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Journal articles on the topic 'Urban Sociology and Community Studies'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 19 February 2023

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1

Okuda, Michihiro. "The Urban Sociology and Community Studies in Postwar Japan." Japanese Sociological Review 38, no. 2 (1987): 181–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4057/jsr.38.181.

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2

Gans, Herbert J. "Some Problems of and Futures for Urban Sociology: Toward a Sociology of Settlements." City & Community 8, no. 3 (September 2009): 211–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6040.2009.01286.x.

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Forty years ago, Manuel Castells asked whether urban sociology had a subject matter and whether the term urban still had meaning—and this article reopens these and related questions. It also wonders why today's American urban sociology has concentrated on cities, especially big ones, concurrently virtually ignoring the three other types of communities—suburbs, towns, and rural areas—in which a majority of Americans live and work. Further, it argues that this four–community typology is logically dubious and empirically obsolete. If the field were redefined as a sociology of settlements, analytically more logical and substantively more relevant typologies could be developed. Another politically and organizationally more realistic alternative would split the field into four: a sociology of the city and one concentrating on other settlements, with a third field devoted to community studies, and the fourth to spatial sociology.
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3

Hanson, Paul R. "Urban Community, Urban Culture, Urban Revolution." Journal of Urban History 16, no. 1 (November 1989): 91–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009614428901600105.

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4

Schneider, John C. "Urban Growth, Community Change." Journal of Urban History 15, no. 1 (November 1988): 87–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009614428801500105.

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5

Flanagan, Maureen A. "The Disorderly Urban Community." Journal of Urban History 25, no. 5 (July 1999): 725–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009614429902500505.

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6

Mohd Firdaus, Rohana, Mohd Hisyam Rasidi, and Ismail Said. "The Understanding of River and Community Resilience Studies in Perspective of Landscape Architecture." Jurnal Arsitektur dan Perencanaan (JUARA) 4, no. 1 (February 25, 2021): 72–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.31101/juara.v4i1.1759.

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River is part of community livelihood whereby its resilience protects it. However, river issues are still discussed, indicating opportunity and room for improvement. The social lens as perspective is also still lacking. Thereby, community resilience is adopted as approach looking at river. Hence, this paper explored the river and community resilience studies from social aspect. 129 articles based on online database were gathered, sieved and analysed. It was found that river and community resilience shares fields of fluvial geomorphology, sociology, ecology, urban planning and disaster risk. These fields have impacts in people-place relationship throughout humanity. Therefore, the community is responsible upon river and key to resilience.River is part of community livelihood whereby its resilience protects it. However, river issues are still discussed, indicating opportunity and room for improvement. The social lens as perspective is also still lacking. Thereby, community resilience is adopted as approach looking at river. Hence, this paper explored the river and community resilience studies from social aspect. 129 articles based on online database were gathered, sieved and analysed. It was found that river and community resilience shares fields of fluvial geomorphology, sociology, ecology, urban planning and disaster risk. These fields have impacts in people-place relationship throughout humanity. Therefore, the community is responsible upon river and key to resilience.
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7

Henig, Jeffrey R., and Paul R. Dommel. "Decentralizing Urban Policy: Case Studies in Community Development." Public Administration Review 46, no. 6 (November 1986): 676. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/976239.

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8

Borer, Michael Ian. "The Location of Culture: The Urban Culturalist Perspective." City & Community 5, no. 2 (June 2006): 173–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6040.2006.00168.x.

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The majority of research in urban sociology tends to favor the study of urbanization, the development and growth of cities, over urbanism, the way of life in cities. Here, I identify a strand of urban sociology that explicitly focuses on the latter and introduce a theoretical framework for investigating culturally significant urban places. The urban culturalist perspective consists of six domains of research:1) images and representations of the city; 2) urban community and civic culture; 3) place‐based myths, narratives, and collective memories; 4) sentiment and meaning of and for places; 5) urban identities and lifestyles; and 6) interaction places and practices. These distinct but related domains collectively provide a framework for addressing culture‐place relationships in cities by offering a clear window into the ways that pepole use places as part of their cultural repertoires and how those repertoires can affect a city's social and physical environment.
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9

Lui, Mary Ting Yi. "Examining New Trends In Chinese American Urban Community Studies." Journal of Urban History 29, no. 2 (January 2003): 173–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0096144202238873.

