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Journal articles on the topic 'Urban seismology'
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1
Rowan, L. "SEISMOLOGY: Urban Hazards." Science 307, no. 5706 (January 7, 2005): 18e. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.307.5706.18e.
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Yilmaz, Oz. "Applications of engineering seismology in urban areas." Leading Edge 32, no. 3 (March 2013): 264–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/tle32030264.1.
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Kobayashi, Hiroyoshi. "Seismic Microzoning for Urban Planning." Journal of Disaster Research 1, no. 2 (October 1, 2006): 211–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2006.p0211.
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Since the Nobi Earthquake of 1891, seismology, engineering seismology, earthquake engineering, structural engineering and sciences which are related to the phenomena of earthquakes were developed in Japan. Especially pure sciences and engineering made great advances individually. However, actual earthquake damage has not yet ceased to exist, and this damage leads the loss of a great number of human lives. Undeveloped areas and not so important buildings have always suffered these disasters. From worldwise point of view, there is a more serious problem, sometimes more than 10,000 people are killed by an earthquake. The importance of these sciences and engineering is centered in such problems, but at their present stage of development they can not solve these serious problems. Primarily because there are many problems regarding the economical conditions. Seismic microzoning has its purpose in the solution of the serious problems mentioned above. The results of seismic microzoning should cover whole areas and structures, for saving money in construction and to minimize the danger posed to human life. Also seismic microzoning works are related to the disaster prevention programs of various areas. Investigations into seismic microzoning are mainly related to the field of engineering seismology and its applications are in earthquake engineering, but fundamental investigations and applications can not be separated, they are closely related. Thus difficult points still exist, because only a few investigators have interests in the applications of seismic microzoning work. In this paper the author tries to explain the theoretical background and the technique of application of seismic microzoning which developed mainly in Japan. But these theoretical and technical results are not yet completed, and the facts interpreted from the strong motion seismograms and other results of field observations will correct these conclusions.
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Ritter, J. R. R., S. F. Balan, K. P. Bonjer, T. Diehl, T. Forbriger, G. Marmureanu, F. Wenzel, and W. Wirth. "Broadband Urban Seismology in the Bucharest Metropolitan Area." Seismological Research Letters 76, no. 5 (September 1, 2005): 574–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/gssrl.76.5.574.
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Maciel, Susanne Taina Ramalho, Marcelo Peres Rocha, and Martin Schimmel. "Urban seismic monitoring in Brasília, Brazil." PLOS ONE 16, no. 8 (August 5, 2021): e0253610. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0253610.
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Urban seismology has gained scientific interest with the development of seismic ambient noise monitoring techniques and also for being a useful tool to connect society with the Earth sciences. The interpretation of the sources of seismic records generated by sporting events, traffic, or huge agglomerations arouses the population’s curiosity and opens up a range of possibilities for new applications of seismology, especially in the area of urban monitoring. In this contribution, we present the analysis of seismic records from a station in the city of Brasilia during unusual episodes of silencing and noisy periods. Usually, cultural noise is observed in high-fequency bands. We showed in our analysis that cultural noise can also be observed in the low-frequency band, when high-frequency signal is attenuated. As examples of noisy periods, we have that of the Soccer World Cup in Brazil in 2014, where changes in noise are related to celebrations of goals and the party held by FIFA in the city, and the political manifestations in the period of the Impeachment trial in 2016, which reached the concentration of about 300,000 protesters. The two most characteristic periods of seismic silence have been the quarantine due to the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, and the trucker strike that occurred across the country in 2018, both drastically reducing the movement of people in the city.
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Wang, Jeen-Hwa. "Urban Seismology in the Taipei Metropolitan Area: Review and Prospective." Terrestrial, Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences 19, no. 3 (2008): 213. http://dx.doi.org/10.3319/tao.2008.19.3.213(t).
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Bradford, John H., Kyle Lindsay, Steve Silliman, Nicaise Yalo, and Moussa Boukari. "Urban seismology for groundwater characterization in a developing country: Challenges and rewards." Leading Edge 33, no. 12 (December 2014): 1336–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/tle33121336.1.
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Colombi, Andrea, and Philippe Gueguen. "Urban seismology: Numerical results and real data observations on the clustering effect of buildings." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 140, no. 4 (October 2016): 2959. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4969140.
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Naif, Salwa S., Dalia A. Mahmood, and Monim H. Al-Jiboori. "Seasonal normalized difference vegetation index responses to air temperature and precipitation in Baghdad." Open Agriculture 5, no. 1 (October 20, 2020): 631–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/opag-2020-0065.
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AbstractThe spatial distribution of urban vegetation cover is strongly related to climatological conditions, which play a vital role in urban cooling via shading and reducing ground surface temperature and effective strategy in mitigation urban heat island. Based on the Landsat satellite images, the quantitative normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) was spatially mapped at two times for each year during 2008, 2013, 2019 in Baghdad. The NDVI values ranged from −1 to +1 with considering values larger than 0.2 indicate the dense healthy vegetation. In this study, the fractional areas of NDVI >0.2 were computed with their percentage. The responses of the NDVI during the growing seasons to two climate indices (i.e., air temperature and precipitation) were investigated. These climatic data obtained from the Iraqi Meteorological Organization and Seismology for the aforementioned years were used to explore the potential correlations between seasonal NDVI and above climate variables. The result shows that NDVI-derived vegetation growth patterns were highly correlated with their recording during the current growth seasons.
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Shahvar, Mohammad Pourmohammad, Esmaeil Farzanegan, Attiyeh Eshaghi, and Hossein Mirzaei. "i1-net: The Iran Strong Motion Network." Seismological Research Letters 92, no. 4 (May 19, 2021): 2100–2108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0220200417.
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Abstract Strong ground-motion records are the primary input data in earthquake engineering studies to improve understanding of seismic hazard and risk. As the overseer of the Iran Strong Motion Network (i1-net), the Road, Housing, and Urban Development Research Center occupies the leading position in this field in the country. With more than 1260 active accelerometers and a collection of over 14,129 earthquake recordings since 1973, the Iran Strong Motion Network is the major Iranian source of information for engineering seismology and earthquake engineering. The present article describes the current status and developments of the i1-net in the last 46 yr.
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Bostenaru Dan, M. "Multidisciplinary co-operation in building design according to urbanistic zoning and seismic microzonation." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 5, no. 3 (May 4, 2005): 397–411. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-5-397-2005.
