits of the students living in the same residential background (r (98) = .187, p = .063). There was a significant large positive relationship between self-concept and study habits of the students belonging to middle socio-economic background, as the (r (93) =0 .669, p < .001). There was a significant large positive relationship between X and Y (self-concept and study habits), (r (98) = .993, p < .00. A significant very small negative relationship between X and Y (achievement motivation and study habits) variables for the children living with both parents as the (r (98) = -0.872, p < .001). A significant very small negative relationship between achievement motivation and study habits, (r (98) = 0.511, p < .001) for the children belonging to single-mother families.
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Raul, Mayuri. "IJCM_46A: Attendance in Anganwadi centres through Anganwadi workers’ lens: A Force Field Analysis in Urban slum." Indian Journal of Community Medicine 49, Suppl 1 (April 2024): S13—S14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_abstract46.
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Background: The NFHS-5 found that 35.5% (Urban areas-30%) of children under five years were stunted and 32.1% were overweight (1). ICDS being a centrally sponsored scheme, is functioning nationwide in tribal, rural and urban slums; with a potential to improve nutritional outcome as well as overall development of the child. Children dwelling in urban slums are at a higher risk of being undernourished. As per the NFHS 2015-16 survey, only 40.2% of children from urban areas are receiving ICDS services. The anganwadi workers(AWW) identify and encourage the beneficiaries to attend anganwadi regularly and avail the services. Objective: The aim of this study was to understand the reasons for a lower enrolment of children in anganwadi. Methodology: The study was conducted in an urban slum in Mumbai with a population of 1.2lakh. We conducted force field analysis among the AWWs in 3 groups of 6-7 each. The factors mentioned in individual sheets and those represented in diagram were analysed manually. Results: The force field analysis revealed that the motivating factors for attending anganwadi regularly were closer distance from home, attractive toys/activities, special food on certain days, interactive teachers, meeting friends, siblings going to school. On the contrary, reasons for poor/nil attendance were infrastructural challenges like restricted space, no water and electricity, rented anganwadis; availability of private/municipality preschools nearby; working parents; ration made available at doorsteps during COVID and disinterest in the variety of food provided. Conclusion: Need-based revamping of Anganwadis in urban slums is needed to improve the attendance of children and in turn ensure good nutrition and development of children in slums.
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Chakma, Emerson. "Challenges of indigenous children’s primary education in the Chittagong Hill Tracts of Bangladesh: Insights from individuals working in education." International Journal of Educational Management and Development Studies 5, no. 1 (March 30, 2024): 148–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.53378/353050.
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The Chittagong Hill Tracts (CHT) is a backward and culturally diverse region in Bangladesh where indigenous children face barriers to access quality primary education. To educate CHT indigenous children, their culture and context are often not taken into consideration. Hence, to inform policy decisions, this study explores the existing realities of Indigenous children’s primary education through the eyes of individuals within the education system. The study employed a semi-structured interview method and applied phenomenological approach involving the development of crafted stories from the interviews. The study findings suggest that the centralized educational policies adversely impacting the Indigenous children’s primary education. In addition, corruption, insufficient consideration of local contexts, language barriers, administrative limitations, teacher shortages, absenteeism, lack of modern teaching methods and materials, inadequate infrastructural facilities, poverty, limited parental and community engagement and the recruitment of underqualified teachers heighten the challenges in accessing equitable and quality primary education for CHT Indigenous children. The findings underscore the urgent need for tailored solutions to address the challenges. In formulating policies, paramount consideration should be given to local contexts and cultural issues, especially from the perspective of Indigenous children. This research mainly focuses on CHT remote schools and does not explain the challenges of urban and rural schools separately. Hence, the findings may not be generalised in urban schools and other parts of the country.
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Ali, Karamat, and Abdul Hamid Abdul Hamid. "Major Determinants of Female Child Labour in Urban Multan (Punjab-Pakistan)." LAHORE JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS 4, no. 1 (January 1, 1999): 61–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.35536/lje.1999.v4.i1.a5.