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10

Capraro, James F. "Community Organizing + Community Development = Community Transformation." Journal of Urban Affairs 26, no. 2 (June 2004): 151–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0735-2166.2004.00193.x.

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11

Clavel, Pierre, Jessica Pitt, and Jordan Yin. "The Community Option in Urban Policy." Urban Affairs Review 32, no. 4 (March 1997): 435–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107808749703200401.

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12

Forstie, Clare. "Theory Making from the Middle: Researching LGBTQ Communities in Small Cities." City & Community 19, no. 1 (March 2020): 153–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cico.12446.

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Urban lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) community research in sociology has largely ignored LGBTQ communities in the most common urban form: small cities. In this article, I argue that LGBTQ communities in small cities are an underexplored source of theory making about LGBTQ communities more broadly, and I highlight the ways such research enhances LGBTQ community research. I first discuss a definitional framework of LGBTQ communities in small cities. In other words, what do we mean by small cities, and what do we mean by LGBTQ communities within them? I then discuss the handful of examples of research on LGBTQ communities in small cities, describing the kinds of theoretical questions such research raises. I examine specifically how small–city LGBTQ communities shift our thinking about urban LGBTQ community research in the following four areas: social networks, spatial and temporal dimensions of community, identity intersections, and allyship. Next, I identify three reasons why a focus on small cities is necessary to theory making in LGBTQ and community research more broadly, including and moving beyond questions of representation. I conclude by highlighting the methodological diversity needed to effectively research LGBTQ communities in small cities and briefly address a few challenges in moving this field of research forward.
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13

McIntyre, Stuart G. "Personal indebtedness, community characteristics and theft crimes." Urban Studies 54, no. 10 (June 10, 2016): 2395–419. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042098016647335.

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Debt played a central role in the Great Recession, both in its cause and in its resolution, and once again, concern is rising about household indebtedness. This paper examines the relationship between personal indebtedness and theft crime using information on personal debt default. This paper builds on an established literature examining economic conditions and community crime rates, with an analytical framework provided by ‘the market model of crime’. Our paper is motivated from the economic, sociology and criminology literatures, and extends to a fuller consideration of the relationship between economic hardship and theft crimes in an urban setting. In particular, the sociology and criminology literature permit a much deeper understanding of the human behaviour and motivations underpinning the relationships represented in the market model. Using data available at the neighbourhood level for London, UK on county court judgements (CCJs) granted against residents in each neighbourhood as our measure of personal indebtedness, we examine the relationship between this measure and a range of community characteristics, and the observed pattern of theft crimes using spatial econometric methods. Our results confirm that theft crimes in London follow a spatial process, and that personal indebtedness is positively associated with theft crimes in London. We identify a number of interesting results, for instance that there is variation in the impact of covariates across crime types, and that the covariates which are important in explaining the pattern of each crime type are largely stable across the period considered in this analysis.1
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14

Čapek, Stella M. "Foregrounding Nature: An Invitation to think about Shifting Nature–City Boundaries." City & Community 9, no. 2 (June 2010): 208–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6040.2010.01327.x.

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Although nature in the form of “environment” has sometimes been part of sociological discussions of the city, it is typically treated as background, as a social construction, or as a metaphor for social processes. Less familiar is a view of nature as an active participant in a relationship of codetermination, an “actor” that constructs outcomes along with human beings in the communities that they inhabit. in this essay, I explore this more agentic reading of nature, bringing together insights from environmental and urban/community sociology. I explore four areas in which taken–for–granted boundaries between nature and city are shifting: ecological restoration projects, human–animal interactions, “postnatural” environments of toxic pollution, and simulated/artificial environments that substitute for nature. I suggest that urban sociology would benefit from a socioecological approach that enriches our understanding of nature and city and that allows us to participate more fully in discussions of sustainability.
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15

Neal, Jennifer Watling. "Community psychology and urban studies: Common connections and missed opportunities." Journal of Urban Affairs 42, no. 5 (February 27, 2020): 702–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07352166.2020.1712152.

