Journal articles on the topic 'Urban-scale energy model'
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Mutani, Guglielmina, Valeria Todeschi, and Simone Beltramino. "Energy Consumption Models at Urban Scale to Measure Energy Resilience." Sustainability 12, no. 14 (July 15, 2020): 5678. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12145678.
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Energy resilience can be reached with a secure, sustainable, competitive, and affordable system. In order to achieve energy resilience in the urban environment, urban-scale energy models play a key role in supporting the promotion and identification of effective energy-efficient and low-carbon policies pertaining to buildings. In this work, a dynamic urban-scale energy model, based on an energy balance, has been designed to take into account the local climate conditions and morphological urban-scale parameters. The aim is to present an engineering methodology, applied to clusters of buildings, using the available urban databases. This methodology has been calibrated and optimized through an iterative procedure on 102 residential buildings in a district of the city of Turin (Italy). The results of this work show how a place-based dynamic energy balance methodology can also be sufficiently accurate at an urban scale with an average seasonal relative error of 14%. In particular, to achieve this accuracy, the model has been optimized by correcting the typological and geometrical characteristics of the buildings and the typologies of ventilation and heating system; in addition, the indoor temperatures of the buildings—that were initially estimated as constant—have been correlated to the climatic variables. The proposed model can be applied to other cities utilizing the existing databases or, being an engineering model, can be used to assess the impact of climate change or other scenarios.
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Mutani, G., V. Todeschi, and S. Santantonio. "Urban-Scale Energy Models: the relationship between cooling energy demand and urban form." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2177, no. 1 (April 1, 2022): 012016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2177/1/012016.
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Abstract To enhance the quality of life in cities, it is necessary to improve the energy performance of buildings together with a sustainable urban planning especially in high-density contexts. Previous works investigated the building shape, the urban morphology, and the local climate conditions to optimize the energy performance for space heating of buildings. The aim of this study is to validate a GIS-based engineering model to simulate the hourly energy demand for space cooling in residential buildings at neighborhood scale and to assess the relationship between the urban form and the energy performance in terms of cooling energy demand. A place- based methodology was applied to six neighborhoods in the city of Turin (Italy), identified as homogeneous zones with different building characteristics and urban contexts. The hourly cooling demand of residential buildings was studied starting from the energy balance at building scale, and then was applied at block of buildings scale with the support of GIS. This model was validated with a comparison of the results using CitySim tool and ISO 52016 assessment. In order to investigate the relationship between cooling energy demand and urban form, the GIS- based engineering model was applied to five typical blocks of buildings with different construction periods. The results show how cooling energy demand varies according to building characteristics and urban morphology in a continental-temperate climate. By this analysis, it is possible to identify the optimal block of building shape in Turin ensuring lower energy consumptions during the cooling season with different types of buildings.
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Mutani, Guglielmina, and Valeria Todeschi. "Building energy modeling at neighborhood scale." Energy Efficiency 13, no. 7 (July 21, 2020): 1353–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12053-020-09882-4.
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Abstract The urban climate and outdoor air quality of cities that have a positive thermal balance depending on the thermal consumptions of buildings cause an increase of the urban heat island and global warming effects. The aim of this work has been to develop an energy balance using the energy consumption data of the district heating network. The here presented engineering energy model is at a neighborhood scale, and the energy-use results have been obtained from a heat balance of residential buildings, by means of a quasi-steady state method, on a monthly basis. The modeling approach also considers the characteristics of the urban context that may have a significant effect on its energy performance. The model includes a number of urban variables, such as solar exposition and thermal radiation lost to the sky of the built environment. This methodology was applied to thirty-three 1 km × 1 km meshes in the city of Turin, using the monthly energy consumption data of three consecutive heating seasons. The results showed that the model is accurate for old built areas; the average error is 10% for buildings constructed before 1970, while the error reaches 20% for newer buildings. The importance and originality of this study are related to the fact that the energy balance is applied at neighborhood scale and urban parameters are introduced with the support of a GIS tool. The resulting engineering models can be applied as a decision support tool for citizens, public administrations, and policy makers to evaluate the distribution of energy consumptions and the relative GHG emissions to promote a more sustainable urban environment. Future researches will be carried out with the aim of introducing other urban variables into the model, such as the canyon effect and the presence of vegetation.
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KAWAI, Toru, Masahiko KANEGA, and Manabu KANDA. "A SIMPLE 3-DIMENSIONAL URBAN ENERGY BALANCE MODEL AND OUTDOOR SCALE MODEL EXPERIMENTS." PROCEEDINGS OF HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING 49 (2005): 349–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/prohe.49.349.
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Zheng, Zhuang, Jiayu Chen, and Xiaowei Luo. "Parallel computational building-chain model for rapid urban-scale energy simulation." Energy and Buildings 201 (October 2019): 37–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2019.07.034.
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Lee, Doo-Il, and Sang-Hyun Lee. "The Microscale Urban Surface Energy (MUSE) Model for Real Urban Application." Atmosphere 11, no. 12 (December 12, 2020): 1347. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos11121347.
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Urban atmospheric environmental issues are commonly associated with the physical processes of urban surfaces. Much progress has been made on the building-resolving microscale atmospheric models, but a realistic representation of the physical processes of urban surfaces on those models is still lacking. This study presents a new microscale urban surface energy (MUSE) model for real urban meteorological and environmental applications that is capable of representing the urban radiative, convective, and conductive energy transfer processes along with their interactions, and that is directly compatible with the Cartesian grid microscale atmospheric models. The physical processes of shadow casting and radiative transfers were validated on an analytical accuracy level. The full capability of the model in simulating the three-dimensional surface heterogeneities in a real urban environment was tested for a hot summer day in August 2016 using the field measurements obtained from the Kongju National University campus, South Korea. The validation against the measurements showed that the model is capable of predicting surface temperatures and energy balance fluxes in a patch scale at the heterogeneous urban surfaces by virtue of the interactive representation of the urban physical processes. The excellent performance and flexible grid design emphasize the potential capabilities of the MUSE model for use in urban meteorological and environmental applications through the building-resolving microscale atmospheric models, such as computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and large-eddy simulations (LES).
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Flagg, D. D., and P. A. Taylor. "Sensitivity of mesoscale model urban boundary layer meteorology to urban morphology." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 10, no. 11 (November 3, 2010): 25909–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-10-25909-2010.
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Abstract. Mesoscale modeling of the urban boundary layer requires careful parameterization of the surface due to its heterogeneous morphology. Model estimated meteorological quantities, including the surface energy budget and canopy layer variables, will respond accordingly to the scale of representation. This study examines the sensitivity of the surface energy balance, canopy layer and boundary layer meteorology to the scale of urban surface representation in a real urban area (Detroit-Windsor (USA-Canada)) during several dry, cloud-free summer periods. The model used is the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model with its coupled single-layer urban canopy model. Some model verification is presented using measurements from the Border Air Quality and Meteorology Study (BAQS-Met) 2007 field campaign and additional sources. Case studies span from "neighborhood" (10 s ~ 30 m) to very coarse (120 s ~ 3.7 km) resolution. Small changes in scale can affect the classification of the surface, affecting both the local and grid-average meteorology. Results indicate high sensitivity in turbulent latent heat flux from the natural surface and sensible heat flux from the urban canopy. Small scale change is also shown to delay timing of a lake-breeze front passage and can affect the timing of local transition in static stability.
