Journal articles on the topic 'Urban runoff Computer simulation'
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Cai, Qing-Chi, Tsung-Hung Hsu, and Jen-Yang Lin. "Using the General Regression Neural Network Method to Calibrate the Parameters of a Sub-Catchment." Water 13, no. 8 (April 15, 2021): 1089. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13081089.
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Computer software is an effective tool for simulating urban rainfall–runoff. In hydrological analyses, the storm water management model (SWMM) is widely used throughout the world. However, this model is ineffective for parameter calibration and verification owing to the complexity associated with monitoring data onsite. In the present study, the general regression neural network (GRNN) is used to predict the parameters of the catchment directly, which cannot be achieved using SWMM. Then, the runoff curve is simulated using SWMM, employing predicted parameters based on actual rainfall events. Finally, the simulated and observed runoff curves are compared. The results demonstrate that using GRNN to predict parameters is helpful for achieving simulation results with high accuracy. Thus, combining GRNN and SWMM creates an effective tool for rainfall–runoff simulation.
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KANDA, Tohru, Kazuo KANKI, Satoshi YAMADA, and Takeshi NISHIYAMA. "Runoff Simulation for Urban Sewer System Using SWMM Combined with Computer Mapping." PROCEEDINGS OF HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING 37 (1993): 117–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/prohe.37.117.
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Harris, J. A., and B. J. Adams. "Probabilistic assessment of urban runoff erosion potential." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 33, no. 3 (March 1, 2006): 307–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l05-114.
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At the planning or screening level of urban development, analytical modeling using derived probability distribution theory is a viable alternative to continuous simulation, offering considerably less computational effort. A new set of analytical probabilistic models is developed for predicting the erosion potential of urban stormwater runoff. The marginal probability distributions for the duration of a hydrograph in which the critical channel velocity is exceeded (termed exceedance duration) are computed using derived probability distribution theory. Exceedance duration and peak channel velocity are two random variables upon which erosion potential is functionally dependent. Reasonable agreement exists between the derived marginal probability distributions for exceedance duration and continuous EPA Stormwater Management Model (SWMM) simulations at more common return periods. It is these events of lower magnitude and higher frequency that are the most significant to erosion-potential prediction. Key words: erosion, stormwater management, derived probability distribution, exceedance duration.
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Mah, Yau Seng, Amy Ee Ling Wong, and Fang Yenn Teo. "Modelling of Grassed Road Divider as Bio-Retention System for Urban Road Drainage." Journal of Applied Science & Process Engineering 5, no. 2 (September 30, 2018): 266–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.33736/jaspe.909.2018.
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An evaluation on the applicability of bio-retention system in grassed road divider under high rainfall of equatorial region was conducted by developing computer-aided stormwater models using USEPA SWMM 5.1. The models simulated road runoffs with and without bio-retention systems. A single unit of bio-retention system tested here was 3 m in width, 6 m in length with 150 mm of ponding depth and 600 mm of soil/storage depth. Results indicated that soil types of loamy sand, sandy loam and loam showed similar performance in reducing runoff. With installation of bio-retention system, road runoff could be reduced 40-50% when subjected to 60 minutes of 2-, 5- and 10-year ARI rain events. The results obtained from the simulation were encouraging that bio-retention system in grassed road divider could function to augment the existing urban road drainage.
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Scaratos, P. D. "Computer modeling of fecal coliform contamination of an urban estuarine system." Water Science and Technology 44, no. 7 (October 1, 2001): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0378.
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This study is focused on the investigation of the sources, distribution and fate of fecal coliform populations in the North Fork of the New River that flows through the City of Fort Lauderdale, Florida, USA. The dynamics of this brackish river are driven by weak tides, regulated freshwater discharges, overland runoff, storm water drainage from sewers, and groundwater exchange. Extensive field studies failed to document any alleged source(s) of contamination, including birds, domesticated and undomesticated mammals, humans, septic tank leakage, urban runoff, non-point discharges from agricultural lands, waste disposal from live-aboard vessels and/or in situ re-growth of fecal coliform. In order to facilitate field sampling, and support the data analyses efforts, computer simulations were applied to assess the likelihood of the various possible pollution scenarios. The physically based computer model used is the WASP (Water Quality Analysis Simulation Program Modeling System) of the US Environmental Protection Agency. In addition, the Neural Network MATLAB Toolbox was utilized for data analysis. WASP was able to accurately simulate the water hydrodynamics and coliform concentrations within the North Fork, while the neural network assisted in identifying correlations between fecal coliform and the various parameters involved. The numerical results supported the conclusion that fecal coliform were introduced by the animal populations along the riverbanks and by storm water washout of the adjacent drainage basins and the banks. The problem is exaggerated due to the low flashing capacity of the river.
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Kuo, Jan-Tai, Yeou-Lih Yan, and Kung-Cheh Li. "A Simplified Computer Model for Nonpoint Source Pollution in a Small Urban Area." Water Science and Technology 28, no. 3-5 (August 1, 1993): 701–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1993.0476.
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In this study, a simplified computer model for nonpoint source pollution that can be easily used by engineers on a personal computer was developed. In this model, the urban drainage basin was divided into several drainage subareas according to hydrological conditions. Manning's equation was used to simulate the overland flow and flowrate in the channel system. Mass balance equation was used for flow condition at channel junction points such as manholes. Data samples between 1986 and 1987 from the simulating area were used to calibrate and verify the model. The simulation results showed that the simplified model was capable of predicting the runoff and nonpoint source pollution from the small urban area quickly on a personal computer. The advantages of the model are simplicity, and less input data and computer time required, compared to some other complex models. For a small urban area, it satisfies the basic requirements to access the loading of nonpoint source pollution for planning and preliminary pollution control purposes.
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Fankhauser, R. "Measurement properties of tipping bucket rain gauges and their influence on urban runoff simulation." Water Science and Technology 36, no. 8-9 (October 1, 1997): 7–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1997.0636.
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Tipping bucket rain gauges (TBR) have become the most common device for measuring rainfall intensity in urban hydrology. Due to the measurement principle, the time resolution depends on rainfall intensity and bucket size. The present study investigated the influence of calibration uncertainties and bucket size on the accuracy of rainfall measurement and runoff simulation. Synthetic rainfall events with a time resolution of 6 seconds were generated from measured data. These rainfall series were taken as input to a model that simulated a TBR. Different TBR data series were produced by changing calibration parameters and bucket size of the simulated rain gauge. These data series together with the original rainfall events were used as input to a rainfall-runoff model. Computed runoff and overflow volume from a CSO weir were compared. The differences in rainfall depth, intensity peak and computed runoff due to the depth resolution of the TBR were smaller than expected. A depth resolution of the TBR of 0.2 - 0.3 mm per tip seems to fulfil the requirements in urban hydrology. Errors resulting from depth resolution are small compared to those of calibration (especially false rainfall depth per tip), site exposure, the influence of wind or disregarded areal rainfall distribution.