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Abstract. Research and practice in seismology and urban planning interfere concerning the impact of earthquakes on urban areas. The roles of sub-area wide or typological divisions of the town were investigated with the methodology of regression, regarding their contribution to urban earthquake risk management. The inductive data set comprised recovery, preparedness, mitigation and resilience planning. All timely constituted planning types are refound today as layers, as the zoning results are used by differently backgrounded actors: local authorities, civil protection, urban planners, civil engineers. In resilience planning, the urban system is complexly theoretised, then integratedly approached. The steady restructuring process of the urban organism is evident in a dynamic analysis. Although expressed materially, the "urban-frame" is realised spiritually, space adaptation being also social. A retrospective investigation of the role of resilient individual buildings within the urban system of Bucharest, Romania, was undertaken, in order to learn systemic lessons considering the street, an educational environment. (In)formation in the study and decision making process stay in a reciprocal relationship, both being obliged in the (in)formation of the public opinion. For a complete view on resilience, both zoning types, seismic and urbanistic, must be considered and through their superposition new sub-area wide divisions of the town appear, making recommendations according to the vulnerability of the building type.
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Zare, Mehdi, Morteza Shojaei, Bahram Akasheh, Abbas Ostadtaghizadeh, and Arezo Dorostian. "Evaluating the degree of physical resilience of Babol against earthqakes." Nexo Revista Científica 33, no. 02 (December 31, 2020): 239–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/nexo.v33i02.10765.
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The management of natural disasters requires understanding their essence, making accurate assessments, planning, and providing appropriate solutions. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the physical resilience of the 22 neighborhoods of Babol located in the north of Iran against earthquakes. The methodology of this applied research study is descriptive-analytical. In this regard, by initially studying similar national and international studies, using the expert opinion of seismology and urban planning specialists and interviewing experienced urban managers in the field of crisis management, 30 effective indices on physical resilience against earthquake risk were extracted. Then, using analytic functions of GIS software and multi-criteria models including AHP, TOPSIS, VIKOR and COPRAS, the physical resilience of Babol against earthquakes was evaluated. Then, in order to obtain accurate results, using the integration models including the Statistic, BORDA and COPELAND, the physical resilience of Babol's 22 neighborhoods was evaluated. The analysis of the final GIS maps shows that neighborhoods 2, 3, 4, 5, and 11 have very high physical resilience and neighborhoods 6, 8, 10, 12 and 14 have very low physical resilience against earthquakes.
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Liu, Lanbo, Qi-fu Chen, Weijun Wang, and Eric Rohrbach. "Ambient noise as the new source for urban engineering seismology and earthquake engineering: a case study from Beijing metropolitan area." Earthquake Science 27, no. 1 (January 8, 2014): 89–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11589-013-0052-x.
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Hancilar, U., C. Tuzun, C. Yenidogan, and M. Erdik. "ELER software – a new tool for urban earthquake loss assessment." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 10, no. 12 (December 22, 2010): 2677–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-10-2677-2010.
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Abstract. Rapid loss estimation after potentially damaging earthquakes is critical for effective emergency response and public information. A methodology and software package, ELER-Earthquake Loss Estimation Routine, for rapid estimation of earthquake shaking and losses throughout the Euro-Mediterranean region was developed under the Joint Research Activity-3 (JRA3) of the EC FP6 Project entitled "Network of Research Infrastructures for European Seismology-NERIES". Recently, a new version (v2.0) of ELER software has been released. The multi-level methodology developed is capable of incorporating regional variability and uncertainty originating from ground motion predictions, fault finiteness, site modifications, inventory of physical and social elements subjected to earthquake hazard and the associated vulnerability relationships. Although primarily intended for quasi real-time estimation of earthquake shaking and losses, the routine is also equally capable of incorporating scenario-based earthquake loss assessments. This paper introduces the urban earthquake loss assessment module (Level 2) of the ELER software which makes use of the most detailed inventory databases of physical and social elements at risk in combination with the analytical vulnerability relationships and building damage-related casualty vulnerability models for the estimation of building damage and casualty distributions, respectively. Spectral capacity-based loss assessment methodology and its vital components are presented. The analysis methods of the Level 2 module, i.e. Capacity Spectrum Method (ATC-40, 1996), Modified Acceleration-Displacement Response Spectrum Method (FEMA 440, 2005), Reduction Factor Method (Fajfar, 2000) and Coefficient Method (ASCE 41-06, 2006), are applied to the selected building types for validation and verification purposes. The damage estimates are compared to the results obtained from the other studies available in the literature, i.e. SELENA v4.0 (Molina et al., 2008) and ATC-55 (Yang, 2005). An urban loss assessment exercise for a scenario earthquake for the city of Istanbul is conducted and physical and social losses are presented. Damage to the urban environment is compared to the results obtained from similar software, i.e. KOERILoss (KOERI, 2002) and DBELA (Crowley et al., 2004). The European rapid loss estimation tool is expected to help enable effective emergency response, on both local and global level, as well as public information.
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Kasai, Kazuhiko, Kohji Tokimatsu, and Saburoh Midorikawa. "Special Issue on Selected Papers from 9th CUEE." Journal of Disaster Research 7, no. 6 (December 1, 2012): 671. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2012.p0671.
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The 9th International Conference on Urban Earthquake Engineering (9th CUEE) and the 4th Asia Conference on Earthquake Engineering (4th ACEE) were jointly held on March 6-8, 2012 in Tokyo, as a part of the research activities of the Center for Urban Earthquake Engineering (CUEE), Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan. The conference featured state-of-the-art technical presentations on various themes relevant to urban earthquake engineering, followed by special sessions addressing the 11th March 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami that resulted in catastrophic damage and an estimated death toll of 20,000. The conference attracted 465 participants from 31 countries, and disseminated 283 papers. The board members of the Journal of Disaster Research (JDR) decided to publish special issues of JDR, selecting papers from the above joint conference, for the purpose of mainly updating status of Japan’s research/technology. The present issue is on the fields of engineering seismology and geotechnical engineering, including extraordinary ground shaking and liquefactions that affected wide areas during the March 11 incident. Other issues such as those on buildings and infrastructures are also planned. The 8 manuscripts selected and managed by the JDR Guest Editors address the following topics: - Array observations of ground shaking - Large peak ground acceleration and site amplification - Attenuation of the seismic wave - Impact against the water-supply outages - Liquefaction in a river levee on soft cohesive ground - Spread foundation performance affecting superstructure - Performance of piled raft foundation with grid-form ground improvement - Liquefaction of levee body and seepage control The Guest Editors as well as JDR board members thank the authors for their contributions and revisions. They also acknowledge gratefully the reviewers for their invaluable comments on the manuscripts.
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Hao, Ken Xiansheng, and Hiroyuki Fujiwara. "Recent Destructive Earthquakes and International Collaboration for Seismic Hazard Assessment." Journal of Disaster Research 8, no. 5 (October 1, 2013): 1001–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2013.p1001.