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In recent years, the sensitive issue of child labour has received world-wide attention and has become the focus of serious discussion in developing as well as developed countries. Any exact information on child labour is usually hard to come by as most of the children work in the unorganised informal sector, which is neither regulated by labour laws nor is monitored by any organisation. These working children are usually illiterate and start working at a very early age, are inexperienced and vulnerable, they usually work long hours in deplorable conditions, have no medical cover, go without sufficient and proper food and clothing, and get little rest and recreation. In this paper, an attempt has been made to analyse the major causes of female child labour in the city of Multan and certain measures and policies have been suggested which could help in bringing an end to this inhumane practice. Legislation against child labour is not an ideal solution in a country such as Pakistan. The child labour phenomena is not as simple as it appears and needs consideration in the context of the microeconomics of the family and population growth and macroeconomics of the social security structure of a country, unemployment, underemployment, opportunity cost and productivity of formal education.
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STRANGE, JULIE-MARIE. "Fatherhood, furniture and the inter-personal dynamics of working-class homes,c. 1870–1914." Urban History 40, no. 2 (February 21, 2013): 271–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963926813000060.
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ABSTRACT:Drawing on life stories, this article considers the relationship between urban working-class men and domesticity. Focusing on the spaces, objects and rites of men's homecoming, it questions perceptions of working-class men as peripheral to the inter-personal dynamics of family life and assesses how men's occupation of domestic space and time could be invested with emotive meaning by adult children. The article suggests that fathers were not simply figures of authority or masculine privilege but, rather, that the domestic interior was a space where men and their children navigated family roles and filial obligations to enjoy nurturing and intimate relationships more commonly associated with mothers. In doing so, the article stakes a claim to reconsider the idea that working-class homes were ‘a woman's place’ and view them more dynamically as inter-personal domains.
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Nugroho, Hari Wahyu, Endang Dewi Lestari, Harsono Salimo, Mayasari Dewi, Zusta'in Noor Adhim, and Leilani Lestarina. "Effects of iron and zinc fortified milk supplementation on working memory of underweight poor-urban school children: A randomized double blind controlled trial." Paediatrica Indonesiana 50, no. 2 (April 30, 2010): 92. http://dx.doi.org/10.14238/pi50.2.2010.92-95.
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Background Undernutrition associated micronutrientdeficiencies in children are still prevalent in most developingcountries. Iron and zinc deficiencies are the most commonmicronutrient deficiency globally, which significantly contributedeficits in cognitive function. Fortification with iron and zinc hasproven successfully in reducing certain cognitive impairmentslike memory.Objective To determine the effects of milk fortified with iron andzinc on memory of underweight poor-urban schoolchildren.Methods A double blind randomized controlled trial wasconducted on 218 underweight poor-urban schoolchildren aged7-9 years old; 113 children were supplemented twice daily with27 gram of milk fortified with iron pyrophosphate (12.15 mg) andzinc sulfate (4.4 mg) for three months, 105 children served ascontrols. Anthropometry measured including bodyweight, height,sitting height and middle upper arm circumference. Memory wasmeasured using digit span backward test in Wechsler IntelligenceScales III. Statistical analyses were performed with SPSS forWindows, version 11.0.Results Baseline data of digit span backward score in iron andzinc group was 2.4 (SD 1.2), and control group was 3.0 (SD 1.8).After intervention, mean digit span backward score in iron andzinc group was 3 .1 (SD 1.2) and in control group 3.0 (SD 1.3).There was no improvement digit span backward score in controlgroup after intervention, compared with 0.7 point improvementin iron and zinc group (P=0.009).Conclusion Milk fortified with iron and zinc improves workingmemory of underweight poor-urban schoolchildren.
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Taylor, Steven J. "Children, poverty and mental health in rural and urban England (1850–1907)." Rural History 31, no. 2 (October 2020): 151–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956793319000372.
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Abstract Over the course of the nineteenth century children increasingly became social, economic and scientific concerns. Their physical and mental well-being was deemed intrinsic to the future development of Britain and its Empire, and thus maintaining healthy youngsters was, by the turn of the twentieth century, considered a national priority. This article explores the interconnectivity between poverty and the child residents of pauper lunatic asylums in England. It draws on a corpus of extant patient case files from four pauper lunatic asylums between 1851 and 1907 and engages with detailed information about the children and their mental conditions. Additionally, there will be a focus on understanding family backgrounds, parental occupations, the correlation between diagnoses and class, and methods of ‘treatment’ designed to equip children for independent working lifestyles. The overarching objective is to consider the socio-economic ramifications of child mental illness for parents and families and better understand how Victorian institutions accommodated this specific class of patient.