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Sola, Alaia, Cristina Corchero, Jaume Salom, and Manel Sanmarti. "Simulation Tools to Build Urban-Scale Energy Models: A Review." Energies 11, no. 12 (November 23, 2018): 3269. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11123269.
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The development of Urban-Scale Energy Modelling (USEM) at the district or city level is currently the goal of many research groups due to the increased interest in evaluating the impact of energy efficiency measures in city environments. Because USEM comprises a great variety of analysis areas, the simulation programs that are able to model urban-scale energy systems actually consist of an assemblage of different particular sub-models. In order to simulate each of the sub-models in USEM, one can choose to use either existing specific simulation engines or tailor-made models. Engines or tools for simulation of urban-scale energy systems have already been overviewed in previous existing literature, however the distinction and classification of tools according to their functionalities within each analysis area in USEM has not been clearly presented. Therefore, the present work aims at reviewing the existing tools while classifying them according to their capabilities. The ultimate goal of this classification is to expose the available resources for implementing new co-simulation approaches in USEM, which may reduce the modelling effort and increase reliability as a result of using established and validated simulation engines.
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Kawai, Toru, Manabu Kanda, Kenichi Narita, and Aya Hagishima. "Validation of a numerical model for urban energy-exchange using outdoor scale-model measurements." International Journal of Climatology 27, no. 14 (2007): 1931–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/joc.1624.
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Flagg, D. D., and P. A. Taylor. "Sensitivity of mesoscale model urban boundary layer meteorology to the scale of urban representation." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11, no. 6 (March 30, 2011): 2951–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-2951-2011.
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Abstract. Mesoscale modeling of the urban boundary layer requires careful parameterization of the surface due to its heterogeneous morphology. Model estimated meteorological quantities, including the surface energy budget and canopy layer variables, will respond accordingly to the scale of representation. This study examines the sensitivity of the surface energy balance, canopy layer and boundary layer meteorology to the scale of urban surface representation in a real urban area (Detroit-Windsor (USA-Canada)) during several dry, cloud-free summer periods. The model used is the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model with its coupled single-layer urban canopy model. Some model verification is presented using measurements from the Border Air Quality and Meteorology Study (BAQS-Met) 2007 field campaign and additional sources. Case studies span from "neighborhood" (10 s ~308 m) to very coarse (120 s ~3.7 km) resolution. Small changes in scale can affect the classification of the surface, affecting both the local and grid-average meteorology. Results indicate high sensitivity in turbulent latent heat flux from the natural surface and sensible heat flux from the urban canopy. Small scale change is also shown to delay timing of a lake-breeze front passage and can affect the timing of local transition in static stability.
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Pearlmutter, D., P. Berliner, and E. Shaviv. "Evaluation of Urban Surface Energy Fluxes Using an Open-Air Scale Model." Journal of Applied Meteorology 44, no. 4 (April 1, 2005): 532–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jam2220.1.
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Abstract The thermal behavior of an urban surface is crucial to understand, but it is difficult to predict using conventional measurement or modeling approaches. In this study, an integrated method is proposed for evaluating urban energy exchanges with an open-air scale model of a building–street canyon surface array. The technique, which potentially combines the flexibility of modeling with the reliability of empirical observation under natural turbulence and radiative loading, is tested in hot, arid summer conditions to gauge its ability for reproducing surface–atmosphere energy fluxes that are representative of diurnal patterns in actual urban settings. After identifying the inertial sublayer, which is created above the scaled roughness array at a point near its downwind edge, roughness parameters utilized in the calculation of turbulent sensible heat flux are determined for two different array configurations of varying frontal area density and compared with existing data from field studies and morphometric models. For each geometric configuration, the relative sharing of radiant energy between storage and turbulent fluxes is compared with published findings obtained by conventional methods, as is the diurnal pattern of each component flux. Roughness parameters that are obtained conform to the expected ranges, as do daytime and overall daily fluxes and flux ratios. Overall, radiation absorption and heat storage are higher in the array with deeper canyons, and in both arrays the share of sensible heat channeled into the atmosphere is both higher in magnitude and later in reaching its peak intensity than that which is stored within the scaled urban fabric. This thermal time lag, when evaluated by fitting data to a published model for parameterizing heat storage from net radiation, shows a high correlation with hysteresis behavior in actual cities.
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Martin, Thomas A. "Traditional commercial model or distributed generation? Finding the proper scale for wind energy." Climate Law 3, no. 3-4 (2012): 231–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/cl-120065.
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In this paper, I attempt to compare costs and benefits of the traditional model with distributed generation within the scope of wind-energy generation. In part II, I examine the following economic aspects of both models: in Section II.1, economies of scale; II.2, economics of permanence; II.3, allocation of costs and benefits among stakeholders. Traditional notions of economies of scale favour a larger model of production, though economist E.F. Schumacher presents an alternative view of production that would favour smaller-scale development. In part III, I discuss logistical and technological barriers to widespread application of the two models. In III.1, I examine the smart grid. Distributed generation may be dependent on a smart grid to maximize the benefits inherent in its “grassroots” structure, while the traditional model can flourish with or without technological advances in the grid. In III.2, I discuss facility-siting in both the rural and urban contexts. I examine the biggest logistical challenge for the traditional model, which is the transmission of energy from its rural generation facilities to population centers. I also discuss the potential for distributed generation in urban areas. While distributed generation in urban centers has been limited thus far to solar generation rather than wind, numerous companies are working on wind solutions that will work in an urban setting, with the potential for a tremendous impact on the way we think about energy.
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Kubilay, Aytaç, Jonas Allegrini, Dominik Strebel, Yongling Zhao, Dominique Derome, and Jan Carmeliet. "Advancement in Urban Climate Modelling at Local Scale: Urban Heat Island Mitigation and Building Cooling Demand." Atmosphere 11, no. 12 (December 4, 2020): 1313. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos11121313.
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As cities and their population are subjected to climate change and urban heat islands, it is paramount to have the means to understand the local urban climate and propose mitigation measures, especially at neighbourhood, local and building scales. A framework is presented, where the urban climate is studied by coupling a meteorological model to a building-resolved local urban climate model, and where an urban climate model is coupled to a building energy simulation model. The urban climate model allows for studies at local scale, combining modelling of wind and buoyancy with computational fluid dynamics, radiative exchange and heat and mass transport in porous materials including evaporative cooling at street canyon and neighbourhood scale. This coupled model takes into account the hygrothermal behaviour of porous materials and vegetation subjected to variations of wetting, sun, wind, humidity and temperature. The model is driven by climate predictions from a mesoscale meteorological model including urban parametrisation. Building energy demand, such as cooling demand during heat waves, can be evaluated. This integrated approach not only allows for the design of adapted buildings, but also urban environments that can mitigate the negative effects of future climate change and increased urban heat islands. Mitigation solutions for urban heat island effect and heat waves, including vegetation, evaporative cooling pavements and neighbourhood morphology, are assessed in terms of pedestrian comfort and building (cooling) energy consumption.
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Todeschi, Valeria, Roberto Boghetti, Jérôme H. Kämpf, and Guglielmina Mutani. "Evaluation of Urban-Scale Building Energy-Use Models and Tools—Application for the City of Fribourg, Switzerland." Sustainability 13, no. 4 (February 3, 2021): 1595. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13041595.
