Academic literature on the topic 'Urban working children'
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Journal articles on the topic "Urban working children"
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Devi, K., and Gautam Roy. "Child labour and its relationship to Body Mass Index (BMI), school attendance and academic marks." Journal of Nutrition Research 1, no. 1 (December 15, 2013): 14–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.55289/jnutres/v1i1.4.
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To determine the relationship between work and the BMI, average attendance and marks obtained by school children in rural and urban areas of Pondicherry. A cross-sectional study was carried out in the schools situated in the service areas of Jawaharlal Institute Rural Health Center (JIRHC) and Jawaharlal Institute Urban Health Center (JIUHC) of JIPMER, Pondicherry. In all the classes studied, working children in the urban area scored slightly lower marks. In the urban area the average attendance at school among the working children was found to be slightly, but not significantly, lower compared to the non-working children. In rural areas compared to the non-working children, the average BMI of the working children was slightly lower in classes VIII and IX. The average BMI of the working children in the urban area was slightly lower in all the classes compared to the not working children. Key words: Child labour, Body mass index, school attendance, Academic marks, Pondicherry
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Nugraha, Achmad T., Priyo M. Waskito, Ahmadriswan Nasution, and Gunawan Prayitno. "The Determinants of Working Children in Urban and Rural Indonesia in 2019." Paspalum: Jurnal Ilmiah Pertanian 10, no. 1 (March 30, 2022): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.35138/paspalum.v10i1.374.
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This study aims to examine the determinants of working children based on individual and environmental factors in urban and rural areas. The study draws on secondary data from various sources, including the March 2019 National Socio-Economic Survey (Susenas), the Indonesia Poverty Profile 2019, the Indonesian Education Statistics 2019, and the Indonesian Child Profile 2020. A multilevel binary logistic regression model was used as the analytical method. According to the study's findings, children have a greater proclivity to work in rural areas than in urban areas. The study's findings also show that children who smoke have a higher proclivity in both urban and rural areas. Further research indicates that individual factors, such as household size as measured by the number of household members, have a more significant influence on the determinants of children working in urban areas. Meanwhile, environmental factors significantly influence the determinants of children working in rural areas, precisely the percentage of children working in the informal sector and the school participation rate of 13-15 years old. The findings show that the determinants of working children in urban and rural areas are similar on an individual level but differ on an environmental level. Based on these findings, the government and related parties must encourage the reduction of smoking behavior in children in urban and rural areas to reduce the number of working children. Accelerating the decline in working children, particularly in rural areas, can increase school participation through improved educational quality and facilities.
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Nuwayhid, I. A. "Health of children working in small urban industrial shops." Occupational and Environmental Medicine 62, no. 2 (February 1, 2005): 86–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oem.2004.015503.
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Lutz, Amy, and Dalia Abdelhady. "Working–Class Children of Mexican Immigrants in Dallas, Texas." City & Community 19, no. 2 (June 2020): 310–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cico.12497.
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Desta, Chalachew Getahun. "Do young children prohibit mothers from working? A study in the Amhara Region, Ethiopia." International Journal of Population Studies 3, no. 2 (December 8, 2017): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.18063/ijps.v3i2.208.
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Theoretical work relating economic effect of children suggests that labor market participation decreases for mothers with large number of young children and increases when children are adults. The majority of empirical studies find results consistent with this expectation, but there are some studies which fail to confirm this theoretical prediction for the developing countries. This paper used data from a household survey of rural and urban married women to test the theoretical prediction that labor market participation decreases for mothers with large number of young children and increases when children are adults. Results show that when all households are considered, children seem to have positive effects on the probability of the mother’s work participation. However, when household lifecycle and rural-urban location differences are considered, coefficients are negative (but not statistically insignificant) for urban households with large number of young children and positive (and statistically significant) for those households with more adult children; whereas for rural households, these coefficient signs are reversed. Results from the quantitative data combined with qualitative narratives suggest that large numbers of young children do not prohibit rural mothers from working.
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Raheeq, Wajiha, and Muhammad Arshad. "Media exposure among the children of working and non-working mothers in Pakistani urban society." Pakistan Journal of Applied Social Sciences 11, no. 2 (September 8, 2020): 173–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.46568/pjass.v11i2.497.
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In this study (n=250) working and non- working mothers were surveyed about the amount of time their kids watch television. These mothers were randomly selected from different schools of Karachi Gulshan-e-Iqbal town. It was investigated that whether working and non-working mother spent quality time with their children and what are their preferences once they get back from their work place. It is observed that technology have made easier for any child to get engaged and stuck for hours in front of TV screen. These audiences vary from all ages but children are more exposed to it due to eye catching sharp images of screen. This study will determine the role of working and stay at home mothers about their control over their kids watching television and their preferable modes of controlling screen time. This study examines maternal control over television viewing and preferable channels watched by child. The strict maternal behavior is associated with fewer amounts of television viewing and preferring co-viewing. Those mother who have strict control over televiewing timings have less psychological problems in their kids and have fewer social issues. Therefore, every mother is quiet concerned about her child but her nature of work and job changes her pattern of controlling her kids.
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Haque, Md Monoarul, A. K. M. Majbah Uddin, Md Zahid Hasan Khan, and Khaleda Islam. "Health and Nutritional Profile of Working and Non-Working Slum Children." Chattagram Maa-O-Shishu Hospital Medical College Journal 13, no. 3 (November 29, 2014): 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/cmoshmcj.v13i3.21016.
