Journal articles: 'Urban rule'

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Partanen, J. "Guiding urban self-organization: Combining rule-based and case-based planning." Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science 47, no. 2 (December 11, 2019): 304–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2399808319893687.

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In cities, positive self-organization, reflecting the preferred pattern formation resulting from dissipative decision making of activities, is a key promoter of urban dynamics. The urban planning system is limited in recognizing it, but planners adapt to these autonomous processes by deviating from the plan. The result is a dual system of rules and systematic exceptions, which lacks the ability to steer and evaluate the overall direction of urban progress. Similar yet explicit dual problem-solving procedures of statutory rule frameworks and adaptations applying previous cases are common in many fields. Applying this multi-disciplinary knowledge, I propose a dual, computation-supported planning procedure combining rule-based and case-based reasoning. Such planning could respond to urban self-organization, while guiding urban dynamics in a consistent manner. The operation of this coupled system is illustrated using the empirical example of Lielahti, a mixed-use working place district in the Finnish city of Tampere in an exploratory manner.

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Shi, Yunqing. "“One ruler measures to the end”: Rule hardening in grassroots governance – taking a pilot project in urban renewal as an example." Chinese Journal of Sociology 7, no. 1 (January 2021): 74–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2057150x20987675.

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Regarding launching an urban renewal project, rising social pressure makes the grassroots state harden the rules while the remaining high pressure from the top makes them keep rules elastic, the contradiction between which causes a dilemma in urban development nowadays. Taking a landmark pilot project as an example, via the observation of the practice of the rule-hardening principle described as “one ruler measures to the end”, this article tries to answer the question of how it is possible for power to reproduce its operational space under recently rising regulatory constraints. In this case, the principle of “rule hardening” includes both “results” and “process” and is fulfilled through a three-step mechanism of hardening in external conditions, hardening in compromising rules and hardening in the limitation of introducing pressure. Through this mechanism, the grassroots state manages to mobilize the resources embedded in the system and extend the hidden boundaries of the hard and rigorous rules on the surface that make the rules elastic and soft again, but in a more formal institutional and organizational way. This could be considered the state’s response to the rising social protests during the last phase and indicates a more subtle and less obvious manner of governance, which shows the continuous interaction between the state and the society in the long view of history.

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Shi, Junqing, Lin Cheng, Jiancheng Long, and Yuanlin Liu. "A New Cellular Automaton Model for Urban Two-Way Road Networks." Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience 2014 (2014): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/685047.

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A new cellular automaton (CA) model is proposed to simulate traffic dynamics in urban two-way road network systems. The NaSch rule is adopted to represent vehicle movements on road sections. Two novel rules are proposed to move the vehicles in intersection areas, and an additional rule is developed to avoid the “gridlock” phenomenon. Simulation results show that the network fundamental diagram is very similar to that of road traffic flow. We found that the randomization probability and the maximum vehicle speed have significant impact on network traffic mobility for free-flow state. Their effect may be weak when the network is congested.

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Paller, Jeffrey W. "Informal Institutions and Personal Rule in Urban Ghana." African Studies Review 57, no. 3 (December 2014): 123–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/asr.2014.95.

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Abstract:Contrary to expectations of modern democratic development, the establishment of liberal-democratic institutions in Ghana has not led to the demise of political clientelism. Instead, the underlying informal institutions of leadership—friendship, capitalist entrepreneurship, family, and religion—contribute to the persistence of personal rule in urban Ghana. Leaders amass political power by accumulating followers in daily life. The article provides empirical evidence to substantiate these theoretical claims in the form of two ethnographic case studies—a politician’s primary campaign and the screening of a football match in an urban slum. It proposes an alternative model for the study of democracy and political accountability that extends beyond the formal institutional realm to include informal mechanisms that shape political clientelism in a democratic environment.

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Zeuthen, Jesper. "Rule through Difference on China's Urban–Rural Boundary." Third World Quarterly 33, no. 4 (May 2012): 689–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2012.657425.

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Gu, H. Y., H. T. Li, Z. Y. Liu, and C. Y. Shao. "A SEMI-AUTOMATIC RULE SET BUILDING METHOD FOR URBAN LAND COVER CLASSIFICATION BASED ON MACHINE LEARNING AND HUMAN KNOWLEDGE." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-2/W7 (September 13, 2017): 729–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-2-w7-729-2017.

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Classification rule set is important for Land Cover classification, which refers to features and decision rules. The selection of features and decision are based on an iterative trial-and-error approach that is often utilized in GEOBIA, however, it is time-consuming and has a poor versatility. This study has put forward a rule set building method for Land cover classification based on human knowledge and machine learning. The use of machine learning is to build rule sets effectively which will overcome the iterative trial-and-error approach. The use of human knowledge is to solve the shortcomings of existing machine learning method on insufficient usage of prior knowledge, and improve the versatility of rule sets. A two-step workflow has been introduced, firstly, an initial rule is built based on Random Forest and CART decision tree. Secondly, the initial rule is analyzed and validated based on human knowledge, where we use statistical confidence interval to determine its threshold. The test site is located in Potsdam City. We utilised the TOP, DSM and ground truth data. The results show that the method could determine rule set for Land Cover classification semi-automatically, and there are static features for different land cover classes.