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Building energy-use models and tools can simulate and represent the distribution of energy consumption of buildings located in an urban area. The aim of these models is to simulate the energy performance of buildings at multiple temporal and spatial scales, taking into account both the building shape and the surrounding urban context. This paper investigates existing models by simulating the hourly space heating consumption of residential buildings in an urban environment. Existing bottom-up urban-energy models were applied to the city of Fribourg in order to evaluate the accuracy and flexibility of energy simulations. Two common energy-use models—a machine learning model and a GIS-based engineering model—were compared and evaluated against anonymized monitoring data. The study shows that the simulations were quite precise with an annual mean absolute percentage error of 12.8 and 19.3% for the machine learning and the GIS-based engineering model, respectively, on residential buildings built in different periods of construction. Moreover, a sensitivity analysis using the Morris method was carried out on the GIS-based engineering model in order to assess the impact of input variables on space heating consumption and to identify possible optimization opportunities of the existing model.
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Bueno, B., G. Pigeon, L. K. Norford, and K. Zibouche. "Development and evaluation of a building energy model integrated in the TEB scheme." Geoscientific Model Development Discussions 4, no. 4 (November 15, 2011): 2973–3011. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmdd-4-2973-2011.
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Abstract. The use of air-conditioning systems is expected to increase as a consequence of global-scale and urban-scale climate warming. In order to represent future scenarios of urban climate and building energy consumption, the Town Energy Budget (TEB) scheme must be improved. This paper presents a new building energy model (BEM) that has been integrated in the TEB scheme. BEM-TEB makes it possible to represent the energy effects of buildings and building systems on the urban climate and to estimate the building energy consumption at city scale (~10 km) with a resolution of a neighbourhood (~100 m). The physical and geometric definition of buildings in BEM has been intentionally kept as simple as possible, while maintaining the required features of a comprehensive building energy model. The model considers a single thermal zone, where the thermal inertia of building materials associated with multiple levels is represented by a generic thermal mass. The model accounts for heat gains due to transmitted solar radiation, heat conduction through the enclosure, infiltration, ventilation, and internal heat gains. As a difference with respect to other building parameterizations used in urban climate, BEM includes specific models for real air-conditioning systems. It accounts for the dependence of the system capacity and efficiency on indoor and outdoor air temperatures and solves the dehumidification of the air passing through the system. Furthermore, BEM includes specific models for passive systems, such as window shadowing devices and natural ventilation. BEM has satisfactorily passed different evaluation processes, including testing its modelling assumptions, verifying that the chosen equations are solved correctly, and validating the model with field data.
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Yang, Guang, Zhengwei Li, and Godfried Augenbroe. "Development of prototypical buildings for urban scale building energy modeling: A reduced order energy model approach." Science and Technology for the Built Environment 24, no. 1 (June 12, 2017): 33–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23744731.2017.1328943.
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Mutani, G., and V. Todeschi. "Urban Building Energy Modeling: an hourly energy balance model of residential buildings at a district scale." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1599 (August 2020): 012035. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1599/1/012035.
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Xu, Xiaoyu. "Multi-System Urban Waste-Energy Self-Circulation: Design of Urban Self-Circulation System Based on Emergy Analysis." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 14 (July 15, 2021): 7538. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18147538.
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The current worldwide state of energy scarcity and low waste utilization has led to a decrease in the supply of ecological services, something that seriously affects the development of cities. In this study, we propose an urban self-circulation design based on multiple systems within the traditional biogas, wetland, rainwater, solar power, and urban farm systems framework to achieve effective improvements in urban waste utilization and the optimization of the urban waste–energy flow cycle. Emergy conversion is used to evaluate system optimization, and the simulation results show that the novel proposed system can effectively improve urban waste utilization with an energy output rate of 3.18 × 10, an environmental load of 4.27 × 10−2, and a sustainability index of 7.45 × 102 in the core system; additionally, it can improve resource utilization of small-scale cities with an energy output rate of 1.85 × 100, an environmental load of 1.20 × 100, and a sustainability index of 1.54 × 100 in the total system. The inter-system energy flow model can significantly optimize urban energy systems based on ecological models with low-emergy resource input, including biogas systems and urban farm systems. This model can reduce the environmental load and effectively compensate for the reduced supply capacity of ecosystem services caused by urbanization, making it suitable for extension to other small-scale built environments that are relatively independent and rich in natural resources.
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Raimbault, Juste, Eric Denis, and Denise Pumain. "Empowering Urban Governance through Urban Science: Multi-Scale Dynamics of Urban Systems Worldwide." Sustainability 12, no. 15 (July 23, 2020): 5954. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12155954.
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Cities are facing many sustainability issues in the context of the current global interdependency characterized by an economic uncertainty coupled to climate changes, which challenge their local policies aiming to better conciliate reasonable growth with livable urban environment. The urban dynamic models developed by the so-called “urban science” can provide a useful foundation for more sustainable urban policies. It implies that their proposals have been validated by correct observations of the diversity of situations in the world. However, international comparisons of the evolution of cities often produce unclear results because national territorial frameworks are not always in strict correspondence with the dynamics of urban systems. We propose to provide various compositions of systems of cities in order to better take into account the dynamic networking of cities that go beyond regional and national territorial boundaries. Different models conceived for explaining city size and urban growth distributions enable the establishing of a correspondence between urban trajectories when observed at the level of cities and systems of cities. We test the validity and representativeness of several dynamic models of complex urban systems and their variations across regions of the world, at the macroscopic scale of systems of cities. The originality of the approach resides in the way it considers spatial interaction and evolutionary path dependence as major features in the general behavior of urban entities. The models studied include diverse and complementary processes, such as economic exchanges, diffusion of innovations, and physical network flows. Complex systems dynamics is in principle unpredictable, but contextualizing it regarding demographic, income, and resource components may help in minimizing the forecasting errors. We use, among others, a new unique source correlating population and built-up footprint at world scale: the Global Human Settlement built-up areas (GHS-BU). Following the methodology and results already obtained in the European GeoDiverCity project, including USA, Europe, and BRICS countries, we complete them with this new dataset at world scale and different models. This research helps in further empirical testing of the hypotheses of the evolutionary theory of urban systems and partially revising them. We also suggest research directions towards the coupling of these models into a multi-scale model of urban growth.
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Bueno, B., G. Pigeon, L. K. Norford, K. Zibouche, and C. Marchadier. "Development and evaluation of a building energy model integrated in the TEB scheme." Geoscientific Model Development 5, no. 2 (March 29, 2012): 433–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-5-433-2012.
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Abstract. The use of air-conditioning systems is expected to increase as a consequence of global-scale and urban-scale climate warming. In order to represent future scenarios of urban climate and building energy consumption, the Town Energy Balance (TEB) scheme must be improved. This paper presents a new building energy model (BEM) that has been integrated in the TEB scheme. BEM-TEB makes it possible to represent the energy effects of buildings and building systems on the urban climate and to estimate the building energy consumption at city scale (~10 km) with a resolution of a neighbourhood (~100 m). The physical and geometric definition of buildings in BEM has been intentionally kept as simple as possible, while maintaining the required features of a comprehensive building energy model. The model considers a single thermal zone, where the thermal inertia of building materials associated with multiple levels is represented by a generic thermal mass. The model accounts for heat gains due to transmitted solar radiation, heat conduction through the enclosure, infiltration, ventilation, and internal heat gains. BEM allows for previously unavailable sophistication in the modelling of air-conditioning systems. It accounts for the dependence of the system capacity and efficiency on indoor and outdoor air temperatures and solves the dehumidification of the air passing through the system. Furthermore, BEM includes specific models for passive systems, such as window shadowing devices and natural ventilation. BEM has satisfactorily passed different evaluation processes, including testing its modelling assumptions, verifying that the chosen equations are solved correctly, and validating the model with field data.