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Recent destructive earthquakes in East Asia, such as the 1976 Tangshan, 1995 Kobe, 1999 Chi-Chi, 2008 Wenchuan, 2010 Yushu, 2011 Tohoku, and 2013 Ya’an-Lushan earthquakes, claimed one third of a million lives. Probabilistic seismic hazard assessment (SHA) can help define earthquake zones and guide urban planning and construction based on statistical seismology, geophysics, and geodesy. The National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention (NIED) has promoted SHA as a national mission in Japan over the last 10 years, and as an international cooperation with neighboring countries since the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake. We initiated the China-Japan-Korea SHA strategic cooperative program for the next generation map supported by MOST-JST-NRF in 2010. We also initiated collaborative programs with the committee of the Taiwan Earthquake Model from 2012, as well as with many other parties. Consequently, the NIED, with its highly valuated SHA methodologies and technologies, proudly joined the Global Earthquake Model Foundation (GEM). Our international activities in East Asia could become one of the GEMRegional Programs. By examination of SHA maps using the Tohoku earthquake data set, some improvements and reconsiderations are made.
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García-Ayllón, Salvador, Antonio Tomás, and José Luis Ródenas. "The Spatial Perspective in Post-Earthquake Evaluation to Improve Mitigation Strategies: Geostatistical Analysis of the Seismic Damage Applied to a Real Case Study." Applied Sciences 9, no. 15 (August 5, 2019): 3182. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9153182.
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The analysis of damage in cities after an earthquake to implement mitigation strategies of seismic risk is a complex job that is usually full of uncertainties. Numerous variables affect the final result of the observable damage in a set of buildings in an urban area. The use of methodologies capable of providing global explanations beyond the traditional unidisciplinary approach of disciplines, such as structural analysis, earthquake engineering, geotechnics, or seismology, can be very useful for improving the behavior of our cities against earthquakes. This article presents geostatistical post-earthquake analysis, an innovative approach in this field of research based on GIS spatial statistical tools to evaluate the importance of the different variables after an earthquake that may have caused damage in a city. This new framework will be applied to analyze, from a geostatistical perspective, the damage levels observed in the city of Lorca (Spain) after the earthquake of 2011; a case study where various studies have proposed different measures to mitigate the impact of future earthquakes as a consequence of focusing on different phenomena as the main variable for the damage produced. A bivariate GIS assessment will allow spatial correlation of the problems detected from a statistical point of view (inadequate design of buildings, age of the real estate stock, inefficient urban planning configurations, geological risk, etc.) and the different levels of damage that the technicians who participated in the post-earthquake phase evaluated in the city. The results obtained will allow one to hierarchize the importance of the different detected phenomena to prepare the city better against future earthquakes and to elaborate an improved seismic mitigation strategy.
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Bahavar, Manochehr, Zack J. Spica, Francisco J. Sánchez-Sesma, Chad Trabant, Arash Zandieh, and Gabriel Toro. "Horizontal-to-Vertical Spectral Ratio (HVSR) IRIS Station Toolbox." Seismological Research Letters 91, no. 6 (August 19, 2020): 3539–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0220200047.
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Abstract The horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratio (HVSR) for seismic ambient noise is a popular method that can be used to estimate the predominant frequency at a given site. In this article, we introduce the Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology (IRIS) Data Management Center’s (DMC’s) openly available HVSR station toolbox. These tools offer a variety of ways to compute the spectral ratio by providing different averaging routines. The options range from the simple average of spectral ratios to the ratio of spectral averages. Computations take advantage of the available power spectral density estimates of ambient noise for the seismic stations, and they can be used to estimate the predominant frequency of the many three-component seismic stations available from the IRIS DMC. Furthermore, to facilitate the identification of the peaks in HVSR profiles for the assessment of the predominant frequency of station sites, the toolbox can also process the results of HVSR analysis to detect and rank HVSR peaks. To highlight the toolbox capabilities, three different examples of possible use of this toolbox for routine site-effect analysis are discussed: (1) site effects related to thawing in Arctic regions, (2) ground-motion amplification in urban area, and (3) estimation of station VS30.
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Michael, Andrew J., Sara K. McBride, Jeanne L. Hardebeck, Michael Barall, Eric Martinez, Morgan T. Page, Nicholas van der Elst, Edward H. Field, Kevin R. Milner, and Anne M. Wein. "Statistical Seismology and Communication of the USGS Operational Aftershock Forecasts for the 30 November 2018 Mw 7.1 Anchorage, Alaska, Earthquake." Seismological Research Letters 91, no. 1 (December 11, 2019): 153–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0220190196.
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Abstract The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) has developed a national capability for aftershock forecasting after significant earthquakes. Use of this capability began in August 2018, and the 30 November 2018 Mw 7.1 Anchorage, Alaska, earthquake provided the first opportunity to apply this capability to a damaging earthquake in an urban area of the United States of America and observe how the forecast was discussed in the media. During this sequence, the forecasts were issued by a seismologist using interactive software that implements the Reasenberg and Jones (1989) model as updated in Page et al. (2016). The forecasts are communicated with a tiered template that provides basic information first before providing a more detailed numerical forecast and are posted on the mainshock’s event page on the USGS earthquake program. Experience from the Anchorage sequence showed that the process worked well, and the first forecast was issued only 54 min after the mainshock occurred. Updates over the coming days, weeks, and months adapted the forecast model from the initial generic parameters for the seismotectonic region to Bayesian and sequence‐specific models. Media reports accurately reported the forecast, demonstrating that the forecast template was successful except for a few reports that incorrectly merged the probability of one or more events in a given time–magnitude window with the likely range of the number of events. Changes to the template have been made to prevent that confusion in the future. We also released a special report on the possible duration of the sequence to assist in the federal disaster declaration and assistance process. Both our standard forecasts and this special report would benefit from more rapid determination of a sequence‐specific decay rate.
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Margaris, Basil, Emmanuel M. Scordilis, Jonathan P. Stewart, David M. Boore, Nikos Theodoulidis, Ioannis Kalogeras, Nikolaos S. Melis, Andreas A. Skarlatoudis, Nikolaos Klimis, and Emel Seyhan. "Hellenic Strong-Motion Database with Uniformly Assigned Source and Site Metadata for the Period 1972–2015." Seismological Research Letters 92, no. 3 (March 24, 2021): 2065–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0220190337.
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Abstract We present a Hellenic database of intensity measures from uniformly processed strong ground motion recordings, together with metadata on earthquake source attributes and recording site conditions. The database consists of information from 471 earthquakes between 1973 and 2015 that produced 2993 usable recordings from 333 sites. A key element of this work is a unified presentation of data from two major data providers that operate in Greece (Institute of Engineering Seismology and Earthquake Engineering and the Institute of Geodynamics, National Observatory of Athens) along with a university-operated local urban array (University of Patras). Consistent procedures were applied to develop source parameters that include hypocenter locations, moment magnitudes (directly estimated or derived using a conversion procedure), fault-plane solutions, and finite-fault parameters (generally, for events with M>6.0). The time-averaged shear-wave velocity in the upper 30 m parameter is provided for all 333 recording sites based on geophysical measurements where available (102) and proxy-based estimates otherwise. Most events are in the magnitude range of 3.8–7, occurred at shallow hypocentral depths (<30 km), and provide data for rupture distances generally between 10 and 300 km. The combined ground motion, seismic source, and site database is anticipated to be useful for engineering applications, including ground-motion model development and time series selection for response-history analyses.
