Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Urban rule'
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1
BARALE, MICHELE FRANCESCO. "Servitù di forma. Proprietà e regole urbane del costruire in una prospettiva comparata." Doctoral thesis, Politecnico di Torino, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11583/2744155.
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Prasad, Vishnu M. C. P. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "Rule by exception : development, displacement and dissent In greater Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/111423.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis: M.C.P., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Urban Studies and Planning, 2017.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 91-97).
My thesis looks at the relationship between development, displacement, and dissent in Greater Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Barring a brief four year period, independent Malaysia has continuously operated under a near-permanent state of constitutionally imposed emergencies. I look at the operation of one of the emergency regulations, the Essential Clearance of Squatters Regulations (ESCR, promulgated initially in 1969 and used until 2013) for the purposes of displacement and urban planning. Relying on archival research, interviews, and an in-depth case study, I seek to characterize the nature of urban development, particularly the operation of the law, in Kuala Lumpur. I make three broad arguments: 1. The use of squatter regulations for the purposes of urban planning started with the colonial emergency of 1948, when urbanization and development were used as primary elements of a military strategy to combat the Communist emergency. 2. Post-independence, however, the Malaysian state has increasingly used laws meant initially for counter-insurgency operations for the purposes of development. I argue that the urban planning in Kuala Lumpur must be seen as a form of urban law-fare (the use of techniques of war for political or economic ends; Comaroff, 2001) and that the creation of a "state of exception" (Agamben 2005), through the declaration of emergencies, has enabled the use of military ends as a normal technique of government. 3. Lastly, I look at the case of Kampung Berembang, perhaps the only successful case of resistance against the use of ESCR. I argue that the residents' re-positioning of themselves as peneroka bandar or urban pioneers (as opposed to squatters), using claims originating in Malay Customary law, were critical to reclaiming their rights as citizens.
by Vishnu Prasad.
M.C.P.
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Sudermann, Yannick Tobias. "Gentrification and urban heritage under authoritarian rule : the case of pre-war Damascus, Syria." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/17950.
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This thesis examines gentrification in the historic centre of the Syrian capital Damascus prior to the civil war beginning in spring 2011 and to what extent the authoritarian regime facilitated and benefited from gentrification and urban heritage as means of regime maintenance. In so doing it critically engages with and brings into dialogue bodies of literature that, on first sight, have not much in common: first, gentrification, the production of urban space for the better-off, a process which can now be observed globally; second, urban heritage (i.e. its use for economic, political or identity-related purposes); and third, authoritarian resilience, with a focus on the Middle East, a region where authoritarian regimes remained resilient to internal and external pressures for economic and political liberalization. The thesis identifies the advance of neoliberalism and alterations in Syria’s elite composition as the contexts in which the literatures as well as the processes under scrutiny overlap. Qualitative interviews with private and official stakeholders in gentrification and heritage preservation in Old Damascus form the empirical foundation of this study, complemented by the analysis of newspaper articles, internet sources and works of fiction. Until 2011, gentrification emerged mainly in the form of commercialized historic property, a trend mainly driven by members of the upper and upper-middle classes, who were both producers and consumers of a gentrified Old Damascus. Beside the sheer interest in capital accumulation, stakeholders “used” the old city as a source of identity and an element of a Damascene heritage discourse. In addition to upper-class Damascenes’ economic and identity-related interests this thesis argues that authoritarian resilience, and thus the interests of the authoritarian state, developed into an additional aspect of gentrification and heritage promotion in Old Damascus, as the regime benefited from and facilitated both processes. Providing affluent parts of the population with a commodified landscape of consumption enabled the regime to domestically gain the support of consumers and those co-opted by privileged access to lucrative business opportunities in the old city (i.e. regime cronies and loyal entrepreneurs). Additionally, the promotion of a gentrified Old Damascus and its heritage as a tourist attraction functioned as an opportunity to upgrade the country’s negative image abroad. In conclusion, approaching authoritarian resilience through the analytical lenses of gentrification and heritage contributes to a broader understanding of urban transformations in authoritarian states. However, in the face of coercion through urban warfare, destruction and ethnic cleansing, it is unclear to what extent gentrification and heritage are still of importance for regime maintenance in Syria’s cities.
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Salvino, Robert Francis. "Home rule, selectivity, and overlapping jurisdictions effects on state and local government size /." unrestricted, 2007. http://etd.gsu.edu/theses/available/etd-11282007-112153/.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Georgia State University, 2007.Title from file title page. Geoffrey K. Turnbull, committee chair; Christine H. Roch, Douglas J. Krupka, James R. Alm, committee members. Electronic text (182 p. : ill.) : digital, PDF file. Description based on contents viewed June 24, 2008. Includes bibliographical references (p. 177-181).
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Lee, Hyang A. "Public cemeteries and the production of urban space in colonial Seoul, 1910-1945." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2019. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/286068.
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This thesis traces the production process of colonial urban space in Seoul. In particular, the research analyses how the space of the dead (the gravesite) was transformed into a space of urban settlers during the colonial period. The Government General Korea introduced the burial rule in 1912, the first modern law of its kind, to control (the space of) the dead within the realm of the state. At the core of the 1912 burial rule was the prohibition of long-standing interment customs - such as feng-shui-based private gravesites - and the installation of public cemeteries as the only place for interment. The rule also introduced cremation into Korean society, a practice that had long been taboo. The gravesite had embodied significant meaning and served important functions within Korean society in the past, but the burial rule changed the whole relationship between the living and the gravesite. Indeed, as this thesis shows, the burial rule was one of the governing strategies deployed in shaping and transforming Koreans' institutions, physical space, and consciousness. To capture the inter-relational mechanisms between the transformation of the gravesite and the wider urban development of the colonial capital Seoul, the thesis uses a unique theoretical and analytical framework, which the author calls 'institutional political economy.' Through this framework and echoing Lefebvre's spatial triad of the production of space, this thesis argues that urban space is produced through the dialectical relations of the institutions, material space, and experience/consciousness. The gravesite, especially in Seoul, underwent a major transformation during the colonial period, which consequently had a substantial impact on Koreans' attitudes towards and notions of death and the gravesite. The thesis demonstrates how these changing attitudes corresponded and interacted with the capitalist urbanisation of Seoul, which would ultimately produce a new urban landscape and urban consciousness and subjectivity within modern Seoul.
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Blanton, Natalie J. "Do mice in Columbus, compared to the surrounding areas, follow Bergmann’s rule?" Ohio Dominican University Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=oduhonors1620136351640848.
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Liu, Sung-Ta. "Representing national identity within urban landscapes : Chinese settler rule, shifting Taiwanese identity, and post-settler Taipei City." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2009. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/442/.
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Academic literature has examined how the transformation of a nation’s state power can give rise to shifts in national identity, and how such shifting identity can be represented in the form of the nation’s changing urban landscape. This thesis investigates that topic in the case of Taiwan, a de facto independent country with almost one hundred years’ experience of ‘colonial’ and then ‘settler’ rule. Both colonial rule and settler rule constitute an outside regime. However, the settler rulers in Taiwan regarded the settled land as their homeland. To secure their supremacy, the settler rulers had to strongly control the political, cultural, and economic interests of the ‘native’ population. Democratisation can be a key factor undermining settler rule. Such a political transition can enable the home population to reclaim state power, symbolising that the nation has entered the post-settler era. This thesis explores how the transition from Japanese colonial rule to Chinese settler rule and then to democratisation gave rise to changes in Taiwanese national identity, and to its reflection in the urban landscape of the capital city, Taipei. The thesis reveals the irony of a transition in which the collapse of settler rule has been unable to drive significant further change in the city’s urban landscape. In other words, the urban landscape of post-settler Taipei City is ‘stuck in transition’. The condition reflects the ambivalence in Taiwanese national identity caused by the unforgettable, yet not really glorious memory of settler rule.
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Looney, Michael T. (Michael Thomas) 1976. "Knowing no boundaries : stemming the tide of urban sprawl in several southern Connecticut towns and the lessons for other strong home rule areas." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/68388.
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Thesis (M.C.P.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 2002.Includes bibliographical references (p. 168-173).
Land use regulations and development patterns of several southern Connecticut towns and cities were studied in order to determine how the individual municipal land use controls in each town have contributed to urban sprawl in Southern Connecticut. Additionally, the historical foundations for the absence of strong regional governmental entities in southern Connecticut were studied to provide a baseline for developing potential regional solutions to suburban sprawl in Connecticut. Drawing upon analysis of land use regulations, regional governmental structure, existing sprawl typologies and professional and academic literature, remedies for preventing the proliferation of suburban sprawl in Connecticut through municipal action, framed within a multiple-town urban design corridor and a regional compact construct, were proposed and discussed. The potential applicability of these remedies to other areas of the United States where there are many independent municipalities concentrated in a relatively small area, each making land use decisions without a regional framework, was investigated.
by Michael T. Looney.
M.C.P.
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Coelho, Karen. "Of engineers, rationalities, and rule: An ethnography of neoliberal reform in an urban water utility in South India." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/280681.
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This study is an ethnography of a frontline culture of neoliberalism. It examines the new rationalities through which Chennai's reforming water utility, Metrowater, defines and categorizes people at its everyday public interface. It analyzes how reforms designed to minimize the state are internalized within a state bureaucracy. The study uses the concept of translation to call attention to the distortions and displacements through which global texts of reform are localized and decoded by local actors. The disciplines of reform in Metrowater produced new boundaries and stand-offs, both within the agency and across its service interface. Internally, they constrained the autonomy of frontline engineers and established close vigilance over their activities. Notions of efficiency based on radical commensuration and quantification reduced all value to standardized, measurable indicators. This culture of audit empowered financial managers and accountants over the traditionally powerful engineering departments. The reforms thus, in the name of public accountability, staged a stand-off between two sets of elitist disciplines, those of the old developmentalist and the new commercial bureaucracy, thereby silencing all alternative options within an overarching common sense. Yet the audit culture also engendered a vision of transformation in which engineers presented themselves as actively reforming, streamlined, and meritocratic entrepreneurs. The punitive effects of the reforms were also passed across the service counter, provoking new effects of categorization: engineers displayed a sharpened hostility toward a certain "public" comprised of demanding, unruly and over-politicized masses of slum-dwellers. The ethnography interrogated the totalizing order of the urban grid, here represented by the underground network of water-pipes. It showed that this sovereign grid was punctured by bypass connections and illegal taps which revealed the contentious and compromised order of a ground-level service. The grid embodied a myth of order, produced by silences, half-truths and euphemisms. Euphemisms constituted a discursive mode through which "corrupt" practices such as bribery were folded into the morality and logic of daily practice in the depots. Water, as the classic commons, demonstrated the leakiness of abstract orders, and provided an insightful lens into neoliberal governance by challenging projects of commodification/privatization as well as bureaucratic channels of state sovereignty.
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Cavaco, Cristina Soares Ribeiro Gomes. "Formas de habitat suburbano. Tipologias e modelos na área metropolitana de Lisboa." Doctoral thesis, Faculdade de Arquitectura de Lisboa, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/3652.
