Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Urban water'
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Murray, Phillip Dominic. "Urban land use /." Title page, table of contents and abstract only, 1990. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09ENV/09envm983.pdf.
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Gato, Shirley, and s3024038@rmit edu au. "Forecasting Urban Residential Water Demand." RMIT University. Civil, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, 2006. http://adt.lib.rmit.edu.au/adt/public/adt-VIT20070202.113452.
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The city of Melbourne in Victoria, Australia has been recognised as having high quality drinking water, but like other urban cities in the world, its growing population means increasing water demand. Melbourne is also already on its eight year of dry climatic conditions and is currently experiencing a drought that forced water authorities to impose water restrictions after 20 years of unrestricted supply. The current drought, dwindling supplies and possible impact of climate change highlight the importance of making better use of this precious resource. The Water Resources Strategy has been developed for Melbourne, which serve as the basis for the Victorian Government to set per capita consumption reduction targets of 15%, 25% and 30% by 2010, 2015 and 2020 respectively. The strategy was developed to ensure a continuation of a safe, reliable and cost effective water supply that is environmentally sustainable in the long term. This is in recognition that population growth and water consumption will eventually require additional supplies of water (Water Resources Strategy Committee for the Melbourne Area 2002). One of the key findings of the National Land and Water Resources Audit's Australian Water Resources Assessment 2000 is the lack of detailed knowledge about the end use (Australian Water Association 2001). The
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Tsegaye, Seneshaw Amare. "Flexible Urban Water Distribution Systems." Scholar Commons, 2013. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/4597.
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With increasing global change pressures such as urbanization and climate change, cities of the future will experience difficulties in efficiently managing scarcer and less reliable water resources. However, projections of future global change pressures are plagued with uncertainties. This increases the difficulty in developing urban water systems that are adaptable to future uncertainty.
A major component of an urban water system is the distribution system, which constitutes approximately 80-85% of the total cost of the water supply system (Swamee and Sharma, 2008). Traditionally, water distribution systems (WDS) are designed using deterministic assumptions of main model input variables such as water availability and water demand. However, these deterministic assumptions are no longer valid due to the inherent uncertainties associated with them. Hence, a new design approach is required, one that recognizes these inherent uncertainties and develops more adaptable and flexible systems capable of using their active capacity to act or respond to future alterations in a timely, performance-efficient, and cost-effective manner.
This study develops a framework for the design of flexible WDS that are adaptable to new, different, or changing requirements. The framework consists of two main parts.
The first part consists of several components that are important in the pre and post--processing of the least-cost design methodology of a flexible WDS. These components include: the description of uncertainties affecting WDS design, identification of potential flexibility options for WDS, generation of flexibility through optimization, and a method for assessing of flexibility. For assessment a suite of performance metrics is developed that reflect the degree of flexibility of a distribution system. These metrics focus on the capability of the WDS to respond and react to future changes. The uncertainties description focuses on the spatial and temporal variation of future demand.
The second part consists of two optimization models for the design of centralized and decentralized WDS respectively. The first model generates flexible, staged development plans for the incremental growth of a centralized WDS. The second model supports the development of clustered/decentralized WDS. It is argued that these clustered systems promote flexibility as they provide internal degrees of freedom, allowing many different combinations of distribution systems to be considered. For both models a unique genetic algorithm based flexibility optimization (GAFO) model was developed that maximizes the flexibility of a WDS at the least cost.
The efficacy of the developed framework and tools are demonstrated through two case study applications on real networks in Uganda. The first application looks at the design of a centralized WDS in Mbale, a small town in Eastern Uganda. Results from this application indicate that the flexibility framework is able to generate a more flexible design of the centralized system that is 4% - 50% less expensive than a conventionally designed system when compared against several future scenarios. In addition, this application highlights that the flexible design has a lower regret under different scenarios when compared to the conventionally designed system (a difference of 11.2m3/US$). The second application analyzes the design of a decentralized network in the town of Aura, a small town in Northern Uganda. A comparison of a decentralized system to a centralized system is performed, and the results indicate that the decentralized system is 24% - 34% less expensive and that these cost savings are associated with the ability of the decentralized system to be staged in a way that traces the urban growth trajectory more closely. The decentralized clustered WDS also has a lower regret (a difference of 17.7m3/US$) associated with the potential future conditions in comparison with the conventionally centralized system and hence is more flexible.
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Larkins, Jesse E. "Water Blight: The Urban Condition." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1460730188.
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Raman, Ganesh S. "WATER,Architecture & Structure:Solutions for the Urban Water Crises." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1595845944084645.
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Sjöholm, Pia. "Water strategies for Swedish sustainable urban planning : A comparison between certification systems and urban water research." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-213400.
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Sustainable development is gaining more focus than ever, and sustainable urban water management is increasingly being incorporated in urban planning worldwide. Internationally, certification systems for sustainable urban planning have gained popularity, and a Swedish version of the British certification system BREEAM Communities is on its way. In this degree project the technical water related aspects of the certification system BREEAMCommunities are analyzed and compared with the corresponding aspects of the American certification system LEED for Neighborhood Development. Water related aspects of both systems are discussed on basis of research in sustainable urban water management. Difficult questions raised in managing the urban water of the future are e.g. climate changes and new technical solutions for storm water management.
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Livingston, Daniel John Civil & Environmental Engineering Faculty of Engineering UNSW. "Institutions and decentralised urban water management." Publisher:University of New South Wales. Civil & Environmental Engineering, 2008. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/41336.
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Physically decentralised water management systems may contribute to improving the sustainability of urban water management. Any shift toward decentralised systems needs to consider not just physical system design but also social values, knowledge frames, and organisations, and their interconnections to the physical technology. Four cases of recent Australian urban water management improvement projects were researched using qualitative methods. Three cases were of decentralised water management innovation. The other was of a centralised system, although decentralised options had been considered. These cases were studied to identify institutional barriers and enablers for the uptake of decentralised systems, and to better understand how emerging environmental engineering knowledge might be applied to overcome an implementation gap for decentralised urban water technologies. Analysis of each case focused on the institutional elements of urban water management, namely: the values, knowledge frames and organisational structures. These elements were identified through in-depth interviews, document review, and an on-line survey. The alignment of these elements was identified as being a significant contributor to the stability of centralised systems, or to change toward decentralised systems. A new organisational home for innovative knowledge was found to be common to each case where decentralised innovation occurred. ??Institutional entrepreneurs??, strong stakeholder engagement, and inter-organisational networks were all found to be linked to the creation of shared meaning and legitimacy for organisational and technological change. Existing planning frameworks focus on expert justification for change rather than institutional support for change. Institutional factors include shared understandings, values and organisational frameworks, and the alignment of each factor. Principles for, and examples of, appropriate organisational design for enabling and managing decentralised technological innovation for urban water management are proposed. This research contributes to the understanding of the institutional basis and dynamics of urban water management, particularly in relation to physical centralisation and decentralisation of urban water management technologies and, to a lesser extent, in relation to user involvement in urban water management. Understanding of factors that contribute to enabling and constraining decentralised technologies is extended to include institutional and organisational factors. New and practical pathways for change for the implementation of decentralised urban water systems are provided.
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Sempewo, Jotham Ivan. "Transitioning of urban water distribution systems." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2013. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/4227/.
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The upgrade of urban water distribution systems (UWDS) amidst uncertain global change pressures is a challenging problem. To deal with this dilemma water utilities require approaches that enable UWDS to be transitioned at a minimal technical and socio-economic impact as uncertainties become known. A review of approaches for upgrading UWDS shows that existing cost models are skewed towards operation and maintenance costs without consideration for future transitionability. This thesis describes approaches for the sustainable transition of UWDS and their application on case studies. The thesis develops a conceptual framework for the analysis of UWDS transitions. It then develops a Socio-economic Impact Indicator (SII) framework based on Multi Criteria Decision Analysis and the Analytical Hierarchical Process to estimate impacts in an urban area due to UWDS transitions. It also develops an approach for modelling socio-technical transitions based on multinomial logistic regression. The thesis then develops an UWDS transition design approach that considers not only operation and maintenance costs (leakage and burst costs) but also transitionability and future socio-technical impacts costs. The developed approaches have been tested on case studies as proof of concept. Maximum cost saving can be realised when existing UWDS are upgraded with consideration of future UWDS transitionability.
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Baker, Sara Kontoff. "Water and fountains in urban spaces." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/71377.
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Thesis (M.S.V.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 1986.MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ROTCH
Bibliography: leaves 136-140.
by Sara Kontoff Baker.
M.S.V.S.
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Mahne, T. G. (Tobias Gerhardus). "Urban Water Centre : educate and celebrate." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/25666.