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Background: The nutritional status of children does not only directly reflect the socioeconomic status of the family and social wellbeing of the community, but also the efficiency of the health care system, and the influence of the surrounding environment. Objective: The present study is an attempt to assess the health and nutritional profile of working and non working slum children in selected slum in Dhaka. Methods: It was a cross sectional descriptive study. The subjects were selected purposively. The study was conducted among 200 slum children in three slum area of Dhaka city. Anthropometric data such as height and weight of the study subjects were collected by using standard techniques. Nutritional status was measured according to WHO guideline. Result: Most of children came from around 12 year age group and male, female distribution was equal. Most of them was Muslim and their income was <5000 taka per month. Underweight (50%, 35%), normal (38%, 49%), overweight (8%, 10%) and obese (4%, 6%) were among working and non working children respectively. Around 50% of children did not think food for his own, later and need not cook for his own. Almost all took rice 2- 3times/day. Milk, meat, egg, fruits, noodles and soft drinks did not take 2- 3times/day. Vegetables and pulses were taken randomly. Conclusion: Tackling malnutrition in urban slums requires a holistic approach, especially when targeting populations of school-age children.Recommendation: Intervention programs related to health and nutritional status may be arranged.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/cmoshmcj.v13i3.21016
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Tine, Michele. "Working Memory Differences Between Children Living in Rural and Urban Poverty." Journal of Cognition and Development 15, no. 4 (September 4, 2014): 599–613. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15248372.2013.797906.
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Schutte, Anne R., Julia C. Torquati, and Heidi L. Beattie. "Impact of Urban Nature on Executive Functioning in Early and Middle Childhood." Environment and Behavior 49, no. 1 (July 28, 2016): 3–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0013916515603095.
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According to attention restoration theory, directed attention can become fatigued and then be restored by spending time in a restorative environment. This study examined the restorative effects of nature on children’s executive functioning. Seven- to 8-year-olds (school aged, n = 34) and 4- to 5-year-olds (preschool, n = 33) participated in two sessions in which they completed an activity to fatigue attention, then walked along urban streets (urban walk) in one session and in a park-like area (nature walk) in another session, and finally completed assessments of working memory, inhibitory control, and attention. Children responded faster on the attention task after a nature walk than an urban walk. School-aged children performed significantly better on the attention task than preschoolers following the nature walk, but not urban walk. Walk type did not affect inhibitory control or verbal working memory. However, preschoolers’ spatial working memory remained more stable following the nature walk than the urban walk.
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Esin, Melek Nihal, Serap Bulduk, and Haluk Ince. "Workrelated Risks and Health Problems of Working Children in Urban Istanbul, Turkey." Journal of Occupational Health 47, no. 5 (September 2005): 431–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1539/joh.47.431.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Urban working children"
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Hoffman, Carol A. "Predictors of reliance on children's self-care by urban black and white families in the United States." Oberlin College Masters Theses / OhioLINK, 1987. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=obgrad1315410341.
Full textBooks on the topic "Urban working children"
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R, Patil B. Working children in urban India. Bangalore: D.B. Publishers, 1988.
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Baguma, Peter. An exploratory study of urban working children in Kampala city, Uganda. Kampala, Uganda: Child Health and Development Centre, 1992.
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Rizzini, Irene. Childhood and urban poverty in Brazil: Street and working children and their families. Florence: International Child Development Centre, 1992.
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United Nations Children's Fund. (UNICEF). Report on Working Children and Women in Myanmar's Urban Informal Sector. United Nations Children's Fund, 1997.
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United Nations Children's Fund. (UNICEF). Report on Working Children and Women in Myanmar's Urban Informal Sector. United Nations Children's Fund, 1997.
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Evans, G. Educational Failure and Working Class White Children in Britain. Palgrave Macmillan Limited, 2016.
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Evans, Gillian. Educational Failure and Working Class White Children in Britain. Palgrave Macmillan, 2006.
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Evans, Gillian. Educational Failure and Working Class White Children in Britain. Palgrave Macmillan, 2006.
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Educational Failure and Working Class White Children in Britain. Palgrave Macmillan Limited, 2008.
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Situation analysis of working children in Nepalgunj municipality and surrounding VDCs with urban characteristics, 2009. Children and Women in Social Service & Human Rights (CWISH), 2010.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Urban working children"
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Yu, Hui. "Pathways to the ‘new urban working-class’ and possibilities of change." In Migrant Children in State/Quasi-state Schools in Urban China, 126–45. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003220596-8.
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Blokland, Talja, and Robert Vief. "Making Sense of Segregation in a Well-Connected City: The Case of Berlin." In The Urban Book Series, 249–70. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-64569-4_13.
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AbstractThis chapter analyses socioeconomic segregation and segregation by migration background for Berlin, Germany. Berlin’s history of division and reunification affected suburbanization patterns and the unequal economic restructuring of the city over time. Within this historical context, we present our empirical results on segregation, and we reflect on the implications of segregation for the daily use of the city. Arguments that segregation affects access to amenities (as in the literature on ‘food deserts’) or reduces access to jobs (as in spatial mismatch theories) are not so useful for Berlin with its strong public transport infrastructure. We find that socioeconomic segregation was moderate and stable for the working-age population between 2007 and 2016, whereas segregation of poor children increased. At the same time, segregation of foreigners and segregation by migration background strongly declined. And yet, even though segregation levels are low and public services are present everywhere, the social use of the city, we argue, may be more segregated than statistical indicators suggest. Drawing on various case studies, we suggest that the use of the overall city reflects segregation patterns of the use of space for other reasons than commonly suggested.
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Runefelt, Leif. "Threat or Nuisance? Foreign Street Entertainers in the Swedish Press, 1800–1880." In Baltic Hospitality from the Middle Ages to the Twentieth Century, 303–28. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-98527-1_12.