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Hassan, Zahraa Mousa, Monim H. Al-Jiboori, and Hazima M. Al-Abassi. "The Effect of The Extremes Heat Waves on Mortality Rates in Baghdad During the Period (2004-2018)." Al-Mustansiriyah Journal of Science 31, no. 2 (April 15, 2020): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.23851/mjs.v31i2.753.
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In a previous couple of decades, serious heatwaves were illustrative of the climate conditions in different pieces of the world. They had unmistakably negative effects on people, plants, creatures, and distinctive monetary segments. Especially in urban areas, where most people are living, their prosperity, productivity and wellbeing were influenced, which even caused a generally high death rate. This is the reason an enormous intrigue still exists to analyze heat waves in the past by utilization of measurable strategies. As an examination on heatwaves isn't accessible for the domain of Baghdad city up to now, a review examination was directed. Its primary points were (1) to decide the recurrence of heatwave scenes for this nation and (2) to analyze their spatiotemporal dissemination, term, and force. Based on Baghdad city, from the Iraqi Meteorological Organization and Seismology and Ministry of Health day by day estimations of most extreme air temperature (Tmax) in summer months (June to August) were utilized to decide heatwave scenes as indicated by the definition prescribed by the IPCC. For all stations, total and dependable Tmax time arrangements were accessible for the period 2004–2018 concerning a few stations. We tried the 95th thresholds percentile. The extra wave impacts were assessed utilizing a one-stage model to guarantee that their belongings were evaluated subsequent to expelling the general impact of temperature.
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Muir, Jack B., and Zhongwen Zhan. "Wavefield-based evaluation of DAS instrument response and array design." Geophysical Journal International 229, no. 1 (October 28, 2021): 21–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggab439.
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SUMMARY Distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) networks promise to revolutionize observational seismology by providing cost-effective, highly dense spatial sampling of the seismic wavefield, especially by utilizing pre-deployed telecomm fibre in urban settings for which dense seismic network deployments are difficult to construct. However, each DAS channel is sensitive only to one projection of the horizontal strain tensor and therefore gives an incomplete picture of the horizontal seismic wavefield, limiting our ability to make a holistic analysis of instrument response. This analysis has therefore been largely restricted to pointwise comparisons where a fortuitious coincidence of reference three-component seismometers and colocated DAS cable allows. We evaluate DAS instrument response by comparing DAS measurements from the PoroTomo experiment with strain-rate wavefield reconstructed from the nodal seismic array deployed in the same experiment, allowing us to treat the entire DAS array in a systematic fashion irrespective of cable geometry relative to the location of nodes. We found that, while the phase differences are in general small, the amplitude differences between predicted and observed DAS strain rates average a factor of 2 across the array and correlate with near-surface geology, suggesting that careful assessment of DAS deployments is essential for applications that require reliable assessments of amplitude. We further discuss strategies for empirical gain corrections and optimal placement of point sensor deployments to generate the best combined sensitivity with an already deployed DAS cable, from a wavefield reconstruction perspective.
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Vujović, Filip, Mladen Delić, and Darko Smolović. "Water quality assessment of the Montenegrin part of the Lim river using the Serbian water quality index (SWQI)." Zbornik radova - Geografski fakultet Univerziteta u Beogradu, no. 69 (2021): 119–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/zrgfub2169119v.
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The paper analyzes the water quality of the Montenegrin part of the Lim River using the Serbian Water Quality Index (SWQI) method. This method uses ten physical, chemical, and microbiological parameters (temperature, pH value, electrical conductivity, oxygen saturation, BOD5 , suspended solids, total nitrogen oxides, orthophosphates, ammonium, coliform bacteria) and summarizes them in a water quality index number. Data from the Institute of Hydrometeorology and Seismology of Montenegro (IHMS) from the Annual Reports on Water Quality from 2010 to 2018 were used to assess water quality. The results of this research, according to SWQI, show that in the upper course of the Montenegrin part of the Lim, at the control stations Plav and Andrijevica, water has excellent quality. Downstream, passing through the urban areas of Berane and Bijelo Polje at the control stations Skakavac, Zaton, Bijelo Polje, Dobrakovo, the water quality enters the class of very good and good quality. The results of average SWQI values at all control stations for the research period of eight years indicate that the quality in the Montenegrin part of the Lim River can be classified as very good (87). The paper confirms the importance of the SWQI as a useful method for presenting water quality data despite its many advantages and disadvantages. In order to achieve relevant results and the actual ecological status of the river, it is necessary to apply the Water Quality Index (WQI), which includes inorganic parameters.
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Centeno-Salas, F. A., D. Carreón-Freyre, W. A. Flores-García, and R. I. Gutiérrez-Calderón. "Application of high resolution geophysical prospecting to assess the risk related to subsurface deformationin Mexico City." Proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences 372 (November 12, 2015): 267–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/piahs-372-267-2015.
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Abstract. In the eastern sector of Mexico City the sub soil consists of high contrasting sequences (lacustrine and volcanic inter bedded deposits) that favor the development of erratic fracturing in the surface causing damage to the urban infrastructure. The high-resolution geophysical prospecting are useful tools for the assessment of ground deformation and fracturing associated with land subsidence phenomena. The GPR method allowed to evaluate the fracture propagation and deformation of vulcano-sedimentary sequences at different depths, the main electrical parameters are directly related with the gravimetric and volumetric water content and therefore with the plasticity of the near surface prospected sequences. The active seismology prospection consisted in a combination of Seismic Refraction (SR) and Multichannel Analysis of Surface Waves (MASW) for the estimation of the velocity of the mechanical compressive (P) and the shear (S) waves. The integration of both methods allowed to estimate the geomechanical parameters characterizing the studied sequence, the Poisson Ratio and the volumetric compressibility. The obtained mechanical parameters were correlated with laboratory measured parameters such as plasticity index, density, shear strength and compressibility and, GPR and seismic profiles were correlated with the mapped fracture systems in the study area. Once calibrated, the profiles allowed to identify the lithological contact between lacustrine and volcanic sequences, their variations of thicknesses in depth and to assess the deformation area in the surface. An accurate determination of the geometry of fracturing was of the most importance for the assessment of the geological risk in the study area.