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Agugiaro, G. "ENABLING “ENERGY-AWARENESS” IN THE SEMANTIC 3D CITY MODEL OF VIENNA." ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences III-4/W1 (August 25, 2016): 81–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-iii-4-w1-81-2016.
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This paper presents and discusses the first results regarding selection, analysis, preparation and eventual integration of a number of energy-related datasets, chosen in order to enrich a CityGML-based semantic 3D city model of Vienna. CityGML is an international standard conceived specifically as information and data model for semantic city models at urban and territorial scale. The still-in-development Energy Application Domain Extension (ADE) is a CityGML extension conceived to specifically model, manage and store energy-related features and attributes for buildings. <br><br> The work presented in this paper is embedded within the European Marie-Curie ITN project “CINERGY, Smart cities with sustainable energy systems”, which aims, among the rest, at developing urban decision making and operational optimisation software tools to minimise non-renewable energy use in cities. Given the scope and scale of the project, it is therefore vital to set up a common, unique and spatio-semantically coherent urban data model to be used as information hub for all applications being developed. This paper reports about the experiences done so far, it describes the test area in Vienna, Austria, and the available data sources, it shows and exemplifies the main data integration issues, the strategies developed to solve them in order to obtain the enriched 3D city model. The first results as well as some comments about their quality and limitations are presented, together with the discussion regarding the next steps and some planned improvements.
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Agugiaro, G. "ENABLING “ENERGY-AWARENESS” IN THE SEMANTIC 3D CITY MODEL OF VIENNA." ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences IV-4/W1 (September 5, 2016): 81–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-iv-4-w1-81-2016.
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This paper presents and discusses the first results regarding selection, analysis, preparation and eventual integration of a number of energy-related datasets, chosen in order to enrich a CityGML-based semantic 3D city model of Vienna. CityGML is an international standard conceived specifically as information and data model for semantic city models at urban and territorial scale. The still-in-development Energy Application Domain Extension (ADE) is a CityGML extension conceived to specifically model, manage and store energy-related features and attributes for buildings. <br><br> The work presented in this paper is embedded within the European Marie-Curie ITN project “CINERGY, Smart cities with sustainable energy systems”, which aims, among the rest, at developing urban decision making and operational optimisation software tools to minimise non-renewable energy use in cities. Given the scope and scale of the project, it is therefore vital to set up a common, unique and spatio-semantically coherent urban data model to be used as information hub for all applications being developed. This paper reports about the experiences done so far, it describes the test area in Vienna, Austria, and the available data sources, it shows and exemplifies the main data integration issues, the strategies developed to solve them in order to obtain the enriched 3D city model. The first results as well as some comments about their quality and limitations are presented, together with the discussion regarding the next steps and some planned improvements.
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Verrecht, Bart, Thomas Maere, Lorenzo Benedetti, Ingmar Nopens, and Simon Judd. "Model-based energy optimisation of a small-scale decentralised membrane bioreactor for urban reuse." Water Research 44, no. 14 (July 2010): 4047–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2010.05.015.
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Kim, Dong-Jin, Doo-Il Lee, Jae-Jin Kim, Moon-Soo Park, and Sang-Hyun Lee. "Development of a Building-Scale Meteorological Prediction System Including a Realistic Surface Heating." Atmosphere 11, no. 1 (January 4, 2020): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos11010067.
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Microscale urban meteorological models have been widely used in interpreting atmospheric flow and thermal discomfort in urban environments, but most previous studies examined the urban flow and thermal environments for an idealized urban morphology with imposing neutral or homogeneous thermal forcing. This study has developed a new building-scale meteorological prediction system that extends the ability to predict microscale meteorological fields in real urban environments. A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model has been developed based on the non-hydrostatic incompressible Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations with a standard k-ε turbulence model, and the microscale urban surface energy (MUSE) model was coupled with the CFD model to provide realistic surface thermal boundary conditions in real urban environments. It is driven by the large scale wind and temperature fields predicted by the Korean operational weather prediction model. The validation results of the new building-scale meteorological prediction system were presented against wind tunnel data and field measurements, showing its ability to predict in-canyon flows and thermal environments in association with spatiotemporal variations of surface temperatures in real urban environments. The effects of realistic surface heating on pedestrian level wind and thermal environments have been investigated through sensitivity simulations of different surface heating conditions in the highly built-up urban area. The results implied that the inclusion of surface thermal forcing is important in interpreting urban flow and thermal environment of the urban area, highlighting a realistic urban surface heating that should be considered in predicting building-scale meteorology over real urban environments.
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Tkáč, Štefan, and Zuzana Vranayová. "Advances in Small Scale Water Energy Systems and Distribution Model for Micro-Urban Development in Slovak Republic and Taiwan R.O.C." Advanced Materials Research 740 (August 2013): 809–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.740.809.
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Currently Taiwan and Slovakia import over 90% of energy consumables annually. High energy import rates make both countries viably engaged in research on renewable resources, also green planning policy has been proposed. Population is concentrated in the major cities which are facing energy deficiency issues. The unregulated development of micro-urban areas is underestimated in both cases so are the energy issues bound with them. Centralized energy sources require long distance wires to support remote areas. The proposed urban idea consists of energy resource decentralization by detailed focus on micro-urban development through the combination of accurate hydro distribution system for direct energy production in a place of consumption as a part of the autarchic micro-urban grids arranged in efficiency electric power grid circles calculated by loses in wiring. This urban energy model binds micro-urban structures in one solid network and at the same time creates local smart energy communities built up on each individual dwelling unit that can produce energy for itself from renewable resources locally available and support the local micro-urban public grid or even support nearest city public grid. Hydro energy is so far the most common, stable and efficient renewable resource in use. Water turbines efficiency has gone up to 96%. Proposed new multi-purpose small hydro type is one of the preliminary small scale systems that could be precisely tailored to micro-urban demands. It could stand by for direct use if needed and also use various types of working mediums (e.g. compressed gas, steam, water).
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Sun, Yu, Elisabete Silva, Wei Tian, Ruchi Choudhary, and Hong Leng. "An Integrated Spatial Analysis Computer Environment for Urban-Building Energy in Cities." Sustainability 10, no. 11 (November 16, 2018): 4235. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10114235.
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In this paper, we developed a new integrated analysis environment in order to thoroughly analyses urban-building energy patterns, named IUBEA (integrated urban building energy analysis), which focuses on energy modeling and analysis of a city’s building stock to support district or city-scale efficiency programs. It is argued that cities and towns account for more than two-thirds of world energy consumption. Thus, this paper explores techniques to integrate a spatial analysis environment in the field of urban building energy assessment in cites to make full use of current spatial data relevant to urban-building energy consumption and energy efficiency policies. We illustrate how multi-scale sampling and analysis for energy consumption and simulate the energy-saving scenarios by taking as an example of Greater London. In the final part, is an application of an agent-based model (ABM) in IUBEA regarding behavioral and economic characteristics of building stocks in the context of building energy efficiency. This paper first describes the basic concept for this integrated spatial analysis environment IUBEA. Then, this paper discusses the main functions for this new environment in detail. The research serves a new paradigm of the multi-scale integrated analysis that can lead to an efficient energy model, which contributes the body of knowledge of energy modeling beyond the single building scale. Findings also proved that ABM is a feasible tool to tackle intellectual challenges in energy modeling. The final adoption example of Greater London demonstrated that the integrated analysis environment as a feasible tool for building energy consumption have unique advantages and wide applicability.