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AbstractThis chapter analyzes the changing public opinion towards street entertainers, as expressed in nineteenth-century Swedish press, identifying a shift towards a discourse of securitization 1850. Until then, entertainers were seldom mentioned and occasionally seen as a positive element of urban social life; their services were often appreciated, and this in a country which otherwise had developed strong legal institutions for controlling and rejecting itinerant and marginalized individuals. From 1850, entertainers became more present in the press, the tone being almost completely negative, portraying them as threats to public morals and economy. Criticism focused on three issues. Firstly, entertainers were claimed to be beggars in disguise, parasites on the social body. Secondly, they made noise, making everyday life a nuisance to the urban population. Lastly, their use of children was used to emphasize their inhumane greed. Behind the shift was an increase in the numbers of entertainers following processes of proletarization in Europe, but also the growth of a middle-class striving to take control of city spaces. Between the lines, it becomes clear that entertainers still were popular among working classes. The discourse of securitization seems to have lacked the necessary audience, and the outcries against entertainers mostly without effect.
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O’Dwyer, Maria, Carmel Hannan, and Patricia Neville. "4. ‘Let Them Play’." In Play in a Covid Frame, 77–96. Cambridge, UK: Open Book Publishers, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.11647/obp.0326.04.
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The Republic of Ireland has undergone a process of profound social change since the 1990s. This process of ‘accelerated modernization’ has transformed all aspects of personal and political life including, but not limited to, successive cycles of economic boom (Celtic Tiger economy 1994-2007) and bust (recession 2008 on), changing demographic trends based on inward and outward migration, the growing divide between rural and urban areas, lower fertility rates and the rise of working mothers and the issue of affordable childcare. These changes have impacted on the ludic landscape of Irish children. At one level, play has become transformed into a signifier of social mobility and affluence, with structured, supervised indoor play being deemed to be more socially desirable to unstructured outdoor play. Further class distinctions about play are encoded on the sports field. Irish national sports such as hurling, Gaelic football and camogie, traditionally seen as rural pastimes, are increasingly seen as ways to foster a sense of community for children and their families in the densely populated eastern part of the country. Interestingly, there has been little critical engagement with the ‘play divide’ in the Irish context. This book chapter takes the ‘play divide’ concept to interrogate the status of children’s play in a Covid-19 Ireland from a child-centric perspective. Using data from the national ‘Growing Up in Ireland’ study survey we will explore how the disruptions caused by Covid-19 and the ‘rediscovery’ of the health benefits of outdoor, green play provide us with an opportunity to draw out the classist nature of play in Ireland and contemplate its future direction.
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Attademo, Anna, and Gilda Berruti. "Planning Wastescapes Through Collaborative Processes." In Regenerative Territories, 233–46. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-78536-9_14.
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AbstractThe chapter is focused on collaborative processes through which the functions and spatial hierarchies of public or public use areas are redefined. The field of action is: on the one hand the urban metabolism, interpreted as a study of the life cycle of the city, including wastescapes; on the other, collaborative processes, aimed at defining the uses of tailored, place-based, and collective services. In this sense, the research moves from the analysis of places born for public use, but abandoned over time or never actually completed; disused places waiting to reenter the urban metabolism. Among those, there are also Italian “planning standards,” publicly designed in compliance with the quantities defined by law, and often partially used or not properly managed. The proposal of new uses and services for these contexts is based on criteria of flexibility, not fixed once and for all, not predetermined in time, but in progress in order to overcome the limits of the implementation of policies and programs of the past. These integrated processes can activate a dialogue between public institutions, privates, local associations and citizens’ groups. The research also intends to cross-reference the issue of spatial inequalities in access to spaces and services, with the evolution of the public actor from provider to service enabler, in a wider redefinition of welfare and welfare spaces concept, as an effect of global economic and financial crisis. The question needs non-sectoral responses, which take into account environmental, social, spatial issues. Welfare can no longer be provided as a self-sufficiency device: contextual services, for everyone, can be realized by recapitalizing wastescapes, co-creating “planning standards” through the recovery of degraded local contexts, collectively investing in the use and care of public, and open services. The paper will focus on: (a) the case of the former NATO area in Naples (in Bagnoli neighborhood) which is the subject of a Plan for urban renewal, adopted by the Municipality of Naples in 2020. The area, owned by a public company whose purpose is the assistance of children in the disadvantaged segment (Fondazione Campania Welfare), has been redesigned as a public facility on a metropolitan scale, within a public consultation process between the ownership, the Municipality of Naples and several local stakeholders (third sector organizations, citizens, cultural associations, etc.). As an effect of this collaborative process, the reuse of the area started before the adoption of the Plan; (b) the case of Horizon2020 research REPAiR in which the issue of circular economy applied to the recovery of wastescapes for public purposes has been investigated in living labs, working on waste perception and awareness as key factors for regenerating wastelands. The co-creation process partly resumed a strategy foreseen in 2013 by the Campania Region in the Plan of waste prevention, for the implementation of Integrated Centres for the reuse of durable goods, originally excluded by the Regional Waste Law.
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Rao, Prashanti, Somaina Islary, and Kapil Natawadkar. "Green Space Association with Mental Health and Cognitive Development." In Urban Green Spaces [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.103667.
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Increasing urbanization has resulted in urban stress, which not only has affected the cognitive development of children in schools but also adults at workplace. Various research studies have been conducted in this field, and many computational tests were showcased to prove the facts. Still there is a huge gap while designing the school campus and workplace. This study is based on comprehensive portrayal of greenness at both these spaces. The findings of the study shall provide an insight to policymakers and architects with evidence for feasible and attainable besieged interventions such as improving green spaces not only outdoors but also integrating them with inside spaces at school campus and at workplace.