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This thesis explores the role of water in urban landscape architectural design and identifies strategies that will conserve and optimise the use of water in the built environment. This is done through selecting a site in Pretoria at the intersection of the Apies River channel and Nelson Mandela drive and designing an Urban Water Centre that explores; exposes and celebrates water in the urban context. The design creates opportunities for kids from nearby schools, students from TUT, residents from the area, pedestrians and tourists to interact on a physical and emotional level with water. Educating people about water conservation is an important aspect of the project and raising awareness is the first step. The design addresses the city-wide need for green public open space and provides opportunities for urbanites to connect with water and the Apies River. This connection is established through the facilitation of significant encounters with water. These include physical contact play with water, creating interest and anticipation around rain events and through translating some of the associated attributes of water into a solid surface. The design approach is influenced by studying the Sustainable Sites Initiative’s ecosystem service approach. Green Star SA is investigated for a possible application to landscape architecture. The findings from the Sustainable Sites Initiative are enhanced by General Systems Theory and then used to generate systems that supports the desired experiences. The first and largest system lifts some of the base flow from the Apies River channel with a waterwheel, where after it is purified in a constructed wetland and a chlorine-free disinfecting process. The clean water is then displayed in a play pond that partially drains through a gravity driven vortex generator. The vortex generator aerates and cools down the water while adding movement; sound and a sense of the passage of time to the human experience. From the vortex, water flows into a constructed pebble lined stream that children can play in and experience stream ecology. The pebbles and vegetation refers back to the Apies River before it was lined with concrete. From the stream the water rejoins the channel. The second on site water system addresses rainwater. The design creates anticipation and curiosity associated with rain events. Rainwater from one of the on site buildings are harvested and displayed in a rain-meter garden. A first-flush system intercepts the first dirty water where after it drizzles down a rain-curtain into a rain-meter system. The rain-meters are large bullet resistant glass tank-like containers, calibrated to show how many millimetres of rain have fallen during the shower. A rain-sensor drains the water into a temporary wetland and lets in percolate into the underground storage tank. The third on site water system treats grey water from buildings through a stepped constructed wetland and displays the cleaned water in a jubilant motion activated display at one of the pedestrian entrances. Water from the rain-meter system; the grey water system and harvested surface runoff all contributes towards meeting the water needs of irrigation and buildings. Other eco-system service strategies identified in the study are applied in the design. These include the protection of on site biomass along with the introduction of region appropriate planting; design for- and use of waste reducing materials and the integration of on site systems to enrich the experience. CopyrightDissertation (ML(Prof))--University of Pretoria, 2009.
Architecture
unrestricted
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Soltani, ehha Mahdokht. "Yazd Urban Water Governance : Towards water privatization in Yazd, Iran." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Kulturgeografiska institutionen, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-65783.
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Reliable clean water supply and treated sewage are fundamental for human health and wellbeing. Water scarcity becomes a discussing concern due to the unfair distribution of resources and different amount of precipitation in some parts of the earth. Although water-related issues are highly influenced by climate changes, there are always various mismanagements of human kind in local scale which totally affects the natural water cycle. Therefore, an urban water system and how this system copes with the natural and built environment are going to be studied in this research. Reviewing the urban management and decision making process inIran, privatization and its prerequisites is the main backbone of this thesis. The central region ofIran,Yazd, has been selected as the case study. This water-stressed area is located on desert margins which water plays a key role in every new and existing development. Along with studying vulnerability of urban water system in this area, the potential risks and crisis would be pointed out. Finally, the analysis and discussion to the current of water sector’s situation based on previous experiences have been presented.
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Peng, Yang Amy, and 彭阳. "Living with water: decentralized storm water management in urban village." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2013. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B50707048.
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Strand, Anders. "Urban Rain Water Harvesting and Water Management in Sri Lanka." Thesis, Malmö högskola, Fakulteten för teknik och samhälle (TS), 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-20589.
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Denna fältstudie kommer att undersöka betydelsen av regnvattenanvändning som vattenförsörjnings alternativ. Hur kan hållbara innovativa lösningar tas fram för att lösa vattenförsörjningen på Sri Lanka? Efter lidandet av mer än 30 års inbördeskrig och efter de omfattande skadorna från tsunamin 2004, står nu Sri Lanka inför många utmaningar rörande landets återuppbyggnad. Tillgången till vatten är den viktigaste grundläggande förutsättningen för ett fungerande samhälle. I landets torra zon är det långa perioder av torka då vattenkällor sinar och inget naturligt vatten finns att tillgå. Detta trots att det under monsunen kommer tillräckligt med regn för att täcka vattenbehovet om det skulle samlas på ett optimalt sätt. Avrinningskoefficienten är här mer än 60% outnyttjat regnvatten. I ett flertal lyckade projekt har man samlat regnvatten i RWH system för senare användning. Människor i dessa områden saknar kranvatten eftersom detta område ej är täckt av vattenförsörjningsnätet. Detta gör att dessa människor har en positiv inställning till att ha RWH system..I den våta zonen, och då speciellt i Colombos stadsmiljö som denna studie handlar om, är situationen annorlunda. Här har de flesta invånare kranvatten. Det kommunala kranvattnet är högt subventionerat av regeringen vilket gör att kostnaden är låg för användarna samt ökar vattenkonsumtionen. Invånarna känner inget ansvar för vattenresurserna eftersom den gemena uppfattningen är att det är en evig källa. Majoriteten av hushållen ser inget skäl till att installera RWH på grund av den låga lönsamheten. Trots att det finns ett förordnande att det ska ingå ett RWH system, så följs inte detta. Saknande av uppföljningsplikt anges som orsak av vatten styrelsen. Kostnaden för att behandla och leverera vatten till invånarna är väldigt hög och är mycket energi krävande. Det finns ett behov av enorma investeringar för att rusta upp och bygga ut både vattenverken och vattennätet för att klara av att möta det växande invånarantalet i Colombo området. Ett annat problem är att 40% av hushållen i Colombo saknar avloppsanslutning. De leder sitt avloppsvatten direkt eller efter en septi-tank ut i jorden eller havet.Om medvetenheten kring dessa frågor ökar, samt att förhållandet mellan kranvattnets kostnad och RWH justeras med ändringar i subventionerna, kunde en hållbar lösning på vattensituationen med såväl ekonomiska som miljövinster ske.Resultatet av denna studie är att RWH får ses som ett komplement när det gäller vattenförsörjningen för hushållens del. Fokus bör istället ligga på industrier, sjukhus, skolor, kommunala byggnader och andra byggnader med stora vattenbehov och med de största möjligheterna att uppnå optimalt resultat.Studien visar också på en hållbar lösning på avloppshanteringen. Den visar DWWT och dess fördelar.The field study will investigate the importance of Rain Water Harvesting (RWH) as a water supply option. How can sustainable innovative solutions be developed to solve the water problem of Sri Lanka? Suffering from more than 30 years of civil war and damages after being struck by the tsunami 2004, Sri Lanka faces many challenges to recover and rebuilt the country. The access to water is the most important need for a civilization´s existence. In the dry zones of the island people suffer from long drought periods with dried up wells and no natural sources for water. However the rainfall during the monsoon, even in these areas, is more than enough to provide the water needs if properly collected, thus the run-off coefficient is more than 60%. Several projects with rain water harvesting in so called RWH systems have been implemented with success. Because these areas are not covered by the water supply net and therefore have no tap water, the people are very positive to having the RWH system. In the wet zones and especially in the urban environment of Colombo the situation is different. Here most of the people have treated pipe-borne tap water. The metered tap water is highly subsidized by the government which makes the cost low for the users and increases the water consumption. The citizens do not feel a responsibility to be careful with resources since the common opinion is that water is a never ending source. The majority of the households find no reasons for installing a RWH system because it´s low economic profits. Even if there is a legislation that demands all new buildings should have a RWH system not many households have installed these systems. However the cost to deliver and treat this water is very expensive for the government and demands a lot of energy. Huge investments need to be done in both the treatment plants and the pipe-line net to meet the growing population in Colombo area. Another problem is that 40% of the households today in Colombo have no sewage connection but lead their wastewater directly or after a septic tank into the ground or the sea. If the awareness regarding these concerns could be improved and the conditions between tap water costs and RWH be adjusted with changes in the subsidized system, a sustainable solution to the water situation in Colombo with both economic and environmental benefits could be found. The result from the case study is a recommendation about installing RWH as a complimentary source of water for the households. And investments in RWH systems should be focused to industries, hospitals, schools, municipal buildings and other public buildings with a high water demand and with the best possibilities for optimal results. Further the case study treats a sustainable solution to the sewage situation. It shows the Decentralized waste water treatment plant (DWWT) and its advantages.