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Tese de Doutoramento em ArquitecturaO carácter atípico dos assentamentos suburbanos e o modo como eles têm vindo a dispersares no território de forma descontínua e fragmentária, tem levado frequentemente a considerá-los territórios de desordem - sem ordem nem estrutura, sem regra nem modelo; por isso, dificilmente legíveis e compreensíveis. Contudo, uma abordagem atenta e informada, com base em levantamentos de campo e análises rigorosas de processos administrativos, permite confirmar a hipótese de que os tecidos suburbanos não são as realidades caóticas ou irracionais que uma experiência aberta identifica. Elegendo, como objecto científico de investigação, a forma urbana associada aos novos padrões de ocupação residencial, resultantes das dinâmicas recentes de urbanização, o presente trabalho explora o argumento de que regra e modelo, enquanto figuras base do processamento do espaço edificado, constituem uma ferramenta (morfológica) importante no reconhecimento da legibilidade e inteligibilidade da forma e estrutura urbanas contemporâneas; contributo fundamental quando está em causa a relação entre dinâmicas morfológicas e políticas públicas. Enquanto a Área Metropolitana de Lisboa acolhe a investigação empírica e enquadra os casos de estudo (limitados aqui aos concelhos de Almada e Odivelas), traça-se uma tipologia exploratória para as formas suburbanas na AML, introduzindo a sistematização e a reflexão espacial que faziam falta à interpretação e leitura destes territórios. Ao esboçar uma narrativa renovada da suburbanização, esta tese tem por objectivo contribuir para uma nova condição de legibilidade e inteligibilidade da forma e espaço urbano contemporâneos.
ABSTRACT: The atypical character of suburban settlements and the way they are sprawled all over the territory in a fragmentary and discontinuous manner, have led us to often consider them as territories of disorder – without order neither structure, without rules neither models; hence, hardly readable and understandable. However, a thorough and informed approach, on the basis of an in situ data collection and a rigorous analysis of administrative processes, allows us to confirm the hypothesis that suburban tissues are not the chaotic or the irrational realities a first open experience may perceived. Considering urban form - associated with the new residential patterns resultant from emergent urbanization dynamics - the scientific object for the research, the following argument is explored: the rule and the model, in the sense that they are two primary proceeding figures of the conception and the production of the building space, can constitute an important tool and a preliminary basis to recognize both the legibility and the intelligibility of contemporary urban form and structure; a fundamental contribute, indeed, when the debate is about the relationship between morphological dynamics and public policies. While the Metropolitan Area of Lisbon receives the empirical research and frames the case studies (limited here to the municipalities of Almada and Odivelas), an exploratory typology of suburban forms in the AML is set up, introducing the spatial reflection and the systematization that were in absence in the interpretation and reading of these territories. Upon drawing up a restorative narrative of suburbanization, this PHD thesis aims at contributing to a new condition of legibility and intelligibility of the contemporary urban space and form.
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Sahin, Yavuz. "A Programming Framework To Implement Rule-based Target Detection In Images." Master's thesis, METU, 2008. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12610213/index.pdf.
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An expert system is useful when conventional programming techniques fall short of capturing human expert knowledge and making decisions using this information. In this study, we describe a framework for capturing expert knowledge under a decision tree form and this framework can be used for making decisions based on captured knowledge. The framework proposed in this study is generic and can be used to create domain specific expert systems for different problems. Features are created or processed by the nodes of decision tree and a final conclusion is reached for each feature. Framework supplies 3 types of nodes to construct a decision tree. First type is the decision node, which guides the search path with its answers. Second type is the operator node, which creates new features using the inputs. Last type of node is the end node, which corresponds to a conclusion about a feature. Once the nodes of the tree are developed, then user can interactively create the decision tree and run the supplied inference engine to collect the result on a specific problem. The framework proposed is experimented with two case studies"
Airport Runway Detection in High Resolution Satellite Images"
and "
Urban Area Detection in High Resolution Satellite Images"
. In these studies linear features are used for structural decisions and Scale Invariant Feature Transform (SIFT) features are used for testing existence of man made structures.
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Holland, Vincent D. "REFORM WHERE IS THY VICTORY?:A STUDY OF THE REFORM EFFORTS IN SUMMIT, ALLEGHENY AND CUYAHOGA COUNTIES." Cleveland State University / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=csu1404120934.
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Niu, Xin. "Multitemporal Spaceborne Polarimetric SAR Data for Urban Land Cover Mapping." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Geodesi och geoinformatik, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-104762.
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Urban land cover mapping represents one of the most important remote sensing applications in the context of rapid global urbanization. In recent years, high resolution spaceborne Polarimetric Synthetic Aperture Radar (PolSAR) has been increasingly used for urban land cover/land-use mapping, since more information could be obtained in multiple polarizations and the collection of such data is less influenced by solar illumination and weather conditions. The overall objective of this research is to develop effective methods to extract accurate and detailed urban land cover information from spaceborne PolSAR data. Six RADARSAT-2 fine-beam polarimetric SAR and three RADARSAT-2 ultra-fine beam SAR images were used. These data were acquired from June to September 2008 over the north urban-rural fringe of the Greater Toronto Area, Canada. The major landuse/land-cover classes in this area include high-density residential areas, low-density residential areas, industrial and commercial areas, construction sites, roads, streets, parks, golf courses, forests, pasture, water and two types of agricultural crops. In this research, various polarimetric SAR parameters were evaluated for urban land cover mapping. They include the parameters from Pauli, Freeman and Cloude-Pottier decompositions, coherency matrix, intensities of each polarization and their logarithms. Both object-based and pixel-based classification approaches were investigated. Through an object-based Support Vector Machine (SVM) and a rule-based approach, efficiencies of various PolSAR features and the multitemporal data combinations were evaluated. For the pixel-based approach, a contextual Stochastic Expectation-Maximization (SEM) algorithm was proposed. With an adaptive Markov Random Field (MRF) and a modified Multiscale Pappas Adaptive Clustering (MPAC), contextual information was explored to improve the mapping results. To take full advantages of alternative PolSAR distribution models, a rule-based model selection approach was put forward in comparison with a dictionary-based approach. Moreover, the capability of multitemporal fine-beam PolSAR data was compared with multitemporal ultra-fine beam C-HH SAR data. Texture analysis and a rule-based approach which explores the object features and the spatial relationships were applied for further improvement. Using the proposed approaches, detailed urban land-cover classes and finer urban structures could be mapped with high accuracy in contrast to most of the previous studies which have only focused on the extraction of urban extent or the mapping of very few urban classes. It is also one of the first comparisons of various PolSAR parameters for detailed urban mapping using an object-based approach. Unlike other multitemporal studies, the significance of complementary information from both ascending and descending SAR data and the temporal relationships in the data were the focus in the multitemporal analysis. Further, the proposed novel contextual analyses could effectively improve the pixel-based classification accuracy and present homogenous results with preserved shape details avoiding over-averaging. The proposed contextual SEM algorithm, which is one of the first to combine the adaptive MRF and the modified MPAC, was able to mitigate the degenerative problem in the traditional EM algorithms with fast convergence speed when dealing with many classes. This contextual SEM outperformed the contextual SVM in certain situations with regard to both accuracy and computation time. By using such a contextual algorithm, the common PolSAR data distribution models namely Wishart, G0p, Kp and KummerU were compared for detailed urban mapping in terms of both mapping accuracy and time efficiency. In the comparisons, G0p, Kp and KummerU demonstrated better performances with higher overall accuracies than Wishart. Nevertheless, the advantages of Wishart and the other models could also be effectively integrated by the proposed rule-based adaptive model selection, while limited improvement could be observed by the dictionary-based selection, which has been applied in previous studies. The use of polarimetric SAR data for identifying various urban classes was then compared with the ultra-fine-beam C-HH SAR data. The grey level co-occurrence matrix textures generated from the ultra-fine-beam C-HH SAR data were found to be more efficient than the corresponding PolSAR textures for identifying urban areas from rural areas. An object-based and pixel-based fusion approach that uses ultra-fine-beam C-HH SAR texture data with PolSAR data was developed. In contrast to many other fusion approaches that have explored pixel-based classification results to improve object-based classifications, the proposed rule-based fusion approach using the object features and contextual information was able to extract several low backscatter classes such as roads, streets and parks with reasonable accuracy.QC 20121112
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Piroozfar, Reza [Verfasser], and Klaus [Akademischer Betreuer] Zillich. "Fuzzy Logic: a Rule-Based Approach, in Search of a Justified Decision-Making Process in Urban Planning / Reza Piroozfar. Betreuer: Klaus Zillich." Berlin : Universitätsbibliothek der Technischen Universität Berlin, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1021219665/34.
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Liu, Xintao. "The Principle of Scaling of Geographic Space and its Application in Urban Studies." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Geodesi och geoinformatik, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-90832.
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Geographic space is the large-scale and continuous space that encircles the earth and in which human activities occur. The study of geographic space has drawn attention in many different fields and has been applied in a variety of studies, including those on cognition, urban planning and navigation systems. A scaling property indicates that small objects are far more numerous than large ones, i.e., the size of objects is extremely diverse. The concept of scaling resembles a fractal in geometric terms and a power law distribution from the perspective of statistical physics, but it is different from both in terms of application. Combining the concepts of geographic space and scaling, this thesis proposes the concept of the scaling of geographic space, which refers to the phenomenon that small geographic objects or representations are far more numerous than large ones. From the perspectives of statistics and mathematics, the scaling of geographic space can be characterized by the fact that the sizes of geographic objects follow heavy-tailed distributions, i.e., the special non-linear relationships between variables and their probability. In this thesis, the heavy-tailed distributions refer to the power law, lognormal, exponential, power law with an exponential cutoff and stretched exponential. The first three are the basic distributions, and the last two are their degenerate versions. If the measurements of the geographic objects follow a heavy-tailed distribution, then their mean value can divide them into two groups: large ones (a low percentage) whose values lie above the mean value and small ones (a high percentage) whose values lie below. This regularity is termed as the head/tail division rule. That is, a two-tier hierarchical structure can be obtained naturally. The scaling property of geographic space and the head/tail division rule are verified at city and country levels from the perspectives of axial lines and blocks, respectively. In the study of geographic space, the most important concept is geographic representation, which represents or partitions a large-scale geographic space into numerous small pieces, e.g., vector and raster data in conventional spatial analysis. In a different context, each geographic representation possesses different geographic implications and a rich partial knowledge of space. The emergence of geographic information science (GIScience) and volunteered geographic information (VGI) greatly enable the generation of new types of geographic representations. In addition to the old axial lines, this thesis generated several types of representations of geographic space: (a) blocks that were decomposed from road segments, each of which forms a minimum cycle such as city and field blocks (b) natural streets that were generated from street center lines using the Gestalt principle of good continuity; (c) new axial lines that were defined as the least number of individual straight line segments mutually intersected along natural streets; (d) the fewest-turn map direction (route) that possesses the hierarchical structure and indicates the scaling of geographic space; (e) spatio-temporal clusters of the stop points in the trajectories of large-scale floating car data. Based on the generated geographic representations, this thesis further applies the scaling property and the head/tail division rule to these representations for urban studies. First, all of the above geographic representations demonstrate the scaling property, which indicates the scaling of geographic space. Furthermore, the head/tail division rule performs well in obtaining the hierarchical structures of geographic objects. In a sense, the scaling property reveals the hierarchical structures of geographic objects. According to the above analysis and findings, several urban studies are performed as follows: (1) generate new axial lines based on natural streets for a better understanding of urban morphologies; (2) compute the fewest-turn and shortest map direction; (3) identify urban sprawl patches based on the statistics of blocks and natural cities; (4) categorize spatio-temporal clusters of long stop points into hotspots and traffic jams; and (5) perform an across-country comparison of hierarchical spatial structures. The overall contribution of this thesis is first to propose the principle of scaling of geographic space as well as the head/tail division rule, which provide a new and quantitative perspective to efficiently reduce the high degree of complexity and effectively solve the issues in urban studies. Several successful applications prove that the scaling of geographic space and the head/tail division rule are inspiring and can in fact be applied as a universal law, in particular, to urban studies and other fields. The data sets that were generated via an intensive geo-computation process are as large as hundreds of gigabytes and will be of great value to further data mining studies.QC 20120301
Hägerstrand project entitled “GIS-based mobility information for sustainable urban planning and design”
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Casaus, Kevin Ricardo 1969. "Use of GIS for natural and cultural resource management: A computerized rule-based activity planning system on San Nicolas Island, Point Mugu Naval Air Weapons Station." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/278674.