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Nayak, Minakshi, Karen Wills, Megan Teychenne, and Verity Cleland. "Patterns and Predictors of Television Viewing and Computer Use Among Women Living in Socioeconomically Disadvantaged Neighborhoods: A Prospective Cohort Study." Journal of Physical Activity and Health 18, no. 12 (December 1, 2021): 1511–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jpah.2021-0158.
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Background: Socioeconomically disadvantaged women are at an increased risk of sedentary behaviors including television (TV) viewing and computer use, so identifying determinants of these behaviors is important. Methods: Women (n = 4349) self-reported weekly TV and computer time (in minutes per week), sociodemographic, and health data at 3 time points (2007–2013). Mixed-effect negative binomial regression was used to determine the baseline determinants of TV viewing and computer use over time, adjusting for confounders. Results: Over 5 years, median TV viewing decreased while median computer time increased. Cross-sectionally TV viewing was highest among participants classified as obese, with poorer health, current smokers, with lower education, not working, with no income, without partners and with no children and computer time was greater among younger women, living in urban areas, working full time, with higher education, without partners and with no children. Average computer time per year increased among those not working (7%), with lower education (5%), and with children (5%) but decreased among those with higher education (1%). However, no factors were associated with a change in TV viewing over time. Conclusion: Among socioeconomically disadvantaged women, interventions aimed at preventing increases in computer time should consider women with lower education, not working, and with children in their design.
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GUTMAN, MARTA. "Adopted Homes for Yesterday's Children." Pacific Historical Review 73, no. 4 (November 1, 2004): 581–618. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/phr.2004.73.4.581.
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In the absence of surviving casework, this article draws on the recollections of women who lived in a racially segregated orphanage in Oakland, California, during the Great Depression and World War II. The women, who were not orphans, came from white working-class families in need of emergency child care. After explaining the place of woman-run institutions in California's mixed economy of social welfare, the article draws on memories of the Children's Home to argue that physical settings made clear the intentions of orphanage founders but were invested with other meanings by children. Spatial evidence is used to direct attention to the ability of children to act on their own behalf. This evidence shows that, with Progressive reforms driving social changes, U.S. cities lost institutions that represented the needs of dependent children to a larger urban public when orphanages were closed down.
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Singh, Neeti, Srijana Pandey, Ang Tshering Sherpa, Nijina Tamrakar, and Sunil Chitrakar. "FEMALE AUTONOMY AND FERTILITY PATTERN AMONG WOMEN WORKING IN FORMAL SECTOR IN KATHMANDU VALLEY." Journal of Chitwan Medical College 10, no. 1 (March 14, 2020): 78–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.54530/jcmc.145.
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Background: Fertility rate is declining more among women with higher education around the world. This may be due to number of years spent for achieving higher degree, choice of work and age at marriage. With growing autonomy of urban women and late age at marriage increases high risk pregnancy and declines number of children leading to decrease in young population. So, this study was done to explore the fertility pattern and associated factors among working women at formal sectors.
Methods: An observational study was done among women working at formal sectors within Kathmandu valley. A respondent driven sampling was used to achieve total 101 sample size. The study period was October and November 2019.
Results: Median age of the participants was 40 and median age at marriage was 26.62 years. The association between level of education and age at marriage was statistically significant. The median age of pregnancy of the participants were 27 years and 58.4% of women had only one live child. Average number of desired children was 1.69 whereas actual number of children was 1.32. The gap between desired and number of children is statistically significant. Only 35.6% reported to have used some form of contraceptive devices as the measure of family planning.
Conclusions: Fertility behavior of working women is not completely influenced by their working status except for higher age at marriage, pregnancy and desired number of children which in long term may affect in the growth of country.
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Singh, Neeti, Srijana Pandey, Ang Tshering Sherpa, Nijina Tamrakar, and Sunil Chitrakar. "Female autonomy and fertility pattern among women working in formal sector in Kathmandu valley." Journal of Chitwan Medical College 10, no. 1 (March 15, 2020): 78–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jcmc.v10i1.28078.