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Boyd, Nathan Andrew. "Impact of sediment-water interactions upon overlying water quality in an urban water system." Thesis, Manchester Metropolitan University, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.366236.
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Pineda, Pablos Nicolás. "Urban water policy in Mexico : municipalization and privatization of water services /." Digital version accessible at:, 1999. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/main.
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Jansson, Christer. "Water and Heat Balances for Urban Surfaces." Licentiate thesis, KTH, Land and Water Resources Engineering, 2003. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-1689.
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Water and heat flows for three different types of surfacefound within Stockholm, Sweden, were simulated with asoil-vegetation-atmosphere transfer (SVAT) model. Theinfiltration process of a till soil was investigated toestimate the importance of preferential water flow. Theseasonal pattern of soil moisture content could be simulatedwithout taking preferential flow into consideration. However,specific infiltration events showed clear indications ofpreferential flow. The surface heat fluxes of a paved roadcould be simulated reliably with model parameterisation basedon independent information. The impact of the urban modifiedclimate on evapotranspiration (ET) from vegetated surfaces wassimulated by making changes to the meteorological forcing inthe form of increased long-wave radiation and enhancednocturnal air temperature. Long-wave radiation had the mostinfluence on ET, enhancing transpiration from low vegetationand soil evaporation, whereas air temperature mainly increasedtranspiration from tall vegetation. The results are useful forparameterisation of distributed hydrological and meteorologicalmodels.
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Amano, Teruyoshi. "The Effectiveness Evaluation of Urban Water Supply." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/126743.
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Makropoulos, Christos K. "Spatial decision support for urban water management." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/11385.
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Huang, Danguang. "Flexible design of urban water distribution systems." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2011. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/2948/.
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Urban water distribution systems (UWDS) are highly inter-connected and under many uncertainties from water demand, pipe roughness, and component failure. Accurate projections of these uncertainties are almost impossible, and thus it may not be a proper method to design the system to meet its performance criteria for the forecasted scenario. The system is designed for the deterministic not for the uncertainties, as a result it may not be efficient or effective to be operated under different future scenarios. Flexible design is shown as a useful strategy to cost-effectively respond to uncertainties because of its consideration of uncertainties in advance, and has been successfully applied in many engineering systems. The objective of flexible design is to identify flexibility sources in UWDS and embed them into the system design to respond to uncertainties. The thesis discussed different terms to define the property of the system to respond to uncertainties and proposed a definition of flexibility for UWDS. It then proposed different measures to indicate flexibility value and introduced an efficient method to handle numerous uncertain parameters in the model. It also develops an efficient method to identify high value flexibility sources based on the Flexibility Index. Finally the thesis presents a flexibility-based optimisation model that enable water engineers to compare different flexible design alternatives and generate optimal solutions. A definition of flexibility in UWDS is proposed to illustrate broadly its property to respond to uncertainties, since it is not so useful, or at least in this thesis to distinguish similar terms to define the property of the system to respond to uncertainties. Identified flexibility sources by the proposed method is not useful for the flexibility-based optimization model to design a system, but it might be a powerful tool to locate the weak points in the system or provide better update options during rehabilitation of the system. The computational efficiency of the proposed flexibility-based optimisation model was demonstrated by dramatic decreasing on the number of the required hydraulic simulation in the case study. Flexible designs in the case study are more expensive than inflexible design, but have better hydraulic performance under uncertainties.
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Noiva, Karen Marie. "International comparative analysis of urban water systems." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/115760.
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Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Architecture, 2018.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 223-251).
This dissertation presents a new approach to structuring global diversity for a large number of urban water systems, so that trends observed in a small number of cases can contribute to a more general understanding of the spectrum of contemporary sustainability challenges faced by cities around the world. The two-part approach first uses a large number of cities (large-n, i.e. n = 142) to identify a typology which is used to guide the choice of two cases (small-n, i.e. n = 2) for further analysis. In the first part of the approach, I compare a large number (large-n) of urban water systems. Simple profiles of key attributes of urban water supply and demand-population (N), water use intensity (WN), and net annual water balance data (qNet)-are assembled from common global databases. Univariate and bivariate methods are used to identify global trends. I introduce two new indicators that benchmark urban water use intensity against climatic availability: the Water Use and Climate Index (WUCI, with units of m²) and the Potential Self-Sufficiency Ratio (Rss, unitless) and find that 65% of cities in the study have Rss >/= 1. I then use exploratory statistical clustering algorithms to identify six type of urban water systems profiles, ranging from small, wet cities with low WUCI and high Rss to large cities with high water use intensity, high WUCI, and lower Rss. In the second part of the approach, I demonstrate the use of that typology in framing case study choice for small-n international comparative analysis of urban water systems. I choose Los Angeles and Singapore from Type 4, which have large populations and high water use intensity but different climates. I apply univariate and bivariate methods to identify trends over time in water system profiles of LA and Singapore. Calculating WUCI and the Potential Self-Sufficiency Ratio for the two cases provides insight into historical behavior and future targets. Finally, I use these results to construct simple simulations to assess past behavior and future targets.
by Karen Marie Noiva.
Ph. D.
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Samoilenko, N., I. Yermakovych, and L. Mårtensson. "Water contamination of urban areas by pharmaceuticals." Thesis, Белорусский государственный технологический университет; Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, 2014. http://repository.kpi.kharkov.ua/handle/KhPI-Press/25401.
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The occurrence and fate data of pharmaceuticals in the environment were described in the article. The main list of pharmaceuticals groups identified in surface and sewage waters was shown according to studies of laboratories in the U.S. and Europe. The main approaches for reduction of pharmaceuticals releasing into environment and monitoring of surface water were considered.
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Eberhard, Rolfe. "Urban water pricing : a critical-realist approach." Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 2002. http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/28794/.
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Why water? And why pricing? Many millions of poor people struggle to obtain ten litres of water per day yet much of the water currently supplied is used to support the meat-rich diets of the affluent, to fill their swimming pools and to irrigate golf courses for their leisure. These contrasts have never been more stark than they are today. Tensions and conflict over access to water, already prevalent in many regions, are certain to increase. In this context, what are the consequences of water pricing, what role should water pricing play and to what end? Pricing policy advocacy based on neo-classical economic theory asserts that the objectives of Pareto-efficient and sustainable resource use can be attained through much greater reliance on markets, privatisation and pricing, and that issues related to the distribution of resources are a separate, essentially political, matter. I contend that the theoretical basis of this policy advocacy is fundamentally flawed and that a more comprehensive theoretical framework is needed in order to understand pricing decisions, the affect of these decisions on different groups and the prognoses for change. In particular, these decisions and their influence need to be understood with reference to the specific political-economic context, both current and historic. The objectives of the thesis are thus twofold: to point out the weaknesses and fallacies inherent in the neo-classical theoretical framework underpinning current policy advocacy in the urban water sector and to develop a comprehensive theoretical and methodological framework for the analysis of urban water pricing. I make two original contributions to the literature on water pricing. I develop a methodological framework which is informed by critical-realism for understanding and analysing urban water pricing which is unique and specific to the urban water sector and I use primary and secondary data to demonstrate the implications of using this methodological framework.
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Jose, Roshni. "Ecosystem services and urban water : an assessment of the goods and benefits accruing from sustainable approaches to urban water management." Thesis, Abertay University, 2017. https://rke.abertay.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/99e879e7-626b-47db-b840-1c611499e5f4.