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16

Mims, La Shonda. "Reviving the Queer Urban Community Study." Journal of Urban History 46, no. 4 (September 6, 2019): 908–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0096144219872467.

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17

Mahmoudi Farahani, Leila, and Mirjana Lozanovska. "A Framework for Exploring the Sense of Community and Social Life in Residential Environments." International Journal of Architectural Research: ArchNet-IJAR 8, no. 3 (November 30, 2014): 223. http://dx.doi.org/10.26687/archnet-ijar.v8i3.412.

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Sense of community and social life are two key concepts related to social cohesion, which have been the subject of extensive studies in several disciplines including sociology, psychology and built environment. Social life studies have been mostly conducted in the built environment discipline focusing on city centres; while sense of community studies were mostly the target of sociologists and psychologists focusing on neighbourhoods. As a result, the role of the built environment on the sense of community and social life of neighbourhoods is considered as a missing gap in the literature. This paper, through defining the concepts of social life and sense of community, aims to develop a conceptual framework for further implementation in future research. Accurate implication and interpretation of the concepts show that neighbourhoods can include the sense of community in the residential environment and the social life in the commercial environment. This is because residential environments are where residents’ requirements can be met through their commitment to the community and commercial environments are the fulcrum of interaction and communication.
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18

Hula, Richard C., Cynthia Y. Jackson, and Marion Orr. "Urban Politics, Governing Nonprofits, and Community Revitalization." Urban Affairs Review 32, no. 4 (March 1997): 459–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107808749703200402.

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19

Castrignanň, Marco. "Il concetto di comunitŕ: quale spendibilitŕ per la sociologia urbana?" SOCIOLOGIA URBANA E RURALE, no. 88 (October 2009): 73–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/sur2009-088003.

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- My article makes some questions about the heuristic actuality of community as a concept for the urban sociology. Two meanings of community will be considered, the socio-cultural and the socio-spatial one; however, the first one will be stressed, where community is a quality of social relations. So, my framework will be the Weber distinction between community and association; I think it can be used more than the Toennies one in the current context. In other words, it is a question to insert such concept of community in a reflection about urban sociology, trying to individuate the sociospatial implications of community as a quality of social relations. In this sense, the link between community and natural area is extremely important. So, the concept of natural area is the one to focus on; in particular, I will stress that it can be only partially overlapped to community as a quality of social relations, and such overlapping is more and more problematic today. However, despite the difficulty in speaking about natural areas, I think that community is still useful at a micro-level; in fact, the way in which affectional soSummaries cial actions chart the urban space is a very important field of study. So, a shift from an "area" to an "interstice" logic should be required.Key words: community, natural area, urban interstices, affective action.
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20

Caramellino, Gaia. "“You and Your Neighborhood”: Neighborhood, Community, and Democracy as New Paradigms in Wartime American Architecture." Urban Planning 7, no. 1 (March 31, 2022): 369–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/up.v7i1.4828.

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This article argues that a radical reconceptualization of the notion of neighborhood was introduced by architects in the United States during WWII in response to the new political, cultural, and economic conditions of the war. The efforts of architects and planners like Oskar Stonorov and Louis Kahn contributed to reconfiguring the organizational principle of the “neighborhood unit” model envisioned by Clarence Perry during the 1920s, transferring the discourse from the domain of urban sociology and technical planning to the realm of the American profession. This article revolves around the unexplored and intense period of architectural experimentation during WWII, when the neighborhood emerged as a vibrant platform for the efforts of professional circles to question the values of American democracy and introduce new participative practices in neighborhood and community design, fostering new forms of collaboration between citizens, governmental agencies, and speculative builders under the leadership of architects. Neighborhood design appeared as the testing ground to renegotiate the role and social responsibility of American architects and a foundational value of post-war American society, while its new meanings were to be renegotiated in post-war city planning and built communities.
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21

Xiao, Shaoping, and Ruicheng Liu. "Studies of COVID-19 Outbreak Control Using Agent-Based Modeling." Complex Systems 30, no. 3 (September 15, 2021): 297–321. http://dx.doi.org/10.25088/complexsystems.30.3.297.