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Xie, Peng, Jun Yang, Wei Sun, Xiangming Xiao, and Jianhong Cecilia Xia. "Urban scale ventilation analysis based on neighborhood normalized current model." Sustainable Cities and Society 80 (May 2022): 103746. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2022.103746.
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Li, Xin, Konstantinos Chalvatzis, and Phedeas Stephanides. "Innovative Energy Islands: Life-Cycle Cost-Benefit Analysis for Battery Energy Storage." Sustainability 10, no. 10 (September 20, 2018): 3371. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10103371.
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Cities are concentrations of economic, social, and technical assets, which are fundamental to addressing climate change challenges. Renewable energy sources are growing fast in cities to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions in response to these challenges. In this transition urban decentralized energy shares technical and economic characteristics with energy islands. This is reflected in that island energy systems essentially operate off-grid which as a modus operandi can offer lessons to small-scale urban systems. With the expansion of urban areas, communities, especially small-scale ones, are sometimes further away from the main power infrastructure. Providing power supply to these communities would require significant investment to the existing power system, either to improve its grid infrastructure or power supply facilities. The energy islands have for some time now lent themselves to energy innovation including smart grid and battery storage applications. In this research we conceptualize that urban energy communities can be benefitted by knowledge transfer from energy islands in several fronts. We specifically put forward a life-cycle cost-benefit analysis model to evaluate the economics of battery storage system used in small communities from a life-cycle perspective. In this research we put forward a novel cost-benefit analysis model. Our results show that the inclusion of externalities can improve the economic value of battery systems significantly. Nevertheless, the economic performance is still largely dependent on several parameters, including capacity cost, discharging price, and charging cost. We conclude that existing electricity price structures (e.g., using household electricity price as a benchmark) struggle to guarantee sufficient economic returns except in very favorable circumstances; therefore, governmental support is deemed necessary.
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Adibhesami, Mohammad Anvar, Hirou Karimi, Ayyoob Sharifi, Borhan Sepehri, Hassan Bazazzadeh, and Umberto Berardi. "Optimization of Urban-Scale Sustainable Energy Strategies to Improve Citizens’ Health." Energies 16, no. 1 (December 22, 2022): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16010119.
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Sustainable energy strategies have been a critical subject for sustainable development, especially in cities. Citizens, as an integral part of the urban environment, play a significant role in urban spaces, as does their health. An accurate understanding of citizens’ mental, social, and physical health in urban settings is required to design and plan better cities. This study aims to assess the level of alignment with health factors in Mahabad, a major medium-sized city in Iran. Previous studies indicate that the built environment can influence health dimensions. Health factors depend to a great extent on how well the environment is formed and how it is put together. This research is a descriptive, analytical, cross-sectional study that analyzes the environment’s psychological elements and physical and mental health factors of Mahabad’s citizens. According to the Cochran model, 384 questionnaires were distributed among households. For data analysis, SPSS 12 and Arc GIS software were used. The main results of this research show that five factors, “Environmental quality”, “Identity and social relationships”, and “Readability”, have the most impact on the physical and mental health of citizens (respondents). These issues are much more pronounced in the downtown neighborhoods. This study showed that urban experts can understand different levels of public health by knowing the historical, social, cultural, and economic factors and characteristics. The result will help decision makers, city authorities, designers, and urban planners to be more informed about citizens’ health and the ways to improve it.
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Isaac, Shabtai, Slava Shubin, and Gad Rabinowitz. "Cost-Optimal Net Zero Energy Communities." Sustainability 12, no. 6 (March 20, 2020): 2432. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12062432.
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The objective of this research is to study the cost of Net Zero Energy (NZE) communities of different urban scales and densities, while taking into consideration the local climate and the type of buildings in the community. A comprehensive model was developed for this purpose, with which the cost-optimal configuration of renewable energy-related technologies for an NZE community can be identified. To validate the model, data from two case studies that differed in their climate and building types were used. The results of this study contribute to a better understanding of the implications of NZE requirements for urban planning. An increase in the scale of a community was found to reduce energy costs, up to a certain point. Urban density, on the other hand, was found to have a more complex impact on costs, which depends on the local climate of the community and the subsequent energy demand. This underlines the importance of addressing the technological design of energy systems at the initial stage of the urban planning of energy-efficient communities, before the urban density, the unbuilt areas and the building types are set.
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Ke, Yanyan, Lu Zhou, Minglei Zhu, Yan Yang, Rui Fan, and Xianrui Ma. "Scenario Prediction of Carbon Emission Peak of Urban Residential Buildings in China’s Coastal Region: A Case of Fujian Province." Sustainability 15, no. 3 (January 30, 2023): 2456. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15032456.
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With the acceleration of China’s urbanization process, the importance of energy conservation and emission reduction in the building sector has become increasingly prominent. The effective control of carbon emissions in coastal provinces has a decisive impact on achieving the carbon emissions peak target nationwide. Based on the analysis of the influencing factors, this study establishes an urban residential buildings carbon emission prediction model by combining the IPAT model and the ridge regression model. In addition, the prediction model is combined with scenario analysis to simulate the evolution of carbon emission trends of urban residential buildings in Fujian Province from 2018 to 2050 under different scenarios. The results show that total population, urban living area, residents’ consumption expenditure, urbanization rate, per capita GDP, and energy structure are key factors affecting carbon emissions from urban residential buildings in coastal cities. Only under the ultra-low carbon model scenario can Fujian’s urban residential buildings achieve the carbon peak goal in 2027 (13.4748 million tons of CO2), which requires a reduction of 59.67% compared to that under the baseline model scenario. This study can provide an effective reference for energy conservation and emission reduction work of the regional scale and even the national scale.
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Tkáč, Štefan. "The Power of Micro Urban Structures, Theory of EEPGC - the Micro Urban Energy Distribution Model as a Planning Tool for Sustainable City Development." Selected Scientific Papers - Journal of Civil Engineering 10, no. 2 (November 1, 2015): 29–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sspjce-2015-0015.
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Abstract To achieve the smart growth and equitable development in the region, urban planners should consider also lateral energies represented by the energy urban models like further proposed EEPGC focused on energy distribution via connections among micro-urban structures, their onsite renewable resources and the perception of micro-urban structures as decentralized energy carriers based on pre industrialized era. These structures are still variously bound when part of greater patterns. After the industrial revolution the main traded goods became energy in its various forms. The EEPGC is focused on sustainable energy transportation distances between the villages and the city, described by the virtual “energy circles”. This more human scale urbanization, boost the economy in micro-urban areas, rising along with clean energy available in situ that surely gives a different perspective to human quality of life in contrast to overcrowded multicultural mega-urban structures facing generations of problems and struggling to survive as a whole.
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Capel-Timms, Isabella, Stefán Thor Smith, Ting Sun, and Sue Grimmond. "Dynamic Anthropogenic activitieS impacting Heat emissions (DASH v1.0): development and evaluation." Geoscientific Model Development 13, no. 10 (October 15, 2020): 4891–924. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-4891-2020.