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Boamah, Emmanuel Frimpong, and Clifford Amoako. "Planning by (mis)rule of laws: The idiom and dilemma of planning within Ghana’s dual legal land systems." Environment and Planning C: Politics and Space 38, no. 1 (June 11, 2019): 97–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2399654419855400.

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This paper contributes to our understanding of urban planning challenges within dual legal land systems in sub-Sahara Africa. It draws ideas from Ananya Roy’s “idioms of urbanization and planning” to make two arguments regarding the prevailing idiom of planning urban and peri-urban areas in Ghana. First, there is (mis)rule of statutory planning and land laws: the state places itself both within and outside statutory planning laws to enforce eminent domain powers, lease publicly acquired land to private developers, (un)map people, places, and informal economic activities, and pay or refuse to pay compensation for publicly acquired land. Second, this (mis)rule co-exists with (mis)rule of customary land laws: customary authorities place themselves within and outside customary laws to negotiate with state and prospective land buyers, (re)lease publicly acquired lands to private developers, and engage in double dipping within Ghana’s deregulated land market (i.e. leasing the same land parcel to multiple developers). Thus, both state and customary authorities, as sovereign keepers of statutory and customary land and planning laws, are able to place themselves within and outside Ghana’s dual legal land rules to declare property ownership, enclaves of value, and zones of exception. Herein lies the idiom and dilemma of planning within Ghana’s dual legal land systems: (mis)rule of statutory and customary planning and land laws.

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Dodgson, J. S., and N. Topham. "Cost-Benefit Criteria for Urban Public Transport Subsidies." Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 4, no. 2 (June 1986): 177–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/c040177.

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In this paper cost-benefit rules for public transport subsidies are considered. Recent applications of cost-benefit analysis to the appraisal of bus service provision are surveyed, and justifications for public transport subsidy considered. The authors derive the cost-benefit ratio appropriate for considering the benefits to public transport users of a fare reduction financed through increased local taxation on housing services. The cost-benefit rules are then extended to allow for the impact of Central Government assistance through grants-in-aid, and to incorporate allowances for external benefits in the form of reduced road traffic congestion and for income distributional considerations. A cost-benefit rule appropriate for assessing the case for service-level improvements which reduce passenger waiting times is also noted.

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Glenney, Brian, and Steve Mull. "Skateboarding and the Ecology of Urban Space." Journal of Sport and Social Issues 42, no. 6 (September 25, 2018): 437–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0193723518800525.

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Skateboarding poses a unique case study for considering the place of sport in human activity. The bulk of skateboarding scholarship argues that skateboarding is largely a subversion of rule governance, a view difficult to square with common and popular rule-governed skateboarding competitions, now including the Olympics. We attempt to resolve this tension by arguing for a kind of pluralism: skateboarding’s engagement in rule-governed competition is distinctly subversive, yielding the claim that skateboarding is both sport and subversion. This pluralism is examined in an “ecological” framework of emergent activities defined by push-pull interactive relationships between skateboarders and their environment that change the meaning of their spaces—whether domestic, urban, or competitive—to spaces that are both wild and spontaneous. We conclude with reflections on how skateboarding provides understanding of sport in the space of ecological meaning.

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Qu, Wenqiu, Chenchen Xu, Xiang Tan, Anqi Tang, Hongbo He, and Xiaohan Liao. "Preliminary Concept of Urban Air Mobility Traffic Rules." Drones 7, no. 1 (January 12, 2023): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/drones7010054.

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Driven by recent technological breakthroughs, the electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) aircraft has gained considerable attention. The widespread demand for eVTOL aircraft can be attributed to their potential use in the commercialisation of urban air mobility (UAM) in low-altitude urban airspaces. However, the urban low-altitude airspace environment is complex. UAM has a high traffic density and the eVTOL aircraft specifications are not uniform. Particularly in commercial scenarios, controlling eVTOL aircraft and ensuring safety in UAMs are the two major problems that should be addressed in future studies. The design of reasonable traffic rules is a potential solution; hence, we organised a UAM traffic rule system and proposed several alternative UAM traffic rules from three perspectives: a single eVTOL aircraft, a certain route, and key control areas. In addition, we validated these traffic rules using multi-rotor and fixed-wing eVTOL aircraft. The results show that designing reasonable traffic rules can facilitate attaining the primary objectives of commercialisation of UAM.

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Bozarth, Andrew, Navin Bajaj, Margaret Wessling, Dustin Keffer, Shais Jallu, and Gary Salzman. "Retrospective Evaluation of the Pulmonary Embolism Rule-Out Criteria Rule at an Urban Academic Hospital." Chest 144, no. 4 (October 2013): 569A. http://dx.doi.org/10.1378/chest.1703839.

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12

Perkins, Kenneth J. "Urban Forms and Colonial Confrontations: Algiers under French Rule." History: Reviews of New Books 26, no. 2 (January 1998): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03612759.1998.10528034.

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Luo, Yanwen, Jiang He, and Yilan Ni. "Analysis of urban ventilation potential using rule-based modeling." Computers, Environment and Urban Systems 66 (November 2017): 13–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compenvurbsys.2017.07.005.