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Liu, Qi, Dianwu Wang, Yulong Zhang, and Li Wang. "Flood Simulation Analysis of the Biliu River Basin Based on the MIKE Model." Complexity 2021 (January 31, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8827046.
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The Biliu River is the largest river in Dalian. The occurrence of floods and droughts in this basin has extremely important impacts on local industry, agriculture, and urban development. For a long time, the annual distribution of precipitation in the Biliu River Basin is extremely uneven, the river runoff varies greatly from year to year and season to year, floods and droughts occur frequently, and serious soil erosion results in fragile ecological environment and severe shortage of water resources. In this paper, the spatial and temporal changes of rainfall and runoff in the Biliu River Basin are studied through the coupling of the MIKE 11 model and the MIKE SHE model. The hydrological changes in the Biliu River Basin are simulated. The coupled model is verified by monthly runoff data from 1996 to 2015, and the simulation values are found to be true. The values match well. Based on the cyclical pattern of precipitation and runoff in the Biliu River Basin, the rainfall and runoff data in the Biliu River Basin from 2016 to 2030 are derived. The MIKE SHE/MIKE 11 coupling model is used to predict the Biliu River from 2016 to 2030. The results show that flood disasters are expected to occur in August 2020, July 2025, and July 2030, which can provide a basis for hydrological management in the Biliu River Basin.
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McPherson, E. Gregory, and Rowan Rowntree. "Energy Conservation Potential of Urban Tree Planting." Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 19, no. 6 (November 1, 1993): 321–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.48044/jauf.1993.051.
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Findings from monitoring and computer simulation studies indicate that trees can be a cost-effective energy conservation measure for some electric utilities. Our simulations suggest that a single 25-ft tall tree can reduce annual heating and cooling costs of a typical residence by 8 to 12 percent ($10-25). Assuming annual savings of $10 per household, a nationwide residential tree planting program could eventually save about $1 billion each year. A study of the potential for energy-conserving shade tree plantings within residential sections of San Diego found that over 40 percent of all houses surveyed had space available for a tree opposite their west wall. The 30-year net present value of proposed shade tree plantings for demand side management in Fresno was projected to be $22.3 million, with an overall benefit-cost ratio of 19. The largest benefits were attributed to property value enhancement, energy savings, avoided stormwater runoff, and atmospheric carbon removal, while greatest projected costs were from pruning, planting, and program administration.
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Calomino, F., P. Veltri, P. Piro, and J. Niemczynowicz. "Probablistic analysis of runoff simulations in a small urban catchment." Water Science and Technology 36, no. 8-9 (October 1, 1997): 51–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1997.0643.
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In Urban Hydrology, a basic question is whether or not the common methods involving the use of design storms bring to the the some results obtained by those methods that make use of real storms. In general, one can say that different design storms give good results when used with the appropriate model, or, conversely, that good results can be achieved through careful model calibration. On the basis of 51 rainfall-runoff recordings obtained from the experimental catchment of Luzzi (Cosenza, Italy), the frequency distribution of the observed peak discharges was initially computed. Then the runoff events were simulated using Wallrus, a well known simulation model, taking as input the observed precipitations. The frequency distribution of the simulated peak discharges was compared to that of the observed ones, with the aim of calibrating the model on a statistical basis. After that, the rainfall events were analysed, obtaining the frequency distributions of the observed intensities over several durations and developing IDF curves of given frequencies and, then, the Chicago design storms. The plotting positions of the peak discharges simulated by this way show a good agreement with the distribution of both the observed peak discharges and the peak discharges simulated through the real storms.
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Oraei Zare, S., B. Saghafian, A. Shamsai, and S. Nazif. "Multi-objective optimization using evolutionary algorithms for qualitative and quantitative control of urban runoff." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 9, no. 1 (January 16, 2012): 777–817. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-9-777-2012.
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Abstract. Urban development and affects the quantity and quality of urban floods. Generally, flood management include planning and management activities to reduce the harmful effects of floods on people, environment and economy is in a region. In recent years, a concept called Best Management Practices (BMPs) has been widely used for urban flood control from both quality and quantity aspects. In this paper, three objective functions relating to the quality of runoff (including BOD5 and TSS parameters), the quantity of runoff (including runoff volume produced at each sub-basin) and expenses (including construction and maintenance costs of BMPs) were employed in the optimization algorithm aimed at finding optimal solution MOPSO and NSGAII optimization methods were coupled with the SWMM urban runoff simulation model. In the proposed structure for NSGAII algorithm, a continuous structure and intermediate crossover was used because they perform better for improving the optimization model efficiency. To compare the performance of the two optimization algorithms, a number of statistical indicators were computed for the last generation of solutions. Comparing the pareto solution resulted from each of the optimization algorithms indicated that the NSGAII solutions was more optimal. Moreover, the standard deviation of solutions in the last generation had no significant differences in comparison with MOPSO.
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Yau Seng Mah, Darrien, Johnny Ong King Ngu, Vernon Liew, and Wan Hashim Wan Ibrahim. "Augmenting Drainage System in the Old Town of Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 3.18 (August 2, 2018): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i3.18.16669.
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Padungan, one of the busiest business districts within Kuching City has been facing difficulties due to its age and inability to manage urban runoff. To sustain its historical heritage value without compromising the beauty and ability to discharge urban runoff, environmental needs have called for a change in urban stormwater management. The main objective of this study is to incorporate StormPav Green Pavement along the backstreet of Padungan and to investigate the effectiveness of the permeable road. The methodology used in this study is by means of computer modelling using Storm Water Management Model (SWMM). There are two models built, simulating conditions as (a) current drainage system facility; (b) implementing StormPav Green Pavement along the back of Padungan Street for the purpose of accommodating runoff from the whole two rows of buildings. From the analysis of modelling scenes, implementing the permeable road is a preferable solution as it encompasses both the present and future needs into the design consideration.
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Ahn, Jungkyu, Seongil Yeom, Sungwon Park, and Thi Hoang Thao Nguyen. "Evaluation of Infiltration Rainwater Drainage (IRD) System with Fully 3-D Numerical Simulation Approach." Applied Sciences 11, no. 19 (October 1, 2021): 9144. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11199144.
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Water scarcity can mean scarcity in availability due to physical shortage, or scarcity in access due to the failure of institutions to ensure a continuously regular supply or due to a lack of adequate infrastructure. Water scarcity will be exacerbated as rapidly growing urban areas place heavy pressure on water resources. To solve these problems, various solutions have been applied, but a fundamental solution has not been applied. Recently, a researched and developed infiltration rainwater drainage (IRD) system is being applied with consideration of its applicability. In this study, features of surface runoff and infiltration according to various flow patterns were analyzed using a three-dimensional CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) model for calculating water flow in the IRD system. To estimate the optimal setup, a permeability test and scaled model simulation were performed. The runoff characteristics of the IRD system with respect to rainfall intensity and duration were analyzed with dimensionless variables. With the prototype model, the drainage characteristics of the IRD system were analyzed over time using the hydrological curves. From the simulated results, it was found that the IRD system analyzed in this study was appropriate in the field by comparative analysis with the existing system based on peak runoff, internal storage, and lag time. Therefore, by applying the IRD system in the future, it is expected that the IRD has benefits, such as delayed lag time, surface runoff decrease, and an attenuation of the peak runoff.