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Abstract. Thermal emissions – or anthropogenic heat fluxes (QF) – from human activities impact urban climates at a local and larger scale. DASH considers both urban form and function in simulating QF through the use of an agent-based structure that includes behavioural characteristics of urban residents. This allows human activities to drive the calculation of QF, incorporating dynamic responses to environmental conditions. The spatial resolution of simulations depends on data availability. DASH has simple transport and building energy models to allow simulation of dynamic vehicle use, occupancy and heating–cooling demand, and release of energy to the outdoor environment through the building fabric. Building stock variations are captured using archetypes. Evaluation of DASH in Greater London for periods in 2015 uses a top-down inventory model (GQF) and national energy consumption statistics. DASH reproduces the expected spatial and temporal patterns of QF, but the annual average is smaller than published energy data. Overall, the model generally performs well, including for domestic appliance energy use. DASH could be coupled to an urban land surface model and/or used offline for developing coefficients for simpler/faster models.
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Schoetter, Robert, Valéry Masson, Alexis Bourgeois, Margot Pellegrino, and Jean-Pierre Lévy. "Parametrisation of the variety of human behaviour related to building energy consumption in the Town Energy Balance (SURFEX-TEB v. 8.2)." Geoscientific Model Development 10, no. 7 (July 21, 2017): 2801–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-2801-2017.
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Abstract. The anthropogenic heat flux can be an important part of the urban surface energy balance. Some of it is due to energy consumption inside buildings, which depends on building use and human behaviour, both of which are very heterogeneous in most urban areas. Urban canopy parametrisations (UCP), such as the Town Energy Balance (TEB), parametrise the effect of the buildings on the urban surface energy balance. They contain a simple building energy model. However, the variety of building use and human behaviour at grid point scale has not yet been represented in state of the art UCPs. In this study, we describe how we enhance the Town Energy Balance in order to take fractional building use and human behaviour into account. We describe how we parametrise different behaviours and initialise the model for applications in France. We evaluate the spatio-temporal variability of the simulated building energy consumption for the city of Toulouse. We show that a more detailed description of building use and human behaviour enhances the simulation results. The model developments lay the groundwork for simulations of coupled urban climate and building energy consumption which are relevant for both the urban climate and the climate change mitigation and adaptation communities.
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He, Yunzhu. "The Optimal Urban Scale from Different Perspectives and under Different Development Goals Based on the CES Utility Function." Sustainability 14, no. 20 (October 21, 2022): 13694. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142013694.
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To analyze the differences in the optimal urban scale of a country, a government, and residents under different urban development goals and to provide a reference for urban development, an urban development model is constructed based on the constant elasticity of substitution (CES) utility function. The objective function includes four indicators: the economic level, the traffic level, environmental quality, and living conditions. The urban development model is constructed by integrating an urban road planning model, bus route planning model, land use model, and four-stage traffic sharing and traffic allocation model. Based on the setting of different development goals, this model is used to calculate the urban utility value perceived by each stakeholder at different urban scales. Through comparative analysis, we determine the following: (1) When the urban development goals are different, the optimal urban scale of residents and the government differs greatly, and the optimal scale of the country differs very little. (2) When facing the same development goal, the optimal urban scales of the three stakeholders are not the same. However, the three stakeholders are closely related to urban development. Therefore, the selection of the optimal urban scale should comprehensively consider the interests of the three stakeholders.
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He, Yunzhu. "The Optimal Urban Scale from Different Perspectives and under Different Development Goals Based on the CES Utility Function." Sustainability 14, no. 20 (October 21, 2022): 13694. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142013694.
Full textAbstract:
To analyze the differences in the optimal urban scale of a country, a government, and residents under different urban development goals and to provide a reference for urban development, an urban development model is constructed based on the constant elasticity of substitution (CES) utility function. The objective function includes four indicators: the economic level, the traffic level, environmental quality, and living conditions. The urban development model is constructed by integrating an urban road planning model, bus route planning model, land use model, and four-stage traffic sharing and traffic allocation model. Based on the setting of different development goals, this model is used to calculate the urban utility value perceived by each stakeholder at different urban scales. Through comparative analysis, we determine the following: (1) When the urban development goals are different, the optimal urban scale of residents and the government differs greatly, and the optimal scale of the country differs very little. (2) When facing the same development goal, the optimal urban scales of the three stakeholders are not the same. However, the three stakeholders are closely related to urban development. Therefore, the selection of the optimal urban scale should comprehensively consider the interests of the three stakeholders.
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He, Yunzhu. "The Optimal Urban Scale from Different Perspectives and under Different Development Goals Based on the CES Utility Function." Sustainability 14, no. 20 (October 21, 2022): 13694. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142013694.
Full textAbstract:
To analyze the differences in the optimal urban scale of a country, a government, and residents under different urban development goals and to provide a reference for urban development, an urban development model is constructed based on the constant elasticity of substitution (CES) utility function. The objective function includes four indicators: the economic level, the traffic level, environmental quality, and living conditions. The urban development model is constructed by integrating an urban road planning model, bus route planning model, land use model, and four-stage traffic sharing and traffic allocation model. Based on the setting of different development goals, this model is used to calculate the urban utility value perceived by each stakeholder at different urban scales. Through comparative analysis, we determine the following: (1) When the urban development goals are different, the optimal urban scale of residents and the government differs greatly, and the optimal scale of the country differs very little. (2) When facing the same development goal, the optimal urban scales of the three stakeholders are not the same. However, the three stakeholders are closely related to urban development. Therefore, the selection of the optimal urban scale should comprehensively consider the interests of the three stakeholders.
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He, Yunzhu. "The Optimal Urban Scale from Different Perspectives and under Different Development Goals Based on the CES Utility Function." Sustainability 14, no. 20 (October 21, 2022): 13694. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142013694.
Full textAbstract:
To analyze the differences in the optimal urban scale of a country, a government, and residents under different urban development goals and to provide a reference for urban development, an urban development model is constructed based on the constant elasticity of substitution (CES) utility function. The objective function includes four indicators: the economic level, the traffic level, environmental quality, and living conditions. The urban development model is constructed by integrating an urban road planning model, bus route planning model, land use model, and four-stage traffic sharing and traffic allocation model. Based on the setting of different development goals, this model is used to calculate the urban utility value perceived by each stakeholder at different urban scales. Through comparative analysis, we determine the following: (1) When the urban development goals are different, the optimal urban scale of residents and the government differs greatly, and the optimal scale of the country differs very little. (2) When facing the same development goal, the optimal urban scales of the three stakeholders are not the same. However, the three stakeholders are closely related to urban development. Therefore, the selection of the optimal urban scale should comprehensively consider the interests of the three stakeholders.
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He, Yunzhu. "The Optimal Urban Scale from Different Perspectives and under Different Development Goals Based on the CES Utility Function." Sustainability 14, no. 20 (October 21, 2022): 13694. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142013694.
Full textAbstract:
To analyze the differences in the optimal urban scale of a country, a government, and residents under different urban development goals and to provide a reference for urban development, an urban development model is constructed based on the constant elasticity of substitution (CES) utility function. The objective function includes four indicators: the economic level, the traffic level, environmental quality, and living conditions. The urban development model is constructed by integrating an urban road planning model, bus route planning model, land use model, and four-stage traffic sharing and traffic allocation model. Based on the setting of different development goals, this model is used to calculate the urban utility value perceived by each stakeholder at different urban scales. Through comparative analysis, we determine the following: (1) When the urban development goals are different, the optimal urban scale of residents and the government differs greatly, and the optimal scale of the country differs very little. (2) When facing the same development goal, the optimal urban scales of the three stakeholders are not the same. However, the three stakeholders are closely related to urban development. Therefore, the selection of the optimal urban scale should comprehensively consider the interests of the three stakeholders.