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Managing natural and cultural resources on a department of Defense (DoD) facility presents a difficult challenge. Many DoD facilities contain sensitive resources that are protected by a myriad of state and federal laws. Resource protection is complicated further since, while an important endeavor, it often is subjugated to the fulfillment of the military mission. The ability for resource managers to compare, analyze, and integrate complex resource data determines the speed and efficiency in which planning decisions are made. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) can help resource managers make informed accurate resource management decisions in an expedient manner. This project expanded a GIS database for San Nicolas Island (SNI), part of the Point Mugu Naval Air Weapons Station CA, and created prototype computer application to assist in resource management. This application, the Point Mugu Computerized Activity Planning System (PM-CAPS), assists managers in selecting locations on SNI for military activities to occur while minimizing the negative impacts on sensitive cultural and natural resources.
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Gaysunas, Megan. "The United States Financial Crisis of 2007: Where We're Headed Now." University of Toledo Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=uthonors1418594762.
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Wilhoit, Kathryn Wallin. "A Measurement of Readiness for Tennessee Hospitals to Implement “Meaningful Use” Criteria Resulting from the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act, 2009." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2012. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/1449.
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In 2009, the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act was signed into law. This legislation provided for monetary rewards for those acute-care hospitals that meet "meaningful use" computerization and reporting criteria.
The study used a descriptive, nonexperimental design to answer three research questions (1) What is the level of readiness to meet "meaningful use" criteria in the Tennessee Hospital Association (THA) member hospitals; (2) What is the level of readiness to meet "meaningful use" criteria in the rural THA member hospitals; and (3) Is there a difference in the readiness to meet "meaningful use" criteria between rural and urban THA member hospitals?.
A survey was sent to 115 THA member hospital, with a return rate of 83% (N=95). The inclusion criteria focused on acute-care hospitals, with rehabilitation, psychiatric and long-term care hospitals falling into the exclusion criteria.
The Readiness Score was determined for the total survey respondents (N=95), as well as for the rural (N=41) hospitals and urban (N=54) hospitals in the Tennessee Hospital Association member hospitals meeting the inclusion criteria. Z-scores of the readiness score were examined and indicated that there was one outlier with z>3.0. Therefore, that case was removed from the comparison in the t-test (N=94). The t-test comparison of rural and urban hospital found a significant difference at (p=.002), two tailed.
To ensure that the slightly nonnormal distribution of the readiness scores did not explain the difference found with the t-test, an additional nonparametric test was also conducted. The Mann Whitney U-test showed that even with the assumption of a normal distribution is not made, the difference in readiness between urban and rural hospitals is still statistically significant at p=0.026.
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Ogletree, Roy Duncan. "Rules to a structured urban environment." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/22369.
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Sheaffer, Anne Auburn. "Taking a Knee to "Whiteness" in Teacher Education: An Abolitionist Stance." Cleveland State University / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=csu1610484537076832.
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Srinivasan, Barani Dharan. "Why do considerable number of Swedish workplaces lack daylight? Effects of obstruction angles in achieving required daylight in Swedish workplaces." Thesis, KTH, Ljusdesign, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-280023.
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Contribution of daylight to employees in terms of health, productivity, and overall wellness in the office spaces are undeniable. Apart from the psychological and biological benefits of employees, embracing daylight in office spaces increases the energy-efficiency of the building which leads to the sustainable development of a city. However, a considerable number of employees in Sweden lack daylight in their workspaces according to a report by the Swedish Work Environment Authority [Arbetsmiljöverket (Swedish)] (Lowden, 2019). Professionals like Architects, Lighting Designers, and students of architecture and lighting design across Sweden were asked their opinions pertaining to lack of daylight in a considerable number of office spaces in Sweden based on their experience through online questionnaires/ interviews to get to know the overview of this subject. Out of all the possible reasons, window design and economy were the two macro factors according to them that influenced daylight in an office building in Sweden but often, obstruction angle in a building due to urban densification is overlooked when it comes to daylight in an office building. This thesis discusses the influence of obstruction angles with an illustrated office building in Stockholm. Diva for Rhino was the software used for the modelling and daylight simulation.
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Fargas, i. Texidó Josep Maria. "Designing rules--heuristics of invention in design." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/39036.
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Thesis (M.C.P.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 1991.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 117-120).
by Josep Maria Fargas i Texidó.
M.C.P.
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Riesman, Jean A. (Jean Ann). "Rules of the game : rezoning Boston, 1984-1989." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/69269.
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Redon, Emilie. "Modélisation de la végétation urbaine comme régulateur thermique." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOU30240/document.
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La végétation influence le climat urbain de l'échelle de la rue à l'échelle de la ville. Les arbres de rue, en particulier, constituent une technique alternative à l'atténuation de l'îlot de chaleur urbain et à l'amélioration du confort thermique. Ils modifient les bilans radiatif et énergétique en interceptant et absorbant une partie du rayonnement solaire incident, créent de l'ombre, augmentent l'humidité relative de l'air par évapotranspiration et modifient également les écoulements d'air dans le canyon urbain. Le modèle TEB est un des rares modèles de climat urbain prenant en compte la végétation. Il intègre des paramétrisations dédiées à la végétation basse dans les canyons urbains et aux toitures végétalisées, et peut représenter les interactions de petite échelle entre les surfaces minéralisées, la végétation et l'atmosphère. Dans le cadre de cette thèse, une paramétrisation a été implémentée dans TEB pour modéliser les aspects radiatifs, énergétiques et aérauliques liés à la présence d'arbres de rue dans l'espace urbain. Une canopée arborée explicite a été intégrée dans le canyon urbain au-dessus de la chaussée et des jardins. Le modèle ISBA est utilisé pour représenter les strates haute et basse de la végétation. Les calculs radiatifs du modèle TEB ont été modifiés afin de prendre en compte les effets d'ombrage et d'atténuation du rayonnement solaire et IR liés à la présence de cette canopée, et les interactions IR entre l'ensemble des éléments urbains du canyon. Une évaluation du bilan radiatif a été réalisée grâce à une comparaison avec le modèle architectural d'ensoleillement à haute résolution SOLENE, sur la base de simulations de canyons urbains idéalisés et pour différentes configurations d'arbres de rue. Les flux d'énergie calculés par ISBA selon l'approche \textit{big leaf} ont ensuite été désagrégés entre les contributions de la végétation haute et basse. Les flux des arbres ont été redistribués sur la verticale de façon à modifier le microclimat à hauteur réaliste vis-à-vis de la position de la canopée arborée. Un effet de traînée lié à la présence de la canopée arborée a été intégré dans les équations de quantité de mouvement et d'énergie cinétique turbulente résolues par la paramétrisation de couche limite de surface de TEB pour le volume d'air au sein du canyon. Une évaluation en cas réel de cette nouvelle version du modèle a été conduite sur un site expérimental, à savoir une cour semi-fermée aménagée avec des arbres et où ont été collectées différentes variables microclimatiques. Les résultats montrent des améliorations considérables quant à la modélisation des températures de surface des murs et du sol, de la température de l'air sous la canopée arborée, et de la vitesse du vent. Ces implémentations visent à simuler de façon plus réaliste différentes stratégies d'adaptation par la végétalisation et d'évaluer leurs performances sur l'atténuation de l'îlot de chaleur urbain, le confort thermique, et la consommation d'énergie des bâtimentsVegetation influences the urban climate, from road to city scale. Street trees implementation is an alternative technic to reduce the urban heat island and to improve the thermal comfort. They modify the radiative and energetic balances by intercepting and absorbing a part of the solar radiation, provide shade, increase the humidity with evapotranspiration, and alter the air flow in the urban canyons. The TEB model is one the rare urban climate models taking into account vegetation. It integrates parameterizations dedicated to low vegetation and green roofs. It can represent the small-scale interactions between mineral surfaces, vegetation and the atmosphere. During this PhD thesis, a parameterization has been developed to model the radiative, energetic and dynamical effects of street and garden trees in urban spaces. An explicit tree canopy has been integrated into the urban canyon, above gardens but also streets. The ISBA vegetation scheme has been used, and included in TEB, to represent these vegetated entities (both low and high strata). The radiative computations of the TEB model have been improved in order to represent the shading and attenuation of radiation due to trees, as well as all the infra-red interactions between the urban elements. An evaluation of the radiative budget has been done thanks to a comparison with the high- resolution architectural model SOLENE, using numerous different urban canyons with several layouts of tree canopies. Then, the energy fluxes computed by ISBA have been dis- aggregated between contributions from high and low vegetation. Fluxes allocated to the trees have been redistributed on the vertical in order to alter the microclimate at realistic height, i.e. respecting the position of the tree crown. A specific drag force of trees on the airflow is simulated. An evaluation has been done on a real experimental site in a canyon-like courtyard with trees where several microclimatic data were collected. The results show an impressive improvement of the surface temperatures of walls and ground, air temperature and wind speed. In the future, these implementations will allow to simulate more realistically several adaptation strategies using greening at city scale, and to evaluate their efficiency in terms of urban heat island mitigation, improvement of human comfort and building energy consumption
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Abaalkhail, Faisal M. Al-Mohanna. "Syllabification and metrification in Urban Hijazi Arabic : between rules and constraints." Thesis, University of Essex, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.418491.
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Santos, Jonatas Mendonça dos. "Financiamento do desenvolvimento urbano: normas, eventos e instrumentos urbanísticos na cidade de São Paulo." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8136/tde-29042013-125200/.