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Wachira, Lucy-Joy. "Lifestyle Transition towards Sedentary Behavior among Children and Youth in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Narrative Review." In Sedentary Behaviour - A Contemporary View [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.95840.
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Worldwide lifestyles are changing with the fastest transition being witnessed in lower-income countries, especially in developing countries like Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). An influx of easily acquired labor saving screen-based gadgets in many homes has affected many lives. This phenomenon is widespread affecting urban and rural affluent households with income deprived communities playing quick ‘catch up’ in the belief that this is a sign of prestige. This has led to prolonged sitting hours and excessive screen-based sedentary time especially among children. The high crime rate in urban settings has forced more parents to keep children indoors and “keep them busy” with screen gadgets. Children and youths are vulnerable and easily influenced and habits formed in childhood are seen to be carried forward into adulthood. This chapter highlights the increased sedentary lifestyle of the unique SSA population, whose unique cultural and socioeconomic factors gave them very active lifestyles previously. The plight of children and youth as vulnerable groups; and the resulting effects of sedentary screen-based activities have been discussed. Ongoing monitoring and surveillance of sedentary behavior and time among children and youth in SSA for policy development and strategic intervention is strongly advised.
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Gowland, Rebecca, and Sophie L. Newman. "Children of the Revolution." In Children and Childhood in Bioarchaeology, 293–329. University Press of Florida, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5744/florida/9780813056807.003.0010.
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The Industrial Revolution in England during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries resulted in rapid urbanisation and profound socio-economic change. Health inequalities between both rich and poor as well as urban and rural dwellers during this period intensified, as evidenced by contemporary descriptions of the wretched physical appearance of the urban working classes. Recent excavations of skeletal assemblages from this period provide a unique opportunity to explore the direct physiological impact of industrialisation. Childhood growth and morbidity is multidimensional in aetiology, but results demonstrate that metabolic diseases were rife and that skeletal growth and development were adversely affected. In this chapter, the effects of the developmental plasticity and the inter-generational origins of growth deficits are also considered. These findings have been integrated with contemporaneous historical accounts in order to provide a more nuanced interpretation of childhood life and death during this period.
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Habil, Mahima, David D. Massey, and Ajay Taneja. "Influence of Microenvironments and Personal Activities on Personal PM2.5 Exposures among Children and Adults." In Air Quality [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.95116.
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Environmental issues are a major worldwide problem of significant concern. Due to the growing human population and advancement in every sector, the environmental related issues are multiplying in recent years. Scalable exposures assessments approach that captures personal exposure to particles for purposes of epidemiology are currently limited, but very valuable especially for a country like India. The high levels of indoor particulate matter and the apparent scale of its impact on the global burden of disease underline the importance of particulate as an environmental health risk and the need for monitoring them. Human exposure especially to fine particles can have significant harmful effects on the respiratory and cardiovascular system. To investigate daily exposure characteristics to PM2.5 with ambient concentrations in an urban environment, personal exposure measurements were conducted for different age groups of people residing in different indoor environments. To account for PM2.5 exposure and measurements personal environment monitors (PEM) and medium volume sampler APM 550 was used to measure PM2.5 concentration. On comparing the annual average PM2.5 concentration with National Ambient Air Quality and WHO standards the concentrations were found to be many folds higher for personal and ambient monitoring at homes, schools, and offices. Moreover, the questionnaire data study explains the fact that the health hazards experienced by occupants linked to various activity patterns pose a greater risk in different indoor environments as compared to outdoor environments. The presented research method and analysis can help develop environmental awareness in identifying these pollutants and can also help in elucidating these contaminants. A real understanding of these possible causes of airborne contaminant is crucial for selecting and developing suitable and effective control methods.
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Durá-Travé, Teodoro, and Fidel Gallinas-Victoriano. "Vitamin D Deficiency in Childhood Obesity: Behavioral Factors or Altered Metabolism?" In Vitamin D Deficiency - New Insights [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.105819.
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Obesity childhood is related to vitamin D deficiency, but the mechanisms for this association still remain questionable. We hypothesized that behavioral factors would be decisive in reducing the body content of vitamin D in patients with obesity. A cross-sectional clinical and analytical study (calcium, phosphorus, calcidiol, and parathyroid hormone) was carried out in a group of 377 patients with obesity (BMI-DS >2.0), 348 patients with severe obesity (BMI-DS >3.0), and 411 healthy children. The place of residence was categorized as urban or rural. Vitamin D status was defined according to the US Endocrine Society criteria. The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency was significantly higher (p < 0.001) in severe obesity (48.6%) and obesity groups (36.1%) than in the control group (12.5%). Vitamin D deficiency was more frequent in severe obesity and obesity groups living in urban areas than in those living in rural areas (not in the control group). The patients with obesity living in urban residence did not present significant seasonal variations in vitamin D deficiency throughout the year in contrast to those patients with obesity living in rural residence. These findings suggest that the most probable mechanism for vitamin D deficiency in children and adolescents with obesity, rather than altered metabolic, is the behavioral factors (sedentary lifestyle and lack of adequate sunlight exposure).
Conference papers on the topic "Urban working children"
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Langa, Claudiu. "SOCIAL MEDIA IMPACT ON PRIMARY EDUCATION CYCLE CHILDREN'S SECONDARY SOCIALIZATION." In eLSE 2014. Editura Universitatii Nationale de Aparare "Carol I", 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.12753/2066-026x-14-180.