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Osborne, Michael A., and Zeynep Celik. "Urban Forms and Colonial Confrontations: Algiers under French Rule." American Historical Review 104, no. 3 (June 1999): 1042. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2651183.

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Cardone, Barbara, and Ferdinando Di Martino. "A Fuzzy Rule-Based GIS Framework to Partition an Urban System Based on Characteristics of Urban Greenery in Relation to the Urban Context." Applied Sciences 10, no. 24 (December 8, 2020): 8781. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10248781.

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We present a Geographical Information System (GIS)-based framework implementing a Mamdani fuzzy rule-based system to partition in an unsupervised mode an urban system in urban green areas. The proposed framework is characterized by high usability and flexibility. The study area is partitioned into homogeneous regions regarding the characteristics of public green areas and relations with the residents and buildings. The urban system is initially partitioned into microzones, given the smallest areas in which a census of the urban system is taken in terms of resident population, type and number of buildings and properties, and industrial and service activities. During a pre-processing phase, the values of specific indicators defined by a domain expert, which characterize the type of urban green area and the relationship with the residents and buildings, are calculated for each microzone. Subsequently, the fuzzy rule-based system component is executed to classify each microzone based on the fuzzy rule set constructed by the domain expert. Spatially adjoining microzones belonging to the same class are dissolved to form homogeneous areas called urban green contexts. The membership degrees of the microzones to the fuzzy set of their class are used to evaluate the reliability of the classification of the urban green context. We test our framework on the municipality of Pozzuoli, Italy, comparing the results with the ones obtained in a supervised manner by the expert appropriately partitioning and classifying the urban study area based on his knowledge of it.

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Austin, Lisa M. "Surveillance and the Rule of Law." Surveillance & Society 13, no. 2 (July 2, 2015): 295–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.24908/ss.v13i2.5690.

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Ali, Ahmed Khairadeen, Hayub Song, One Jae Lee, Eun Seok Kim, and Haneen Hashim Mohammed Ali. "Multi-Agent-Based Urban Vegetation Design." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 9 (April 28, 2020): 3075. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17093075.

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Urban vegetation is an essential element of the urban city pedestrian walkway. Despite city forest regulations and urban planning best practices, vegetation planning lacks clear comprehension and compatibility with other urban elements surrounding it. Urban planners and academic researchers currently devote vital attention to include most of the urban elements and their impact on the occupants and the environment in the planning stage of urban development. With the advancement in computational design, they have developed various algorithms to generate design alternatives and measure their impact on the environment that meets occupants’ needs and perceptions of their city. In particular, multi-agent-based simulations show great promise in developing rule compliance with urban vegetation design tools. This paper proposed an automatic urban vegetation city rule compliance approach for pedestrian pathway vegetation, leveraging multi-agent system and algorithmic modeling tools. This approach comprises three modules: rule compliance (T-Rule), street vegetation design tool (T-Design), and multi-agent alternative generation (T-Agent). Notably, the scope of the paper is limited to trees, shrubbery, and seating area configurations in the urban pathway context. To validate the developed design tool, a case study was tested, and the vegetation design tool generated the expected results successfully. A questionnaire was conducted to give feedback on the use of the developed tool for enhancing positive experience of the developed tool. It is anticipated that the proposed tool has the potential to aid urban planners in decision-making and develop more practical vegetation planting plans compared with the conventional Two-Dimensional (2D) plans, and give the city occupants the chance to take part in shaping their city by merely selecting from predefined parameters in a user interface to generate their neighborhood pathway vegetation plans. Moreover, this approach can be extended to be embedded in an interactive map where city occupants can shape their neighborhood greenery and give feedback to urban planners for decision-making.

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Cardone, Barbara, and Ferdinando Di Martino. "A New Geospatial Model Integrating a Fuzzy Rule-Based System in a GIS Platform to Partition a Complex Urban System in Homogeneous Urban Contexts." Geosciences 8, no. 12 (November 27, 2018): 440. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences8120440.

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Here, we present a new unsupervised method aimed at obtaining a partition of a complex urban system in homogenous urban areas, called urban contexts. Our model integrates spatial analysis processes and a fuzzy rule-based system applied to manage the knowledge of domain experts; it is implemented using a GIS platform. The area of study is initially partitioned in microzones, homogeneous portions of the urban system, which are the atomic reference elements for the census data. With the contribution of domain experts, we identify the physical, morphological, environmental, and socio-economic indicators needed to identify synthetic characteristics of urban contexts and create the fuzzy rule set necessary for determining the type of urban context. We implement the set of spatial analysis processes required to calculate the indicators for the microzones and apply a Mamdani fuzzy rule system to classify the microzones. Finally, the partition of the area of study in urban contexts is obtained by dissolving continuous microzones belonging to the same type of urban context. Tests are performed on the Municipality of Pozzuoli (Naples, Italy); the reliability of the out model is measured by comparing the results with the ones obtained through a detailed analysis.

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Agius, Tyler, Soheil Sabri, and Mohsen Kalantari. "Three-Dimensional Rule-Based City Modelling to Support Urban Redevelopment Process." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 7, no. 10 (October 18, 2018): 413. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi7100413.