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Este trabalho procura destacar o desenvolvimento urbano de São Paulo, levantando as principais normas e eventos - além dos mecanismos de financiamento das infraestruturas - que condicionaram a formação da metrópole. O início da regulação urbanística do município ocorre no final do período imperial, quando são introduzidas as primeiras normas e políticas de segregação da pobreza. A partir de então a cidade se estrutura mediante arranjo institucional que relaciona norma e finança, como os institutos de aposentadorias, o sistema BNH, sem, no entanto, obedecer um planejamento específico. Somente no governo militar, em 1975, o Estado divulga a elaboração de um documento para direcionar desenvolvimento das cidades, cujo abandono poucos anos após sua publicação ampliou a precarização da cidade, aliada à crise econômica na década de 1980. A reforma normativa da Constituição de 1988 revigora o orçamento municipal e estabelece regras para as políticas urbanas, mas o avanço concomitante do neoliberalismo traz forças que entrecruzam as leis nacionais e municipais e durante toda a década de 1990 são reduzidos os investimentos públicos em desenvolvimento, habitação e urbanização. Somente em 2003, com a criação do Ministério das Cidades, a política urbana se estrutura em bases territoriais articuladas, pensando o espaço público das metrópoles a partir dos instrumentos ativos de cidadania, articulando os entes federados e a principal instituição financeira pública do país, a Caixa Econômica Federal. Para colocar em relevo tais propostas, será analisado o programa de urbanização de favelas em São Paulo, no sentido de realizar uma interpretação dessa interlocução, procurando entender em que medida os projetos de desenvolvimento urbano podem agir para recuperar os traços de cidadania perdidos nas normas, planos e projetos.This work seeks to highlight the urban development of São Paulo, emphasizing the main rules and events, in addition to infrastructure financing mechanisms that conditioned the formation of the metropolis. The joint between urban regulation and political rules starts at the end of the imperial period, when was introduced the firsts acts of segregation of poverty. Since then, the city has been structured by institutional arrangements relating rules and finance, such as embedded on the institutes of retirements and the BNH system, regardless of any specific planning whatsoever. During the military government, in 1975, the state discloses a document to guide the urban development, whose abandonment few years after its publication increased casualization of the city, coupled with the economic crises in the 1980s. The regulatory reform of the 1988 Constitution strengthens the municipal budget and establishes new rules for urban policy, but with the advance of neoliberal ideas comes forces that intersect national and local laws throughout the 1990s. On these bases, the government reduces public investment in development, housing and urbanization. Nevertheless, in 2003, through the Ministry of Cities, urban policy tends to be articulated on territorial bases, considering the public space of the metropolis from the instruments of active citizenship, articulating the federated entities and the main public financial institution in the country, the Caixa Economica Federal. It is important to highlight such proposals, using the slum upgrading program in São Paulo, in order to conduct an analysis of this dialogue, trying to understand the extent to which urban development may take action, in order to recover the lost traces of citizenship standards, plans and projects.
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Brody, Jeanne. "La Rue des Rosiers : espace urbain et identité juive." Paris, EHESS, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986EHES0093.
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En se servant des outils methodologiques du sociologue et de l'anthropologue (recits de vie, observation-participante, analyse de reseaux) ce travail pose le probleme du rapport entre l'espace urbain et l'identite juive. A partir du cas du quartier de la rue des rosiers, dans le 4eme arrondissement a paris, le chercheur etudie comment les populations qui viennent s'installer dans ce quartier inscrivent leur identite juive sur le sol meme, sur les murs, par les commerces et les metiers. Ces lieux deviennent de plus en plus charges affectivement avec le temps ; les souvenirs collectifs s'accumulent ce qui nous permet de dire que la rue des rosiers aujourd'hui est depositaire d'identite juive. De la meme facon que cette identite s'inscrit dans l'espace, cette inscription encadre et laisse son empreinte sur les acteurs sociaux qui y habitent ou y travaillent, determinant en quelque sorte les rapports entre les differents groupes juifs et non-juifs du quartier renforcant ainsi le controle social au sein de la "communaute" de la rue des rosiers. Toute cette analyse nous pousse a remettre en cause l'idee de la rue des rosiers comme ghetto. D'abord parceque derriere une coloration juive indiscutable, il y a une etonnante heterogeneite au sein des groupes juifs et de la population non-juive. Mais plus encore, a travers les reseaux divers qui constituent ce quartier nous touchons d'autres quartiers juifs a paris en banlieu et en province ainsi, que d'autres quartiers non-juifs. Nos reseaux nous amement aussi loin que new york et israel. Alors "communaute" qui, de par certains criteres bien precis mais "ghetto" en fait,non. Ce travail qui tient compte de la longue histoire de ce quartier est aussi le temoin d'un moment particulier de l'histoire de la communaute juive en france et des differentes vagues d'immigration. Il tente de saisir les traces d'un passe encore present et les signes d'un futur deja amorceCombining the use of various sociological and anthropological methods (life histories, participant-observation, network analysis), this study poses the problem of the relationship between urbain space and ethnic identity. Taking as example the neighborhood of the rue des rosiers in paris'4th arrondissement. The author studies how the various populations who have settled in the neighborhood have inscribed their jewish identity in the very stone around them, buildings, stores. And professions. In time, such a place becomes increasingly emotionally charged. Collective memories accumulate to the point that today, one can say the neighborhood of the rue des rosiers has become a depository for jewish identity. With its accompanying symbolic value for much of french jewry. This inscription of identity onto a neighborhood in turn serves as a framework, leaving its imprint on the social actors who live or work there. Influencing the interaction between the different groups. Jewish and non-jewish and thus reenforcing social control among the members of what we can call the "community" of the rue des rosiers. This study also brings into question the image of the neighborhood as a "ghetto". First of all, because in spite of its clearly jewish character, it remains remakably heterogeneous with respect to the different jewish as well as non-jewish groups of which it is composed. Furthermore, a look at the networks which function within and without the "communauty" show us to what extent the neighborhood is linked to other jewish and non-jewish neighborhood in paris, its sububbs, the provinces, even as far as new york and israel. Therefore, "communauty", yes, because of specific criteria which unite inhabitants and merchants, but "ghetto", no. This thesis tries to capture the rue des rosiers at a particular moment of its long history with regard to french jewry and the various immigrations it has known. It bears withness to a moment in which the past is still alive in the person of its oldest inhabitants and shopowners and the future has already begun to show its face in the image of the new shops and individuals who have begun to settle in the neighborhood
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Brody, Jeanne. "La Rue des Rosiers espace urbain et identité juive." Lille 3 : ANRT, 1987. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37596448m.
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Booth, Philip. "Rules, discretion and local responsibility : development control case studies in the urban community of Lyon." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 1989. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/2964/.
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The research presented in this thesis rests on the premise that the administrative and legal systems of France have a critical bearing on the way that decisions on applications for permissions to build are taken, and the nature of the decisions themselves. In the knowledge that the French system of law offered a legalistic, regulatory franiework for planning policy and policy implementation, four specific questions are posed: firstly about the relationship of plans to development control decisions; secondly about the effects of the system on applicants; thirdly about the possibilities for third parties to be involved in, and seek redress from, development control decisions and fourthly about the effects of the decentralisation of development control powers that has taken place since 1983. These questions are then located within a broader discussion of discretion, accountability and the management of uncertainty. The theoretical discussion of the first chapter paves the way for a more detailed presentation of the nature and origins of French local administration and French planning law and procedure which in turn lead to a case study of the 55 communes of the Urban Community of Lyon and eight studies of development control applications which are explored through an examination of the case file documents and interviews with participants. Two sets of conclusions are drawn from the study. The first set concerns the effects of a legalised system on the making and implementation of planning policy. The first conclusion is that the legalistic approach of the French planning system appears to create serious difficulties for finding an appropriate expression for policy. In part the problem is shown to be as much a question of ethos as of what is really possible under the law, amid some examples of practice in Lyon show how flexibility is still possible even within a legalised system. The second conclusion is that once the rules are departed from, the system offers no alternative means of testing policy in its specific application, although the use of non-statutory consultation meetings in Lyon has gone some way to meeting the problem. The third is that the pattern of zoning and regulations does not appear to help the maintenance of a planning strategy. The fourth is that a legalised system does not promote certainty for either administrators or applicants. The fifth is that a legalised system does not permit third parties to participate in the decision-making and ensures that objections are seen mainly as being about property values. The second set of conclusions has to do with the question of the power to decide and the accountability of decision-makers. The first is that the legalised system, while offering potential for agency discretion, nevertheless appears to favour officer discretion which on the evidence of the case studies is rife. While offering mayors the possibility of tactical power, it appears to reduce the accountability for decisions taken. Moreover, the control of the legality of decisions is dependent equally upon the discretion of the prefect. The second is that the pattern of crossregulation within the French system of local government has ensured the continuity of dependencies between the principal actors in the planning system. The final conclusion is that decentralisation has had relatively little effect on the balance of power. In the Lyon conurbation, COURLY would appear to be the principal beneficiary of the new powers, which would suggest that more power will be concentrated in future at the local level, but that the power will not be any more susceptible to control by the electorate.
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Dardart, Gérald. "Evolution d'un paysage urbain : la rue à Sedan (1700-1878)." Paris 4, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA040151.
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Sedan, entre 1700 et 1878, était une cite enserrée, corsetée, asphyxiée dans ses remparts. Sa population souffrait de la promiscuité : 17 habitants par maison à la veille de la Révolution, parfois davantage, lorsque la soldatesque indisciplinée était logée chez l'habitant ! Au siècle des Lumières, la ville comptait 712 maisons, pas une de plus, pour accueillir les centaines d'ouvriers embauchés par les nombreuses manufactures textiles, innovantes, dynamiques, prospères. . . Les rues, parées de façades à l'architecture remarquable, statues, calvaires, fontaines monumentales, inscriptions votives, enseignes en fer forge, réverbères, horloges, adaptaient leur décor aux aspirations et aux modes, même si leurs infrastructures évoluaient peu. Les rues, à usage collectif, prolongeaient le type de relations sociales nées dans les villages du plat-pays. L'osmose habitat-travail-atelier renforçait les liens, les échanges, toutes les formes de communication. Les rues très insalubres, malodorantes, humides et sombres, constituaient le décor de la comédie humaine : émois populaires, révoltes de tondeux exploités. Entrées royales, parades militaires, processions catholiques, promenades des riches drapiers, s'y confrontaient, s'y succédaient, s'y confondaient les rues sont davantage que des lieux où s'ordonnent les résidences, espaces polysémiques qui constituent le support de multiples activités, synthèse complète de la vie urbaine, elles sont le miroir de la société et résument ainsi l'existence des hommes qui les traversent.
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Chau, Long-yee Feon, and 周朗怡. "Changing the rules of the game: an examination of citizen participation in Hong Kong's urban renewal." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2010. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B45817947.
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Zirnheld, Bernard Paul. "Presque Un Monument| Republican Urbanism and the Commercial Architecture of the Rue Reaumur (1896-1900)." Thesis, Yale University, 2018. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10957349.
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The Rue Réaumur, cleared and constructed between 1896 and 1900, was the first major urbanism project initiated in central Paris after the dismissal of Haussmann. Realized under the Third Republic and under the guidance of a democratically elected Paris Municipal Council, the street provoked an unprecedented public debate about urbanist priorities, the management of municipal debt, and architectural aesthetics. Disappointed with the visual homogeneity of the Haussmannian boulevard, Councilors liberalized building code and declared a Concours des Façades in the Rue Réaumur in order to visually revitalize their city.