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This research creates a linkage between Ecosystem Services (ES) and Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems (SUDS) in urban residential areas. The findings suggest that optimisation of ecosystem service goods and benefits, particularly cultural service and regulating service benefits, can be delivered through SUDS within urban greenspace settings. Previous studies have indicated that SUDS can help to manage water quality, water quantity and provide amenity. Additionally, the UK National Ecosystem Assessment (2011) has concluded that nature provides many ES benefits. Within this context, SUDS in urban greenspace areas have a high potential to provide opportunities to enhance urban ES provision beyond ‘simply’ water management. Within this thesis, an integrated methodology (consisting of physical and social science methods) is used to assess cultural and regulating services provided by SUDS. The results are collated to consolidate the data on different SUDS types and to develop and test a communication tool, to confirm the multiple benefits provided by SUDS. The work contributes to existing knowledge in this field of study, particularly as there is a very limited information available on delivery of cultural ecosystem services from SUDS. Two case study sites, in Dundee and Dunfermline (both in Scotland, UK), with well-established SUDS features, were selected for the field assessment of ES and SUDS linkages. A third case study location, at Waterlooville (England, UK) was used to test the communication tool. The methodologies used in this research include visual inspection, public perception survey, Public Participatory Geographical Information Systems (PPGIS) and a pond and wetland survey. The results confirm that SUDS provide multiple ES benefits, particularly cultural and regulating services. Public perception results showed a statistical link between SUDS and ES provision in terms of biodiversity, aesthetics and educational benefits. The PPGIS results show the most favoured and least favoured places, based on participants opinion. Additionally, a willingness to pay assessment was conducted; this indicates that respondents value greenspace and SUDS near their homes. The thesis concludes with the presentation of a communication tool which has been developed to assist in the identification of ES associated with SUDS. The three stages of the tool include preliminary stage, decision stage and final stage. The tool allows the communication of results based on physical science and social science and testing of the tool provided feedback on the reliability and usefulness of the tool. The outcome of this research will be of use to stakeholders such as landscape architects, engineers, planners, policy makers etc. An evidence base is created to assess the cultural and regulating services in the context of urban environments. The links between SUDS and ES are established, acknowledging the importance of non-monetary valuation of ES with respect to cultural services.
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Chacha, Juan Diego Godoy. "Urban Water : Harvesting Rainwater at household level to improve the current water metabolism in Cuenca – Ecuador." Thesis, KTH, Industriell ekologi, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-177570.
Full textAbstract:
With a global population about 7 billion people and their continued growth are pressuring global natural resources, in freshwater matter this pressure is altering both the river flows; timing season of water flows; and spatial patterns in order to meet human demands both in urban as rural areas. However, water stress in urban areas are increasing and expectations by 2050 are grim with a global urban development by 70 percent moreover urbanization rate expected by 2030 in Latin America is 80 percent, thus the water concerns because of high average water consumption 220 lpd, and water leakage by 29 percent in the third largest city of Ecuador Cuenca have motivated to perform this analysis. The analysis is based on a metabolic perspective in order to determine anomalies in the urban water cycle at household level for then apply one of the tools of stormwater management in short term such as harvesting rainwater to find how feasible can be this system both individually as communally in Cuenca urban area based on criteria of rainfall, roof surface, roof material, water average consumption, and costs; in order to generate social, economic, and environmental benefits. Moreover, give recommendations and strategies in mid and long term to get an Integrated Urban Water Management (IUWM) model that allow ensuring the enough natural resources, environmental health, and economic sustainability for current and future demands. The main problems in the urban water cycle are in a outdated urban water management because of water leakage in the delivery network and unsuitable water pricing as well as bad consumers habits; these are affecting economically the water enterprise; nonetheless these problems are not putting in risk freshwater resources, and infrastructure capacity to meet future demands but the implementation of harvesting rainwater systems both individual as community can allow water savings by 18 percent at household level, and by 11 percent in whole water production process at city level. Moreover, the implementation can generate 750.000 job positions both direct as indirect. Finally, the risk of floods can be mitigated due to, roughly 2.88 million m3 of runoff rainwater a year are not released on rivers. To conclude, economic losses are avoiding that this money can be used to improve and maintain the current infrastructures, and development socio-technical projects in order to get a more suitable water metabolism. In other hand, encourage a harvesting culture at household level is a good strategy in short term but its feasibility is related directly to five drivers of which four can be handled such as roof surface area, roof material, domestic water consumption, and costs; in order to get most efficient systems. Finally, there are more tools and strategies to get sustainable goals in short mid and long term through an Integrated Urban Water Management model, in order to urban dwellers can move from simply consumers to a status of suppliers and managers of resources.
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au, mike mouritz@dpi wa gov, and Mike Mouritz. "Sustainable urban water systems : policy and professional praxis." Murdoch University, 1996. http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20051109.95558.
Full textAbstract:
The provision of water, wastewater and stormwater infrastructure is an essential ingredient of cities. However, questions are being raised about the type and form of urban infrastructure, for economic and environmental reasons. Traditionally these techologies have offered linear solutions, drawing increasing volumes of water into cities and discharging waste at ever increasing levels, causing escalating stress on the
environment. In addition the costs of water infrastructure provision and replacement, both in the developing and developed world, is becoming prohibitive. In response, a new paradigm has been called for and new solutions are emerging that have been labelled as Integrated Urban Water Management (IUWM). This concept can be considered to consist of both technical and philosophical dimensions, and represents a new form of professional praxis. However, the adoption of these techniques and concepts is constrained by the inertia of the existing urban water systems. It is therefore argued that the introduction of any change must occur across a number of dimensions of the technoeconomic system of the city. These dimensions-artefacts and technical systems (i.e. the technology and knowledge systems), professional praxis and socio-political context (i.e. institutions, culture and politics) and biophysical realities and world views (i.e. the environment and underlying values) - provide a framework for analysis of the change process - both how it is occurring and how it needs to occur. This framework is used to illustrate the link between environment values and the process of technological innovation, and points to the need for the emerging values and innovations to be institutionalised into the professional praxis and socio-political context of society. Specifically, it is argued that a new form of transdisciplinary professional praxis is emerging and needs to be cultivated. A broad review of the literature, an evaluation of selected emerging technologies and three case studies are used to illustrate and argue this position. These examples show the potential economic, social and environmental benefits of IUWM and provide some insight into the potential which this approach has to influence the form and structure of the city and at the same time highlighting the institutional arrangements required to manage urban water systems.
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Zhang, Changyu. "A Study on Urban Water Reuse Management Modeling." Thesis, University of Waterloo, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10012/795.
Full textAbstract:
This research deals with urban water reuse planning and management modeling in the context of sustainable development. Rapid urbanization and population growth have presented a great challenge to urban water resources management. As water reuse may alleviate pollution loads and enhance water supply sources, water reuse is being recognized as a sustainable urban water management strategy and is becoming increasingly attractive in urban water resources management. An efficient water reuse planning and management model is of significance in promoting water reuse practices.
This thesis introduces an urban water reuse management and planning model using optimization methods with an emphasis on modeling uncertainty issues associated with water demand and water quality. The model is developed in conjunction with the overall urban water system with considerations over water supply, water demand, water distribution, water quality, and wastewater treatment and discharge. The objective of the model is to minimize the overall cost of the system subject to technological, societal and environmental constraints. Uncertainty issues associated with water demand and treatment quality are modeled by introducing stochastic programming methods, namely, two-stage stochastic recourse programming and chance-constraint programming.
The model is capable of identifying and evaluating water reuse in urban water systems to optimize the allocation of urban water resources with regard to uncertainties. It thus provides essential information in planning and managing urban water reuse systems towards a more sustainable urban water resources management. An application was presented in order to demonstrate the modeling process and to analyze the impact of uncertainties.
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Flower, David Jonathan Mark. "An integrated approach to modelling urban water systems." Monash University. Faculty of Engineering. Department of Civil Engineering, 2009. http://arrow.monash.edu.au/hdl/1959.1/73160.
Full textAbstract:
The energy consumption and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions associated with urban water systems have come under scrutiny in recent times, as a result of increasing interest in climate change, to which urban water systems are particularly vulnerable. The approach most commonly taken previously to modelling these results has been to consider various urban water system components in great detail, but in isolation from the rest of the system. This piecewise approach is suboptimal, since it systematically fails to reveal the relative importance of the energy consumption and GHG emissions associated with each system component in the context of the entire urban water system. Hence, it was determined that a new approach to modelling the energy consumption and GHG emissions associated with urban water systems was necessary. It was further determined that the value derived from such a model would be greatly enhanced if it could also model the water consumption and wastewater generation associated with each system component, such that integrated policies could be developed, aimed at minimising water consumption, wastewater generation, energy consumption and GHG emissions concurrently. Hence, the following research question was posed: How should the relationships between the water consumption, wastewater generation, energy consumption and GHG emissions associated with the operation of urban water systems be modelled such that the impact of various changes to the system configuration made at different spatial scales can be determined within the context of the entire system? In this research project, life cycle assessment ideas were employed to develop such a new modelling methodology. Initially, the approach was developed at the building-scale, such that the end uses of water present in a selected building and any associated appliances could be modelled, along with the fraction of the citywide water supply and wastewater systems directly associated with providing services to that building. This vast breadth of scope was delivered by considering only the operational life cycle stage of each urban water system component, excluding both the pre- and post-operational life cycle stages of the associated infrastructure. The value of this pilot model was illustrated by several case studies, focused on residential buildings connected to the centralised water supply and wastewater systems in Melbourne, Australia. Later, the approach was extended to the city-scale by using probabilistic distributions of each input parameter, such that all of the end uses of water present in a city, and all of the associated building-scale appliances could be modelled, along with the associated complete water supply and wastewater systems. The value of this city-scale model was illustrated by applying it to model a hypothetical case study city, resembling Melbourne, Australia in many ways. Due to a lack of data, this application was limited to the residential sector of the case study city, along with the fraction of the citywide water supply and wastewater systems directly associated with providing services to that sector. The results generated by the pilot and city-scale models showed that the new modelling methodology could be employed at a wide range of scales to assess the relative importance of each modelled urban water system component in terms of the specified results. Importantly, the high resolution of those results enabled the identification of the underlying causes of the relative importance of each urban water system component, such that efficient and effective approaches to reducing each result for each system component could be developed. Interestingly, for the specific case studies investigated, it was revealed that some commonly neglected system components were actually extremely important, such as domestic hot water services, a trend found to be largely driven by hot water consumption in showers.