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He, Yunzhu. "The Optimal Urban Scale from Different Perspectives and under Different Development Goals Based on the CES Utility Function." Sustainability 14, no. 20 (October 21, 2022): 13694. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142013694.
Full textAbstract:
To analyze the differences in the optimal urban scale of a country, a government, and residents under different urban development goals and to provide a reference for urban development, an urban development model is constructed based on the constant elasticity of substitution (CES) utility function. The objective function includes four indicators: the economic level, the traffic level, environmental quality, and living conditions. The urban development model is constructed by integrating an urban road planning model, bus route planning model, land use model, and four-stage traffic sharing and traffic allocation model. Based on the setting of different development goals, this model is used to calculate the urban utility value perceived by each stakeholder at different urban scales. Through comparative analysis, we determine the following: (1) When the urban development goals are different, the optimal urban scale of residents and the government differs greatly, and the optimal scale of the country differs very little. (2) When facing the same development goal, the optimal urban scales of the three stakeholders are not the same. However, the three stakeholders are closely related to urban development. Therefore, the selection of the optimal urban scale should comprehensively consider the interests of the three stakeholders.
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He, Yunzhu. "The Optimal Urban Scale from Different Perspectives and under Different Development Goals Based on the CES Utility Function." Sustainability 14, no. 20 (October 21, 2022): 13694. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142013694.
Full textAbstract:
To analyze the differences in the optimal urban scale of a country, a government, and residents under different urban development goals and to provide a reference for urban development, an urban development model is constructed based on the constant elasticity of substitution (CES) utility function. The objective function includes four indicators: the economic level, the traffic level, environmental quality, and living conditions. The urban development model is constructed by integrating an urban road planning model, bus route planning model, land use model, and four-stage traffic sharing and traffic allocation model. Based on the setting of different development goals, this model is used to calculate the urban utility value perceived by each stakeholder at different urban scales. Through comparative analysis, we determine the following: (1) When the urban development goals are different, the optimal urban scale of residents and the government differs greatly, and the optimal scale of the country differs very little. (2) When facing the same development goal, the optimal urban scales of the three stakeholders are not the same. However, the three stakeholders are closely related to urban development. Therefore, the selection of the optimal urban scale should comprehensively consider the interests of the three stakeholders.
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Goy, Solène, François Maréchal, and Donal Finn. "Data for Urban Scale Building Energy Modelling: Assessing Impacts and Overcoming Availability Challenges." Energies 13, no. 16 (August 17, 2020): 4244. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13164244.
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Data are essential to urban building energy models and yet, obtaining sufficient and accurate building data at a large-scale is challenging. Previous studies have highlighted that the data impact on urban case studies has not been sufficiently discussed. This paper addresses this gap by providing an analysis of the impact of input data on building energy modelling at an urban scale. The paper proposes a joint review of data impact and data accessibility to identify areas where future survey efforts should be concentrated. Moreover, a Morris sensitivity analysis is carried out on a large-scale residential case study, to rank input parameters by impact on space heating demand. This paper shows that accessible data impact the whole modelling process, from approach selection to model replicability. The sensitivity analysis shows that the setpoint and thermal characteristics were the most impactful for the case study considered. Solutions proposed to overcome availability and accessibility issues include organising annual workshops between data users and data owners, or developing online databases that could be populated on a volunteer-basis by data owners. Overall, overcoming data challenges is essential for the transition towards smarter cities, and will require an improved communication between all city stakeholders.
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Bouris, Demetri, Athanasios G. Triantafyllou, Athina Krestou, Elena Leivaditou, John Skordas, Efstathios Konstantinidis, Anastasios Kopanidis, and Qing Wang. "Urban-Scale Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulations with Boundary Conditions from Similarity Theory and a Mesoscale Model." Energies 14, no. 18 (September 7, 2021): 5624. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14185624.
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Mesoscale numerical weather prediction models usually provide information regarding environmental parameters near urban areas at a spatial resolution of the order of thousands or hundreds of meters, at best. If detailed information is required at the building scale, an urban-scale model is necessary. Proper definition of the boundary conditions for the urban-scale simulation is very demanding in terms of its compatibility with environmental conditions and numerical modeling. Here, steady-state computational fluid dynamics (CFD) microscale simulations of the wind and thermal environment are performed over an urban area of Kozani, Greece, using both the k-ε and k-ω SST turbulence models. For the boundary conditions, instead of interpolating vertical profiles from the mesoscale solution, which is obtained with the atmospheric pollution model (TAPM), a novel approach is proposed, relying on previously developed analytic expressions, based on the Monin Obuhkov similarity theory, and one-way coupling with minimal information from mesoscale indices (Vy = 10 m, Ty = 100 m, L*). The extra computational cost is negligible compared to direct interpolation from mesoscale data, and the methodology provides design phase flexibility, allowing for the representation of discrete urban-scale atmospheric conditions, as defined by the mesoscale indices. The results compared favorably with the common interpolation practice and with the following measurements obtained for the current study: SODAR for vertical profiles of wind speed and a meteorological temperature profiler for temperature. The significance of including the effects of diverse atmospheric conditions is manifested in the microscale simulations, through significant variations (~30%) in the critical building-related design parameters, such as the surface pressure distributions and local wind patterns.
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Luo, Xuan, Pouya Vahmani, Tianzhen Hong, and Andrew Jones. "City-Scale Building Anthropogenic Heating during Heat Waves." Atmosphere 11, no. 11 (November 7, 2020): 1206. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos11111206.
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More frequent and longer duration heat waves have been observed worldwide and are recognized as a serious threat to human health and the stability of electrical grids. Past studies have identified a positive feedback between heat waves and urban heat island effects. Anthropogenic heat emissions from buildings have a crucial impact on the urban environment, and hence it is critical to understand the interactive effects of urban microclimate and building heat emissions in terms of the urban energy balance. Here we developed a coupled-simulation approach to quantify these effects, mapping urban environmental data generated by the mesoscale Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) coupled to Urban Canopy Model (UCM) to urban building energy models (UBEM). We conducted a case study in the city of Los Angeles, California, during a five-day heat wave event in September 2009. We analyzed the surge in city-scale building heat emission and energy use during the extreme heat event. We first simulated the urban microclimate at a high resolution (500 m by 500 m) using WRF-UCM. We then generated grid-level building heat emission profiles and aggregated them using prototype building energy models informed by spatially disaggregated urban land use and urban building density data. The spatial patterns of anthropogenic heat discharge from the building sector were analyzed, and the quantitative relationship with weather conditions and urban land-use dynamics were assessed at the grid level. The simulation results indicate that the dispersion of anthropogenic heat from urban buildings to the urban environment increases by up to 20% on average and varies significantly, both in time and space, during the heat wave event. The heat dispersion from the air-conditioning heat rejection contributes most (86.5%) of the total waste heat from the buildings to the urban environment. We also found that the waste heat discharge in inland, dense urban districts is more sensitive to extreme events than it is in coastal or suburban areas. The generated anthropogenic heat profiles can be used in urban microclimate models to provide a more accurate estimation of urban air temperature rises during heat waves.
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Liao, Wei, Yeonsook Heo, and Shen Xu. "Simplified vector-based model tailored for urban-scale prediction of solar irradiance." Solar Energy 183 (May 2019): 566–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2019.03.023.