That variation of the streetscape would turn on a monumentalization of the urban party-wall building through enlarged saillies and avant-propos, corbelled façade elements hitherto banned in the streets of Paris. Conceived as a central business district, the Rue Réaumur was also a unique concentration of commercial architecture, which encouraged an expanded use of iron structure to open building interiors and façades into naturally illuminated, floor-through spaces of manufacture. Construction in the Rue Réaumur was, then, guided by contradictory impulses. Charged with psychically countering the uniformity of the rationalized city, the exuberant elevations of the new street simultaneously masked a reordering of the architectural object by similar pressures towards economic and technological efficiency.
This dissertation treats the architecture of the Rue Réaumur and the public debate that shaped it as mutually determining engagements of architectural modernity. It situates the street's evolution as a response to the political, economic, spatial, and psychic challenges posed by the emerging capitalist metropolis. Reconstruction of the architectural and social discourses that informed design practice in the Rue Réaumur positions late-century eclecticism as an indispensable step in the development of interwar Parisian modernism. That architecture served as the primary object of rejection within modernist historiography and avant-garde theory due to its reliance on historical vocabularies. This study demonstrates that the perceptual immediacy desired of the late-century Parisian façade was of equal importance to the development of architectural modernism as theories of structural rationalism. It considers eclecticist architecture like that of the Rue Réaumur as a moment of dynamic invention within nineteenth-century theory and design practice, the terms of which would integrally condition Le Corbusier's reconception of architecture and architectural aesthetics a generation later.
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Sané, Kadessa. "Les talibés mendiants, une catégorie d’enfants de la rue au Sénégal. Pérennisation d’un fait social." Thesis, Paris Est, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PESC0085.
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Cette recherche est née de la volonté de mener une réflexion sur la pérennisation de la mendicité des talibés en milieu urbain sénégalais, notamment dans la ville de Dakar. Les talibés sont des enfants confiés par leurs parents à des maîtres coraniques pour l’apprentissage du Coran. À l'origine, cet apprentissage qui est une tradition religieuse se faisait exclusivement en zones rurales. Toutefois, depuis les années 1970, en raison des grandes sécheresses qui se sont abattues dans les zones rurales du Sénégal et qui ont appauvri les populations, s’est développée la migration vers les villes d’hommes et de femmes en quête de meilleures conditions de vie. L’enseignement coranique a été touché par ces mutations socio-économiques car depuis lors, certains maîtres coraniques qui sont avant tout des cultivateurs, s'installent dans les villes sénégalaises, accompagnés d’enfants destinés à être leurs talibés. Toutefois, arrivés en ville, ces enfants passent plus de temps dans les rues que dans les daaras (« écoles coraniques ») car leurs maîtres leur demandent de mendier quotidiennement et de leur ramener entre autres une somme d'argent fixée d'avance. Même si l’Etat sénégalais dispose de lois répressives contre la mendicité infantile, il arbore une attitude équivoque face à ce que des organisations internationales considèrent comme une exploitation infantile. Ainsi, pour appréhender la pérennisation du fait social qu’est la mendicité des talibés, cette thèse se propose d’étudier les pratiques sociales à l’égard des talibés mendiants, des pratiques qui consistent essentiellement à leur adresser des dons d’aumône. En plus des raisons religieuses et humanitaires qui peuvent justifier ces dons, ces derniers sont également effectués pour des raisons plus mystiques notamment après certaines divinations de marabouts de type féticheur/guérisseur/voyant. Comme on le verra dans le cœur de cette recherche, ces distributions d’aumône apparaissent ainsi tel un enchevêtrement de croyances religieuses et hétérodoxes. In fine, il s’agira à partir d’une méthodologie qualitative d’élucider et d’analyser les ambivalences tout comme les enjeux sociaux que recouvre la pérennisation de la mendicité des talibés dans la plupart des villes sénégalaisesThis research followed the will to lead an inspection about the perennation of children begging in Senegal urban areas. Talibes are children whose parents entrust to some koranic masters. At the very beginning, this kuranic teaching that is a religious tradition was solely organized in rural area. Even so, in the seventies, rural areas faced harsh droughts that empoverished its inhabitants. As a matter of fact, some men and women started leaving their villages in quest for better living conditions in Senegal big cities. Koranic teaching was also affected by these socio-economic mutations because since then, some koranic masters who are first and foremost growers, have set up in cities taking with them children who are meant to be their talibes. However, when the latter arrive in town they spend more time in the streets than into daaras (koranic schools) because their masters ask them to beg daily and to bring them among other things a specific amount of money. Thus, those children are at the same time talibes and beggars. Even though the Senegalese government owns repressive laws against children begging, it shows off an equivocal attitude towards this social phenomenon. In this way, to apprehend the perennation of children begging, this thesis aims to study and to re-examine social practices towards talibes-beggars. Those practices consist mainly in giving them alms. Apart from religious and humanitarian reasons that can justify those practices, the latter can also be operated for more mystical reasons namely after some divinations made by marabouts like fetishs, healers and diviners. The scope therefore is to elucidate and to analyze, through a qualitative methodology, both ambivalences and eventual issues involved in the perannation of talibes begging in most of senegalese cities
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Duro, Semíramis de Oliveira. "Aspectos constitucionais do imposto sobre propriedade predial e territorial urbana." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2016. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/18858.
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The description of the tax system is potentized by the adoption of the matrix-rule model, which establishes the logical structure of norms that regulate the tax incidence, decomposing them on five criteria: material, spatial, temporal, quantitative and personal. This study aims at determining the criteria of the Municipal Real Estate Tax. The first chapter settles the theoretical assumptions. The second and the third chapters are dedicated to determine the criteria of the matrix-rule model of IPTU. And in the fourth chapter analyzes the progressiveness of the percentage
A descrição do sistema tributário é potencializada com a adoção do modelo teórico da regra-matriz de incidência, que estabelece a estrutura lógica das normas que regulam a incidência tributária, decompondo-as em cinco critérios: material, temporal, espacial, quantitativo e pessoal. O presente estudo tem por objetivo a determinação dos critérios da regra-matriz de incidência do imposto sobre propriedade predial e territorial urbana. O primeiro capítulo firma os pressupostos teóricos. O segundo e o terceiro capítulo voltam-se a determinação dos critérios da regra-matriz de incidência tributária do IPTU. E no quarto capítulo analisa a progressividade das alíquotas do IPTU
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Romeyer, Benoit. "Refaire la rue pour recomposer la ville : rues artérielles en théories et en projets : mise en regard de deux cas d'études à Londres et Lyon." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM3117.
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Cette thèse contribue à interroger le renouvellement des rôles et statuts associés aux grands axes de circulation en milieu urbain et ce, au double prisme des théories urbanistiques qui ont pu les prendre pour objet, et des démarches de projets participant de leurs transformations effectives dans un contexte prônant le « refaire la ville sur la ville ». Chacun de ces angles d’approche a été plus particulièrement abordé dans une des deux parties constitutives de cette recherche. La première partie est ainsi centrée sur une analyse interprétative des places et valeurs fluctuantes accordées aux différentes typologies de rues dans le champ de l’urbanisme. Celle-ci a permis de mettre l’accent sur certains des ressorts ayant contribué à faire de ces typologies spécifiques de voies, des « angles morts » des principaux modèles théoriques d’organisation et de hiérarchisation du réseau viaire. Leur reconsidération amène dès lors à plus largement s’interroger sur l’étendue des potentialités programmatiques et projectuelles induites par ces évolutions de même que sur les formes potentiellement prises par un tel réinvestissement. Celles-ci ont été plus particulièrement traitées dans le cadre de la seconde partie, fondée sur une investigation plus « empirique » de cet enjeu, et articulée autour d’une démarche de « mise en regard » des projets d’High Street 2012 à Londres et de la rue Garibaldi à Lyon. La grille de lecture mobilisée pour leur analyse a permis de faire émerger le constat d’une grande diversité des objectifs et des formes données aux projets actuellement développés sur ces axes, en même temps qu’un renouvellement des ambitions, plus plurielles, qui leur sont associéesThis thesis contributes to question the renewal of the roles and status associated with the mixed-used arterial corridors in urban area and this, trough both the filter of urban planning theories relative to them as well as the project approaches participating in their effective transformation in a context claiming to “built cities on top of cities”. Each of those perspectives have been particularly explored one of the two parts of this research. The first part is thus centered on an interpretative analysis of the places and fluctuating values corresponding to the different street typologies found in urban planning and urban design theories. This bring to light few of the characteristics that participated to bring some specific street typologies in the blind spot of the principal theoretical models of organization and hierarchisation of the street network. Their reconsideration leads then to a larger inquiry about the extend of the potential programs and projects induced by those evolutions and later to the potential forms of such reinvestment. Those latest have been particularly considered within the second part, based on a more “empirical” investigation of those challenges and articulated around the comparison of the London High Street 2012 and the Lyon Garibaldi Street projects. The analytical grid employed helped to reveal a large diversity of the objectives and forms of the various projects developed on those urban axes and on the same time a renewal of the ambitions associated with them, more plurals and composites
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Elkins, Alex Gregory. "How the City State Fares Under State Capitalism in the PRC: Local and State-Wide Reform." Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1364384598.
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Ganem, Bruna Ribeiro. "Incid??ncia do IPTU sobre bens im??veis p??blicos ocupados por empresas privadas: uma an??lise cr??tica da materialidade constitucional do imposto e suas rela????es com a imunidade tribut??ria rec??proca (Tema 437 da Repercuss??o Geral do STF)." Universidade Cat??lica de Bras??lia, 2015. https://bdtd.ucb.br:8443/jspui/handle/tede/2004.
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This is a critical paper about the incidence of Real State Tax, a municipal tax, in cases where immovable properties and assets held by Federal or States Government are occupied by particular persons, as result of legal use concession contracts or authorized occupation, and its connections with the Mutual Tax Immunity. To achieve these aims, therefore, this study solved the following research problems: in first place, confirmation of the partial unconstitutionality of the National Tax Code in relation to the Constitution of 1946 and its non reception by the current Federal Constitution (1988); construction of the normative matrix rule of the studied tax, since the constitutional level, passing throw the complementary legal settlement, until the local legislation, study that resulted in a doctrinal refinement of the analyzed institute, specially, on its material, personal e quantitative criterions; and, in second place, implications of the Mutual Tax Immunity on the definition of the taxpayer subject, considering the impossibility of transferring the payment responsibility to a non-taxable person, such as the occupant of the public property covered by a concession contract. Furthermore, this research analyzed the Mutual Tax Immunity under the Article 150, VI, ???a???, of the Federal Constitution, in order to identify if it grants a absolute status of protection against the taxation, or if it can be relaxed in cases where the Public Person explore remunerate economic activities. These subjects are under judgment by the Brazilian Supreme Court in the Leading Case number 473 of the general repercussion. Finally, from the theory of the fundamental rights of Robert Alexy, pondering and weighing were developed in order to solve the conflict between the involved constitutional principles: the Free Competition as a key element of an open market economy; and the Mutual Tax Immunity as a guarantor of the Federation Principle.