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Multi-dimensional representation of urban settings has received a great deal of attention among urban planners, policy makers, and urban scholars. This is due to the fact that cities grow vertically and new urbanism strategies encourage higher density and compact city development. Advancements in computer technology and multi-dimensional geospatial data integration, analysis and visualisation play a pivotal role in supporting urban planning and design. However, due to the complexity of the models and technical requirements of the multi-dimensional city models, planners are yet to fully exploit such technologies in their activities. This paper proposes a workflow to support non-experts in using three-dimensional city modelling tools to carry out planning control amendments and assess their implications. The paper focuses on using a parametric three-dimensional (3D) city model to enable planners to measure the physical (e.g., building height, shadow, setback) and functional (e.g., mix of land uses) impacts of new planning controls. The workflow is then implemented in an inner suburb of Metropolitan Melbourne, where urban intensification strategies require the planners to carry out radical changes in regulations. This study demonstrates the power of the proposed 3D visualisation tool for urban planners at taking two-dimensional (2D) Geographic Information System (GIS) procedural modelling to construct a 3D model.

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Ranganathan, Malini. "Rule by difference: Empire, liberalism, and the legacies of urban “improvement”." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 50, no. 7 (June 22, 2018): 1386–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0308518x18781851.

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From Victorian England and its colonies, to cities in South Asia today, “improvement” has long infused the language of urban planning. Through the case of Bangalore, India, this article argues that urban improvement should be understood as a project of liberal government forged in the crucible of empire and harnessed in the service of the state’s capital and spatial accumulation strategies. Once practiced by colonial planners, urban improvement fundamentally entails enhancing the value of urban space and its circulatory infrastructures through the mobilization of corrective behaviors related to property and propriety. In the process, improvement grafts race, class, caste, and other forms of social difference onto urban space, which in turn provides the justification for further improvement. Ultimately, improvement begets cycles of inequality and exclusion, even while it promises betterment and inclusion. Three improvement regimes are identified here: racialized improvement in the colonial city (1890s–1920s), classed improvement in the industrial city (1930s–1970s), and marketized improvement in the world-class city (1980s–2010s). The article further shows that with each wave of urban improvement came vernacular and nationalist responses that sought to extend housing and services to unserved constituents. These indigenous calibrations are as important to the genealogy of improvement as its original European form.

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Habib, Rania. "’Imalaand rounding in a rural Syrian variety: Morpho-phonological and lexical conditioning." Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue canadienne de linguistique 57, no. 1 (March 2012): 51–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008413100002206.

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AbstractThis study investigates two concurrent phenomena—’imalaand rounding — in the Arabic variety spoken in the Syrian village of Oyoun Al-Wadi.‘Imalarefers to the use of [e] and [e:] in place of the urban vowels [a] and [a:] respectively; rounding refers to the use of [o] and [o:] in place of the urban vowels [a] and [a:] respectively. The use of two different vowels for each urban vowel is explained morpho-phonologically. The study economically proposes two phonological rules to account for‘imalaand rounding and shows that only one rule can apply per word, to the final syllable of a word. In light of Lexical Phonology theory, certain morphological patterns and suffixes explain the presence of‘imalain initial syllables and in environments that induce rounding. That is, it is part of the lexical representation of a morphological pattern or suffix in the lexicon. Hence,‘imalacould occur in the initial syllable as part of the morphological pattern, and rounding could occur in the final syllable of the same word as a result of a post-lexical phonological rule.

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Xiong, Lu, and Dean Bruton. "On Procedural Modeling of Urban Form - a Designer’s View and a Research Practice." Advanced Materials Research 374-377 (October 2011): 330–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.374-377.330.

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Procedural modeling is a term in computer graphics referring to the creation of digital models with sets of rules. With the user-defined rule sets, digital models can be generated automatically by computers rather than modeled manually. Several popular procedural modeling methods and are listed and compared in the paper. A new research framework on procedural modeling of urban and architecture form is introduced. We also choose Jørn Utzon’s “additive architecture” as a case study and show the possibilities of future urban and architecture design.

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Yang, Jianxin, Man Yuan, Shengbing Yang, Danxia Zhang, Yingge Wang, Daiyi Song, Yunze Dai, Yan Gao, and Jian Gong. "Spatial Diffusion Waves of Human Activities: Evidence from Harmonized Nighttime Light Data during 1992–2018 in 234 Cities of China." Remote Sensing 15, no. 5 (March 3, 2023): 1426. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15051426.

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This study investigates whether the intensity of human activities conducted by urban populations and carried by urban land follows a wave-shaped diffusion rule using a harmonized DMSP-like NTL dataset during 1992–2018 in 234 cities of China. The results show that variations in the intensity of human activities are diffused in a wave-shaped manner from the urban center to the periphery in cities of different sizes and structures. The results demonstrate that variations in the intensity of human activity also exhibit a wave-shaped diffusion pattern, which is best modeled by a Gaussian function with an average R2 of 0.79 and standard deviation of 0.36 across all fitted functions. The outward movement of these waves in monocentric cities with an urban population <8 million occurred at a pace of ~0.5–1.0 km per year, reaching an average distance of ~18 km from the urban centers. While the pace decreased to ~0.2–0.6 km per year in larger or polycentric cities, the average distance of the waves from the urban centers increased to ~22–25 km in these larger cities. In addition, a process-pattern link between the distance-decayed rule and the wave-shaped rule of human activity dynamics was established. Moreover, a spatiotemporal Gaussian function was further discussed to enable modelers to forecast future variations in the intensity of human activities. The disclosed wave-shape rule and model can benefit the simulation of urban dynamics if integrated with other simulation technologies, such as agent-based models and cellular automata.