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Jeng, Yih. "Shallow seismic investigation of a site with poor reflection quality." GEOPHYSICS 60, no. 6 (November 1995): 1715–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1443904.
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A shallow seismic reflection experiment was performed on a construction site to determine the feasibility of using reflection seismology to investigate the shallow structure in a weathered sand‐gravel interlayered zone that was known to be a poor transmission of high‐frequency seismic energy. Field‐recording parameters were designed to fit the limited space of the urban construction survey area. A 7 kg sledgehammer was used to generate P‐waves and SH‐waves. Single 100 Hz geophones were deployed at 1.0 m/0.5 m group intervals, and 200/100-Hz low‐cut filters were applied prior to A to D conversion to attenuate ground roll. For SH‐wave reflections, single 14 Hz geophones and a 70-Hz low‐cut filter on the seismograph were used. The dominant frequency bands ranged from 33 to 275 Hz and were centered around 110 Hz for P‐waves. Lower dominant frequency bands 20 to 160 Hz with a dominant frequency of around 85 Hz were observed on SH‐wave records. Four seismic lines, three P‐wave recordings and one SH‐wave recording, using different sets of recording parameters and an appropriate seismic‐wave generation method produced reflections from varying depth ranges and at different resolutions. The results show that the techniques employed in this experiment may resolve the structure of a site with poor reflection quality. An f-k dip filtering and deconvolution were necessary in processing the reflection data to eliminate various types of unwanted energy. The seismic interpretations in this study were verified by drilling and by a nearby excavation.
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Ravankhah, Mohammad, Michael Schmidt, and Thomas Will. "Multi-hazard disaster risk identification for World Cultural Heritage sites in seismic zones." Journal of Cultural Heritage Management and Sustainable Development 7, no. 3 (August 21, 2017): 272–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jchmsd-09-2015-0032.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to develop an integrated multi-risk identification procedure for World Cultural Heritage (WCH) sites exposed to seismic events, while considering characteristics of disasters from earthquakes in a multi-hazard context on one side and particular aspects of WCH (e.g. outstanding universal values and associated condition of authenticity and integrity) on the other. Design/methodology/approach An interdisciplinary review of current relevant approaches, methods, and practices is conducted through the existing literature of disaster risk management, heritage conservation, and seismology. Furthermore, a document analysis of concrete cases affected by seismic events supports concepts and the procedure. Findings This paper results in a methodology of identifying multi-risk of disasters induced by earthquakes. A bow-tie analysis diagram in combination with a risk identification matrix is developed for illustrating a multiple emergency scenario in identifying possible impacts of earthquakes’ primary effects, secondary hazards, and human-threats on tangible and intangible attributes of cultural properties. Practical implications The research aims to provide specialists and practitioners from multiple sectors engaged in pre-disaster risk mitigation and preparedness plan for cultural heritage with a practical risk identification tool. The proposed method, in a multiple hazard context, intends to enhance risk assessment procedure for determining more appropriate risk reduction strategies in the decision-making process. Originality/value This paper, through emphasising “earthquake disaster risk” rather than “earthquake risk”, illuminates the significance of quake-followed secondary hazards, potential human-induced hazards and human errors in the risk identification process, due to the fact that while a disaster may begin with a quake, its full scope might be triggered by a combination of the mentioned potential threats.
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Hillers, Gregor, Tommi A. T. Vuorinen, Marja R. Uski, Jari T. Kortström, Päivi B. Mäntyniemi, Timo Tiira, Peter E. Malin, and Tero Saarno. "The 2018 Geothermal Reservoir Stimulation in Espoo/Helsinki, Southern Finland: Seismic Network Anatomy and Data Features." Seismological Research Letters 91, no. 2A (February 5, 2020): 770–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0220190253.
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Abstract A seismic network was installed in Helsinki, Finland to monitor the response to an ∼6-kilometer-deep geothermal stimulation experiment in 2018. We present initial results of multiple induced earthquake seismogram and ambient wavefield analyses. The used data are from parts of the borehole network deployed by the operating St1 Deep Heat Company, from surface broadband sensors and 100 geophones installed by the Institute of Seismology, University of Helsinki, and from Finnish National Seismic Network stations. Records collected in the urban environment contain many signals associated with anthropogenic activity. This results in time- and frequency-dependent variations of the signal-to-noise ratio of earthquake records from a 260-meter-deep borehole sensor compared to the combined signals of 24 collocated surface array sensors. Manual relocations of ∼500 events indicate three distinct zones of induced earthquake activity that are consistent with the three clusters of seismicity identified by the company. The fault-plane solutions of 14 selected ML 0.6–1.8 events indicate a dominant reverse-faulting style, and the associated SH radiation patterns appear to control the first-order features of the macroseismic report distribution. Beamforming of earthquake data from six arrays suggests heterogeneous medium properties, in particular between the injection site and two arrays to the west and southwest. Ambient-noise cross-correlation functions reconstruct regional surface-wave propagation and path-dependent body-wave propagation. A 1D inversion of the weakly dispersive surface waves reveals average shear-wave velocities around 3.3 km/s below 20 m depth. Consistent features observed in relative velocity change time series and in temporal variations of a proxy for wavefield partitioning likely reflect the medium response to the stimulation. The resolution properties of the obtained data can inform future monitoring strategies and network designs around natural laboratories.
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Steinmann, René, Céline Hadziioannou, and Eric Larose. "Effect of centimetric freezing of the near subsurface on Rayleigh and Love wave velocity in ambient seismic noise correlations." Geophysical Journal International 224, no. 1 (August 28, 2020): 626–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggaa406.
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SUMMARY About a decade ago, noise-based monitoring became a key tool in seismology. One of the tools is passive image interferometry (PII), which uses noise correlation functions (NCF) to retrieve seismic velocity variations. Most studies apply PII to vertical components recording oceanic low-frequent ambient noise ( < 1 Hz). In this work, PII is applied to high-frequent urban ambient noise ( > 1 Hz) on three three-component sensors. With environmental sensors inside the subsurface and in the air, we are able to connect observed velocity variations with environmental parameters. Temperatures below 0 °C correlate well with strong shear wave velocity increases. The temperature sensors inside the ground suggest that a frozen layer of less than 5 cm thickness causes apparent velocity increases above 2 % , depending on the channel pair. The observations indicate that the different velocity variation retrieved from the different channel pairs are due to different surface wave responses inherent in the channel pairs. With dispersion curve modelling in a 1-D medium we can verify that surfaces waves of several tens of metres wavelength experience a velocity increase of several percent due to a centimetres thick frozen layer. Moreover, the model verifies that Love waves show larger velocity increases than Rayleigh waves. The findings of this study provide new insights for monitoring with PII. A few days with temperature below 0 °C can already mask other potential targets (e.g. faults or storage sites). Here, we suggest to use vertical components, which is less sensitive to the frozen layer at the surface. If the target is the seasonal freezing, like in permafrost studies, we suggest to use three-component sensors in order to retrieve the Love wave response. This opens the possibility to study other small-scale processes at the shallow subsurface with surface wave responses.