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Mouritz, Mike. "Sustainable urban water systems : policy and professional praxis /." Mouritz, Mike (1996) Sustainable urban water systems: policy and professional praxis. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 1996. http://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/211/.
Full textAbstract:
The provision of water, wastewater and stormwater infrastructure is an essential ingredient of cities. However, questions are being raised about the type and form of urban infrastructure, for economic and environmental reasons. Traditionally these techologies have offered linear solutions, drawing increasing volumes of water into cities and discharging waste at ever increasing levels, causing escalating stress on the environment. In addition the costs of water infrastructure provision and replacement, both in the developing and developed world, is becoming prohibitive. In response, a new paradigm has been called for and new solutions are emerging that have been labelled as Integrated Urban Water Management (IUWM). This concept can be considered to consist of both technical and philosophical dimensions, and represents a new form of professional praxis. However, the adoption of these techniques and concepts is constrained by the inertia of the existing urban water systems. It is therefore argued that the introduction of any change must occur across a number of dimensions of the technoeconomic system of the city. These dimensions-artefacts and technical systems (i.e. the technology and knowledge systems), professional praxis and socio-political context (i.e. institutions, culture and politics) and biophysical realities and world views (i.e. the environment and underlying values) - provide a framework for analysis of the change process - both how it is occurring and how it needs to occur. This framework is used to illustrate the link between environment values and the process of technological innovation, and points to the need for the emerging values and innovations to be institutionalised into the professional praxis and socio-political context of society. Specifically, it is argued that a new form of transdisciplinary professional praxis is emerging and needs to be cultivated. A broad review of the literature, an evaluation of selected emerging technologies and three case studies are used to illustrate and argue this position. These examples show the potential economic, social and environmental benefits of IUWM and provide some insight into the potential which this approach has to influence the form and structure of the city and at the same time highlighting the institutional arrangements required to manage urban water systems.
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Creese, Edward E. "Urban water systems, demand management and sustainable development." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape4/PQDD_0024/NQ51186.pdf.
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Ofili, Charles Chukwuemeka. "Urban household's water provision : children's issues of concern." Thesis, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (University of London), 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.436126.
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Chien, Ker-Hsuan. "Water, informality, and hybridising urban governance in Taiwan." Thesis, Aberystwyth University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2160/cc4780ba-760d-4d30-8440-40bb090458d8.
Full textAbstract:
In the past ten years urban adaptation in the changing climate has become a primary concern for urban governance, as cities, especially those in developing countries, are burgeoning while natural disasters escalate, Securing the human habitat in the urban areas has became central to the sustaining of the human race. Dealing with urban water, therefore, is a ceaseless struggle between nature and the human need to seek new knowledge and technology in urban water governance. Being a city in great danger of flooding, Taipei's way of taming urban water has been a long process of disaster experience, knowledge learning, policy transferral, and negotiation with local citizenry. By delineating Taipei's water taming process, not only we can understand the city and water through their co-evolving processes, but we can also re-think how urban water has been conceptualised by man, and how this conceptualisation has affected the human dwellings on the waterfront. To depict the shifting human-water relationships of Taipei, this thesis employs the Deleuzean assemblage theory, treating Taipei's urban water governance as an assembling process of natural events, knowledge learning, mobile urban policy, urban informality, and neoliberal ideology. By adopting assemblage theory in the case of Taipei's urban water governance, the interweaving of floods, water knowledge, historical incidents, human dwellings, and the conducting of neoliberal urban governance can thus be re-figured in a processual manner, as a part of the constituting of the urban assemblage. Through attending to each of the constituents of this assemblage, seeing all parts of the urban assemblage as active and significant, this thesis not only demonstrates how water and the city shape each other, but it also indicates new possibilities in negotiating with neoliberal urban governance.
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Van, Rensburg Francois. "Urban water security in the city of Windhoek." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/50671.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2006.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Urbanisation is a complex phenomenon and is a trend witnessed across the globe. Africa particularly has been experiencing the world’s most rapid rate of urbanization and cities are faced with the resulting pressure on natural resources. Water is one of the resources under pressure and the provision thereof is complicated by the deteriorating quality and quantity thereof. This study takes a brief look at the water situation in a water scarce region in Africa and concentrates on the urban water supply sector. It takes an in depth look at the measures used to secure water supply to a city in this very dry part of the world. The area under study is Windhoek, the capital of Namibia, situated in the southwestern corner of Africa. Namibia is the driest country in Sub-Saharan Africa and is characterised by a semi-arid nature, which results in a very hot and dry climate with erratic rainfall patterns. Windhoek has a low average rainfall associated with very high evaporation rates. No permanent water bodies exist near the city and the bulk of Windhoek’s water supply comes from storage dams quite a distance from the capital. Most of these sources of supply have been developed and are nearing the limit of their potential. A desperate need therefore exists to develop reliable additional water resources to secure the water supply especially during periods of prolonged drought. The case study gives examples of the initiatives taken by water authorities to improve the security of supply and keep up with the growing demand in the city. These initiatives include a dual pipe system for the distribution of semi-purified sewage for irrigation, reclamation of domestic sewerage, aquifer recharge and the implementation of Water Demand Management principles. An analysis of the most efficient and cost-effective means of supply augmentation namely aquifer recharge, have been balanced against the potential water savings of Water Demand Management in the city. The study also takes a brief look at the principles of Integrated Water Resource Management and how it is incorporated in the strategies used to augment supply to the city. The research found aquifer recharge as the most efficient and cost-effective means to augment supply to the city and together with Water Demand Management creates an approach complying with the goals of Integrated Water Resource management. The study concludes by identifying gaps in demand management in the city. It also suggests relevant recommendations on how to increase the effectiveness of Water Demand management.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Verstedeliking is ‘n komplekse verskynsel en ‘n tendens wat regoor die wêreld voorkom. Die hoogste voorkoms van verstedeliking vind in Afrika plaas wat groot druk plaas op die natuurlike hulpbronne van stede. Water is een van die hulpbronne onder druk en die voorsiening daarvan word bemoeilik deur die verswakking van die kwaliteit en die beskikbaarheid daarvan. Hierdie studie konsentreer op die watersituasie in ‘n waterskaars streek in Afrika en die stedelike watervoorsieningssektor. Dit behels ‘n in diepte ondersoek na metodes wat gebruik word om die watervoorraad van die stad te verseker in hierdie droogte gesteisterd deel van die wêreld. Die gebied onder bespreking is Windhoek, die hoofstad van Namibië, wat geleë is in die Suidwestelike deel van Afrika. Namibië is die droogste land in die Sub-Saharastreek en word gekenmerk deur gereelde droogtes met ‘n gepaardgaande warm droë klimaat en onreëlmatige reënvalpatrone. Windhoek word gekenmerk deur ‘n lae gemiddelde reënval met ‘n baie hoë verdampingstempo. Geen permanente waterbronne kom in die nabyheid van die stad voor nie en die watervoorraad word gestoor in opgaardamme wat redelik ver van die hoofstad geleë is. Hierdie voorsieningsbronne is voortdurend in gebruik en die voorraad is beperk. Daar onstaan dus ‘n dringende behoefte aan betroubare bykomende waterbronne om voortdurende voorsiening aan die stad te verseker veral gedurende aanhoudende droogtes. Die gevallestudie konsentreer op voorbeelde en inisiatiewe wat deur die Water Owerhede geneem word om die voorsiening van water, aan die immergroeiende behoeftes van die stad te verbeter en te verseker. Hierdie pogings sluit in,‘n dubbele pyplynsisteem vir die verspreiding van halfgesuiwerde rioolwater vir besproeiingsdoeleindes, herwinning van huishoudelike rioolwater, herlaai van ondergrondse watervoorraad en die implimentering van wateraanvraag bestuursmaatreëls. Die geskiktste en mees koste-effektiewe metode van verhoogde watervoorsiening naamlik die herlaai van ondergrondse waterbronne, is ontleed, en die voordele opgeweeg teen die potensiële waterbesparing deur die Bestuur van Wateraanvraag in die stad. Daar is ook kortliks gekyk na die beginsels van Geintigreerde Water Bronne Bestuur en hoe dit by bestaande strategieë ingelyf is om uitbreiding van voorsiening aan die stad te verseker. Die navorsing het bevind dat die herlaai van ondergrondse waterbronne as die geskikste en mees koste-effektiewe metode beskou kan word om die verhoogde aanvraag van die stad die hoof te bied. Die studie word afgesluit deur die tekortkominge in die Water Aanvraagbestuur van die stad te identifiseer. Relevante aanbevelings word gemaak van hoe om die effektiwiteit van hierdie betrokke strategie te verbeter.