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Socialization can be understood as the fundamental process of transmitting culture and social organization to the next generations, thus ensuring the continuity, stability and perpetuation of society. (Schifirne?, 2004, 67). Within European societies and not only them, family is, or should be, the most important socialization agent. Lately, alongside school and the group of friends, social media became an important factor in the socialization of young generations, as the interaction of the young through socialization networks increases so quickly. Parents should supervise them carefully but because of their lack of time and sometimes ignoring the impact of socialization networks on the child's socialization process, they leave small school age children much too free. One of the real problems is that more and more children use network socialization web sites but many of them do not take the necessary measures to protect online. The purpose of the study is to investigate the weight of online socialization networks in the socialization process of primary education cycle pupils, the time spent by children on such networks and online computer games, the parents' manner of supervising the computer activity, the parents' management of the children's leisure time. The general working hypotheses of this study are: 1. There are significant differences between the pupils in the urban environment and those in the rural environment as regards the time spent on the computer on socialization networks. 2. There are significant differences between the parents of the pupils in the urban environment and the parents of the pupils in the rural environment as regards the supervision of the children's computer activity. The methodology used in this investigative approach is the questionnaire applied on a group of 125 pupils from primary school from urban and rural areas and their parents. The questionnaires were applied through the teachers at such classrooms. The Findings and Results of this study have aimed at the verification of research hypotheses. The working hypotheses have been confirmed following data processing and interpretation.
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Duca, Diana Sînziana, and Maria Doina Schipor. "The Classroom Demands and Teacher Self-Efficacy in On-Site and Online Teaching." In World Lumen Congress 2021, May 26-30, 2021, Iasi, Romania. LUMEN Publishing House, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18662/wlc2021/20.
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We investigate in this work the relationship between the perceived demands of the teaching profession and the general sense of teachers’ self-efficacy in on-site and online teaching contexts. We present the results of a study with N= 127 Romanian teachers, with ages ranged from 19 to 55, with a mean age of 39,26 years, SD = 9,20 (123 females, 4 males; 73 from urban area, 54 from rural area). Our results show that the self-efficacy of teachers is lower in online professional activities, compared to the self-efficacy of teachers perceived in the on-site professional activities. In the case of the online teaching environment the teachers with high scores on teachers’ self-efficacy tends to consider as being more challenging when dealing with different levels of children's development, working with children with learning disabilities, who have a small number of attendances, who do not follow the received instructions and with children who need more time and energy compared to other children. We discuss implications of our results for policies and strategies to enhance the quality of teaching practices.
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Gayatri, Maria. "The Use of Modern Contraceptives among Poor Women in Urban Areas in Indonesia." In The 7th International Conference on Public Health 2020. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.03.27.
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ABSTRACT Background: Poverty in urban areas is a complex problem for the development of human resources, including the control of population numbers. This study aimed to determine the factors influencing the use of modern contraceptives in urban areas among poor women in Indonesia. Subjects and Method: This was a cross-sectional study conducted in rural areas in Indonesia. Total of 3,249 women aged 15-49 years who were poor and live in urban areas in Indonesia were enrolled in this study. The dependent variable was the use of modern contraceptives. The independent variables were husband’s work status, desire to have children, age, number of children living with, health insurance, women education, and internet use. Data were collected from the 2017 Indonesian Demographic and Health Survey (IDHS). Data were analyzed using a multiple logistic regression. Results: The use of modern contraceptives among poor urban women in Indonesia reached 59.8%. Women living with actively working husband (OR = 2.64; 95% CI = 1.43 to 4.88; p<0.001), desire to have children (OR = 2.24; 95% CI = 1.87 to 2.67; p<0.001), aged 20-34 years (OR = 1.68; 95% CI = 1.07 to 2.65; p<0.001), the number of children living 3 or more (OR = 1.23; 95% CI = 1.03 to 1.47; p<0.001), and having health insurance (OR = 1.19; 95% CI = 1.03 to 1.39; p<0.001) were more likely to use modern contraceptive methods. Meanwhile, women who are highly educated and women who actively use the internet were more likely to not use modern contraceptives. Conclusion: The dominant factor affecting is the husband’s work status and the desire to have children. Health insurance owned by poor women greatly influences the use of modern contraceptives. It is recommended to improve communication, information and education (IEC), counseling, and access to contraceptive services to continue to be carried out in urban poor areas in Indonesia. Keywords: modern contraception, poor, urban, family planning, logistic regression. Correspondence: Maria Gayatri. Center for Family Planning and Family Welfare Research and Development, National Population and Family Planning Agency. Jl. Permata no. 1, Halim Perdana Kusuma, East Jakarta, Indonesia. Email: maria.gayatri.bkkbn@gmail.com. Mobile: 081382580297 DOI: https://doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.03.27
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Kojic, Miroslava, Smiljana Kojicgrandic, and Zagorka Markov. "THE WILLINGNESS OF PRESCHOOL TEACHERS TO BE PROFESSIONALLY TRAINED VIA DISTANCE LEARNING TO WORK WITH CHILDREN WITH DISABILITIES." In eLSE 2017. Carol I National Defence University Publishing House, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.12753/2066-026x-17-064.
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The pedagogical knowledge and skills of preschool teachers have a great impact on the quality of an educational process. In developed countries, distance learning has become the integral part of an educational system. Are preschool teachers in our country ready to reinforce their professional competences for working with children with disabilities and their pedagogical strategies related to inclusive education through distance learning? In the theoretical part of the work we have explained the meaning of educational seminars for preschool teachers in Serbia and we have defined e-learning. The main objective of this research is to determine whether preschool teachers are ready for further education for working with children with disabilities and with children with special needs via e-learning. Furthermore, our aim is to determine whether there is a significant statistical difference in the terms of professional experience amount, age and the place of residence (rural-urban), in relation to the respondents’ willingness to accept training through e-learning acquirement for the realization of educational work with children with developmental disabilities in inclusive schools. The study involved 200 teachers employed in pre-school institutions in Kikinda, Novi Sad, Zrenjanin and Belgrade. The research’s results show that the preschool teachers younger in chronological age are statistically more significantly ready and that they see the benefits of learning via distance. There are no important statistical differences in the terms of demographic characteristics of respondents and the amount of work experience in relation to readiness for e-learning.