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An agent-based model was developed to study outbreaks and outbreak control for COVID-19, mainly in urban communities. Rules for people’s interactions and virus infectiousness were derived based on previous sociology studies and recently published data-driven analyses of COVID-19 epidemics. The calculated basic reproduction number of epidemics from the developed model coincided with reported values. There were three control measures considered in this paper: social distancing, self-quarantine and community quarantine. Each control measure was assessed individually at first. Later on, an artificial neural network was used to study the effects of different combinations of control measures. To help quantify the impacts of self-quarantine and community quarantine on outbreak control, both were scaled respectively. The results showed that self-quarantine was more effective than the others, but any individual control measure was ineffective in controlling outbreaks in urban communities. The results also showed that a high level of self-quarantine and general community quarantine, assisted with social distancing, would be recommended for outbreak control.
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22

Haynes, Bruce, and Ray Hutchison. "Symposium on the Ghetto.s." City & Community 7, no. 4 (December 2008): 347–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6040.2008.00271_1.x.

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Nearly a decade into the new millennium, many traditionally black ghettos like Harlem, the Fillmore, and Chicago's South Side have experienced declining population and gentrification. Now seems like a fitting time to evaluate the conceptual merits of the term and the trajectory of research on the “ ghetto.” Much of the research on poverty neighborhoods focuses on Chicago—but is Chicago's South Side representative of poverty neighborhoods (and ghettos) in other cities? Recently, this issue has been widely discussed on the Community and Urban Sociology listserve; as a follow–up, we invited an international group of scholars to offer their views on the subject in this Symposium on the ghetto.
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23

Camou, Michelle. "Labor-Community Coalitions Through an Urban Regime Lens." Urban Affairs Review 50, no. 5 (December 19, 2013): 623–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1078087413515173.

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24

Lowe, Jeffrey S. "Community Foundations: What Do They Offer Community Development?" Journal of Urban Affairs 26, no. 2 (June 2004): 221–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0735-2166.2004.00198.x.

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25

Servon, Lisa J., and Marla K. Nelson. "Community Technology Centers and the Urban Technology Gap." International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 25, no. 2 (June 2001): 419–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-2427.00320.

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26

Jonas, Andrew E. G. "Labor and Community in the Deindustrialization of Urban America." Journal of Urban Affairs 17, no. 2 (June 1995): 183–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9906.1995.tb00343.x.

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27

De Socio, Mark. "Business Community Structures and Urban Regimes: A Comparative Analysis." Journal of Urban Affairs 29, no. 4 (October 2007): 339–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9906.2007.00350.x.

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28

Hays, R. Allen. "The Evolution of Citizenship in a Divided Urban Community." Urban Affairs Review 45, no. 3 (November 2, 2009): 336–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1078087409350440.

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29

Haus, Michael, and Jan Erling Klausen. "Urban Leadership and Community Involvement: Ingredients for Good Governance?" Urban Affairs Review 47, no. 2 (December 2010): 256–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1078087410388867.

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30

McALISTER, RUTH. "Putting the ‘Community’ into Community Planning: Assessing Community Inclusion in Northern Ireland." International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 34, no. 3 (April 7, 2010): 533–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2427.2010.00967.x.

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31

Guest, Avery M. "The Mediate Community." Urban Affairs Review 35, no. 5 (May 2000): 603–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/10780870022184561.

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32

Chaskin, Robert J. "Building Community Capacity." Urban Affairs Review 36, no. 3 (January 2001): 291–323. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/10780870122184876.

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33

Indergaard, Michael. "Community-Based Restructuring?" Urban Affairs Review 32, no. 5 (May 1997): 662–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107808749703200503.