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Cheng, Tony. "Recruitment through Rule Breaking: Establishing Social Ties with Gang Members." City & Community 17, no. 1 (March 2018): 150–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cico.12272.

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Many contemporary violence prevention programs direct concentrated law enforcement, social service, or educational attention toward individuals engaged in violence, and yet, this population is often avoiding this precise attention. Drawing on 18 months of ethnographic data, this case study asks: How do street outreach workers form social ties with active gang members? This study identifies three key mechanisms of social tie formation that break organizational rules, but account for how new social relations are formed with street savvy gang youth: (1) Network Targeting: identifying, entering, and extending services to the package of preexisting social ties beyond the eligible gang member; (2) Gift Giving: navigating those social ties when transferring out of pocket gifts to the target to elicit trust and demonstrate genuine investment; and (3) Transportation Brokerage: expanding clients’ social networks by literally driving them to prosocial influences and activities. Discussion of the value and limitations of each mechanism offers insights to urban sociologists interested in the origins of social ties in disadvantaged communities, as well as policymakers designing social interventions for hard to reach populations.

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WANG, RUILI, MINGZHE LIU, RAY KEMP, and MIN ZHOU. "MODELING DRIVER BEHAVIOR ON URBAN STREETS." International Journal of Modern Physics C 18, no. 05 (May 2007): 903–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129183107010620.

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Traffic flow on straight roads is the most common traffic phenomenon in urban road traffic networks. In this paper, a realistic cellular automaton (CA) model is proposed to investigate driver behavior on urban straight roads based on our field observations. Two types of driver behavior, free and car-following, are simulated. Free driving behavior is modeled by a novel five-stage speeding model (two acceleration stages, one steady stage and two deceleration stages). Car-following processes are simulated by using 1.5-s as the average headway (1.5-s rule), which is observed in local urban networks. Vehicular mechanical restrictions (acceleration and deceleration capabilities) are appropriately reflected by a five-stage speeding model, which has the dual-regimes of acceleration and deceleration. A fine grid (the length of each cell corresponds to 1 m) is used. Our simulation results demonstrate that the introduction of the dual-regimes of acceleration and deceleration, 1.5-s rule and fine grid matches actual driver behavior well on urban straight roads.

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Zhang, Wei, and Feng Chen. "Impacts of Grading Rule on Urban Thermal Landscape Pattern Research." Sustainability 10, no. 7 (July 18, 2018): 2514. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10072514.

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The thermodynamic landscape method is becoming a more popular approach for urban heat island research with the development of remote sensing technology. However, a limited amount of research discusses the theoretical and methodological issues of this method. This paper analyzed the reliability and stability of the results of thermal landscape pattern analysis with six different grading rules through surface temperature retrieval, landscape pattern analysis, and Geographic Information System (GIS) spatial analysis. The results demonstrate the following points. (1) The six grading methods can be categorized into two types: pixel number methods and temperature range methods. The grading results of the two kinds of methods lack comparability, whereas the grading results within one kind of method have high comparability. The temperature range methods have good consistency. The average value of the consistency indices (Si) of thermal landscape levels reaches up to 81.55%. The anomaly temperature method and standard deviation method are recommended for future research. (2) The grading rule significantly affects the stability of landscape indices, and its average variation coefficient reaches up to 22.36%. The authors suggest the use of landscape indices that have strong stability, such as shape index and landscape division index, in future research. (3) The results of the sensitivity analysis show that the change of the temperature range of thermal landscape levels affects landscape indices slightly, whereas the effect of the change of the level number of thermal landscapes on landscape indices is intense. The authors suggest categorizing the thermal landscape into six levels in future research in order to enhance the consistency and comparability among case studies.

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Welch, Terrence S. "Containing Urban Sprawl: Is Reinvigoration of Home Rule the Answer?" Vermont Journal of Environmental Law 9, no. 2 (2008): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/vermjenvilaw.9.2.131.

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KITADA, Koji. "The Changing Urban System in Taiwan under Japanese Colonial Rule." Japanese Journal of Human Geography 56, no. 3 (2004): 223–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4200/jjhg1948.56.223.

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Amsel, Tuvya T. "An Urban Legend Called: “The 7/38/55 Ratio Rule”." European Polygraph 13, no. 2 (June 1, 2019): 95–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ep-2019-0007.

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Yip, Ngai Ming, Ronggui Huang, and Xiaoyi Sun. "Homeowners' activism and the rule of law in urban China." China Journal of Social Work 7, no. 2 (May 4, 2014): 175–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17525098.2014.921212.