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Aycock, Tobi. "Parallel relationships, architecture and water : the urban spa." FIU Digital Commons, 2004. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/1358.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis explores the relationship of architecture and water through the design of an urban spa that offers both a bodily and a poetic experience of water. Research included investigation of recent architectural projects that enhance and order the view, sound, and touch of water as well as projects that integrate fountains, showers and reflecting pools into the experience of a building.
In the design of the spa, the movement of water was based metaphorically on the natural water cycle: evaporation, condensation and collection of water in pools. The building presents fountains, rivulets, and pools in a descending sequence that represents the natural flow of water. The temperature of water and the activities of the spa follow the same descending sequence, progressing from a warm water bath at the top of the building to cool swimming pool at the plaza level in a contemporary interpretation of the experience of a Roman Bath.
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Kabinga, Makondo. "Commercialising Zambia's urban water services : a critical analysis." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/3786.
Full textAbstract:
This research critically analyses reforms undertaken in Zambia's water sector. Its main focus however, is on the corporatisation of Zambia's urban water services. The objective is to apply some selected indicators of water services improvement to establish whether the commercialisation of urban water services has improved water service delivery. The research uses qualitative and quantitative literature and generally relies on secondary data. Therefore, it is an exhaustive literature review of the available electronic and hard copy sources. Of particular relevance to the research are the National Water and Sanitation Council's (NWASCO) sector reports, which are comprehensive records of the performance of Zambia's Commercial Water Utilities (CUs).
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Nystedt, Kendal Kristen. "PUSHING PRIVATIZATION: WATER AND INEQUITY IN URBAN MEXICO." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/192569.
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El, Hassan Abdul Rahim. "Rehabilitation of the urban water system in Khartoum." Thesis, University of Salford, 2011. http://usir.salford.ac.uk/43020/.
Full textAbstract:
Water is the most common substance on earth, covering more than 70% of the planet's surface. The supply of fresh water has been shrinking; up until now water has been treated as an unlimited resource that has been provided as cheaply as possible and in any quantity desired. Yet by the year 2020 there will only be half as much water per capita as there was in 1970s. Therefore, the world has to consider efficient water management, introduce recycling, prevent pollution and promote water conservation. Although Khartoum City (the Sudanese capital) is located in the central part of Sudan at the confluence of two rivers (the White Nile and the Blue Nile); the problems of urban water shortage are chronic; the water service does not cover all the towns in Khartoum State, and the supplied water is not 100% pure water due to the pollution of shallow underground water sources and this can cause disease. The continuous breakdown in the supply of urban water in the Khartoum districts leads users to use bottled water for drinking and for other purposes. Additionally, the consumers utilize tanks to store water for use during the breakdown periods. It has been found that problems with the water system directly affect the traffic and environmental health in Khartoum. The main aim of this research is to investigate the current situation of the urban water and sanitary system in Khartoum and to identify the impact of these social, economical and environmental factors on the city. The research also aims to draw up a list of recommendations that will lead to improving the implementation and management of the quality and quantity of the water supply in Khartoum City. To achieve this aim, the methodologies used included a literature reVIew, survey questionnaires and interviews with different levels of managers within the Water Authority, Khartoum State. The research discussed and analyzed the results from previous books, research papers, conference proceedings and magazines in the same field as to how to manage urban water in other cities and states. This information and data was analyzed. The results of analysis were tested by second interviews with the same managers within the Khartoum Water Corporation. Their answers and comments were incorporated and a list of recommendations to improve the urban water system in Khartoum is presented at the end of this research.
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Mouritz, Michael John. "Sustainable urban water systems: Policy and professional praxis." Thesis, Mouritz, Michael John (1996) Sustainable urban water systems: Policy and professional praxis. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 1996. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/211/.
Full textAbstract:
The provision of water, wastewater and stormwater infrastructure is an essential ingredient of cities. However, questions are being raised about the type and form of urban infrastructure, for economic and environmental reasons. Traditionally these techologies have offered linear solutions, drawing increasing volumes of water into cities and discharging waste at ever increasing levels, causing escalating stress on the environment. In addition the costs of water infrastructure provision and replacement, both in the developing and developed world, is becoming prohibitive. In response, a new paradigm has been called for and new solutions are emerging that have been labelled as Integrated Urban Water Management (IUWM). This concept can be considered to consist of both technical and philosophical dimensions, and represents a new form of professional praxis. However, the adoption of these techniques and concepts is constrained by the inertia of the existing urban water systems. It is therefore argued that the introduction of any change must occur across a number of dimensions of the technoeconomic system of the city. These dimensions-artefacts and technical systems (i.e. the technology and knowledge systems), professional praxis and socio-political context (i.e. institutions, culture and politics) and biophysical realities and world views (i.e. the environment and underlying values) - provide a framework for analysis of the change process - both how it is occurring and how it needs to occur. This framework is used to illustrate the link between environment values and the process of technological innovation, and points to the need for the emerging values and innovations to be institutionalised into the professional praxis and socio-political context of society. Specifically, it is argued that a new form of transdisciplinary professional praxis is emerging and needs to be cultivated. A broad review of the literature, an evaluation of selected emerging technologies and three case studies are used to illustrate and argue this position. These examples show the potential economic, social and environmental benefits of IUWM and provide some insight into the potential which this approach has to influence the form and structure of the city and at the same time highlighting the institutional arrangements required to manage urban water systems.
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Chhipi, Shrestha Gyan Kumar. "Water-energy-carbon nexus : a system dynamics approach for assessing urban water systems." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/61819.
Full textAbstract:
Water, energy, and carbon emissions of Urban Water Systems (UWSs) are intertwined and have complex interactions forming a water-energy-carbon (WEC) nexus. A comprehensive methodology to quantify dynamic WEC nexus is required. The main objective of this research is to develop a decision support system (DSS) for assessing the WEC nexus for sustainable planning and management of UWSs.
This research has been accomplished in five distinct steps. In the first step, key Sustainability Performance Indicators (SPIs) of small to medium-sized UWSs have been identified. The SPIs related to water consumption, energy use, carbon emissions, and cost were used for developing the DSS. In the second step, a WEC DSS has been developed for an operational phase of an UWS using system dynamics and then applied to the City of Penticton. The highest energy consumer was found to be indoor hot water use in the city. In the third step, a framework has been developed to study the impacts of neighbourhood densification on the WEC nexus. A higher net residential density will result in lower per capita water demand, energy use, net carbon emissions, and life cycle cost of water distribution system. The proposed framework provides an optimal residential density and energy intensity of water distribution, which can be used as inputs to the WEC DSS. In the fourth step, microbial water quality guidelines for reclaimed water have been developed for various non-potable urban reuses. Moreover, the FitWater tool has been developed for evaluating fit-for-purpose wastewater treatment and reuse potentials based on cost, health risk, and the WEC nexus. The outputs of FitWater can be used as inputs to the WEC DSS. In the last step, the economics of the WEC nexus of net-zero water communities has been analyzed using the WEC model.