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Qahtan, Al-Shami, Jiankun Huang, Mugahed Amran, Diyar N. Qader, Roman Fediuk, and Al-Dhabir Wael. "Seismic Composite Metamaterial: A Review." Journal of Composites Science 6, no. 11 (November 12, 2022): 348. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcs6110348.
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The modern construction revolution throughout the past two decades has brought the need for ground vibration mitigation, and this has been one of the major study areas. These studies were mainly focused on the effect of forestation on vibration reduction as the available natural metamaterial. Physical methods such as the finite element method and the boundary conditions of 2D and 3D applications in ground vibration reduction have been developed. Many researchers, scientists, and organizations in this field have emphasized the importance of these methods theoretically and numerically. This paper presents the historical context of resonant metamaterials (MMs), the current progress of periodic 2D and 3D structures, and the possible future outcomes from the seismic metamaterials (SMs), and it relates them with their elastic counterparts to the natural metamaterial (NMs). The idea of bandgaps (FBGs) in the frequency range of interest is reviewed and discussed in some detail. Moreover, the attenuation associated with ground vibrations, noise, seismology, and the like is explained by managing the peculiar mechanisms of ground vibrations. However, a comprehensive computational review focuses on shielding MMs for ground vibration mitigation in urban areas. This phenomenon led to unique features for various techniques to control the bandgap width for various construction applications. Ecological solutions involve the creation of an economic, environmentally based seismic shield for both the Bragg scattering and the local resonance bandgaps. Reportedly, additive studies based on numerical simulation and experiments have improved the functionality of the 2D and 3D periodic structures. It was found that the mechanical properties differ (i.e., stiffness, Poisson’s ratio, and bulk density) and that the geometrical parameters (i.e., lattice, model dimensions, distance from vibration sources, and number of periodic structures) exhibited strong effects on the width and location of the derived FBGs. The geometrical properties of the used unit cell have a strong effect on the attenuation mechanism. Although deep analysis was created in much of the previous research, it was revealed, based on that research, that the attenuation mechanism is still unclear. However, this review article presents a detailed exposition of the recent research progress of the seismic metamaterials, including 2D, 3D, and the main mechanisms of the theoretical backgrounds of energy attenuation. It also summarizes the effects of the factors on the width and location of the bandgaps at a low frequency. In addition, the natural metamaterials and the study of the urban environment are surveyed. The major findings of this review involve the effectiveness of NMs for different functionalities in ground vibration attenuation, which leads to diverse purposes and applications and proposes a roadmap for developing natural materials for clean and quiet environments.
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Rynn, J. M. W., E. Brennan, P. R. Hughes, I. S. Pedersen, and H. J. Stuart. "The 1989 Newcastle, Australia, earthquake." Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering 25, no. 2 (June 30, 1992): 77–144. http://dx.doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.25.2.77-144.
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The vulnerability of urban environments in continental regions to earthquake forces was explicitly demonstrated in Australia's devastating Newcastle earthquake on December 28, 1989. This moderately-sized earthquake of Richter magnitude ML 5.6 (Moment magnitude M 5.3) claimed 13 lives, damaged more than 70,000 properties and left an estimated total loss of about $AU (1991) 4 billion. The need for an earthquake mitigation programme in Australia was thus clearly established. It is for this reason that a multidisciplinary approach involving seismology, geology, engineering, insurance, local government and emergency services is being followed to study this event and its consequences.
The earthquake source is defined as being on a thrust fault trending NW-SE dipping 75° to the NE, with a depth of focus at 11.5 km, source radius of 1.86 km, stress drop of at least 24 bars and a displacement along the rupture surface of at least 310 mm. The epicentre is located at 32.95°S, 151.61°E close to Boolaroo, about 15 km SW of the City of Newcastle, and with an epicentral error of about + 15 km. More than 100,000 observations from damage and felt reports are being analysed and integrated with the wide experiences gained in the rescue, recovery and renewal phases that have extended over the two years since the event.
The specific issue of the geotechnical aspects is of great importance. It is being considered from the view of urban geology (surface alluvial sediments), rather than from theoretical considerations, to explain the major extent of building damage on the alluvial areas, amplification and liquefaction. Apart from the immediate "causes" of damage, serious consideration is being given to the long-term effects which have resulted in the latent and recurrent defects to buildings. The engineering findings from the Newcastle earthquake are discussed in detail. While it is uneconomical and not necessary to design a structure to withstand the greatest likely earthquake without damage in Australia, the cost of providing strength to resist very high intensity loads must be weighed against the importance of the structure and probability of the earthquakes, particularly in areas such as this with relatively little known seismic histories. Lessons for local government authorities who had not previously considered seismic activity are addressed. Based on the response and recovery of the City of Newcastle, the lessons include the development of a recovery management plan, revision of building regulations and the requirements for hazard mitigation. Unfortunately, several misconceptions about some aspects of the consequences of this earthquake have arisen. These concern the limitations of some analyses, use of selected data sets rather than all the available data and apparent lack of understanding of complex, rather than singular, causal relationships. Implications for the engineering, insurance and possibly the legal professions need to be considered.
The potential to reduce losses in future earthquakes in Australia through an earthquake mitigation programme is now an achievable goal. The scenarios of such an event occurring at a different time or in a different city can be addressed, based on the Newcastle and other international experiences. Sufficient information is available to prepare the revised Australian earthquake loading code as a reliable and practical document for use by engineers. The consequences of the 1989 Newcastle earthquake have also captured the interest of researchers from many other continental areas of the Earth who must consider preparations for similar situations. All aspects of the study ultimately lead to the preparedness of urban communities to deal with such consequences with the assistance of emergency services agencies to minimize the social and economic traumas that will inevitably occur.
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Shakak, N. B. I. "SIMULATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION USING ADVANCE TECHNOLOGY AND MODELING." International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLIII-B4-2022 (June 1, 2022): 23–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xliii-b4-2022-23-2022.