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Ma, Wu Bin, Su Deng, and Hong Bin Huang. "A Evaluation Model for Valid Prediction of Cabs’ Number Change from Urban Cabs Trajectories." Applied Mechanics and Materials 596 (July 2014): 259–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.596.259.

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the large scale urban cabs trajectories are used for prediction of cabs number change in some applications such as knowledge discovery and abnormal traffic alarm. The traditional methods calculate for many invalid spaces consume much time on invalid calculation. After observing many datasets with the great number of cabs trajectories points, we find a rule that theperiodicityandstabilizationof cabs group number change will be clearer as the number of cabs trajectories points increasing in some space, and the prediction accurate of cabs number change is also have relationship with the periodicity and stabilization. To validate this rule, we first model the periodicity and stabilization of cabs group number change. And a function is found to well fit the model value as the change of cabs group number, proving the rule we have found. Finally, we show that how this rule can be used to decrease the calculation time of valid traffic prediction. Experiment shows that the rule we discovered exists in Beijing and San Francisco datasets and the rule can conveniently and efficiently used to valid traffic prediction.

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Mahmoud, Ammar Shaker, Mustafa Ridha Mezaal, Mustafa Raad Hameed, and Ahmed Samir Naje. "A Framework for Improving Urban Land Cover Using Object and Pixel-Based Techniques via Remotely Sensed Data." Nature Environment and Pollution Technology 21, no. 5(Suppl) (December 29, 2022): 2189–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.46488/nept.2022.v21i05.013.

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Recently, the advancement of remote sensing technology played a key role in urban land/cover mapping, planning, tourism, and environmental management. Images with a high spatial resolution for urban classification are widely used. Despite the high spectral resolution of the image, spectral confusion happens among different land covers. Furthermore, the shadow problem also causes poor results in the classification based on traditional per-pixel spectral approaches. This study looks at ways of improving the classification of urban land cover using QuickBird images. Maximum likelihood (ML) pixel-based supervised as well as Rule-based object-based approaches were examined on high-resolution QuickBird satellite images in Karbala City, Iraq. This study indicates that the use of textural attributes during the rule-based classification procedure can significantly improve land-use classification performance. Furthermore, the results show that rule-based results are highly effective in improving classification accuracy than pixel-based. The results of this study provide further clarity and insight into the implementation of using the object-based approach with various classifiers for the extended study. In addition, the finding demonstrated the integration of high-resolution QuickBird data and a set of attributes derived from the visible bands and geometric rule set resulted in superior class separability, thus higher classification accuracies in mapping complex urban environments.

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Kusiak, Joanna. "Rule of Law and Rules‐Lawyering: Legal Corruption and ‘Reprivatization Business’ in Warsaw." International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 43, no. 3 (January 29, 2019): 589–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-2427.12702.

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Lawal, Olakunle A. "Islam and Colonial Rule in Lagos." American Journal of Islam and Society 12, no. 1 (April 1, 1995): 66–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v12i1.2405.

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IntroductionThis essay provides an explanation of the dynamics of the interactionbetween Islam and politics by placing emphasis on the role played byMuslims in the collision of traditionalism and British rule as colonialismtook root in Lagos. The focus is on the development of a political schismwithin the nascent Muslim community of metropolitan Lagos at the startof the twentieth century up until the end of the 1940s. It highlights therole of Islam in an emerging urban settlement experiencing rapid transformationfrom a purely rural and traditional center into a colonial urbancenter. The essay is located within the broader issues of urban change andtransition in twentieth-century tropical Africa. Three major developments(viz: the central mosque crisis, the Eleko affair, and the Oluwa land case)are used as the vehicles through which the objectives of the essay areachieved.The introduction of Islam into Lagos has been studied by T. G. O.Gbadamosi as part of the history of Islam in southwestern Nigeria. Thisepic study does not pay specific attention to Lagos, devoted as it is to thegrowth of Islam in a far-flung territory like the whole of modem southwesternNigeria. His contribution to a collection of essays on the historyof Lagos curiously leaves out Islam’s phenomenal impact on Lagosianpolitics during the first half of the twentieth century. In an attempt to fillthis gap, Hakeem Danmole’s essay also stops short of appreciating the fundamentallink between the process of urbanization, symbolized in this caseby colonial rule, and the vanguard role played by Muslims in the inevitableclash of tradition and colonial rule in Lagos between 1900 and 1950.

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Ranpise, Ramesh B., and B. N. Tandel. "Assessment and Appraisal of Morning Peak Time Urban Road Traffic Noise at Selected Locations of Major Arterial Roads of Surat City, India." Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution 19, no. 1 (January 19, 2022): 81–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/ajw220012.