The DSS developed based on this research is capable of quantifying dynamic water consumption, energy use, carbon emissions, and the cost of UWSs. The DSS can analyze different WEC-based interventions. The DSS can be used by utilities, urban developers, and policy makers for long-term planning of urban water in communities.Applied Science, Faculty of
Engineering, School of (Okanagan)
Graduate
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Zhang, Xiaoyang. "Trust in water : an institutional analysis of China's urban tap water provision system." Thesis, University of Essex, 2017. http://repository.essex.ac.uk/20820/.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis presents a comprehensive institutional analysis of China’s urban tap water provision system from a ‘source to sip’ holistic research perspective. With the examination of each agent’s function in the system, this thesis coins the concepts of semi-potable tap water and Hybrid Institutional Architecture to illustrate the essence of China’s urban water provision system as a ‘source to consumer’ semi-potable tap water provision system. Based on this argument, the concept of Consumer Coping Strategy Matrix is established with analyses of its seven facilitating factors to explain Chinese tap water consumers’ involvement in the potable water production. Their activities have established a ‘consumer to sip’ potable water production process, functioning as a compensation to ‘source to consumer’ urban semi-potable tap water provision system. The combination of these two systems is a ‘source to sip’ urban potable tap water provision system. This thesis also provides a detailed analysis of the three institutional inconsistencies in this system, arguing that they have filled the Hybrid Institutional Architecture with internal inconsistencies, which makes semi-potable tap water an inevitable outcome of Hybrid Institutional Architecture. Meanwhile, this thesis illustrates the concept of Consumer’s Normalisation to semi-potable tap water, the Hybrid Institutional Architecture and Consumer Coping Strategy Matrix, arguing that such normalisation has disguises and justified not only the existence of the aforementioned concepts, but also the existence of the latent social injustice and consumer’s powerlessness. All of these analyses contribute to the form of consumer’s institutional distrust in semi-potable tap water. With this institutionalised distrust, an imbalanced dialectical relationship between the Hybrid Institutional Architecture, the Consumer Coping Strategy Matrix and water crises will turn consumer into the trigger of sociogenic water sustainability crises. A detailed case study of Harbin is presented to demonstrate the two sociogenic water sustainability crises occurred in Harbin with archival data and the establishments of contingent combination model, and the Hybrid Institutional Architecture of Harbin’s urban tap water provision system with examining interview materials from four senior officials of key departments.
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Last, Ewan W. "City water balance : a new scoping tool for integrated urban water management options." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2011. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/1757/.
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Urban water scoping modelling packages are used as tools to inform decision makers of the sustainability of different water management options for a city. Previous scoping models have not taken sufficient account of natural systems in the urban environment and are often limited in terms of the range of indicators used to measure sustainability and the choice of water management options offered. A new modelling package, named City Water Balance, has been developed to address these limitations. It has the capability to assess the sustainability of a variety of water management options, including the sustainable urban drainage systems, in terms of water flow, water quality, whole life cost and life cycle energy for alternative scenarios of future urban land use, population and climate. Application of the modelling package to the City of Birmingham has demonstrated that the modelled components can describe adequately the existing system, giving confidence that it can be used for scoping strategic options for future water supply and wastewater management. The further application of the package to model alternative scenarios through to 2055 for Birmingham has also been undertaken to illustrate its application. The results from the different analyses have shown that medium scale rainwater harvesting and borehole abstraction are predicted to be more sustainable than the conventional centralised supply and that medium scale wastewater recycling would be more cost effective but less energy efficient. The most sustainable strategy was installation of water efficient appliances as there is the potential for large energy savings from reduced indoor usage and consequent water heating requirements.
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Koitsiwe, Monicah. "The economics of water in Botswana : water use and affordability in urban areas." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/5751.
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Bibliography: leaves 61-62.This study discusses urban water use and affordability by different consumers in Botswana. It outlines the potential urban water requirements that are expected to accompany the continuing economic developments in the country.
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Patel, Darshana (Darshana Dinubhai) 1972. "Water for all : an analysis of a human rights based approach to water access." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/69427.
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Thesis (M.C.P.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 2001.Includes bibliographical references (p. 75-80).
An interdisciplinary and qualitative study was undertaken to determine whether a human rights based approach would ensure each person's access to a water supply sufficient to meet her basic needs. A human right to water shows promise as a strategy for ensuring universal access to water if a broad, comprehensive human rights theory is ascribed to. In a coherent, comprehensive human rights theory, human rights are interdependent and indivisible from other human rights and are predicated upon a core unifying principle such as justice or human dignity for all. The language of many human rights documents indicates that a coherent, comprehensive human rights system was envisioned, but the practices and actions of many countries over the past fifty years indicate that this vision is strongly resisted. Absent such a comprehensive theory of human rights, a human right to water can have great impact as a moral and ethical justification that planners and policy-makers can use to implement programs that increase access to water. A human right to water can also increase participation in a dialogue about water management. This discussion concerning water management must be undertaken soon since a water crisis is looming and water wars are predicted.
by Darshana Patel.
M.C.P.
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Blignault, Samantha Paige. "Feasibility of groundwater abstraction and treatment for urban water supply." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/32466.
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Water is one of Earth's most valuable resources and one of Earth's most threatened resources. Continuously increasing population growth coupled with changing climate has resulted in the depletion of water sources. As a result, investigations into alternative water sources are being conducted worldwide. One such alternative water source is groundwater abstraction. Groundwater abstraction involves the abstraction of water from an underground source. The volume of water that can be sustainably abstracted is governed by legislation. Groundwater typically requires treatment before it can be distributed to the general population for use, and thus the implementation of large-scale groundwater abstraction projects involves large capital outlays, as well as monthly operational outlays. The feasibility into the implementation of large-scale groundwater abstraction projects is therefore of interest to stakeholders involved in the water supply industry. The lifecycle of a recently implemented large-scale groundwater abstraction project was analysed in order to determine its feasibility. The project was implemented by Drakenstein Municipality in the Western Cape in 2017. The project involved identifying groundwater abstraction points that could provide sustainable volumes of water. The water quality of each groundwater abstraction point was then investigated for any outlying parameters according to SANS 241-1:2015 guidelines for potable water. Groundwater abstraction water treatment plants were then designed in order to treat the combined sustainable flow rates of water at their specific water qualities. The treated water from each groundwater abstraction water treatment plant was then analysed in order to confirm compliance with the SANS 241- 1:2015 guidelines, before the booster pumps were commissioned and commenced with their continuous supply of potable water into the network. The capital expenditure associated with each of the groundwater abstraction water treatment plants was obtained from the Engineer, Aurecon. In addition, the estimated monthly operational expenditure was computed. These expenditures were used to determine the feasibility of the large-scale groundwater abstraction project by computing the payback period and comparing this period to the design life of each of the groundwater abstraction water treatment plants. In addition, the monthly savings applicable to the municipality as a result of the project's implementation was computed. Finally, the feasibility into varying flow rates of groundwater abstraction water treatment plants, and varying water quality of groundwater abstraction points was investigated. Two sites were identified within the municipal area, each with four groundwater abstraction points capable of delivering a combined 5.18 ML/day and 1.62 ML/day. These sites were identified as Boy Louw Sportsgrounds and Parys Sportsgrounds respectively. Although the sites were only 2.60 kilometres apart, the water quality of the combined flow rates indicated that the groundwater abstraction points were accessing two different water sources. The combined sustainable flow rate at Boy Louw Sportsgrounds required turbidity, iron and manganese removal, as well as disinfection. The combined sustainable flow rate at Parys Sportsgrounds required turbidity removal and disinfection. Groundwater abstraction water treatment plants were then designed to treat the water at Boy Louw Sportsgrounds and Parys Sportsgrounds. Boy Louw Sportsgrounds involved the distribution of equipment across seven shipping containers, whilst Parys Sportsgrounds involved the distribution of equipment across three shipping containers. It was found that the groundwater abstraction project was feasible with a payback period of three years. This payback period fell well within the 10-year design life of each groundwater abstraction water treatment plant. In addition, it was found that the municipality would be subject to a 72% monthly saving in water costs as a result of utilising the groundwater abstraction water treatment plants, as opposed to purchasing water in bulk from the City of Cape Town. It was found that the payback periods of Boy Louw Sportsgrounds and Parys Sportsgrounds were two and five years respectively. Although Boy Louw Sportsgrounds delivered almost three times the potable water flow rate than that of Parys Sportsgrounds, its payback period was three years sooner. In addition, it was found that the municipal savings as a result of Boy Louw Sportsgrounds was 8% more than that of Parys Sportsgrounds. It was therefore concluded that the larger the flow rate of water to be treated, the more financially feasible the project. In addition, it was determined that the more water quality parameters lying above the upper limits of SANS 241-1:2015 guidelines for potable water, the more treatment processes would need to be implemented resulting in additional capital and operational expenditure. It was therefore concluded that the more water quality parameters requiring treatment, the less financially feasible the project. Finally, it was determined that the feasibility of the large-scale groundwater abstraction project is limited by the rate at which the municipality purchases water in bulk from the City of Cape Town. As long as the bulk water purchase tariff remains above R 2.85/m³, the project will remain feasible. Should the bulk water purchase tariff fall below this value, the project no longer remains feasible as the payback period of the project exceeds the design life of the groundwater abstraction water treatment plants.