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Abbas, Mohsin, Pierre Guy Atangana Atangana Njock, and Yanning Wang. "Influence of Climate Change and Land-Use Alteration on Water Resources in Multan, Pakistan." Applied Sciences 12, no. 10 (May 21, 2022): 5210. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12105210.
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This study presents an evaluation of climate and land-use changes induced impacts on water resources of Multan City, Pakistan. Statistical Down Scaling Model (SDSM) and Geographical Information System (GIS) are used for climate change scenario and spatial analyses. Hydrologic Engineering Center's Hydraulic Modeling System (HEC-HMS) model is used for rainfall-runoff simulation. The investigated results show significant changes in climatological parameters, i.e., an increase in temperature and decrease in precipitation over the last 40 years, and a significant urban expansion is also observed from 2000 to 2020. The increase in temperature and urbanization has reduced the infiltration rate into the soil and increased the runoff flows. The HEC-HMS results indicate that surface runoff gradually increased over the last two decades. Consequently, the depth of the water table in the shallow aquifer has declined by about 0.3 m/year. Projected climate indices stipulate that groundwater depletion will occur in the future. Arsenic levels have exceeded the permissible limit owing to unplanned urban expansion and open dumping of industrial effluents. The results can help an efficient water resources management in Multan.
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Limos, Aviva Gabriel, Kristine Joy Bernardo Mallari, Jongrak Baek, Hwansuk Kim, Seungwan Hong, and Jaeyoung Yoon. "Assessing the significance of evapotranspiration in green roof modeling by SWMM." Journal of Hydroinformatics 20, no. 3 (February 27, 2018): 588–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/hydro.2018.130.
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Abstract Green roof is a low impact development (LID) practice used to mitigate imperviousness in urban areas and to reduce flood risks. In order to have sufficient designs and accurate runoff predictions, computer models should be utilized with full understanding of green roofs' hydrologic processes. Evapotranspiration is usually considered important by researchers in the water balance modeling of a green roof. The Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) version 5.1 is widely utilized rainfall-runoff modeling software which has LID controls capable of modeling green roofs. A previous study has evaluated the performance of this model in green roof simulations for single events without considering evapotranspiration in its application, but attained negative outcomes. Thus, the objective of this study is to determine the significance of considering evapotranspiration in producing accurate runoff simulations specifically using SWMM 5.1. The results of this study have shown that when evapotranspiration was not considered, simulations failed to agree with observed values, whereas when evapotranspiration was considered, simulated runoff volumes attained a very good fit with the observed runoff volumes proving the significance of evapotranspiration as an important parameter in green roof modeling.
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Al-Suhili, Rafea, Cheila Cullen, and Reza Khanbilvardi. "An Urban Flash Flood Alert Tool for Megacities—Application for Manhattan, New York City, USA." Hydrology 6, no. 2 (June 24, 2019): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/hydrology6020056.
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Urban flooding is a frequent problem affecting cities all over the world. The problem is more significant now that the climate is changing and urbanization trends are increasing. Various, physical hydrological models such as the Environmental Protection Agency Storm Water Management Model (EPA SWMM), MIKE URBAN-II and others, have been developed to simulate flooding events in cities. However, they require high accuracy mapping and a simulation of the underground storm drainage system. Sadly, this capability is usually not available for older or larger so-called megacities. Other hydrological model types are classified in the semi-physical category, like Cellular Automata (CA), require the incorporation of very fine resolution data. These types of data, in turn, demand massive computer power and time for analysis. Furthermore, available forecasting systems provide a way to determine total rainfall during extreme events, but they do not tell us what areas will be flooded. This work introduces an urban flooding tool that couples a rainfall-runoff model with a flood map database to expedite the alert process and estimate flooded areas. A 0.30-m Lidar Digital Elevation Model (DEM) of the study area (in this case Manhattan, New York City) is divided into 140 sub-basins. Several flood maps for each sub-basin are generated and organized into a database. For any forecasted extreme rainfall event, the rainfall-runoff model predicts the expected runoff volume at different times during the storm interval. The system rapidly searches for the corresponding flood map that delineates the expected flood area. The sensitivity analysis of parameters in the model show that the effect of storm inlet flow head is approximately linear while the effects of the threshold infiltration rate, the number of storm inlets, and the storm inlet flow reduction factor are non-linear. The reduction factor variation is found to exhibit a high non-linearity variation, hence requiring further detailed investigation.
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Salau, O. B. E., A. Salaudeen, B. A. Gana, I. Zubairu, and S. I. Musa. "Assessment of a New Dam Site for Water Supply Potential in Bauchi Metropolis, Nigeria." Nigerian Journal of Technological Development 18, no. 4 (February 9, 2022): 312–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njtd.v18i4.7.
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The maximum yield of 90,000 m3 /day from the existing Gubi dam in Bauchi will barely meet the water demand beyond 2030 at an average water use of 100 litres per capita/day. For higher water demand of up to 250 litres per capita/day expected in an urban centre, the existing dam capacity is inadequate, and the demand should grow to 253,102 m3/day by 2037. This is the rationale for this study, which showed the feasibility of a new dam through technical reviews and analysis of topography, hydrology of the site, field and laboratory investigations, computer analyses and designs. Hydrologic simulation of rainfall-runoff processes for 57 years of rainfall data using the Soil Conservation Service (SCS) method gave an annual runoff volume of 59 Mm3 on a stream in Miri, which can be harnessed to assure adequate water supply in the metropolis. This will require the construction of a 25 m high embankment dam. Topographic survey and analysis indicated that the proposed site has good water retention capability. Although net flow adjustment analysis showed a high evaporation loss of up to 13.5 Mm3 annually, seepage loss is expected to be small in view of the underlying basement complex rock formation.
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Othman, Faridah, M. E. Alaa Eldin, and Mustaffa K. Mohd Nor. "Assesment of a Tropical Urban River Using GIS-Based Modeling." Advanced Materials Research 250-253 (May 2011): 2949–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.250-253.2949.
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The Klang River originates from the northern part of Selangor, drains the Klang Valley, and finally discharges itself into the Straits of Malacca, approximately 120 km away from the upstream point. As the state of Selangor and the city of Kuala Lumpur are going through tremendous development, the river is subjected to pollution from point and non-point sources. The pollution sources may come from urban activities, agricultural activities, industrial and commercial activities, and residential areas. In addition to this, the pollution loading from non-point sources is usually difficult to estimate because it is a function of rainfall/storm water runoff. The purpose of this research is to set-up a digitized model of the Klang Valley river basin to study the effect of development on the river basin by using computer modeling. In this paper, the used of GIS technique in determining the spatial variability in river basin has been explored. Based on the GIS technique, the DEM of the study basin was used to delineate the stream network and extract information of catchments characteristics. The locations of the point and non-point sources were surveyed and digitized spatially along the river basin. These are important as it will serve as a database before the water quality simulation can be performed. The developed model can also be extended to a larger basin. Field survey and further investigations would be helpful in calibrating the critical parameters and thus improving performance of the developed model.