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34

HORTON, HAYWARD DERRICK, MELVIN E. THOMAS, and CEDRIC HERRING. "Rural-Urban Differences in Black Family Structure." Journal of Family Issues 16, no. 3 (May 1995): 298–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019251395016003004.

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The nature and structure of the African American family continues to be a topic of importance in sociology. Since the much-maligned Moynihan report of the 1960s, sociologists have linked Black family structure to persisting disadvantage. However, the overwhelming majority of past studies have focused on the urban Black family. Accordingly, this article employs data from the 1990 Public Use Microdata Samples to compare the rural African American family to its urban counterpart. Results from the logistic regression analysis reveal that for rural Blacks, family structure is less important than community type and race relative to poverty status. These findings suggest a need for a refinement of the underclass debate.
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35

Vogev, Ronald K., and Bert E. Swanson. "Setting Agendas for Community Change: The Community Goal-Setting Strategy." Journal of Urban Affairs 10, no. 1 (March 1988): 41–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9906.1988.tb00492.x.

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36

Hays, R. Allen. "Community Activists’ Perceptions of Citizenship Roles in an Urban Community: A Case Study of Attitudes That Affect Community Engagement." Journal of Urban Affairs 29, no. 4 (October 2007): 401–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9906.2007.00353.x.

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37

Skoric, Marko M., Jia Ping Esther Chua, Meiyan Angeline Liew, Keng Hui Wong, and Pei Jue Yeo. "Online Shaming in the Asian Context: Community Empowerment or Civic Vigilantism?" Surveillance & Society 8, no. 2 (December 18, 2010): 181–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.24908/ss.v8i2.3485.

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Online shaming is a phenomenon where citizens engage in social policing by shaming transgressions via the Internet. It has been argued that the proliferation of new communication networks and digital recording devices could bring about a new paradigm for ensuring conformity to social norms through the self-regulation of society. Incorporating literature from criminology, law, psychology, sociology, and surveillance studies, this two-part exploratory empirical study conducted in Singapore aims to give an account of why people engage in online shaming (Study 1) as well as who is likely to be deterred and who is likely to contribute content in relation to personality traits, adherence to Asian values and social responsibility (Study 2). The in-depth interviews revealed that people engage in online shaming mainly to raise awareness about the lack of civic-mindedness in society. Furthermore, a survey of 321 Singaporeans suggest that people who are more likely to be deterred by the threat of online shaming are those who more socially responsible, more agreeable, more neurotic and adhere more strongly to Asian values. Furthermore, our findings suggest that individuals who are more likely to contribute to online shaming websites tend to be more socially responsible and open to new experiences. The theoretical, technological and policy implications of the findings are discussed.
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38

Jackson, Jeffrey H. "Artistic Community and Urban Development in 1920s Montmartre." French Politics, Culture & Society 24, no. 2 (January 1, 2006): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/153763706780682092.

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39

MATSUMIYA, Ashita, and Masao MARUYAMA. "Reconsidering the possibility of sociology of urban community: an overview of the symposium, “Reconsidering of modern paradigm of community studies,” in the 35th Japan Association for Urban Sociology Annual Meeting, 2017." Annals of Japan Association for Urban Sociology 2018, no. 36 (September 5, 2018): 57–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5637/jpasurban.2018.57.

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40

O'Connor, Alice. "Community Action, Urban Reform, and the Fight against Poverty." Journal of Urban History 22, no. 5 (July 1996): 586–625. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009614429602200503.

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41

MACLEOD, GORDON, and CRAIG JOHNSTONE. "Stretching Urban Renaissance: Privatizing Space, Civilizing Place, Summoning ‘Community’." International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 36, no. 1 (September 29, 2011): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2427.2011.01067.x.

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42

Koesoemawati, Dewi Junita. "Social Cohesion Potential of Pendalungan Communities Toward Urban Space Integration in Jember." KOMUNITAS: International Journal of Indonesian Society and Culture 8, no. 1 (February 18, 2016): 145–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/komunitas.v8i1.4872.