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Abstract. In Khartoum/Sudan the consumption of water per capita in urban areas far below the real need and WHO standard and huge volume of untreated municipal wastes water and industrial waste is discharged directly to an upstream from the town’s sewage water and treatment plants. Only 5% of resident received waste water treatment services, and 95% of waste discharge in unregulated dumps and injected into ground, these leading to pollution of the atmosphere, surface and ground waters, and poses a serious environmental hazard downstream. The main objective of this paper to Simulate pollutant produce from water sector demands being prime indicators of water and environment challenge, using WEAP model, and GIS software.The methodology used in this study to identified appropriate indicators and creates a model that represents water resource status, and pollution generator sectors for a specific system boundary.Khartoum satellite Landsat Mosaic Image (copy write), and Digital elevation model, (DEM) for Sudan, from Global ESRI map, and Land cover map, acquired from Sudanese remote sensing and seismology authority are used in this study to create maps.The Basin Catchment model WEAP21 system scenarios with Remote Sensing, and GIS predicted response and evaluated water deterioration risk quantity and quality related to river Nile catchment area in Khartoum. The model software selected provides decision makers with watershed environmental response factors, with allocation for sustainable water concern lower River Nile catchments.The model approach across user was taken into consideration to ensure withdrawals, assumed improvement in consumption, researcher assumed building a reservoir to improve quality, and reduces people suffering from water shortage, building expansion to reform waste, with reference time from 2015 and projected year by 2030.To fulfill objectives the models was used for pollutant transport from upstream to watershed, to evaluate the effect of applying alternative management practices by development of different Scenarios.Water quality data are collected from Ground water central laboratories, also from Khartoum state data base center. While Waste water data collected from waste water treatment plants in the towns, and from constructional and environmental laboratories, centre. Also, field samples were collected from discharge point in lagoons near river shore and from the cross point of discharge into the river. The study result show how satellite technology combined with local monitoring, GIS, and advanced modeling system can be used to investigate the improved accuracy of the model results, and to improve operations and performance of service providers downstream. The result indicated that scenarios can be developed to explore options for the future and sustainability, and implication of various policies can evaluated. For environmental carrying capacities, the model results indicated that, 90% of water consuming by sector demands end at the receptors as waste water need to be treated. The pollutant load produced by those waste water treatment plants were measured and simulated including pollutant (BOD, COD, TSS, Phosphate, Nitrate, Total organic carbon, heavy metals (Pb, Cr, Zn, Cu), which in turn affects the quality of water resources available for direct use. The improvements in water collection systems affect water supply and wastewater treatment, while the improvement in waste water treatment plants after built new environmental expansion and technology may reduce the flow of waste water to receptors 50% by 2030. In order to ensure a long term development of water resources, and to avoid water becoming a limiting factor in the development of dependent activities, we recommend that country should develop environmental pollution reform and management policy based on an integrated management which associates management of surface and underground waters, qualitative and quantitative measures and management of use by various water sector.
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Spica, Zack J., Mathieu Perton, Eileen R. Martin, Gregory C. Beroza, and Biondo Biondi. "Urban Seismic Site Characterization by Fiber‐Optic Seismology." Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 125, no. 3 (March 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2019jb018656.
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Lindsey, Nathaniel J., and Eileen R. Martin. "Fiber-Optic Seismology." Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 49, no. 1 (January 5, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-earth-072420-065213.
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Distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) is an emerging technology that repurposes a fiber-optic cable as a dense array of strain sensors. This technology repeatedly pings a fiber with laser pulses, measuring optical phase changes in Rayleigh backscattered light. DAS is beneficial for studies of fine-scale processes over multi-kilometer distances, long-term time-lapse monitoring, and deployment in logistically challenging areas (e.g., high temperatures, power limitations, land access barriers). These benefits have motivated a decade of applications in subsurface imaging and microseismicity monitoring for energy production and carbon sequestration. DAS arrays have recorded microearthquakes, regional earthquakes, teleseisms, and infrastructure signals. Analysis of these wavefields is enabling earthquake seismology where traditional sensors were sparse, as well as structural and near-surface seismology. These studies improved understanding of DAS instrument response through comparison with traditional seismometers. More recently, DAS has been used to study cryosphere systems, marine geophysics, geodesy, and volcanology. Further advancement of geoscience using DAS requires several community efforts related to instrument access, training, outreach, and cyberinfrastructure. ▪ DAS is a seismic acquisition technology repurposing fiber optics as arrays of dynamic strain sensors at 1- to 10-m spacing over kilometers. ▪ Easy DAS installations have availed time-lapse geophysical sensing in formerly inaccessible sites: urban, icy, and offshore areas. ▪ High-frequency wavefields recorded by DAS are analyzed with array-based methods to characterize seismic sources and image the subsurface. ▪ DAS has shown low-frequency sensitivity in the laboratory and field, for slow hydrodynamic and geodynamic processes. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Volume 49 is May 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Díaz, Jordi, Mario Ruiz, Pilar S. Sánchez-Pastor, and Paula Romero. "Urban Seismology: on the origin of earth vibrations within a city." Scientific Reports 7, no. 1 (November 10, 2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-15499-y.
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E. Boschi, E. Guidoboni, and D. Mariotti. "Seismic effects of the strongest historical earthquak in the Syracuse area." Annals of Geophysics 38, no. 2 (May 18, 1995). http://dx.doi.org/10.4401/ag-4121.
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The effects of earthquakes that occurred in a given area contribute significantly to the evaluation of to local seismic hazard. The information concerning historical earthquakes of the Mediterranean area covers many centuries, but the wealth of information made available by historical seismology does not appear to ha taken into account by engineering seismologists. By adopting "attenuation laws" based on data contained in the seismic catalogues, not only do we sometimes come up against the gross errors normally found jn logues, but we also lose sight of important details relating to the characteristics of urban seismic scenarios this paper we describe the results obtained from the analysis of seismic scenarios in Ortigia (old Syracuse this analysis we emphasized the qualitative and descriptive data to outline the "largest historical eve reassessed the data concerning five earthquakes that occuned in 1169,1542,1693,1757 and 1846, w reported by the Catalogue of Italian Earthquakes with an intensity greater than or equal to IX MCS epicentre of which was located within 50 km of the city. The last two of these earthquakes turned out t result of mistakes in the transmission of the news and have therefore been removed trom the list of de events. In addjtjon, we reconstructed the damage caused by the 1542 and 1693 earthquakes on a ma ancient town of Ortigia, taking into account the economic, demographic, and urbanistic conditions of t The empirical elements supplied to evaluate the local seismic response can also be of use in the preservation of historical buildings.
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"Earthquake Hazard Micro Zonation in Fiji Islands: A Research of Viti Levu Island." International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering 8, no. 2S11 (November 2, 2019): 2296–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijrte.b1257.0982s1119.