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Banasik, Kazimierz, and Ngoc Pham. "Modelling of the effects of land use changes on flood hydrograph in a small catchment of the Płaskowicka, southern part of Warsaw, Poland." Annals of Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW. Land Reclamation 42, no. 2 (January 1, 2010): 229–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10060-008-0081-7.
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Modelling of the effects of land use changes on flood hydrograph in a small catchment of the Płaskowicka, southern part of Warsaw, Poland This study concerns the influence of urbanized trend affected on the flood hydrograph in a small catchment in Warsaw. Based on recorded events a selected procedure for simulation rainfall-runoff process has been accepted for flood estimation. The Soil Conservation Services Curve Number method (SCS-CN) and empirical formulae for Nash model parameters, developed by Rao at al. were used to analyze the nine selected events from 2007 to 2009. The analysis confirmed usefulness of the selected procedure, implicated in a home developed computer program, for estimating flood hydrographs as responses of the small urban catchment to heavy rainfall events. Flood hydrographs were estimated for three various stages of land use. The results demonstrate that the peak flood flow would increase over eight times due to urbanisation of the catchment.
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Obermayer, A., F. W. Guenthert, G. Angermair, R. Tandler, S. Braunschmidt, and N. Milojevic. "Different approaches for modelling of sewer caused urban flooding." Water Science and Technology 62, no. 9 (November 1, 2010): 2175–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2010.439.
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The correct prediction of flooding in urban areas is an important challenge to secure the values and fulfil public regulations. Traditional sewer simulations deliver the basic information for a rudimental flood protection, but the interaction between sewer and surface runoff can only be considered by a bi-directional modelling. Therefore detailed information about the relevant structures on the surface is necessary, which can partially be delivered by airborne laser scan data. This data have to be refined to get as detailed information about the endangered areas as possible. But the plenitude of information leads to high requirements on computer capacity and performance. This paper shows different approaches to predict the sewer caused flooding in urban areas. The approaches have been checked on two testing areas in Germany and the developed tool will be implemented in a commercial software system soon. This approaches, which partially base on each other, make a stepwise refinement of the model and narrowing of the affected areas possible. The developed algorithms to thin the digital terrain model and the well proven method to parallelize the calculation on more than one processing units secure an effective calculating process.
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Knight, Kathryn L., Guangyang Hou, Aditi S. Bhaskar, and Suren Chen. "Assessing the Use of Dual-Drainage Modeling to Determine the Effects of Green Stormwater Infrastructure on Roadway Flooding and Traffic Performance." Water 13, no. 11 (May 31, 2021): 1563. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13111563.
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Green stormwater infrastructure (GSI) is increasingly used to reduce stormwater input to the subsurface stormwater network. This work investigated how GSI interacts with surface runoff and stormwater structures to affect the spatial extent and distribution of roadway flooding and subsequent effects on the performance of the traffic system using a dual-drainage model. The model simulated roadway flooding using PCSWMM (Personal Computer Stormwater Management Model) in Harvard Gulch, Denver, Colorado, and was then used in a microscopic traffic simulation using the Simulation of Urban Mobility Model (SUMO). We examined the effect of converting between 1% and 5% of directly connected impervious area (DCIA) to bioretention GSI on roadway flooding. The results showed that even for 1% of DCIA converted to GSI, the extent and mean depth of roadway flooding was reduced. Increasing GSI conversion further reduced roadway flooding depth and extent, although with diminishing returns per additional percentage of DCIA converted to GSI. Reduced roadway flooding led to increased average vehicle speeds and decreased percentage of roads impacted by flooding and total travel time. We found diminishing returns in the roadway flooding reduction per additional percentage of DCIA converted to GSI. Future work will be conducted to reduce the main limitations of insufficient data for model validation. Detailed dual-drainage modeling has the potential to better predict what GSI strategies will mitigate roadway flooding.
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Fankhauser, Rolf. "Influence of systematic errors from tipping bucket rain gauges on recorded rainfall data." Water Science and Technology 37, no. 11 (June 1, 1998): 121–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1998.0450.
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Tipping bucket rain gauges (TBR) are widely used in urban hydrology. The present study investigated the uncertainties in recorded rainfall intensity induced by the following properties of the TBR: depth resolution i.e. the bucket volume, calibration parameters, wetting and evaporation losses and the method of data recording (time between tips or tips per minute). The errors were analysed by means of a TBR simulator i.e. a simulation program that models the behaviour of a TBR. Rainfall data disaggregated to 6 seconds from measured 1-min data and randomly varied were taken as input to the simulator. Different TBR data series were produced by changing the properties of the simulated rain gauge. These data series together with the original rainfall events were used as input to a rainfall-runoff model. Computed overflow volume and peak discharge from a combined sewer overflow (CSO) weir were compared. Errors due to depth resolution (i.e. the bucket size) proved to be small. Therefore TBRs with a depth resolution up to 0.254 mm can be used in urban hydrology without inducing significant errors. Wetting and evaporation losses caused small errors. The method of data recording had also little influence. For larger bucket volumes variable time step recording induced smaller errors than tips per minute recording.
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Dhaya, R., Tariq Ahamed Ahanger, G. R. Asha, Emad A. Ahmed, Vikas Tripathi, R. Kanthavel, and Henry Kwame Atiglah. "Cloud-Based IoE Enabled an Urban Flooding Surveillance System." Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience 2022 (May 25, 2022): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/8470496.
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A flood is defined as a surplus of water or sludge on parched soil, and a flood has originated through the runoff of water inside the water route from the various water sources like canals, etc. Intense rainfall, deforestation, urbanization, deprived water and sewerage administration, and lack of concentration toward the environment of the hydrological scheme have been the causes of urban flooding. In addition, there is a deficiency in flood assessment due to the impediment in getting data on floods to the control room from the flood-affected area. To diminish the possessions due to flooding, there ought to be an immediate move of captured statistics as of the hectic region en route to the observation room with no further wait for a completely fledged technique in the wireless settings data from the Internet of Things (IoT). The Internet of Everything (IoE) is a concept that extends the Internet of Things. In view of the fact that the wireless nodes are changeable in their environment, those effects lead to unsteadiness and uncertainty in information distribution. Therefore, there is a requirement for flood-predictable region data that may be exaggerated between the source and the control room. In the past, there were a lot of techniques set up and put into practice intended for keeping an eye on the flood spots. However, one of the biggest challenges is to have data sharing without delay and loss of data among source and destination nodes. In addition to that, the video quality also needs to be taken into consideration at the same time in receipt, as it is a tough task to determine and preplan the flood happenings completely from the normal disaster that makes scientific complicatedness more than the information being received in a wireless ad-hoc environment using IoT-based sensors. Considering all the abovementioned reasons, the proposed work comprises of three folded goals, namely, the design of a mobile ad-hoc flooding environment, the development of an urban flood high definition video surveillance system using IoT-based sensors, and experimental work on simulation.