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Jember downtown has pendalungan social phenomenon as a form of cultural assimilation resulting hybrid of Javanese and Madurese as a local community identity. Pendalungan communities occupy in kampongs in the melting pot with limited space that evokes the activity collectively as the potential of social cohesion. The result of previous studies on hybrid pendalungan only terms of sociology and culture. Based on the above phenomenon, this research is study about social cohesion potential of Pendalungan community at urban space integration in Jember. The research objective was to determine the specific characteristic of pendhalungan community as a potential of social cohesion and to know the concept of the urban space integration of pendhalungan community. The research approach used in this study was qualitative and quantitative. Qualitative research approach was used by reading the urban through synchronic reading to explore the potential of social cohesion of pendalungan community culture which has implications in the formation of urban space. The space integration was presented using the access graph. The result showed that the urban space integration had average height and the dominant form of asymmetry distribution. The formation of urban space in the melting pot no separation between forms a continuous space and forms a break up space, so is created social cohesion. This conditions strengthen the high value of the space integration supported its social cohesion potential
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43

Gonzalez Benson, Odessa, and Ana Paula Pimentel Walker. "Grassroots refugee community organizations: In search of participatory urban governance." Journal of Urban Affairs 43, no. 6 (February 22, 2021): 890–908. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07352166.2021.1874245.

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44

Neal, Zachary P. "Comparing urban sociology’s human ecology and community psychology’s ecological metaphor." Journal of Urban Affairs 42, no. 5 (December 19, 2019): 786–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07352166.2019.1691444.

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45

Franz, Berkeley, Daniel Skinner, Jonathan Wynn, and Kelly Kelleher. "Urban Hospitals as Anchor Institutions: Frameworks for Medical Sociology." Socius: Sociological Research for a Dynamic World 5 (January 2019): 237802311881798. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2378023118817981.

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Recent policy developments are forcing many hospitals to supplement their traditional focus on the provision of direct patient care by using mechanisms to address the social determinants of health in local communities. Sociologists have studied hospital organizations for decades, to great effect, highlighting key processes of professional socialization and external influences that shape hospital-based care. New methods are needed, however, to capture more recent changes in hospital population health initiatives in their surrounding neighborhoods. The authors describe three promising sociological frameworks for studying the changing hospital: (1) the study of professions, (2) social network analysis, and (3) community-based participatory research. The authors argue that future analyses of hospitals and health outcomes must move beyond the internal-external dichotomy to see hospitals as complex institutions that are increasingly entwined with communities and subject to changes in state regulation.
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46

Krueger, Luther. "Courting the community: Legitimacy and punishment in a community court, by Christina Zozula." Journal of Urban Affairs 42, no. 8 (April 15, 2020): 1342–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07352166.2020.1739499.

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47

Nord, David Paul. "The Public Community." Journal of Urban History 11, no. 4 (August 1985): 411–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009614428501100403.

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48

Fraser, Dawn. "Community and Ageing." Housing, Theory and Society 27, no. 4 (November 15, 2010): 372–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14036091003691027.

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49

Lei, Lei. "The Effect of Community Socioeconomic Context on High School Attendance in China: A Generalized Propensity Score Approach." Sociology of Education 95, no. 1 (December 7, 2021): 61–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00380407211057305.

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Many developing countries have experienced increasing spatial inequality, but little is known about the effect of community disadvantages on educational attainment in these societies. Using data from the China Family Panel Studies (2010–2016), I examine the effect of community socioeconomic status (SES) on the transition into high school in urban and rural China, and I explore several mechanisms explaining the community effects. I adopt the generalized propensity score method to estimate the potential probability of high school entrance at different levels of community SES. Results show that community SES is positively associated with high school attendance in both urban and rural China, and the relationship is stronger in more disadvantaged communities in both contexts. In urban areas, the effect of community SES is partly attributable to collective socialization and children’s academic performance. In rural areas, spatial accessibility to high schools and children’s academic performance are the salient mechanisms.
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50

Glaser, Mark A., Mark D. Soskin, and Michael Smith. "Local Government-Supported Community Development." Urban Affairs Review 31, no. 6 (July 1996): 778–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107808749603100605.

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