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Vo, Le Phu. "Urban stormwater management in Vietnam." Title page, table of contents and abstract only, 2000. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09ENV/09envl595.pdf.
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Bellavita, Carvajal Pamela. "Food grows where water flows : securing water for agricultural production in a drought-stricken California." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/111366.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis: M.C.P., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Urban Studies and Planning, 2017.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 137-141).
The state of California carries a large percentage of the national food security as it is responsible for a considerable amount of the agricultural production consumed in the United States. As climate change causes further challenges for agriculture, it seems wise to work on developing resilience strategies for this industry. Most research on these topics has been focused on generating high-tech systems that require considerable amounts of energy and financial resources. However, the reality is that countries facing the biggest hurdles when it comes to these matters, do not have the necessary means to create sophisticated projects at large scales. The best option right now is to learn how to use drought management strategies and spatial patterns to allow for a better usage of water resources. This thesis explores how the spatial distribution and interaction of hydrological resources, geological features, climate patterns, topography and water infrastructure impact agricultural production in the Central Valley in California. Rather than developing one final solution, this thesis presents options, for further exploration, based on the specific conditions of California. This will allow readers to better understand how to improve water use and access for agriculture in a scenario of drought. The intention is for this approach to be replicable and adaptable so it can improve agricultural production and food security in other regions or countries facing similar conditions due to climate change.
by Pamela Bellavita Carvajal.
M.C.P.
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Nilsson, David. "Water for a few : a history of urban water and sanitation in East Africa." Licentiate thesis, Stockholm : Department of Philosophy and the History of Technology, Royal Institute of Technology, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-4173.
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Maple, Patrick T. "Survey of Storm Water Quality in an Urban Environment." Youngstown State University / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ysu1364826192.
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Freund, Evan Benjamin. "Meeting the mandate for clean water : an evaluation of privately managed U.S. water and wastewater systems." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/33408.
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Thesis (M.C.P.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 2005.Includes bibliographical references (p. 128-133).
Reliable provision of clean and safe drinking water is critical for public health, economic stability and growth in the United States. Due to a combination of financial, regulatory and operational challenges, however, it is becoming increasingly difficult for publicly owned and operated water utilities to provide affordable and safe water along with efficient service delivery. Since the 1980's, new actors have entered the U.S. water utility scene in the form of large international firms that specialize in water utility management, offering the opportunity to increase efficiency, expedite long-delayed maintenance, minimize rate increases and provide needed capital for system expansion. Private management of water and wastewater systems, however, can have unintended and negative consequences on localities, including: * The loss of employment and pensions for the municipal utility work force; * Higher water rates because private firms charge full cost, must pay taxes and earn a profit; * Surrender of local control over ratemaking and other financial issues to state public utility commissions; * Loss of municipal control of daily operations and the setting of service standards, as well as loss of control over planning for long-term growth and economic development.
(cont.) The intent of this thesis is to evaluate the effects of adopting long-term operations and management contracts for water and wastewater services in three U.S. cities. The central assertion of this thesis is that such contracts between municipal governments and private water and wastewater providers are financially risky endeavors that invite labor disputes, generate municipal budget conflicts, threaten water quality and undercut the reliability of customer service. Evidence from the three cities examined also suggests that the risks (i.e., increases in the number of violations of water quality standards, decreases in actual preventative maintenance and lower-than expected financial savings) outweigh the presumed returns offered by long-term contracts with provide providers (namely financial savings, improvements in customer service, and improvements in water quality). Finally, this study also examines the concept of competitiveness in water utility management and explores opportunities for public utilities to identify and implement operational improvements without actually privatizing any aspects of network operations and maintenance.
by Evan Benjamin Freund.
M.C.P.
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Bartlett, Sarah J. (Sarah Jo) 1977. "Who pays for water? : cost recovery and user fees in Boston's public water infrastructure, 1849-1895." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/64560.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (M.C.P.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 2003.Includes bibliographical references (p. 62-65).
by Sarah J. Bartlett.
M.C.P.
The experience of Boston, Massachusetts in recovering costs for their nineteenth century public water supply system, the Cochituate Water Works, is analyzed in light of current policy advice coming from international development banks. Lenders like the World Bank currently advise full-cost pricing for urban water services, and that utilities in developing countries use pricing to manage demand. This thesis asks, how closely did a city in an industrialized country, in its developing stage, follow the policy advice proffered today? The annual reports of Boston's water department were reviewed to determine the extent that Boston recovered costs from users, and the extent that Boston used pricing to manage demand. Archival research revealed that while water rates covered annual operating and maintenance expenses, payment of the interest on construction costs was generally made by new loans or bond issues. The City did not meter households and was loathe to manage demand through price-mechanisms, preferring to augment capacity in the face of constrained water supplies. Archival research also revealed the motivations behind Boston's policies of subsidization. The City initially offered low water rates and subsidized household connections because officials wanted to take advantage of economies of scale, believing that inducing universal subscription would move the system more quickly to financial self-sufficiency. Low water rates also resulted from a perceived high elasticity of demand for water services. The City raised rates during the first twenty years of water system operation in efforts to make the water department financially self-sufficient, but failed. A lack of political and public support for high prices made the City adopt policies of greater subsidization and rate reductions in later years.
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Fisher, Karen Toni, and Karen Fisher@anu edu au. "Meeting Urban Water Needs: Exploring Water Governance and Development in Tagbilaran City, the Philippines." The Australian National University. Faculty of Science, 2006. http://thesis.anu.edu.au./public/adt-ANU20061221.100356.
Full textAbstract:
Water is subject to uncertainty of supply (quantity) and quality, which affects decisions determining allocation, use and management for human and environmental functions. Tensions concerning water and its allocation reflect conflicting ideologies influencing development. Focusing on water governance enables the allocation and management of environmental resources and tensions in development to be explored.
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This research has as its central argument the notion that water governance is conceptualised differently at different scales and as discourses become localised, hybrid forms emerge. Place-specific hybrid governance systems which are cognisant of transformations in the local political economy and environmental characteristics can be useful in managing risks and uncertainty about water supply. This is particularly so where local knowledge about formal institutions regulating water governance and environmental conditions is low. This is because hybrid systems are more likely to be responsive to local needs than national or supra-national discourse allows. However, there are limitations with hybrid systems, particularly in terms of allocating responsibility and risk, which require effective coordination.
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The aim of this research is to uncover local perspectives and knowledge about water governance and hybridity in urban environments which can be used to shape and influence urban water management. I explore the hybridisation of water governance by considering the problem of ensuring urban water supply in a developing country context. The research was undertaken as an inductive, qualitative inquiry comprising a case study in Tagbilaran City, Bohol, the Philippines. Tagbilaran is a small sized city with a population of approximately 87,000 people. The city is experiencing relatively rapid population growth along with urban development and expansion in which water demand already outstrips water supply. Ethnographic, interpretive techniques were used to distil local perspectives about water governance which are juxtaposed with official policy and discourse. Research methods included participant observation, semi-structured interviews with government employees, government officials and key informants from other organisations. Other methods included structured household surveys and the use of documentary sources.
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This research reveals how formal approaches to urban water governance systems have been shaped by international development thinking and discourse. Current strategies to manage water emphasise an integrated approach which encompasses environmental, social and economic domains. At the same time neoliberal discourse exerts a powerful influence over how urban water is conceptualised and managed, and who should be responsible for its provision. The case study allows for the exploration of the ways in which development and water governance discourse have been articulated and the consideration of the local factors which have enabled the emergence of hybrid water supply services embedded in a localised hybrid governance system.
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I show how water governance in Tagbilaran is hybrid because of the global-local dialectic that informs policy and practice, public-private engagement in water provision, and inter-jurisdictional water sharing. I also demonstrate how households experiences of water supply and their physical environment influence decisions about household allocation and perceptions about human-environment interactions and water security. As a consequence, knowledge about water governance held at the household level emerges as localised and specific in which everyday experience shapes ideas around responsibility and agency such that local forms of government and engagement have more meaning for households than national and supra-national discourse. The juxtaposition of formal, bureaucratic governance institutions with household knowledge exposes multiple understandings of water governance and water supply in Tagbilaran.
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The findings of this research reveal that household conceptions of water governance are divorced from formal conceptions of water governance. There is a risk, therefore, that an over-emphasis on network expansion without due consideration of water resource management may lead to greater levels of consumption. This will continue to place pressure on resources and may ultimately lead to water insecurity. This is because local knowledge of the formal political, economic, and administrative institutions is limited at the household level. Therefore, this research argues that local perspectives and knowledge need to be incorporated more into management and policy decision making. Alternatively, greater effort needs to be made to communicate formal policy to the household level.