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Burckhardt-Gammeter, S., and R. Fankhauser. "Analysis of rainfall time series with regard to temporal disaggregation for the use in urban hydrology." Water Science and Technology 37, no. 11 (June 1, 1998): 65–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1998.0437.
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The temporal resolution of rain data recorded by national weather services is often lower (10-min resolution) than the data needed for rainfall-runoff simulations (1-5 min resolution). However, the time series are sufficiently long for statistical analysis. The goal of the project presented here is to develop a procedure that disaggregates the 10-min rainfall data of the Swiss Meteorological Institute (SMI) to I-min time resolution. The aim is to implement the procedure in a computer program which can be used by practitioners for generating high resolution rainfall time series at a specific location. In a first step the 1-min data and the 10-min data of two rainfall time series in Switzerland (Heiden, Lucerne) were compared to find characteristic patterns and correlations. The position of 1-min peak within the 10-min interval, the ratio of 1-min peak to 10-min intensity as well as the distribution of the 1-min values within the 10-min interval were investigated. The analysis showed that the positions of the 1-min peaks within a 10-min interval were not uniformly distributed. The distribution depended on the temporal trend of the 10-min values. The ratio of 1-min peak to 10-min intensity seemed to tend towards a constant ratio for high intensities. The results for the two series (Heiden and Lucerne) were not significantly different. These first findings are encouraging with regard to developing a disaggregation to 1-min values which satisfy the accuracy needed in urban hydrology.
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Garcia, Alfred, and Wesley P. James. "Urban Runoff Simulation Model." Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management 114, no. 4 (July 1988): 399–413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9496(1988)114:4(399).
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Lyngfelt, Sven. "Base Catchment Modeling in Urban Runoff Simulation." Hydrology Research 22, no. 3 (June 1, 1991): 137–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/nh.1991.0010.
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The selection of numerical model and the transformation of catchment data into ‘input data’ are two fundamental problems in urban runoff simulation. They are discussed from a general point of view. A numerical solution method for the kinematic wave equations is proposed for base catchment modeling. In connection to this solution a methodology for the generation of input data representing the individual base catchment is presented.
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Schroeter, H. O., and W. E. Watt. "Practical simulation of sediment transport in urban runoff." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 16, no. 5 (October 1, 1989): 704–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l89-105.
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A model for simulating sediment transport in urban areas has been developed based on the concept of "equivalent solids reservoirs." The processes of erosion, deposition, and routing have been represented by simple algorithms, which are applied to typical urban drainage elements (surfaces, gutters, pipes, and detention ponds). Input requirements are limited and include two sediment characteristics (particle size and relative density), scour and deposition parameters, and initial sediment loadings. Hydraulic properties of the drainage elements and the inflow hydrograph to each element are also required. This sediment transport submodel is an integral part of Q'URM, the Queen's University Urban Runoff Model. It has been developed and calibrated on the basis of data from a stormwater quality sampling program on the Calvin Park basin in Kingston, Ontario, and verified on the basis of data from an independent study of runoff quality in the Malvern basin in Burlington, Ontario. Key words: urban hydrology, sediment transport, simulation, measurement.
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Bennis, S., and E. Crobeddu. "New Runoff Simulation Model for Small Urban Catchments." Journal of Hydrologic Engineering 12, no. 5 (September 2007): 540–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)1084-0699(2007)12:5(540).
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Liu, Yunzhu, and Jinbao Cao. "Simulation of Urban Storm Water Runoff Control Based on Big Data." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2066, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012076. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2066/1/012076.
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Abstract The acceleration of urbanization has brought about rapid economic development, but at the same time, it has also brought some damage to the ecological environment. The proportion of hardened area of the ground is higher and higher, and the rainwater runoff pollution caused by rainfall is more and more serious. In order to follow the sustainable development strategy, and for the more stable and high-speed economic development, the control of rainwater runoff pollution is urgent. The purpose of this paper is to simulate the urban storm water runoff control and find the most suitable scheme for storm water runoff pollution control. Because the simulation of SWMM is more accurate than other models, it can directly reflect the situation of rainwater runoff pollution, so the model selected for rainwater runoff in this paper is SWMM, and then build the model, through the collection and collation of the basic data of the study area, the generalization of the sub catchment area and drainage network is completed. Through the analysis of the characteristics of the study area, the rainwater garden and permeable pavement are determined as the scheme to control the rainwater runoff in the study area. Finally, the SWMM model is used to simulate the control effect of rainwater garden and pervious pavement on rainwater runoff pollution control. The experimental results show that the storm water garden can effectively control the impact of SS scouring effect on the environment, significantly reduce the discharge of SS, and significantly reduce the peak concentration of SS, and its ability to control SS increases with the thickness of the surface plant layer. The control ability of rain permeable brick pavement to SS increases with the increase of surface porosity, that is, the control effect of SS is the best when the porosity is 20%.
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Chen, Wang, Mulian Zheng, Qian Gao, Chaoxian Deng, Yue Ma, and Guoqiang Ji. "Simulation of surface runoff control effect by permeable pavement." Water Science and Technology 83, no. 4 (January 20, 2021): 948–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2021.027.
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Abstract Permeable pavement (PP) can be used to decrease urban surface runoff. However, few studies have been conducted to explore the runoff reduction effect of various structures of PP in the carriageway. In this study, several structures of PP used in the carriageway of sponge cities in China were investigated and divided into three types: surface drainage, base course storage and drainage, and fully permeable. Then, the runoff models were developed by Storm Water Management Model to simulate the effect of the three types under various rainfall recurrence periods. Results show that rainfall recurrence period, structure and thickness of the permeable layer were identified as the most influential factors in PP runoff reduction. The surface drainage can reduce total runoff depth and coefficient by more than 14%, and also delay runoff start time and duration by more than 40 minutes. Surface runoff in the base course storage and drainage can only be generated when recurrence period is 50 years. The fully permeable does not generate any runoff under all recurrence periods. Based on simulation results, a series of runoff coefficient values for PP were recommended to help the design and implementation of PP in mitigating urban waterlogging problems.
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Yao, Junping, and Tianle Sun. "Research on Urban Rainfall Runoff Pollution Prediction Model Based on Feature Fusion." Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society 2020 (November 19, 2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8861288.
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In this paper, a rainfall runoff pollution prediction method based on grey neural network algorithm is proposed in consideration of the current situation that the accuracy of research results related to rainfall runoff pollution prediction needs to be improved. Meanwhile, the characteristics of rainfall runoff pollution are analyzed from the perspectives of the main sources of rainfall runoff pollution, the types of rainfall runoff pollution, and the initial erosion. The neural network algorithm is optimized and trained according to the sample data to obtain the sample features; the sample data are predicted according to the extracted sample features, and the prediction model is generated by using the feature fusion technology for two groups of prediction results to generate the prediction model and realize the water drop prediction. The pollution concentration of runoff was obtained by the exponential function method. The experimental results show that the predicted values of discharge and pollution concentration are well fitted with the actual values, indicating that the proposed method has high accuracy and feasibility. Finally, from the viewpoint of non-engineering measures and engineering measures, the suggestions for treating runoff pollution and relevant supports for ecological environment protection are given.