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Pedro, Antonio B., Carlos A. C. Manzano, Celso A. d’Oliveira, Jorge L. B. de Jesus, Karin Diesel, Patri´cia C. Puga, Paulo R. A. Celullar, Paulo R. C. Chiappetta, and Regis R. Loureiro. "Smart Kids Play Safe." In 2006 International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2006-10517.
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Pipeline construction inevitably interferes with people’s lives whenever they cross densely populated urban areas or communities. Therefore, besides all the efforts to assure the work safety, working it is also important to consider the safety of people living in such areas. Petrobras Engineering, through the Smart Kids Play Safe program avoided accidents involving members of the communities, during pipeline construction. Safety, environmental and health information was disseminated among children, their relatives and teachers during pipeline construction as well as on the daily acquaintance with area residents.
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Monzillo de Oliveira, Luciana. "A OBSOLESCÊNCIA DOS PARQUES INFANTIS E A DESTINAÇÃO DOS EQUIPAMENTOS: dois exemplares de Santo Amaro, São Paulo." In Seminario Internacional de Investigación en Urbanismo. Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Grup de Recerca en Urbanisme, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5821/siiu.12169.
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This article discusses the relationship between children's educational equipment and the urban context of the city of São Paulo between 1935 and 1985, a period in which public institutions called parks and children's corners lasted. The equipment was intended for the care of working-class children and young people and was designed by Mário de Andrade during his participation as São Paulo's Secretary of Culture. The objective is to recover the history of playgrounds and illustrate how the equipment distributed in the different areas of the city, mainly in places with an industrial vocation, implanted in large lots, in strategically located points and with relative visual permeability between the interior and the exterior, contributed to the appropriation and participation of the population in the social activities promoted by the municipality. The historiographic-based research is based on the argument that the deactivation of playgrounds due to the modernization of educational policies in the children's and youth area reflected in changes not only in pedagogical and social parameters, but also impacted urban relations and their articulation. with the immediate surroundings. The two case studies selected in Santo Amaro represent two distinct examples of uses after their deactivation. Keywords: Children's playground, working class neighborhood, Santo Amaro, public policy. O presente artigo aborda a relação entre equipamento educacional infanto-juvenil e o contexto urbano da cidade de São Paulo entre os anos de 1935 e 1985, período em que perduraram as instituições públicas denominadas de parques e recantos infanto-juvenis. Os equipamentos eram destinados ao atendimento das crianças e jovens das classes operárias e foram idealizados por Mário de Andrade durante sua participação como Secretário da Cultura de São Paulo. O objetivo é recuperar a história dos parques infantis e ilustrar como os equipamentos distribuídos nas diversas zonas da cidade, principalmente em locais com vocação industrial, implantados em grandes lotes, em pontos estrategicamente localizados e com relativa permeabilidade visual entre o interior e o exterior contribuíram para a apropriação e participação da população nas atividades sociais promovidas pela municipalidade. A pesquisa de base historiográfica apoia-se sobre o argumento de que a desativação dos parques infantis em função da modernização das políticas educacionais na área infanto-juvenil refletiu em alterações não apenas nos parâmetros pedagógicos e sociais, como também impactou as relações urbanísticas e sua articulação com o entorno imediato. Os dois estudos de casos selecionados em Santo Amaro, representam dois exemplos distintos de destinações de uso após a desativação dos mesmos. Palavras-chave: Parque infantil, bairro operário, Santo Amaro, política pública.
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Langa, Claudiu. "STUDY ON THE SKILLS OF THE DIDACTICAL STAFF IN PRIMARY EDUCATION TO USE COMPUTER IN THE EDUCATION AND IN PUPILS' SOCIAL MEDIA SOCIALIZATION PROCESS." In eLSE 2015. Carol I National Defence University Publishing House, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.12753/2066-026x-15-121.
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Teachers' skills to use IT tools in order to quickly find data and for quick and interactive communication are indispensable in the knowledge-based contemporaneous society. School, through the didactical staff, is a socialization factor, whose influence within this process cannot be questioned. The essential school task from this perspective is not only to teach various skills to children or to provide them with many information and knowledge but especially to prepare them for life in society, train them so as to assimilate the values and norms specific to the social world in which they were born and where they shall develop their adult life. The purpose of the study is to investigate the level of computer skills of the primary cycle didactical staff in the education and pupils' social media socialization process. Also, the extent to which the interaction between pupils and the didactical staff outside the school time is made through the online environment shall be analyzed. The working hypotheses of this study are: 1. there are significant differences between the teachers in the urban environment and those in the rural environment as regards the competence to use the computer in the education process 2. there are significant differences between the teachers in the urban environment and the teachers in the rural environment as regards the use of social media in the pupils' socialization process. The methodology used in this investigative approach is the questionnaire applied on a group of 200 teachers from primary school from urban and rural areas. The questionnaires were applied online and face to face. Findings and Results of this study have aimed at the verification of research hypotheses. The working hypotheses have been confirmed following data processing and interpretation.