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Urban traffic noise is emerging as a crucial problem in the 21st century. Variation in the level of noise from urban traffic causes several health-related issues. This study demonstrates the noise assessment and appraisal of morning peak time urban road traffic noise at selected locations of major arterial roads of Surat city. The noise is compared against the norms and standards given by the noise pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000. MoEF&CC has published the Ambient Air Quality Standards in respect of noise under Rule 3(1) and Rule 4(1) as per Schedule in the annexe. In this research work, noise levels were measured at four different locations from Athwa line chowk to Dumas Road of Surat city. Traffic count has been done by calculating the numbers of two wheelers, three-wheelers, four-wheelers, and heavy vehicles (bus & truck). The A-weighted sound level was 78.9 dB(A) near the urban road, which exceeds the standard value recommended by CPCB. The maximum equivalent noise level was 114.9dB at Sushrut hospital, while the minimum was 46.1 dB at Keval chowk. Finally, the study indicates an increment in noise levels with an increment in the count of vehicles. The factors causing the increased noise levels are traffic flow, horn honking, lane indiscipline, heterogeneous traffic condition, morning rush, etc.

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Garrard, John. "Urban Elites, 1850–1914: The Rule and Decline of a New Squirearchy?" Albion 27, no. 4 (1995): 583–621. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4052533.

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In recent decades, several historians, including myself, have argued that many nineteenth-century British urban elites were akin to a sort of new squirearchy. The intention of this article is to explore how far this idea enables us to better understand the role, power, and style of urban leadership, and the political, social, and economic context in which it existed. Given that the termination point is 1914, it also examines how much the notion has to say about political change in the rapidly expanding urban context after around 1850. The notion of a “new squirearchy” implies two things about nineteenth-century local leadership and the nature of its power: first, that urban elites aped and importantly resembled their rural “old” squirearchical counterparts in both substance and style; second, in so doing, such elites were calling up (whether intentionally or not) rural patterns of behavior to try to resolve problems of order, authority, legitimacy, and power in a situation where they did not naturally have easy and economical access to the means of producing any of these things. With this in mind, and after some preliminary clarification of terminology, the article will divide into three broad sections. In the first, it explores the utility of the squirearchical model to understanding the character and power of urban elites in the period up to around 1880 when local leadership in many industrial towns seemed most generously endowed with attributes to which the model might apply. The not very astonishing conclusion will be that the model is helpful in some ways, less so in others, all of which stem from the urban and industrial context in which leaders were operating. The second section will focus on the years up to around 1918 when “men (and women) of property and station” were withdrawing from active participation in the urban and industrial scene. Here, the argument will be that, at least in those northern towns under particular scrutiny, elements of the “new squirearchical” style proved remarkably resilient in spite of the withdrawal of many of those who practiced it—and may well have much to say about how the transition from one sort of leadership to another was managed, or at least took place. The final section will be concerned with the consequences of withdrawal for the power of urban leaders who remained. It will suggest that, just as property and station was no more than a partial predictor of power in the period when it was most abundantly in evidence, so its decline after 1880 was only one among many factors explaining what happened to the ability of local leaders to achieve intended effects. In fact, for various reasons, again heavily connected with the urban context in which leadership was exercised, the power at least of local political leaders in important respects increased.

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Jing, Changfeng, Jianjun Yu, Peipei Dai, Haiyang Wei, and Mingyi Du. "Rule-based rain gauge network design in urban areas aided by spatial kernel density." Water Practice and Technology 11, no. 1 (March 1, 2016): 166–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2016.021.

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An algorithm of rule-based rain gauge network design in urban areas was proposed in this study. We summarized three general criteria to select the sites of rain gauges, including: (i) installment in open space; (ii) priority consideration of important regions and even distribution; and (iii) keep strong signal and avoid weak interference. Aided by spatial kernel density, the candidate locations were determined through clustering the residential buildings at first. Secondly, the overlay and buffer spatial analyses were carried out to optimize the candidate sites to avoid signal interference. Finally, the quality of site location was evaluated by cross-validation in using observed historical rainfall and ranked by mean square error for final consideration. A study case in Xicheng district, Beijing, China was selected to demonstrate the proposed method. The result showed that it could be well applied in urban areas with the capability of considering complex urban features through defining rules. It thus could provide scientific evidence for decision making in rain gauge site selection.

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Keller, K. A. "Political Surveillance and Colonial Urban Rule: "Suspicious" Politics and Urban Space in Dakar, Senegal, 1918-1939." French Historical Studies 35, no. 4 (September 19, 2012): 727–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00161071-1627099.

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Pisano, Carlo, Giuseppe De Luca, and Ahmadreza Shirvani Dastgerdi. "Smart Techniques in Urban Planning: An Insight to Ruled-Based Design." Sustainability 12, no. 1 (December 22, 2019): 114. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12010114.

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In the last decades, the ideology of managing the city form and performance through pre-determined plans has gradually lost its validity. Some contemporary urban planning theories suggest the application of smart design techniques for managing urban complexity. However, the proposed approach has partially been experienced in practice, and more research on how to integrate them into urban planning is needed. This study aims to present an insight into the rule-based design as a smart design technique for a shift from pre-determined urban plans to design rules. The methodology is based on a comparative analysis between the experiments of some cases in the north of Europe. Research findings highlight that the capacity to deliver variety with harmony, the distinction between the roles of code writer and building designer, the potential to support the implementation process and to prescribe specific qualities, both for the spatial and organizational purposes, are significant factors for the integration of smart design techniques to urban planning.

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McDermott, John. "Çelik, Zeynep. Urban Forms and Colonial Confrontations: Algiers under French Rule." Urban History Review 26, no. 1 (October 1997): 59–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1016673ar.