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Madhuri, R., Y. S. L. Sarath Raja, and K. Srinivasa Raju. "Simulation-optimization framework in urban flood management for historic and climate change scenarios." Journal of Water and Climate Change 13, no. 2 (December 21, 2021): 1007–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wcc.2021.436.
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Abstract A simulation-optimization framework is established by integrating Hydrologic Engineering Center Hydraulic Modeling System (HEC-HMS) for computation of runoff, siting tool EPA System for Urban Storm-water Treatment and Analysis INtegration (EPA-SUSTAIN) for placement of Best Management Practices (BMPs), and Binary Linear Integer Programming (BLIP) for runoff reduction. The framework is applied to an urban catchment, namely Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation (GHMC). The rainfall-runoff analysis was conducted for extreme rainfalls for historic (2016) and future events in 2050 and 2064 under Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) 6.0 and 8.5. The simulation-optimization approach in the historic scenario yielded 495,607 BMPs occupying 76.99 km2 resulting in runoff reduction of 21.54 mm (198.76–177.22 mm). Achieved runoff reduction is 38.72 (428.35–389.63 mm) and 55.03 (602.65–547.62 mm), respectively, for RCPs 6.0 and 8.5, which could meet the water demands of GHMC for 10.33 and 11.53 days. Impacts of 10 different BMP configurations of varying costs (10–70%) and pollutant load reductions (0–3%) on runoff reduction are accomplished as part of sensitivity analysis.
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Liu, Wen, Weiping Chen, and Qi Feng. "Field simulation of urban surfaces runoff and estimation of runoff with experimental curve numbers." Urban Water Journal 15, no. 5 (May 28, 2018): 418–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1573062x.2018.1508597.
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Bai, Tian, Klaudia Borowiak, Yawen Wu, and Jingli Zhang. "Highly Resolved Runoff Path Simulation Based on Urban Surface Landscape Layout for Sub-Catchment Scale." Water 13, no. 10 (May 12, 2021): 1345. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13101345.
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The present study explored the regularities of the path and network structure of surface runoff formed under the influence of urban surface landscapes. We used unmanned aerial vehicle sensors to examine terrain and land use/cover change. The sub-catchments of a typical city, Luohe, China, were evaluated for the effect of landscape on surface runoff. Landscape and topographic parameters from 166 urban sub-catchments in Luohe were obtained by measuring digital surface models and orthophoto maps. The minimum cumulative resistance model was used to simulate potential runoff and 491,820 potential runoff paths, connected upstream and downstream, were obtained in 166 sub-catchments. The chi-square test was used to compare simulation runoff paths and actual runoff depth, with the results showing that they led to the same distribution trend. When the gravity coefficient was greater than 18.93, path disconnection occurred among 166 sub-catchments, with a decrease in channels. The potential runoff distribution appeared in aggregation; as the gravity coefficient increased from low to high, aggregation showed a trend of increasing initially but subsequently decreasing. The initial runoff formed sub-catchments with high gravity coefficients, then accumulated and spread to the others. It is important that proper measures are taken to establish a unified planning of the city’s surface landscape in order to produce suitable surface runoff distribution.
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Xue, Fengchang, Minmin Huang, Wei Wang, and Lin Zou. "Numerical Simulation of Urban Waterlogging Based on FloodArea Model." Advances in Meteorology 2016 (2016): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/3940707.
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Assessment of urban water logging risk depth is mainly based on extreme value of rainstorm and its occurrence frequency as disaster causing factor. Regional waterlogging disaster risk assessment can be determined through regional geographic spatial information coupling calculation; the fundamental reason lies in the lack of an effective method for numerical simulation of waterlogging risk depth. Based on the hydrodynamic principle, FloodArea model realizes the numerical simulation of regional waterlogging depth by hydrologic calculating of runoff generation and runoff concentration of waterlogging. Taking risk assessment in Nanchang city as an example, spatial distribution of urban waterlogging depth was simulated by using FloodArea model in return period of 5 years, 10 years, 50 years, and 100 years. Research results show that FloodArea model can simulate urban waterlogging forming process and spatial distribution qualitatively.
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Kokkonen, Tom V., Sue Grimmond, Sonja Murto, Huizhi Liu, Anu-Maija Sundström, and Leena Järvi. "Simulation of the radiative effect of haze on the urban hydrological cycle using reanalysis data in Beijing." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 19, no. 10 (May 24, 2019): 7001–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-7001-2019.
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Abstract. Although increased aerosol concentration modifies local air temperatures and boundary layer structure in urban areas, little is known about its effects on the urban hydrological cycle. Changes in the hydrological cycle modify surface runoff and flooding. Furthermore, as runoff commonly transports pollutants to soil and water, any changes impact urban soil and aquatic environments. To explore the radiative effect of haze on changes in the urban surface water balance in Beijing, different haze levels are modelled using the Surface Urban Energy and Water Balance Scheme (SUEWS), forced by reanalysis data. The pollution levels are classified using aerosol optical depth observations. The secondary aims are to examine the usability of a global reanalysis dataset in a highly polluted environment and the SUEWS model performance. We show that the reanalysis data do not include the attenuating effect of haze on incoming solar radiation and develop a correction method. Using these corrected data, SUEWS simulates measured eddy covariance heat fluxes well. Both surface runoff and drainage increase with severe haze levels, particularly with low precipitation rates: runoff from 0.06 to 0.18 mm d−1 and drainage from 0.43 to 0.62 mm d−1 during fairly clean to extremely polluted conditions, respectively. Considering all precipitation events, runoff rates are higher during extremely polluted conditions than cleaner conditions, but as the cleanest conditions have high precipitation rates, they induce the largest runoff. Thus, the haze radiative effect is unlikely to modify flash flooding likelihood. However, flushing pollutants from surfaces may increase pollutant loads in urban water bodies.
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Mani, Melika, Omid Bozorg-Haddad, and Hugo A. Loáiciga. "A new framework for the optimal management of urban runoff with low-impact development stormwater control measures considering service-performance reduction." Journal of Hydroinformatics 21, no. 5 (July 24, 2019): 727–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/hydro.2019.126.
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Abstract This paper presents a comprehensive framework for the quantitative management of urban runoff. The framework assesses the response of urban catchments to design rainfall events and identifies low-impact development (LID) stormwater control measures (SCMs) for runoff control and flood mitigation. This research's method determines the optimal areas in which to deploy SCMs to control runoff in urban catchments. The optimization method relies on a three-objective simulation-optimization model that (1) minimizes the volume of runoff at the catchment outlet and at flooding nodes, (2) minimizes the implementation and maintenance costs of LID SCMs, and (3) minimizes the service-performance reduction of LID SCMs. The storm water management model (SWMM) is applied for runoff simulation and is coupled with the multi-objective antlion optimization algorithm (MOALOA). The simulation-optimization method is exemplified with an application to District 6 of Tehran's municipality (Iran). The performance of the simulation-optimization method is compared with that of the multi-objective non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II (NSGAII), and, after confirming the superior capacity of the MOALOA, the latter algorithm is applied to District 6 of Tehran municipality, Iran. The identified optimal LID SCMs are ranked with the technique for order of preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) method that reveals the preferences of the runoff managers concerning SCMs choices. The most desirable solution herein found shows the optimal LID SCMs provide a significant reduction in runoff volume at the catchment outlet and flooding nodes.