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Panok, Vitalii, and Iryna Tkachuk. "Social-Psychological problems of pedagogues in conditions pandemic of COVID-19." In National Events on WMHD in Ukraine. N-DSA-N, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32437/nmhdup2021.4.
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Introduction. The COVID-19 pandemic may have hit the education industry the hardest, but the socio-psychological effects of quarantine are still poorly understood. A group of scientists from the Ukrainian SMC of practical psychology and social work of the NAES of Ukraine has conducted a study of the socio-psychological problems that have arisen for teaching staff of general secondary education establishments in the context of the pandemic. Purpose. The research was carried out during the implementation of the scientific topic «Overcoming the consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic in the activities of the psychological service of the educational system» on the order of the National Research Fund of Ukraine. Design\approach\methodology. The study was conducted by interviewing educators through Google forms. Most of the questions contained a 10-step scale. In processing the data, all respondents’ answers were grouped into 5 categories: "yes", "more likely to", "more likely not", "no", "don’t know/it’s hard to say". The survey was attended by 3,209 teaching staff from general secondary education institutions from all regions of Ukraine, 45% from urban areas, 55% from rural areas; among which 92% were women and 8% were men. Results. Among the results, researchers highlighted the difficulties and fears of educators caused by the pandemic. The fears and complexities of the profession were distributed as follows. 1. The fear of getting infected (infecting family members) is common to 78.2% of the surveyed. 40.9% of the interviewed felt this fear to the greatest extent. However, 9.3% found those fears irrelevant. 2. Problems associated with the use of ICT in educational activities (lack of competence) — 53.2%. Among those, 22.2% have major difficulties and 31% have minor difficulties. Only 15.7% consider themselves fully competent. 3. 73% of educators noted difficulties in involving children in distance learning. This was the main problem for 12.8% of respondents. 4. «It is difficult to adhere to all anti-epidemic requirements in an educational institution to protect students» — 69.5% stated that this is one of the most significant problems of professional activity. 5. Emotional exhaustion, loss of emotional balance, excessive fatigue. 58.7% said that the problem was significant, of which almost 18% said it was very significant. 6. 51.1% of respondents indicated that they were unable to communicate with students' parents regarding monitoring the quality of their students' knowledge. Of these, 8.7% rated it with the highest score. 7. Health related difficulties (consequential of COVID-19). 31.2% of educators consider this problem to be relevant, while 8.9% rated it as very relevant. 30.4% of those interviewed denied the existence of such a problem. Conclusions Taking into account the results of the study, the most relevant areas in the work of the psychologists in the educational system are the following: ● prevention among educators and students of the COVID-bullying; ● working with negative emotional states of participants in the educational process and increasing their stress tolerance; ● providing socio-educational assistance to children and families in difficult life situations, and forming positive life prospects. Keywords. COVID-19 pandemic; pedagogues; social-psychological problems; fear of getting infected; emotional exhaustion
Reports on the topic "Urban working children"
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Morán, Ricardo, and Claudio de Moura Castro. Street-children and the Inter-American Development Bank: Lessons from Brazil. Inter-American Development Bank, March 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0006885.
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The Inter-American Development Bank sponsored a workshop in Terezopolis, Brazil, in August 1995 to review current thinking among analysts and activists involved with programs for youth in Brazil. The Workshop brought together IDB staff working in the areas of Early Child Care and Development (ECCD), street-children, and other youth at risk, with over two dozen people knowledgeable about street-children. Based largely on what they learned in Terezopolis, this paper draws on lessons and proposals for IDB involvement with street-children in Brazil. The key lesson from the Terezopolis meeting and this paper is that the programs with greatest and most lasting impact on the "street-children problem" are not "street-children programs" in the usual sense. Rather, they are programs that help build up the "social" and human capital of the poorest urban communities and families. They focus broadly on all children, including those yet unborn. These programs help provide basic (but "quality") services for sanitation, health and nutrition (especially for pregnant women and children), early child care and development, preschool, and education.
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Roelen, Keetie, Sukanta Paul, Neil Howard, and Vibhor Mathur. Children’s Engagement with Exploitative Work in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Institute of Development Studies, November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/clarissa.2020.001.
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Despite decades of interventions aiming to reduce child labour, children’s engagement with exploitative work remains widespread, particularly in South Asia. Emerging evidence about cash transfer programmes point towards their potential for reducing children’s engagement with work, but knowledge is scarce in terms of their impact on exploitative work and in urban settings. One component of the CLARISSA programme is to trial an innovative ‘cash plus’ intervention and to learn about its potential for reducing children’s harmful and hazardous work in two slum areas in Dhaka, Bangladesh. This Working Paper presents findings from a small-scale qualitative study that was undertaken in late 2019, aiming to inform the design of the cash plus intervention. Findings point towards the potential for cash transfers to reduce the need for children to engage in exploitative work and highlight key considerations for design and delivery, including mode and frequency of delivery and engagement with local leaders and community representatives. URI
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Williams, Sarah. Silos and Systems. Auckland University of Technology, November 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/10292/16947.