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BURTON, ANDREW. "‘Brothers by day’: colonial policing in Dar es Salaam under British rule, 1919–61." Urban History 30, no. 1 (May 2003): 63–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963926803001044.

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The creation of a colonial police force in Tanganyika after the First World War and its elaboration over the next four decades is described, as are its role in the attempted assertion of urban order and its relations with the Dar es Salaam public. The force was a central component in the colonial state's efforts to assert control over the urban arena. Lacking both resources and legitimacy it was only partially effective in this regard, with intermittent enforcement of colonial legislation being the norm. More concerted efforts to supervise the urban African population at a time of rapid urban growth in the post-Second World War period led to a deterioration in – already poor – police-public relations, which served further to undermine colonial authority.

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Jung, Goeun, and Youngho Kim. "Modeling of Spatio-temporal changes of Urban Sprawl in Jeju-island: Using CA (Cellular Automata) and ARD (Automatic Rule Detection)." Journal of the Association of Korean Geographers 10, no. 1 (April 30, 2021): 139–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.25202/jakg.10.1.9.

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Mathee, Angela, Ansunel De la Rey, Andre Swart, Sophie Plagerson, and Nisha Naicker. "'Urban insight’: is eye care neglect the exception or the rule?" South African Medical Journal 104, no. 6 (March 26, 2014): 407. http://dx.doi.org/10.7196/samj.8100.

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Wenwen, Zhou. "Building an Urban Smart Community System Based on Association Rule Algorithms." Security and Communication Networks 2022 (July 19, 2022): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/8773259.

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Intelligent system development is an integral component of smart community development and has a significant impact on the development of smart communities. Some cities continue to implement personalized smart community services, resulting in the formation of smart city communities with unique characteristics. Urban smart communities are based on the principle of owner-occupant convenience, integrating a wealth of community information and making it more relevant to each and every resident through intelligent management. Increasing information transmission rates have enhanced the ability of smart community systems to integrate information, but the smart community recommendation method is still based on traditional categorized recommendations. This paper addresses the deficiency of recommended information in smart urban communities. By analyzing user interaction and operation data, we can determine the interest and recognition of browsing attractions among users. Compared to conventional classification recommendations, weighted association rules can identify potentially very important rules applicable to small groups, thereby meeting the needs of various groups and enabling personalized services. Through continuous feedback from user behavior data, the system gradually identifies the community information that users are interested in during the specific recommendation process. After testing, the smart community system’s recommendation accuracy and real-time performance have vastly improved in comparison to categorical recommendations, and it can effectively meet the needs of tenants for community recommendations.

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Gao, Hui, Lutong Yang, Anyue Zhang, and Mingxin Sheng. "Analysis of Urban Electric Vehicle Trip Rule Statistics and Ownership Prediction." Symmetry 13, no. 11 (October 31, 2021): 2052. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym13112052.

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In order to play the important role of electric vehicles to promote the realization of the 3060 double carbon target, electric vehicles have seen explosive growth. However, due to the tight symmetry between the number and distribution of electric vehicles and their corresponding charging facilities, the layout of charging facilities has higher requirements. This paper collects travel data in the form of a traffic travel questionnaire for electric vehicle users. Based on the vehicle parking demand model of the queuing theory and Monte Carlo simulation, the paper gives the number of stopping vehicles and the time of vehicles stopping in different places such as residential areas, workplaces, supermarket parking and roadside. In addition, based on the Bass prediction model, the main parameters are modeled in the model, and the price correction coefficient is introduced. The improved Bass model is used to predict the growth trend of electric vehicles in different regions in different years and in different incentive sites. By predicting the ownership of urban electric vehicles and accurately grasping the distribution and operation of electric vehicles, this paper can provide guidance and suggestions for the planning and construction of charging facilities in different regions, effectively reduce the investment cost of charging facilities and guide local governments to formulate reasonable planning schemes.

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Redo, Sławomir. "Criminological reflections on the Golden Rule and urban stewardship for safety." Eastern European Journal of Transnational Relations 2, no. 1 (2018): 53–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.15290/eejtr.2018.02.01.04.

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Braslau, David. "Can a statewide noise rule cover both urban and rural areas?" Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 130, no. 4 (October 2011): 2366. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.3654480.

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Kim, Hyongyol. "Qingdao under Japanese Colonial Rule and Development of its Urban Economy." Korean Journal of Urban History 2 (December 31, 2009): 53–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.22345/kjuh.2009.12.2.53.

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Gimaletdinova, A. R., and K. Y. Degtiarev. "Type-2 Fuzzy Rule-Based Model of Urban Metro Positioning Service." Proceedings of the Institute for System Programming of the RAS 29, no. 4 (2017): 87–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.15514/ispras-2017-29(4)-6.

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Roque, P. J., B. Oliver, L. Anderson, M. Mulrow, J. S. Stapczynski, and F. LoVecchio. "334 Blood Culture Clinical Prediction Rule in an Urban Emergency Department." Annals of Emergency Medicine 58, no. 4 (October 2011): S290. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.annemergmed.2011.06.365.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Urban rule'

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