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Lemonsu, A., V. Masson, L. Shashua-Bar, E. Erell, and D. Pearlmutter. "Inclusion of vegetation in the Town Energy Balance model for modeling urban green areas." Geoscientific Model Development Discussions 5, no. 2 (May 25, 2012): 1295–340. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmdd-5-1295-2012.
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Abstract. Cities impact both local climate, through urban heat islands, and global climate, because they are an area of heavy greenhouse gas release into the atmosphere due to heating, air conditioning and traffic. Including more vegetation into cities is a planning strategy having possible positive impacts for both concerns. Improving vegetation representation into urban models will allow to address more accurately these questions. This paper presents an improvement of the TEB urban canopy model. Vegetation is directly included inside the canyon, allowing shadowing of grass by buildings, better representation of urban canopy form, and, a priori, a more accurate simulation of canyon air microclimate. The development is performed so that any vegetation model can be used to represent the vegetation part. Here the ISBA model is used. The model results are compared to microclimatic and evaporation measurements performed in small courtyards in a very arid region of Israel. Two experimental landscaping strategies – bare soil or irrigated grass in the courtyard – are observed and simulated. The new version of the model with integrated vegetation performs better than if vegetation is treated outside the canyon. Surface temperatures are closer to the observations, especially at night when radiative trapping is important. The integrated vegetation version simulates a more humid air inside the canyon. The microclimatic quantities are better simulated with this new version. This opens opportunities to study with better accuracy the urban microclimate, down to the micro (or canyon) scale.
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Alva, P., F. Biljecki, and R. Stouffs. "USE CASES FOR DISTRICT-SCALE URBAN DIGITAL TWINS." International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLVIII-4/W4-2022 (October 14, 2022): 5–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlviii-4-w4-2022-5-2022.
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Abstract. Efficient usage and management of abundant data are crucial for organisations, especially in the light of a lack of in-depth IT knowledge. Digital twins (DTs) are particularly expected to assist organisational processes, as behaviours of physical components are realistically represented by them using data for individual use cases. Nevertheless, DTs are extremely reliant on their use cases, leading to an extensive DT catalogue. However, a conclusive list of use cases for this accumulation of feasible DT application areas does not exist. To address this issue, this paper documents the use cases of Urban Digital Twin (UDT) platforms and applications with a state-of-the-art review. The study focuses on district-scale UDT applications that model, manage and analyse—buildings, transportation, energy, water, utility, and infrastructures that form smart cities. In order to catalogue diverse use cases found in several sectors, theoretical reasoning is developed. Our study provides a classified inventory that can be helpful for stakeholders in companies, government agencies and academia—such as researchers, architects, facilities managers, developers, and city planners.
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Krč, Pavel, Jaroslav Resler, Matthias Sühring, Sebastian Schubert, Mohamed H. Salim, and Vladimír Fuka. "Radiative Transfer Model 3.0 integrated into the PALM model system 6.0." Geoscientific Model Development 14, no. 5 (May 31, 2021): 3095–120. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-3095-2021.
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Abstract. The Radiative Transfer Model (RTM) is an explicitly resolved three-dimensional multi-reflection radiation model integrated into the PALM modelling system. It is responsible for modelling complex radiative interactions within the urban canopy. It represents a key component in modelling energy transfer inside the urban layer and consequently PALM's ability to provide explicit simulations of the urban canopy at metre-scale resolution. This paper presents RTM version 3.0, which is integrated into the PALM modelling system version 6.0. This version of RTM has been substantially improved over previous versions. A more realistic representation is enabled by the newly simulated processes, e.g. the interaction of longwave radiation with the plant canopy, evapotranspiration and latent heat flux, calculation of mean radiant temperature, and bidirectional interaction with the radiation forcing model. The new version also features novel discretization schemes and algorithms, namely the angular discretization and the azimuthal ray tracing, which offer significantly improved scalability and computational efficiency, enabling larger parallel simulations. It has been successfully tested on a realistic urban scenario with a horizontal size of over 6 million grid points using 8192 parallel processes.
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Lundquist, Julie K., and Jeffrey D. Mirocha. "Interaction of Nocturnal Low-Level Jets with Urban Geometries as Seen in Joint Urban 2003 Data." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 47, no. 1 (January 1, 2008): 44–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2007jamc1581.1.
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Abstract Because accurate modeling of atmospheric flows in urban environments requires sophisticated representation of complex urban geometries, much work has been devoted to treatment of the urban surface. However, the importance of the larger-scale flow impinging upon the urban complex to the flow, transport, and dispersion within it and downwind has received less attention. Building-resolving computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models are commonly employed to investigate interactions between the flow and three-dimensional structures that make up the urban environment; however, such models are typically forced with simplified boundary conditions that fail to include important regional-scale phenomena that can strongly influence the flow within the urban complex and downwind. This paper investigates the interaction of an important and frequently occurring regional-scale phenomenon, the nocturnal low-level jet (LLJ), with urban-scale turbulence and dispersion in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, using data from the Joint Urban 2003 (JU2003) field experiment. Two simulations of nocturnal tracer release experiments from JU2003 using Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory’s Finite-Element Model in 3 Dimensions and Massively Parallelized (FEM3MP) CFD model yield differing levels of agreement with the observations in wind speed, turbulence kinetic energy (TKE), and concentration profiles in the urban wake, approximately 750 m downwind of the central business district. Profiles of several observed turbulence parameters at this location indicate characteristics of both bottom-up and top-down boundary layers during each of the experiments. These data are consistent with turbulence production due to at least two sources, the complex flow structures of the urban area and the region of strong vertical wind shear occurring beneath the LLJs present each night. Strong LLJs occurred each night, but their structures varied considerably, resulting in significant differences in the magnitudes of the turbulence parameters observed during the two experiments. Because FEM3MP was forced only with an upwind velocity profile that did not adequately represent the LLJ, the downward propagation of TKE observed during the experiments was absent from the simulations. As such, the differing levels of agreement between the simulations and observations during the two experiments can, in part, be explained by their exclusion of this important larger-scale influence. The ability of the Weather Research and Forecast Model (WRF) to simulate accurate velocity fields during each night was demonstrated, and the use of regional-scale simulation data was identified as a promising approach for representing the effects of important regional-scale phenomena such as the LLJ on urban-scale simulations.
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Rosser, Julian F., Gavin Long, Sameh Zakhary, Doreen S. Boyd, Yong Mao, and Darren Robinson. "Modelling Urban Housing Stocks for Building Energy Simulation using CityGML EnergyADE." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 8, no. 4 (March 29, 2019): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi8040163.
Full textAbstract:
Understanding the energy demand of a city’s housing stock is an important focus for local and national administrations to identify strategies for reducing carbon emissions. Building energy simulation offers a promising approach to understand energy use and test plans to improve the efficiency of residential properties. As part of this, models of the urban stock must be created that accurately reflect its size, shape and composition. However, substantial effort is required in order to generate detailed urban scenes with the appropriate level of attribution suitable for spatially explicit simulation of large areas. Furthermore, the computational complexity of microsimulation of building energy necessitates consideration of approaches that reduce this processing overhead. We present a workflow to automatically generate 2.5D urban scenes for residential building energy simulation from UK mapping datasets. We describe modelling the geometry, the assignment of energy characteristics based upon a statistical model and adopt the CityGML EnergyADE schema which forms an important new and open standard for defining energy model information at the city-scale. We then demonstrate use of the resulting urban scenes for estimating heating demand using a spatially explicit building energy microsimulation tool, called CitySim+, and evaluate the effects of an off-the-shelf geometric simplification routine to reduce simulation computational complexity.