O objeto de estudo deste trabalho ?? a an??lise da incid??ncia do Imposto Predial e Territorial Urbano (IPTU) sobre os im??veis p??blicos ocupados por particulares por meio de contratos onerosos de concess??o de direito real de uso. No primeiro cap??tulo, a autora fez uma an??lise hist??ria da evolu????o constitucional do estudado imposto e suas rela????es com o C??digo Tribut??rio Nacional (CTN), que resultou no reconhecimento da inconstitucionalidade material de partes dos artigos 32 e 34 do CTN em face da Constitui????o de 1946, bem como a sua n??o recep????o parcial pela Constitui????o Federal de 1988. No cap??tulo subsequente, a norma tribut??ria do IPTU foi estruturada em seus diversos planos normativos, com a constru????o de suas regras-matrizes constitucional, complementar e local, cujos conte??dos se mostraram conflitantes. O terceiro cap??tulo foi direcionado para a constru????o de uma proposta de solu????o para o Tema 437 da Repercuss??o Geral do Supremo Tribunal Federal, que tem como objeto a verifica????o da possibilidade de manuten????o da imunidade tribut??ria rec??proca dos entes p??blicos nas situa????es em que transferem a posse e o uso de seus bens im??veis para particulares mediante o recebimento de contrapresta????o. Nesse contexto, foi necess??rio analisar se a imunidade em quest??o pode ser afastada em raz??o do car??ter oneroso do contrato, bem como se essa atividade de concess??o de bem im??vel p??blico pode ser considerada como h??bil para interferir na livre concorr??ncia do setor imobili??rio local. Para solucionar essas quest??es, utilizou-se a teoria dos direitos fundamentais de Robert Alexy, com a pondera????o e o sopesamento do princ??pio da imunidade tribut??ria rec??proca com o da livre concorr??ncia, a fim de verificar qual deles deve prevalecer no caso concreto. Por fim, foi apresentada uma proposta de solu????o para o leading case que tem a pretens??o tanto de harmonizar o conflito principiol??gico constatado, como de aprimorar a estrutura????o da regra-matriz do IPTU, particularmente no que tange ?? defini????o de seus crit??rios material, pessoal e quantitativo.
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Mballo, Souleymane. "Quantification et modélisation des services climatiques rendus par les arbres dans une rue canyon." Thesis, Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022NSARD097.
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Le changement climatique global et les épisodes extrêmes qu’il induit sont devenus l’un des enjeux majeurs de ce siècle. La compréhension du microclimat en milieu urbain suscite une attention croissante de la part des chercheurs depuis quelques années, en raison des phénomènes de surchauffe observés en ville et de la densité de population qui en font un environnement sensible aux vagues de chaleur. De nombreuses études ont montré que la végétation peut réduire la température de l’air en ville, mais ces bénéfices dépendent de l'environnement construit, et de nombreuses variables souvent non maitrisées en ville, comme la disponibilité de l'eau pour les végétaux. Dans ce contexte, ce travail de thèse vise à analyser et quantifier les services climatiques rendus dans une rue canyon par des arbres en confort hydrique. Elle s’appuie sur une double approche associant expérimentation et modélisation. Des campagnes de terrain ont été réalisées sur une maquette arborée à l’échelle (1/5) installée en milieu extérieur sur le site de l’Institut Agro, à Angers, France. Sur le plan numérique, des simulations 2D du climat distribué en régime instationnaire ont été réalisés selon une approche de type CFD. Entre autres résultats, les travaux de cette thèse ont montré que la rue canyon crée une surchauffe pouvant aller jusqu’à 2.8 °C pendant la nuit, et jusqu'à 2.4°C pendant la journée, et que les arbres peuvent réduire la température de l'air dans la rue de 2.7 °C pendant la journée et améliorer le confort humain thermique en réduisant jusqu’à 8 °C les valeurs de l’UTCI à la mi-journée. Ce travail fournit des éléments de quantification qui pourront aider les décideurs dans leur politique d’aménagementGlobal climate change and the extreme events it induces have become one of the major issues of this century. Understanding the microclimate in urban areas has received increasing attention from researchers in recent years, due to the overheating phenomena observed in cities and the population density that makes them a sensitive environment for heat waves. Several studies have shown that vegetation can reduce air temperature in cities, but these benefits depend on the built environment, and on many variables often not controlled in cities, such as water availability for plants. In this context, this thesis aims to analyze and quantify the climatic services provided in a canyon street by well-watered trees. It is based on a double approach combining experimentation and modeling. Field campaigns were carried out on a tree model at scale (1/5) installed in an outdoor environment on the site of the Institut Agro, in Angers, France. On the numerical approach, 2D simulations of the distributed climate in unsteady regime were performed using a CFD approach. Among other results, the work of this thesis showed that the canyon street creates overheating of up to 2.8 °C during the night, and up to 2.4 °C during the day, and that trees can reduce the air temperature in the street by 2.7 °C during the day, and improve human thermal comfort by reducing mid-day UTCI values by up to 8 °C. This work provides quantification elements that can help decision makers in their planning policies
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Gibert-Flutre, Marie. "Les ruelles de Hô Chi Minh Ville, Viêt Nam : trame viaire et recomposition des espaces publics." Thesis, Paris 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA010616/document.
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Au cœur d’une région urbaine de plus de dix millions d’habitants, Hô Chi Minh Ville s’affirme aujourd’hui comme moteur économique du Viet Nam. Les autorités de la ville-province entendent témoigner de ce statut métropolitain par une reprise en main de la planification, après des décennies de développement urbain spontané. La démarche de cette recherche doctorale en géographie urbaine consiste alors à décrypter les mutations contemporaines des dispositifs spatiaux hérités que sont les ruelles (hem) de Hô Chi Minh Ville, à la fois dans leur dimension de composantes de la trame viaire et d’espaces publics. La trajectoire historique contrariée de la ville permet d’éclairer la spécificité de sa morphologie, marquée par une très faible emprise de la trame viaire, dont la hiérarchie demeure incomplète. Près de 85% des rues sont inférieures à douze mètres de large. Les ruelles forment ainsi le cœur de l’armature urbaine, tout autant que le cadre de vie de la grande majorité de la population. A l’interface entre le public et le privé, entre le collectif et l’individuel, la ruelle, envisagée comme forme urbaine dynamique, permet de penser les mécanismes de recomposition urbaine et l’évolution des pratiques citadines qui s’y déploient. En cela, cette recherche souhaite appréhender la réception par les citadins des normes de la « modernité urbaine », telles qu’elles sont aujourd’hui redéfinies par les autorités de la ville-province et qu’elles affectent la conception et le fonctionnement des espaces publics au quotidienAt the heart of an urban region of more than ten millions inhabitants, Hô Chi Minh City is considered today as the economic engine of Viêt Nam. The authorities of the city-province are seeking to assert its new metropolitan status by regaining control of urban planning after decades of spontaneous development. This thesis proposes to decipher the contemporary mutations of the inherited spatial frame of the Hô Chi Minh City alleyways, taken both as an element of the street network and as ordinary public spaces. The turbulent history of the city contributes to explaining the specificity of its morphology, with very few spaces dedicated to the street network, whose hierarchy remains incomplete. Nearly 85% of the streets are less than twelve meters wide. Thus, the alleyways constitute both the heart of the urban framework and the living environment of the large majority of the population. Poised between public and private spheres, between collective and individual dynamics, the alleyway is an urban form in constant flux. This understanding of streets as an interface makes it possible to rethink the mechanisms of the urban fabric and the evolution of urban practices in the metropolisation of Hô Chi Minh City. In doing so, this research seeks to grasp the way in which urban dwellers are adapting to the norms of “urban modernity” as redefined by the authorities of the city-province today, as well as the way these norms affect the daily functioning of ordinary public places
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TOZZI, ELISA. "CONTENERE L'ARCHITETTURA Il ruolo della normativa nella modellazione urbana." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Genova, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11567/1031917.
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Attraverso lo studio degli effetti dei limiti di altezza introdotti nel corso della storia dell'urbanistica, la ricerca analizza il rapporto tra norma e l'architettura.Through the study of the effects of height limits introduced during the history of urban planning, the research analyses the relationship between norm and architecture.
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Velásquez, Paola. "Les images dans la ville de Santiago du Chili : manifestations des activités commerciales et citoyennes." Thesis, Paris Est, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PEST1156.
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Les images dans toute leur diversité, installées dans l'espace urbain composent notre objet d'étude. Ainsi, à partir de l'analyse d'un vaste corpus composé de photographies et de cartes, collectés durant un long période dans le centre-ville de Santiago, l'enjeu est de saisir l'objet image-contexte qui d'après une description cas-à-cas, nous permettra l'analyse de l'image en situation. Dont le but est l'observation du rôle des images dans la construction de l'espace urbain et en tant que composant fondamental de notre environnement quotidien. De ce fait, divers aspects apparaissent peu à peu le long du travail telles que ; la distribution des images en relation au rapport des forces des pouvoirs quelles représentent et dans l'ensemble révèlent les pratiques spatiales du groupe social, de voir comment l'image transforme l'espace et l'espace redéfinit l'image, la relation entre image et architecture, entre la dynamique des images et les dynamiques urbaines et l'irruption des nouvelles technologies dans l'espace urbain. En somme, tout au long de notre travail de recherche nous poursuivons la constitution progressive de l'image en situation en tant qu'objet de terrain et élément essentiel qui façonnera le paysage visuel des villes dans le XXIe siècleImages, in all their diversity, present in the urban environment, form the subject of our study. Thus, with the starting point a vast cache of photographs and cards, collected over a long period in Santiago city-center, the issue involves comprehending the image/context as a whole, a task that, after a case-by-case examination, will allow us to analyze the image as an integral part of its location. The goal, therefore, is the observation of the role of images in the construction of the urban environment and as fundamental components of our everyday surroundings. In this way, various aspects come to the fore throughout the process: the distribution of images relative to the power of the forces they represent reveals, in the whole, the spatial activities of the social group; the way in which the image transforms the space and the space in turn redefines the image; the relationship between image and architecture; between the dynamics of the image and the urban dynamics; and, lastly, the impact of new technologies on the urban landscape. In summation, throughout our research we have followed the progressive existence of location-specific imagery as an object in its own right and an essential element that will shape the visual landscape of cities in the 21st century
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Lanzarini, Corinne. "Un autre monde : situations extrêmes et tactiques de survie des sous-prolétaires à la rue." Paris 8, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA081426.