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Depending on magnitude the earthquake hazards can have collateral retort of devastations in collusion with the site-soil geology. Fiji – Tonga region accounts for about 70 percent of the world’s earthquakes with depths greater than 400 kilometres. Risk management through spatial planning is paramount for tectonism linked disasters in order to reduce the extent of fatality and economic cost. Humanity is at the ‘tipping point’ of self-destruction unless knowledge on disaster risk reduction is disseminated on time in the form of implementable solutions such as using ArcGIS as a tool to provide worthwhile segmentation of disaster prone zones to administrators. The present study aims at assessing the site-soil geology and earthquake hazard potentiality of VitiLevu Island using the GIS and remote sensing techniques. Site-soil geology, geomorphology, seismology and SRTM DEM data were the main sources of layers used to carry out analysis using the Saaty’s Analytical Hierarchical Process (AHP) and ArcGIS Multi-Criteria Analysis (MCA).The technology involves preparing and assessing several contributing factors (thematic layers) those are assigned with weightage and rankings, and finally normalizing the assigned weights and ranking. In the ArcGIS 10.5 spatial analyst tool, the raster calculator, reclassify and weightage overlay tools were mainly employed in the study. The final output of EHZ indicates the ‘low’, ‘moderate’ and ‘high’ zones of potential earthquake disasters. The result provides a substantial readable guide for urban and regional spatial planners as well policy makers to formulate disaster reduction policies. Thus, informing civil societies, private societies and community to become well - versed with adaptive strategies suitable to withstand and encounter earthquake hazards.
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Perron, Vincent, Paolo Bergamo, and Donat Fäh. "Site Amplification at High Spatial Resolution from Combined Ambient Noise and Earthquake Recordings in Sion, Switzerland." Seismological Research Letters, May 25, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0220210289.
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Abstract Earthquake site effects have a major impact on the seismic hazard. However, evaluating the site response over a broad frequency range and with a high spatial resolution remains difficult. Therefore, there is a high demand from the engineering seismology community in having cost-effective and reliable approaches to evaluate the site response. Empirical site effect assessment has shown good reliability up to high frequencies but relies on earthquake recordings that require long station deployments. In contrast, seismic ambient noise can be rapidly recorded anywhere at any time. The hybrid standard spectral ratio (SSRh) combines both the spectral ratio from earthquake recordings at a few sites and the spectral ratio from ambient noise recordings at many sites from short duration deployments. The objective of our study is to evaluate the applicability of the SSRh to a large urban area. Our studied area is the Rhône valley around the city of Sion (Switzerland), which is prone to complex 2D and 3D site effects in a broad frequency range caused by the soft, thick, and variable sedimentary deposit of the Rhône river. We benefit from four permanent and five long-term seismic stations present in the area, and we performed 299 short ambient noise measurements on a regular 300 m side grid. At the permanent stations, we find good agreement between the SSRh and the empirical amplification function estimates using earthquake observations, and we observe a good stability of the SSRh over time, frequency, and space, despite the strong variability of the ambient noise. Based on that, we estimate the SSRh for every ambient noise recording point in the area to compute a high-resolution amplification model and subsequently a site-specific seismic hazard model for the Sion area. Our models are in good agreement with the geological information.
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Певнев, А. К. "Through difficulties to the earthquake prediction." Геология и геофизика Юга России, no. 2() (June 27, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.46698/vnc.2020.25.51.006.
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Изучение землетрясений является важнейшей задачей по обеспечению безопасности человеческих жизней в условиях городской территории. Обоснованный прогноз сильных землетрясений представляет большой научный и практический интерес. Цель работы. В статье приводятся результаты анализа ситуации, сложившейся в сейсмологии в свете трудов Г.А.Гамбурцева, выдающегося российского сейсмолога и геофизика. Начатые им многие весьма перспективные исследования остались незавершенными. Он показал, что очаги происходящих в земной коре землетрясений зарождаются, созревают и разрушаются в зонах тектонических сейсмогенных разломов земной коры и, что эти процессы можно отслеживать непосредственно на земной поверхности, изучая деформации земной коры. К сожалению, развитие сейсмологической науки пошло другим путем. Методы исследования. В статье поэтапно рассматривается история развития методологии прогноза землетрясений. Результаты работы. Показано, что решение проблемы прогноза методом решения обратных задач или распознаванием образа по набору аномалий в различных геофизических и других полях себя, в целом, не оправдало. Надежных причинно-следственных связей между процессами в очагах землетрясений и аномалиями в различных полях, не обнаружили. Однако сторонники «стратегии аномалий» нашли другое объяснение полученному результату исследований: причинно-следственная связь имеет место, но порождаемые очагом землетрясения аномалии очень малы, и их можно обнаруживать лишь с помощью достаточно густых наблюдательных сетей, способных улавливать эти аномалии. Идея густых сетей была реализована на разломе Сан-Андреас в Калифорнии, но подтверждения она не получила. Решение проблемы прогноза землетрясений возможно только тогда, когда будут начаты исследования, направленные на обнаружение прямых указателей того, что в данном конкретном объеме горных пород идет процесс накопления упругих сейсмогенных деформаций. Начинать прогноз землетрясения необходимо с обнаружения места расположения формирующегося очага. Для прогнозирования места очага землетрясения хватает одного прогнозного профиля. Для прогноза силы землетрясения необходимы несколько профилей. Проблема же прогноза времени землетрясения требует комплексного решения, так как для этого необходимо изучение закономерностей разрушения очагов землетрясений с использованием геодезических, сейсмологических и других методов The study of earthquakes is the most important task for ensuring the human life safety in urban areas. A reasonable prediction of strong earthquakes is of great scientific and practical interest. Aim.The article presents the results of the analysis of the situation in seismology in the light of the works of G.A. Gamburtsev, who was an outstanding Russian seismologist and geophysicist. Many of his very promising studies remained incomplete. He showed that the foci of earthquakes, occurring in the earth's crust, originate, accumulate and collapse in the zones of tectonic seismogenic faults in the earth's crust; he also showed that these processes can be monitored directly on the ground surface, studying the deformations of the earth's crust. Unfortunately, the development of seismological science went in a different way.Methods. The article considers the history of the development of earthquake prediction methodology in stages. Results. The article shows that the prediction problem solution by solving inverse problems or by recognizing an image, according to the set of anomalies in various geophysical and other fields, did not prove its value in general. Reliable cause-and-effect relationships between processes in the earthquake focus and anomalies in various fields were not found. However, supporters of the “anomaly strategy” found another explanation for the research result: a cause-and-effect relationship takes place, but the anomalies generated by the earthquake source are very weak, and they can only be detected using sufficiently dense observational networks capable of capturing these anomalies. The idea of dense networks was implemented at the San Andreas Fault in California, but it was not confirmed.The solution of the earthquake prediction problem is possible only in case of the start of the research aimed at the detecting direct indications that an accumulation of elastic seismogenic deformations are taking place in this particular rock volume. It is necessary to begin the earthquake prediction by detecting the location of the generating focus. One forecast profile is enough to predict the location of the earthquake source. And for the prediction of an earthquake intensity, several profiles are necessary. The problem of the time of an earthquake forecast requires a comprehensive solution, since it is obligatory to study the laws of seismic source destruction with the help of geodetic, seismological and other methods