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Furumai, H., H. K. P. K. Jinadasa, M. Murakami, F. Nakajima, and R. K. Aryal. "Model description of storage and infiltration functions of infiltration facilities for urban runoff analysis by a distributed model." Water Science and Technology 52, no. 5 (September 1, 2005): 53–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2005.0108.
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Although there have been simulation researches focusing on reduction of stormwater peak flow by introduced infiltration facilities, model simulation of dynamic runoff behavior is still limited for frequently occurring rainfall events with weak intensity. Therefore, dynamic simulation was carried out in two urban drainages with infiltration facilities incorporated with a distributed model using two methods for describing functions of infiltration facilities. A method adjusting effective rainfall model gave poor simulation of runoff behavior in light rainfalls. Another method considering dynamic change of storage capacity as well as infiltration rate gave satisfactory estimation of the runoff in both drainages. In addition, assumption of facility clogging improved the agreement between measured and simulated hydrographs in small and medium-sized rainfall. Therefore, the proposed method might be useful for quantifying the secondary effects of the infiltration facilities on groundwater recharge and urban non-point pollutant trapping as well as runoff reduction.
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Passos, Filipe Otávio, Benedito Cláudio Da Silva, and Fernando Das Graças Braga da Silva. "Avaliação de Impactos de Mudanças no Uso e Manejo do Solo Sobre as Vazões da Bacia Hidrográfica do Ribeirão José Pereira, Utilizando o Modelo Swat." Revista Brasileira de Geografia Física 14, no. 2 (April 14, 2021): 619. http://dx.doi.org/10.26848/rbgf.v14.2.p619-633.
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Diversos processos naturais podem causar mudanças nos fluxos hidrológicos dentro de bacias hidrográficas, sendo estas ainda mais afetadas devido a ações antrópicas que mudem as suas características físicas, principalmente, o tipo e o uso do solo. Neste contexto, este trabalho apresenta uma calibração de um modelo de transformação chuva x vazão e posterior simulação para a estimativa das vazões na bacia hidrográfica do ribeirão José Pereira, em Itajubá, sul de Minas Gerais, utilizando o modelo distribuído Soil and Water Assessment Tool (Swat). Foram gerados cinco cenários de uso e ocupação do solo, que foram idealizados a partir de características observadas na bacia ou de tendências futuras de ocupação, a saber, o cenário do estado atual, de manejo do solo, de recuperação das áreas de preservação permanente (APPs) de margens de rios, de substituição total por floresta e de crescimento urbano. Os resultados indicam que o modelo Swat pode ser utilizado na simulação das componentes hidrológicas de bacias hidrográficas de pequeno porte, e ainda que o manejo agrícola e o reflorestamento da bacia são mais eficientes na diminuição do escoamento superficial do que a recuperação das APPs, chegando a uma diminuição de aproximadamente 40% nas vazões máximas simuladas. Impact Assessment of Changes in Land Use and Management on the Losses of the Water Source of the José Pereira Stream, Using the SWAT Model A B S T R A C TSeveral natural processes can cause changes in hydrological flows within hydrographic basins, which are even more affected due to anthropic actions that change their physical characteristics, mainly, the type and use of the soil. In this context, this work carries out an analysis of the impact on the flows of a small-scale hydrographic basin (River José Pereira) due to changes in land use and occupation, using the distributed model Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT). Five land use and occupation scenarios were generated, which were designed based on characteristics observed in the basin or future occupation trends, namely, the current state scenario, soil management, recovery of permanent preservation areas (APPs) of river banks, total replacement by forest and urban growth. The results indicate that the SWAT model can be used in the simulation of the hydrological components of small hydrographic basins, and that agricultural management and reforestation of the basin are more efficient in reducing runoff than the recovery of APPs, reaching a decrease of approximately 40% in the maximum simulated flows.Keywords: hydrological modeling, rainfall, SWAT, land use and occupation.
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Liu, Yajing, Yan Zhou, Jianing Yu, Pengcheng Li, and Liuqi Yang. "Green Space Optimization Strategy to Prevent Urban Flood Risk in the City Centre of Wuhan." Water 13, no. 11 (May 28, 2021): 1517. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13111517.
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Changing the water permeability ratio of urban underlying surface helps alleviate urban flood. This paper designs the swale identification experiment to modify the flood-submerging simulation experiment based on the SCS-CN model and proves that the results generated by the modified experiment better reflect the realities. The modified flood-submerging simulation experiment is then applied to downtown Wuhan to obtain the quantitative data. The data are used to quantify the catchment capacities of the lots. Based on the rainfall collection capacities, the maximum surface rainfall runoff volume that would not cause flood is arrived at using the rainfall runoff formula. The maximum runoff volume represents the rainwater storage capacities of the lot based on the proportion of the green space that is identified within the study area. The results suggest that this rainwater storage capacity evaluation model works efficiently to identify the urban areas with flood risks and provides the rainwater runoff thresholds for different areas. Adjustments in the spatial patterns and proportions of the green space help ensure that the rainwater runoff volume is below the thresholds, thus contributing to the prevention and control of the urban flood risks.
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Yang, Jiashuai, Chaowei Xu, Xinran Ni, and Xuantong Zhang. "Study on Urban Rainfall–Runoff Model under the Background of Inter-Basin Water Transfer." Water 14, no. 17 (August 28, 2022): 2660. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14172660.
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The imbalance of water supply and demand forces many cities to transfer water across basins, which changes the original “rainfall–runoff” relationship in urban basins. Long-term hydrological simulation of urban basins requires a tool that comprehensively considers the relationship of “rainfall–runoff” and the background of inter-basin water transfer. This paper combines the rainfall–runoff model, the GR3 model, with the background of inter-basin water transfer to simulate the hydrological process of Huangtaiqiao basin (321 km2) in Jinan city, Shandong Province, China for 18 consecutive years with a 1 h time step. Twenty-one flood simulation results of different scales over 18 years were selected for statistical analysis. By comparing the simulation results of the GR3 model and the measured process, the results were verified by multiple evaluation indicators (the Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient, water relative error, the relative error of flood peak flow, and difference of peak arrival time) at different time scales. It was found that the simulation results of the GR3 model after inter-basin water transfer were considered to be in good agreement with the measured data. This study proves the long-term impact of inter-basin water transfer on rainfall–runoff processes in an urban basin, and the GR3-ibwt model can better simulate the hydrological processes of urban basins, providing a new perspective and method.
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Toet, C., T. Hvitved-Jacobsen, and Y. A. Yousef. "Pollutant Removal and Eutrophication in Urban Runoff Detention Ponds." Water Science and Technology 22, no. 10-11 (October 1, 1990): 197–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1990.0305.