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Cette these vise a rendre compte des processus de destructuration et de mobilisation des sous-proletaires qui vivent a la rue. Une double logique sociale est ainsi restituee : les effets ressentis ou observables de conditions de vie extremes d'un cote, et, de l'autre, les tactiques de mobilisation d'acteurs infrahumanises qui disposent de marges de manoeuvre etroites pour s'adapter a cet autre monde et y survivre. En recourant au concept de violences extremes, il est possible de demontrer que le monde decrit est un espace traverse exercant des effets specifiques qui se retrouvent dans des situations apparemment aussi diverses qu'un bidonville, un camp de concentration ou les espaces interstitiels publics. Face a ces situations extremes de vie, les personnes de l'autre monde vont mettre en place des tactiques ponctuelles de survie declinees en trois grandes figures. D'abord un ressourcement individuel, autrement dit, la mobilisation solitaire de l'habitus qui comprend trois composantes principales : l'onirisme social -processus de derealisation de la realite insupportable a vivre-, les tactiques de debrouillardise -differenciees en tactiques de prelevement des ressources etroitement liees a differentes formes de gestion de l'identite- et la mobilisation de soi concentree sur la preservation de l'integrite corporelle. Ensuite la sollicitation du groupe des pairs. Les sous-proletaires peuvent faire alliance avec des pairs ou prelever du sens contre le monde ordinaire. Soit le groupe offre une identite de substitution, soit il entre dans une logique economique de survie. Enfin une interpellation sporadique ou plus durable des institutions d'aide sociale. La dominante demeurant un rapport a eclipse aux instances de l'aide sociale. Les sous-proletaires vont mettre en oeuvre des tactiques de captation des ressources institutionnelles en s'impliquant le moins possible, sauf pour une minorite qui tente le pari de l'insertion dans et par les services d'aide socialeTHIS THESIS AIMS TO REPORT THE PROCESS OF DESTRUCTURATION AND MOBILISATION OF SUBPROLETARIAN LIVING IN THE STREET. A DOUBLE SOCIAL LOGIC IS AS WELL RESTITUTED : ON ONE HAND, EXTREME WAYS OF LIVE EFFECTS FELT AND OBSERVED, ON THE OTHER HAND, TACTICS OF MOBILISATION OF INFRA-HUMANIZED ACTORS WHO HAVE A FEW MEANS TO ADAPT THEMSELVES TO THIS OTHER WORLD AND SURVIVE. BY USING THE CONCEPT OF EXTREME VIOLENCE, IT IS POSSIBLE TO SHOW THAT DESCRIPTIVE WORLD IS A CROSSING SPACE WITH SPECIFIC EFFECTS AS THOSE PROVIDED FROM VARIOUS SITUATIONS AS SHANTYTOWN, CONCENTRATION CAMP, OR INTERSTITIAL PUBLIC SPACES. FACE TO EXTREME WAYS OF LIVE, PEOPLE OF THE OTHER WORLD USE PUNCTUAL TACTICS OF SURVEY DECLINED IN THREE MAJORS FIGURES. FIRST, AN INDIVIDUAL RESSOURCEMENT OR THE SINGLE MOBILISATION OF THE "HABITUS" COMPOSED WITH THREE MAJORS COMPONENTS : SOCIAL ONIRISM -PROCESS WHICH ALLOW THEM TO MAKE A DIFFERENT REALITY OF THEIR WORLD TOO HARD TO LIVE ; RESOURCEFUL TACTICS -DIVIDED IN DIFFERENT TACTICS TO GET RESSOURCES ACCORDING TO THE WAY THEY MANAGE THEY OWN INDENTITY ; AND SELMOBILISATION CONCENTRATED ON THE PRESERVATION OF CORPOREAL INTEGRATY. AND THEN, SOLLICITATION OF GROUP OF PAIRS. THE SUB-PROLETARIANS CAN LINK WITH PAIRS OR TAKE SENSE COUNTER THE ORDINARY WORLD. EITHER, THE GROUP OFFERS AN IDENTITY OF SUBSTITUTION, EITHER IT HELPS IN A ECONOMICAL LOGIC OF SURVEY. FINALLY, AN SPORADIC OR MORE LONGER HELP OF WELFARE INSTITUTION. THE DOMINANCE IS THE INTERMITTENT RELATION with THE WELFARE INSTITUTIONS. THE SUB-PROLETARIAN WILL USE TACTICS TO GAIN INSTITUTIONAL RESOURCES, INVOLVING THEMSELVES THE LESS POSSIBLE, EXCEPT A MINORITY WHO BET ON INSERTION IN AND BY THE WELFARE SERVICES
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Ammar, Leïla. "La rue à Tunis, réalités, permanences et transformations : de l'espace urbain à l'espace public, 1835-1935." Paris 8, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA083682.
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La rue de Tunis au tournant des XIX et XXe sicèles. Tunis, capitale de la régence de Tunis (province ottomane), à l'instar d'autres capitales du monde musulman méditerranéen, est en pleine transformation sous l'effet d'un élan réformateur inspiré des Tanzimat ottomanes. La recherche est centrée sur l'évolution de la conception et de la fabrication des rues à Tunis à travers les grandes scansions de l'histoire urbaine de la ville et de ses mutations de 1835 à 1935. Dans le contexte de la prépondérance de l'influence européenne au XIXe siècle en Méditerranée et au Maghreb et de l'instauration du Protectorat français, le passage de la ville ancienne à la ville moderne est révélateur des résistances locales, de la survivance des institutions antérieures, des influences croisées et de la mise en place d'une nouvelle définition de l'espace urbain en rupture totale avec le passé. Cette nouvelle définition marque le changement de statut de l'espace et le passage de l'espace urbain à l'espace public au tournant du XXe siècle. Rues, édifices publics, architecture domestique, usages et significations connaissent alors des changements significatifs. Trois échelles d'analyse organisent l'observation des transformations urbaines et du réseau des rues. L'échelle globale des mutations, l'évolution proprement dite de la ville, l'analyse des formes d'espaces publics et des formes d'intervention qui composent l'espace urbaine et celles de leurs conséquences sur la production architecturale. Cette recherche fondée sur un bilan des transformations urbaines et de l'émergence de nouvelles conceptions édilitaires et viaires à Tunis de 1835 à 1935 souhaite contribuer à une meilleure connaissance de l'histoire urbaine de la ville, avant et après l'établissement du Protectorat français, au sein d'une période historique clé, dont l'analyse a été souvent recouverte d'un voile d'idéologieThe streets in Tunis by the of the 19th and 20th centuries. Tunis, capital of the Ottoman Tunis Province Regency, was, like many other capitals in the Mediterranean Muslim world, experiencing great changes as a result of the reform movement which took its inspiration from the Ottoman Tanzimat. The scope of the research is the study of the evolution of urban design in Tunis through the great scansions and changes of the town urban history in the period 1835-1935. In the context of the predominance of European influence over the Mediterranean and in the Maghreb in the 19th Century and the establishment of the French Protectorate, the transition from the old town to the modern town reveals/unveils/brings out local resistance, the survival of previous/older institutions, a mixture of influences, and the emergence of a new definition of urban space in total break with the past. This new definition represents a watershed with respect to space status and the transition from urban to public space by the turn of the 20th century. Streets, public buildings, domestic architecture, usage/uses and meanings change significantly. The observation of urban changes and of the transformation of the street network is organised around three levels of analysis. At general level, the actual changes of the town, the analysis of public space forms, and urban space dimensions and their impact on architectural production. The purpose of this research, which is based on the assessment of urban changes and the emergence of new municipal conceptions and urban infrastructure in Tunis in the period 1835-1935, is to contribute to the knowledge of the urban history of the town, before and after the establishmentof the French Protecorate, during a key/critical period, the analysis of which has been hidden under an ideological veil
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Laoudi, Mohamed. "Petits entrepreneurs de la pauvreté et activités marchandes de rue à Casablanca (Maroc)." Poitiers, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998POIT5010.
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Plus particulièrement, à partir des années 80 qui ont vu l'établissement de la politique dite d'ajustement structurel, les activités du tertiaire de subsistance connaissent une expansion extraordinaire dans les rues de Casablanca. Se pose dès lors non seulement la question pertinente quant à la cause de cette expansion et quelles en sont les conséquences, mais aussi, l'opportunité d'un nouveau reclassement des espaces socio-économiques de la métropole. Les activités miniaturisées qui occupent quotidiennement les rues des différents quartiers de la ville et de ses périphéries sont sujets à caution. D'une part, parce qu'elles sont loin de représenter des activités au sens d'occupations créatrices. D'autre part, parce qu'elles ne réalisent qu'une productivité très réduite. Mais on ne peut pour autant déconsidérer systématiquement ce dispositif instituant réseaux, mobilités et circuits de biens et services à travers les rues et d'autres lieux informels d'échanges ("Mokefs", "Koréâs", "Jotéas". . . ) et le qualifier tout simplement de "parasitaire", au risque de pénaliser tout effort de travail en dehors des pôles dominants de l'économie urbaine ; au lieu de pénaliser le système qui lui a donné naissance. Plus qu'une observation d'une gamme particulière d'activités, sont ainsi recherchés des faits susceptibles d'illustrer le rapport dialectique entre disparités sociales et pauvreté dans un espace urbain en mal développement.
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Riffaud, Thomas. "Travailler l'espace public : Les artisans des sports de rue, de la danse in-situ et du street-art à Montpellier." Thesis, Littoral, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017DUNK0456/document.
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Cette thèse montre que les citadins qui pratiquent les sports de rue, la danse in-situ ou le street art travaillent les espaces publics contemporains. Ils peuvent être associés à des artisans qui modèlent la ville grâce à une expérience sensible, ludique et imaginaire de l'urbain. L'espace public est ainsi réanchanté, mais il est surtout réactivé car son caractère ouvert, hétérogène et dynamique est stimulé. Ces trois activités ont donc une dimension micropolitique parce qu'elles permettent à leur pratiquants de vivre une forme d'utopie urbaine du quotidien en bouleversant l'ordre social et l'ordre des territoires. Cependant, ce travail n'occulte pas certaines contradictions qui complexifient l'analyse de leur impact sur les espaces publics contemporains. Si tous les riders, danseurs ou street artistes contribuent à la perpétuation d'une ville palimpseste, ils n'écrivent pas tous et toujours des phrases totalement renouveléesThis thesis highlights that people who practice urban sports, outdoor dance, and street art work on contemporary public space. They may also be associated with skilled craftsmen who "shape" the city by a sensitive, playfulness and imaginary experience of urbanity. Public space is becoming more enjoyable, but above all its open, heterogeneous and dynamic character is simulated. These three activities have a micro-political dimension because they give the opportunity to their participants to live a kind of urban utopia and to unravelling social and territorial orders. However, this work doesn't hide some contradictions that make analysis of the impact of respondents on contemporary public space growing in complexity. If every riders, dancers and street artists contribute to the perpetuation of the "palimpsest city", they do not always write some "renew sentences"
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Lee, Hee-Kyung. "Les arts de la rue en France : 1968-2005 : étude socio-historique." Paris 8, 2009. http://octaviana.fr/document/143290819#?c=0&m=0&s=0&cv=0.