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Executive Summary Education and health are interrelated. Education is positively associated with health behaviours, life expectancy, and morbidity and is an established social determinant of health. However, for learning to occur, children must be healthy, ready, and able. All too frequently, ill-health compromises learning and school attendance, leading to long-term negative consequences throughout life. Positioning health services alongside schools, and upholding collaborative intersectoral working, has positively impacted education and health outcomes for children and young people internationally. In New Zealand, however, the education and health sectors work in silo with no formal directive to do otherwise. Achieving and maintaining inter-sectoral collaboration is therefore challenging, piecemeal, and time-consuming. It is further complicated by system structure, competing priorities, and differing perspectives of the two sectors and those working within them. This multicase study of three urban primary schools explored the relationship between school staff and health services and the influences on this relationship. The study focused on the experiences and perspectives of participant principals, teachers, teacher aides, administrative staff, and Special Educational Needs Co-ordinators (SENCO) working with health services. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews, observations, and reviews of staff professional development and other related learning opportunities. The findings highlighted the uncoordinated working relationship between the health and education sectors in New Zealand and the current barriers to achieving workable, inter-sectoral collaboration. This study has confirmed the need for better inter-sector alignment while acknowledging the interdependence of both sectors. Collaborative inter-sectoral work between education and health is critical. The findings from this study recommend developing and implementing a national policy enabling these sectors to work together to achieve optimal education and health outcomes for children and young people in New Zealand.
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Bano, Masooda. Low-Fee Private-Tuition Providers in Developing Countries: An Under-Appreciated and Under- Studied Market—Supply-Side Dynamics in Pakistan. Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE), August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-rise-wp_2022/107.
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Although low-income parents’ dependence on low-fee private schools has been actively documented in the past decade, existing research and policy discussions have failed to recognise their heavy reliance on low-fee tuition providers in order to ensure that their children complete the primary cycle. By mapping a vibrant supply of low-fee tuition providers in two neighbourhoods in the twin cities of Rawalpindi and Islamabad in Pakistan, this paper argues for understanding the supply-side dynamics of this segment of the education market with the aim of designing better-informed policies, making better use of public spending on supporting private-sector players to reach the poor. Contrary to what is assumed in studies of the private tuition market, the low-fee tuition providers offering services in the Pakistani urban neighbourhoods are not teachers in government schools trying to make extra money by offering afternoon tutorial to children from their schools. Working from their homes, the tutors featured in this paper are mostly women who often have no formal teacher training but are imaginative in their use of a diverse set of teaching techniques to ensure that children from low-income households who cannot get support for education at home cope with their daily homework assignments and pass the annual exams to transition to the next grade. These tutors were motivated to offer tuition by a combination of factors ranging from the need to earn a living, a desire to stay productively engaged, and for some a commitment to help poor children. Arguing that parents expect them to take full responsibility for their children’s educational attainment, these providers view the poor quality of education in schools, the weak maternal involvement in children’s education, and changing cultural norms, whereby children no longer respect authority, as being key to explaining the prevailing low educational levels. The paper presents evidence that the private tuition providers, who may be viewed as education entrepreneurs, have the potential to be used by the state and development agencies to provide better quality education to children from low-income families.
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Lazonick, William, Philip Moss, and Joshua Weitz. The Unmaking of the Black Blue-Collar Middle Class. Institute for New Economic Thinking Working Paper Series, May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36687/inetwp159.
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In the decade after the Civil Rights Act of 1964, African Americans made historic gains in accessing employment opportunities in racially integrated workplaces in U.S. business firms and government agencies. In the previous working papers in this series, we have shown that in the 1960s and 1970s, Blacks without college degrees were gaining access to the American middle class by moving into well-paid unionized jobs in capital-intensive mass production industries. At that time, major U.S. companies paid these blue-collar workers middle-class wages, offered stable employment, and provided employees with health and retirement benefits. Of particular importance to Blacks was the opening up to them of unionized semiskilled operative and skilled craft jobs, for which in a number of industries, and particularly those in the automobile and electronic manufacturing sectors, there was strong demand. In addition, by the end of the 1970s, buoyed by affirmative action and the growth of public-service employment, Blacks were experiencing upward mobility through employment in government agencies at local, state, and federal levels as well as in civil-society organizations, largely funded by government, to operate social and community development programs aimed at urban areas where Blacks lived. By the end of the 1970s, there was an emergent blue-collar Black middle class in the United States. Most of these workers had no more than high-school educations but had sufficient earnings and benefits to provide their families with economic security, including realistic expectations that their children would have the opportunity to move up the economic ladder to join the ranks of the college-educated white-collar middle class. That is what had happened for whites in the post-World War II decades, and given the momentum provided by the dominant position of the United States in global manufacturing and the nation’s equal employment opportunity legislation, there was every reason to believe that Blacks would experience intergenerational upward mobility along a similar education-and-employment career path. That did not happen. Overall, the 1980s and 1990s were decades of economic growth in the United States. For the emerging blue-collar Black middle class, however, the experience was of job loss, economic insecurity, and downward mobility. As the twentieth century ended and the twenty-first century began, moreover, it became apparent that this downward spiral was not confined to Blacks. Whites with only high-school educations also saw their blue-collar employment opportunities disappear, accompanied by lower wages, fewer benefits, and less security for those who continued to find employment in these jobs. The distress experienced by white Americans with the decline of the blue-collar middle class follows the downward trajectory that has adversely affected the socioeconomic positions of the much more vulnerable blue-collar Black middle class from the early 1980s. In this paper, we document when, how, and why the unmaking of the blue-collar Black middle class occurred and intergenerational upward mobility of Blacks to the college-educated middle class was stifled. We focus on blue-collar layoffs and manufacturing-plant closings in an important sector for Black employment, the automobile industry from the early 1980s. We then document the adverse impact on Blacks that has occurred in government-sector employment in a financialized economy in which the dominant ideology is that concentration of income among the richest households promotes productive investment, with government spending only impeding that objective. Reduction of taxes primarily on the wealthy and the corporate sector, the ascendancy of political and economic beliefs that celebrate the efficiency and dynamism of “free market” business enterprise, and the denigration of the idea that government can solve social problems all combined to shrink government budgets, diminish regulatory enforcement, and scuttle initiatives that previously provided greater opportunity for African Americans in the government and civil-society sectors.