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A water quality model POND for eutrophication and pollutant removal in urban stormwater runoff detention ponds has been developed. The numerical simulation model is a relatively simple, one-dimensional deterministic water quality model consisting of a set of differential equations. Included are processes describing the removal and accumulation of dissolved and particulate constituents as well as processes concerning the yearly cycle of phytoplankton growth and nutrient transformations. The input to the pond is based on runoff quality data and a historical rainfall record. The model has been used to simulate eutrophication and removal of phosphorus and heavy metals in an urban runoff detention pond. Especially the importance of the pond volume, i.e. the residence time of the runoff water in the pond, for pollutant removal and eutrophication has been analysed. Simulations were carried out based on measured runoff quality data and a 33 years of rainfall record. Dry, normal and wet years and summers were selected for the analysis.
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Raharjo, Akhmadi Puguh. "SIMULATION OF SURFACE RUNOFF REDUCTION USING SIMPLE RAIN WATER HARVESTING SYSTEM IN URBAN BUFFER AREA." Jurnal Alami : Jurnal Teknologi Reduksi Risiko Bencana 3, no. 1 (May 31, 2019): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.29122/alami.v3i1.3448.
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Floods are the most common disaster in Indonesia. Among various flood types, pluvial flood is the least studied one. Simple rain water harvesting system using cistern/barrel and water tank possess the potential to reduce runoff from roofs and help alleviate the severity of pluvial flooding. The purpose of this study was to simulate the application of simple rain water harvesting in reducing surface runoff from roof surfaces in the study area within the sub Basin of Pesanggrahan. Among all the data that need to be collected were the number of houses and area of roof cover in the study area, as well as 10 years rainfall data. Number of houses per block were collected during a field survey while the estimation of roof area was conducted using a web-based software, i-Tree Canopy. From this simulation, scenario 1 (800-liter water drums), has the potential to reduce surface runoff from the roofs within the range of 6.12 to 9.07% (January) and between 5.08 to 7.49% (February). Meanwhile scenario 2 (2000-liter water tank) has the potential for surface runoff reduction which ranges between 15.30 to 22.67% (January) and between 12.64 to 18.73% (February). On the other hand, the potential to delay the initial surface runoff time using scenario 1 ranged from 3.7 to 5.5 minutes (January) and between 3.1 to 4.5 minutes (February). Meanwhile scenario 2 has a potential to delay the initial surface runoff time from 9.3 to 13.7 minutes (January) and between 7.6 to 11.3 minutes (February).
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Li, J. Y., and B. J. Adams. "Statistical Water Quality Modelling for Urban Runoff Control Planning." Water Science and Technology 29, no. 1-2 (January 1, 1994): 181–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0664.
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Increased concern for the impact of urban runoff on receiving water quality makes acute the need to develop runoff quality control models for the various stages of urban runoff control planning. Analytical probabilistic models, which compare favourably with the STORM simulation model, have been derived to predict the long-term pollution control performance of storage-treatment systems from rainfall statistics. With knowledge of the cost functions of storage-treatment systems, the developed cost optimization precedure can be used to determine the least-cost combination of storage and treatment systems which can achieve various levels of quality control. This information is useful for specification of design performance and subsequent design level analyses of control systems.
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Li, Hu, Zheng, Shen, Fan, and Zhang. "An Improved Simplified Urban Storm Inundation Model Based on Urban Terrain and Catchment Modification." Water 11, no. 11 (November 7, 2019): 2335. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11112335.
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Flooding caused by unpredictable high-intensity rainfall events in urban areas has become a global phenomenon due to the combined effect of urbanization and climate change. There are numerous hydrodynamic models for urban flooding simulation and management. However, it is difficult for most of these models to simplify the surface runoff process and still provide high simulation accuracy. In this study, an improved simplified urban storm inundation model (SUSIM) that integrates urban terrain, precipitation, surface runoff and inundation models was proposed to quickly and accurately simulate the different inundation conditions by modifying the urban terrain and catchments. Haining City, China, was selected as a case study in which SUSIM was tested and validated. The results were as follows: (1) Detailed locations and depths of inundation were quickly calculated with high correlation coefficient (≥75%) compared to three actual rainfall events. (2) Four scenarios under different rainfall intensities (5-, 10-, 20- and 50-year return period, respectively) were designed. The maximum inundation depths significantly increased from 403 mm to 1522 mm and the maximum inundation area increased from 2904 m2 to 7330 m2. According to the simulation results, Haining Avenue, the West Mountain Park and the old urban area in the northeast part of the city would encounter the most extensive and severe inundation. The result reveals that the SUSIM could find inundation locations and calculate inundation depth and area quickly. It provides better insights and tools for urban inundation simulation and planning strategies.
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Ostrowski, M. W., and L. Alsenz. "Combined Long-Term Simulation of Runoff from Urban and Rural Areas." Water Science and Technology 22, no. 10-11 (October 1, 1990): 87–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1990.0292.
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It has become evident that emission control standards for stormwater overflow design are practical, but not sufficient to guarantee ecologically balanced quantity and quality characteristics of receiving natural water bodies. The quality and quantity of both stormwater overflow and the receiving water should be considered at the same time. One objective of the investigation was to apply a continuous complex hydrological (quantity) model for simulating combined urban and rural runoff processes to a small catchment in Northrhine-Westphalia to get more information on its suitability as a modern planning tool. The study focuses on the general applicability of the method proposed, data availability, the estimation of model parameters, and the reliability of results produced. Another objective was to solve a practical engineering problem with the methodology proposed. The results show that the method can be used to produce a sample of simultaneous overflow/riverflow events, which subsequently can be evaluated statistically. Data availability and computational efforts are suitable for general application.
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Yan, Haibin, Arlette Fernandez, David Z. Zhu, Wenming Zhang, Mark R. Loewen, Bert van Duin, Lei Chen, Khizar Mahmood, Stacey Zhao, and Haifeng Jia. "Land cover based simulation of urban stormwater runoff and pollutant loading." Journal of Environmental Management 303 (February 2022): 114147. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.114147.
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FUJIMURA, Kazumasa, and Yosihisa ANDO. "Simulation of Runoff Control Efficiency by Infiltration Facilities of Urban Basins." Journal of Japan Society of Hydrology and Water Resources 11, no. 4 (1998): 360–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3178/jjshwr.11.360.
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Sedyowati, Laksni, Turijan, Suhardjono, Ery Suhartanto, and Mohammad Sholichin. "Runoff Behavior on Urban Road Intersection based on Flow Profile Simulation." International Review for Spatial Planning and Sustainable Development 6, no. 1 (2018): 32–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.14246/irspsd.6.1_32.
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Kang, Na Rae, Hui Seung Noh, Jong So Lee, Sang Hun Lim, and Hung Soo Kim. "Runoff Simulation of An Urban Drainage System Using Radar Rainfall Data." Journal of Wetlands Research 15, no. 3 (August 31, 2013): 413–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.17663/jwr.2013.15.3.413.
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