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Background: Fertility rate is declining more among women with higher education around the world. This may be due to number of years spent for achieving higher degree, choice of work and age at marriage. With growing autonomy of urban women and late age at marriage increases high risk pregnancy and declines number of children leading to decrease in young population. So, this study was done to explore the fertility pattern and associated factors among working women at formal sectors.
Methods: An observational study was done among women working at formal sectors within Kathmandu valley. A respondent driven sampling was used to achieve total 101 sample size. The study period was October and November 2019.
Results: Median age of the participants was 40 and median age at marriage was 26.62 years. The association between level of education and age at marriage was statistically significant. The median age of pregnancy of the participants were 27 years and 58.4% of women had only one live child. Average number of desired children was 1.69 whereas actual number of children was 1.32. The gap between desired and number of children is statistically significant. Only 35.6% reported to have used some form of contraceptive devices as the measure of family planning.
Conclusions: Fertility behavior of working women is not completely influenced by their working status except for higher age at marriage, pregnancy and desired number of children which in long term may affect in the growth of country.
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Killen, Andrew, and Chris Holligan. "Something wasn't right … Democratic experiences for children in a Scottish primary school." FORUM 64, no. 3 (November 15, 2022): 140–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3898/forum.2022.64.3.14.
Full textAbstract:
Children's treatment in the school environment has barely changed over many decades. Norms of obedience, discipline and control persist to define their 'place' in hierarchies of schooling. This is in direct contrast with freedoms they enjoy outside of school from, for example, their use of information communication technology, use of time and range of choices. This article is an autoethnographic study recounting my experience of working in an urban primary school. Over a two-year period, during which time I held a senior leadership role, I recorded my experiences in a daily journal or diary. My focus was on children, especially children living in areas of intergenerational exclusion. I asked how democratic and therefore inclusive state schooling is. I focused on the experience of children through their interactions and relationships with school structures and its professionalised culture. To that extent their experience was as subordinated social agents of an education policy hinterland whose micro-institutional structures undermine the agency and well-being of unsuspecting working-class children.
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Lashari, Allahdad, Hammadullah Kakepoto, Zuhaib Ali, and Muhammad Ibrar. "Causes Associated with the Growing Number of Street Children in Urban Cities of Indonesia." Spring 2023 3, no. 2 (June 30, 2023): 382–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.54183/jssr.v3i2.276.
Full textAbstract:
The central object of this research study was to find out the roots of the increasing number of street children in major urban cities of Indonesia. This research planned to find out the extent of poverty; domestic violence, family dysfunction, and wanted for freedom have increased the number of street children. The survey strategy used in this research, researchers used a survey strategy, the study target population consisted of street children working and living on the street. The interview and close-ended Questionnaire were used in this study to gather data from the respondents and out of three hundred and eighty-four (384) who were sampled three hundred eighty-one (381) of them responded, the total response rate was ninety-nine (99) percent. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used for Data analysis. The research findings established that poverty, economic deprivation, low of home, domestic violence at home by parents, and family dysfunction have generally had an impact on street children. The former street children face difficulties and isolation due to stigma.
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Pandey, Shanta, and Min Zhan. "Effect of Urban Poverty on Parents’ Expectation of their Children’s Achievement." Advances in Social Work 1, no. 1 (April 30, 2000): 107–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.18060/106.
Full textAbstract:
In this study we examine if parents’ expectation of their children’s success in life varies by type of urban neighborhood. Do parents’ expectations of their children’s educational achievement and age at which their offspring may start their first job, marry and have children vary by type of urban neighborhood in which they reside? Analysis of data taken from inner city Chicago indicates that residents in urban neighborhoods varied in their demography, ethnic status, marital status, labor force participation, earnings ability, welfare dependency and asset holdings. Parental expectation of their offspring’s educational achievement and age at which offspring may begin working or marry, however, did not vary by type of neighborhood. Expected age at which their children may have kids, however, did vary by type of neighborhood. Actual first child’s success indicators were also similar across types of neighborhood. This study shows that parents’ expectations for their children’s achievement are largely independent of the poverty level of the urban neighborhood in which they reside. The findings also challenge the validity of the culture of poverty theory.