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La présente thèse dresse l'inventaire de la construction d'un univers social, relativement récent, qui se développe après 1965, depuis sa naissance avec le théâtre de rue, jusqu'en 2005. Le terrain empirique est constitué par les compagnies historiques, les jeunes compagnies, les institutions officielles, les marchés, et les dispositifs politiques. Le cadre théorique fait référence aux travaux de Pierre Bourdieu, à l'histoire sociale de Norbert Elias, aux travaux sur la dimension collective artistique de Norbert Bandier, et à l'analyse des rapports de générations de Karl Mannheim. On examine les facteurs qui permettent la formation d'un groupe d'innovateurs qui se retrouvent autour de la pratique du théâtre dans la rue, en opposition avec les traits dominants de l'histoire du genre théâtral en France. On s'attache à cerner la construction de réseaux basés sur les affinités et des conditions de travail identiques, la création de circuits de financements et de "lieux de fabrique", l'émergence d'une visibilité dans le cadre des politiques culturelles de certaines municipalités. La dernière partie de l'étude porte sur les relations et regards croisés entre les nouvelles compagnies, qui n'ont pas participé aux péripéties de l'histoire fondatrice de cette pratique artistique, et les agents historiques plus anciens, toujours présents, et placés désormais dans une position de pouvoir. La thèse conclut avec des éléments pour une appréciation de ce débat, engagé entres les "agents historiques", dont on ne peut pas ignorer la contribution, et les "jeunes" dont on connaît aussi précisément, avec cette recherche, les orientations et les capacitésThe present thesis examines the socio-historical process of the construction of a relatively recent social field, from its gradual birth to the rationalization as the field of Street Arts. The empirical observations on historic companies, young companies, markets, institutions, and political devices and the theories of the field by Pierre Bourdieu, the social history by Norbert Elias, the collective dimension of art by Norbert Bandier and Rémy Ponton, and the generations of Mannheim are combined to pursue the central aims of this study: the analysis of explicit logic and objective determinations of the process of the construction of this social field and the analysis of implicit logic of the process through the confrontation between the old historic agents and newcomers This thesis consists of four parts. The analysis of the generational contents allowing individuals with different courses to come to unite into a real group and create a particular affinity, the construction of the network of Street Arts, the development of the field of Street Arts through a struggle of positioning, finally the investigation of the relationship between a new generation of artists who did not participate in this construction and the historic generations
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Doya, Maxime. "Analyse de l'impact des propriétés radiatives de façades pour la performance énergétique de bâtiments d'un environnement urbain dense." Phd thesis, Université de La Rochelle, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00537691.
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L'interaction des phénomènes de transfert de chaleur et de masse dans un tissu urbain avec les apports anthropiques participent à l'îlot de chaleur urbain et à la dégradation de la performance énergétique des bâtiments. L'objectif de cette étude est de définir l'impact de la modification des propriétés radiatives aux façades des bâtiments qui peut être réalisée par l'utilisation de revêtements sélectifs colorés récemment développés pour les toitures. Les flux sensibles et l'impact sur les bâtiments sont étudiés pour une morphologie caractéristique des milieux urbains denses, la rue canyon. Un suivi expérimental mené sur des surfaces élémentaires de propriétés radiatives différentes nous a permis de développer par une méthode d'optimisation un procédé de détermination simultané du coefficient de convection et des absorptivités solaires effectives sur la période de mesure. L'utilisation de peintures sélectives dans la configuration canyon retenue est ensuite analysée expérimentalement. Pour cela une maquette (1/10ème) de scène urbaine a été conçue sur la base de 5 rangées de cuves de béton creux qui ont fait l'objet de mesures de températures et de flux radiatifs. Dans un premier temps, le traitement de deux mois de mesures a permis de caractériser les évolutions de champs de températures liés à cette forme urbaine. Par la suite, trois configurations de propriétés radiatives aux façades ont été étudiées simultanément et ont permis d'analyser les modifications spécifiques sur les champs de température, de sur-faces et d'air. Afin d'estimer les économies d'énergie réalisables sur un bâtiment réel ainsi que l'impact sur son environnement proche, une étude paramétrique des revêtements de façade et de la chaussée a été effectuée par des simulations de l'interaction du bâti et du micro-climat. Les méthodes et expériences établies dans cette étude nous permettent d'envisager le développement du traitement des façades et de la caractérisation de leurs performances globales.
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Hontebeyrie, Juliette. "Le génie du lieu : ou comment des familles s'inscrivent dans l'espace urbain socio-historique d'une rue (1860-1950)." Paris, EHESS, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005EHES0134.
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Dynamiques de peuplement et mutations spatiales sont au cœur de cette recherche. Ainsi, la population étudiée, recensée de 1860 à 1950 dans une rue de centre ville de la banlieue lilloise, a révélé des liens particuliers entre relations familiales et espace de résidence. Cette rue forme un espace quasiment étanche pour certains résidents : véritable «centre du monde» pour ceux qui s'intègrent dans une famille étendue disposant du patrimoine foncier utile à l'exercice de professions artisanales ou de proximité. Simultanément, cette rue constitue pour d'autres une étape transitoire dans un espace migratoire faiblement polarisé, Lille étant de plus en plus présente dès que les liens familiaux se distendent. Ainsi, associée à des temporalités - individuelle, collective, économique et historique - variables, l'inscription dans des réseaux familiaux reste déterminante pour cerner les trajectoires de ces résidents, et donc leur contribution à la structuration de l'espaceDynamic of settlement and space changes are in the heart of this research. Thus, the studied population, listed from 1860 to 1950 in a town center street of an inner suburb of Lille, revealed distinctive links between family ties and location of residence. For some residents this street is quite a tight space. It is true "centre of the world" for those who are integrated in a wide family using their land inheritance for the exercice of crafts or proximity. At the same time, this street constitutes for others a transitory stopping place, in a slightly polarized migratory space, Lille being increasingly present as soon as the family links become looser. So, various temporalities - individual, collective, economic and historical ones - need to be connected to the inscription in family networks in order to understand the residents' trajectory, and thus their contribution to the structuring
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Baldasseroni, Louis. "Du macadam au patrimoine, modernisation de la voirie et conflits d'usages : l'exemple de Lyon, fin XIXe-fin XXe siècles." Thesis, Paris Est, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PESC2054.
Full textAbstract:
Ce travail de recherche vise à montrer que la modernisation de la voirie urbaine (chaussée et trottoirs des rues) est influencée par les divers conflits d'usage qui peuvent s'y dérouler. Dans ces conflits, qui vont du simple accident de la circulation aux conflits d'aménagement ou de patrimonialisation, la rue peut être à la fois le théâtre d'expression et l'enjeu des oppositions. L'intérêt de cet objet d'étude peu courant qu'est la rue réside aussi dans une appréhension minutieuse de l'évolution des usages et des dynamiques d'aménagement urbain entre les années 1880 et les années 1990 : une approche de longue durée permet de mettre en évidence les transformations importantes des rues sous la pression de nouveaux impératifs de circulation liés aux évolutions des moyens de transport et des réseaux techniques (apparition des tramways puis de l'automobile, entre autres), qui se confrontent à d'autres usages des rues tout aussi évolutifs (commerce, promenade, patrimonialisation). Ces confrontations et leurs conséquences dans la fabrique de la ville sont étudiées à plusieurs échelles, pour en saisir les implications et mettre en évidence la diversité des acteurs en présence : la ville de Lyon, qui constitue notre cadre d'étude, est aménagée selon des logiques politiques influencées par des enjeux nationaux, des inspirations venant de villes étrangères, mais aussi par la prise en compte des points de vue de collectifs d’habitants ou d’usagers des rues, qui se font de plus en plus présents au cours de la période étudiée. Six études de cas de rues menées sur cette longue période permettent d'étudier les enjeux de ces conflits. L'étude de ces jeux d'acteurs est déterminante pour expliquer les choix politiques vis-à-vis des usages de la rue, qui aboutissent à l'aménagement d'infrastructures privilégiant certains usages par rapport à d'autres. La rue fait ainsi l'objet de processus d'appropriation complexes par ses divers usagers et aménageurs, que ce travail se propose d'éclairerThis thesis shows that street modernization is largely influenced by the various conflicts between street users (cars, pedestrians, trams, horse-drawn carriages…). These conflicts range from simple traffic accidents to conflicts on how the streets should be arranged or protected. Streets can thus both constitute the site of the conflicts and their stake. This thesis focuses on the late nineteenth to the late twentieth century time frame. Streets are key to understand the evolution of urban uses and urban planning. Over the studied time period, streets are heavily transformed, mainly because of changes in the traffic they carry. Their traffic is not only induced by evolving means of transport and technical networks (streetcars and cars, among others), but also confronted to other uses (shops, promenade, heritage protection, among others). These conflicts and their consequences in the urban planning process are studied at several levels. The city of Lyon is “made” out of a political logic influenced by national policies, foreign cities, and increasingly present local and national associations. The study of these actors is key to explain the political choices regarding street uses. This work intends to show how streets evolved and how they were successively annexed by their various planners and users
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Kullmann, Clotilde. "La valorisation du projet urbain par la dimension artistique : quelles perspectives ?" Thesis, Paris 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA01H082.
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Cette thèse porte sur l'analyse des processus de production des œuvres d'art urbain (de l'art pérenne au street art) pendant la régénération urbaine. L'art joue-t-il un rôle de révélateur, de socle voire de catalyseur du développement des territoires dans un contexte de société événementielle et de compétition métropolitaine ? Ce questionnement prend principalement appui sur une opération d'aménagement dans la métropole parisienne (Zone d'Aménagement Concertée Paris Rive Gauche) et mobilise des cas satellites en Ile-de-France, qui font/ou ont fait l'objet de la prise en compte d'actions artistiques. D'abord, l'idée est de démontrer que l'art joue un rôle grandissant dans et pour le projet urbain, en examinant l'évolution de ses formes, de ses spatialités et des enjeux territoriaux et touristiques qu'il doit servir depuis l'engagement de l'opération en 1991. De plus, il s'agit de mettre en lumière les contraintes, les reconfigurations et les hybridations des pratiques des acteurs des mondes de l'aménagement et de l'art, ainsi que la prise d'importance de professionnels à la croisée de ces mondes, incarnés par les galeristes de street art dans Paris Rive Gauche. Enfin, cette étude se penche sur les effets de la promotion de l'art- et en particulier du street art - sur le statut de centralité et l'image des territoires valorisés. En quoi agit-elle sur la valeur internationalisée de cette image et la transformation des espaces publics en espaces de galeries ? Une attention est portée sur la reproduction de projets similaires dans différents contextes géographiques, les mécanismes de fonctionnement des acteurs impliqués dans les projets et leurs circulations spatialesThe purpose of this research is to analyse the production processes of urban artworks (from perennial art to street art) within urban regeneration. Does art represents a witness, a base or even a catalyst of the development of territories within the context of the event society and the metropolitan competition? This questioning is mainly based on a development operation in the Parisian metropolis (Zone d'Aménagement Concertée Paris Rive Gauche) and mobilizes satellite examples in Ile de France, which are or have been the subject of artistic actions. This thesis first of all demonstrates that art plays a growing role in and/or the urban project, by examining the evolution of its forms, its spatial features and the territorial and tourist issues that it must serve since the beginning of the operation in 1991. ln addition, it highlights the constraints, the reconfigurations and hybridizations of the behavior of the professionals in the fields of urban and art, well as the growing importance of figures at the crossroad of both fields such as street art galleries in Paris Rive Gauche. Finally, it analyses the effects of the promotion of art - specifically street art - on the status of centrality and the image of the territories. How does it affect the internationalized value of this image and does it transform public spaces into gallery spaces? For this purpose, a special attention is given to the reproduction of similar projects in different geographical contexts, the behavior of the actors involved in the projects and their spatial circulations