Journal articles on the topic 'Urban predator'
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1
Fonseca, Aldeiza M., and Bruno S. Sant'Anna. "Predation on eggs of the apple snail Pomacea dolioides (Reeve, 1856) in rural and urban areas of the Amazon." Marine and Freshwater Research 71, no. 6 (2020): 662. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf19095.
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This study investigated the predation of eggs of the apple snail Pomacea dolioides in Itacoatiara, Amazonas, Brazil. Predation was compared between rural and urban areas, period of day, shaded and unshaded clutches. In addition, we evaluated clutch height and the behaviour of predators. Between April 2017 and July 2018, 962 egg clutches were observed at different times of the day: 492 in rural areas with predation of 68 egg clutches and 470 in urban areas with predation of only 9 egg clutches. Significant differences were recorded for predation rate and differences were recorded for egg clutch height in the areas. In the rural areas, the most frequent predators during the day were ants Solenopsis invicta, Crematogaster cf. carinata and the most abundant were S. invicta, Wasmannia aff. iheringi and C. cf. carinata. During the night, S. invicta was the most frequent and abundant predator. In urban areas, the frequency of predation and abundance of S. invicta were higher during the day and night than those of other predators. Populations of P. dolioides in rural areas are more affected by egg predation, mostly by S. invicta and C. cf. carinata, and predatory behaviour depended on the species of the predator.
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Schenk, Amber R., Thomas K. Stevens, and Amanda M. Hale. "Predator-Prey Dynamics Are Decoupled in the Raptor Community in a Large Urban Forest." Diversity 14, no. 3 (February 28, 2022): 177. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d14030177.
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Predator-prey dynamics are fundamental in shaping and regulating wildlife communities; however, these relationships are often altered by urbanization. An urban predation paradox, where predation rates are lower in urban areas despite an increase in predator abundance, has been observed in some predator communities. We looked for evidence of an urban predation paradox in a raptor community in a large urban forest fragment in north Texas, USA. From May–August 2019, we conducted weekly raptor surveys and deployed prey mimics along an urban-to-rural gradient within the forest fragment. We examined relationships between predation rates on mimics, predator abundance, and urbanization intensity using a variety of statistical tests. We detected 161 raptors representing eight species and found that raptor activity was significantly higher in our low urbanization sites. Of the 732 prey mimics deployed, 61 were attacked, and we found no relationship between predation rates and urbanization. Furthermore, we found no relationship between raptor activity and depredation events. Although we failed to find evidence for an urban predation paradox, our results showed a decoupling of the relationship between the abundance of predators and prey in this urban setting. The use of prey mimics is a useful tool for assessing predator-prey dynamics, and more research is necessary to fully understand the impacts of urbanization on this important ecological process.
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Jara, Rocío Fernanda, Ramiro Daniel Crego, Michael David Samuel, Ricardo Rozzi, and Jaime Enrique Jiménez. "Nest-site selection and breeding success of passerines in the world’s southernmost forests." PeerJ 8 (September 21, 2020): e9892. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.9892.
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Background Birds can maximize their reproductive success through careful selection of nest-sites. The ‘total-foliage’ hypothesis predicts that nests concealed in vegetation should have higher survival. We propose an additional hypothesis, the ‘predator proximity’ hypothesis, which states that nests placed farther from predators would have higher survival. We examined these hypotheses in the world’s southernmost forests of Navarino Island, in the Cape Horn Biosphere reserve, Chile (55°S). This island has been free of mammalian ground predators until recently, and forest passerines have been subject to depredation only by diurnal and nocturnal raptors. Methods During three breeding seasons (2014–2017), we monitored 104 nests for the five most abundant open-cup forest-dwelling passerines (Elaenia albiceps, Zonotrichia capensis, Phrygilus patagonicus, Turdus falcklandii, and Anairetes parulus). We identified nest predators using camera traps and assessed whether habitat characteristics affected nest-site selection and survival. Results Nest predation was the main cause of nest failure (71% of failed nests). Milvago chimango was the most common predator, depredating 13 (87%) of the 15 nests where we could identify a predator. By contrast, the recently introduced mammal Neovison vison, the only ground predator, depredated one nest (7%). Species selected nest-sites with more understory cover and taller understory, which according to the total-foliage hypothesis would provide more concealment against both avian and mammal predators. However, these variables negatively influenced nest survival. The apparent disconnect between selecting nest-sites to avoid predation and the actual risk of predation could be due to recent changes in the predator assemblage driven by an increased abundance of native M. chimango associated with urban development, and/or the introduction of exotic mammalian ground predators to this island. These predator assemblage changes could have resulted in an ecological trap. Further research will be needed to assess hypotheses that could explain this mismatch between nest-site selection and nest survival.
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Threlfall, Caragh, Bradley Law, and Peter B. Banks. "Odour cues influence predation risk at artificial bat roosts in urban bushland." Biology Letters 9, no. 3 (June 23, 2013): 20121144. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2012.1144.
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Odours that accumulate from roosting can attract predators and increase predation risk. Consequently, selection should favour strategies that allow prey to evade detection by predators, including changing roosts. Insectivorous bats that roost in tree hollows regularly switch roosts and roost in different sized groups, strategies that would alter the accumulation of roost odours and are hypothesized to reduce predation risk. We experimentally manipulated the amount and refresh rate of roosting odour cues at 90 artificial bat roosts in Sydney, Australia, to test the hypothesis that odours increase predator visitation. Predators visited roosts with bat faeces significantly more often than untreated control roosts. Roosts with small amounts of faeces mimicking sites used by solitary bats had the greatest rate of visitation. This suggests that bats roosting alone, rather than in groups, have a greater likelihood of disturbance or predation. Roost switching probably decreases the predictability of finding occupied roosts; however, we show that all roosts (those currently or recently occupied) were visited by predators, suggesting generalist urban predators readily investigate potential roosts. This is the first demonstration that bat odours are attractive to predators that use olfactory cues, showing that bats are at risk of predation in visually cryptic roosts.
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Russell, James C., and Margaret C. Stanley. "An overview of introduced predator management in inhabited landscapes." Pacific Conservation Biology 24, no. 4 (2018): 371. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc18013.
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Predators play a critical role in ecosystems; however, when overly abundant, they can disrupt natural processes and cause extinctions of species. In particular, oceanic islands have endured many impacts of introduced mammalian predators. Whereas knowledge and management of introduced mammalian predators on islands is well advanced in natural landscapes, in inhabited landscapes, spanning rural and urban environments, comparatively less is known. We summarise key issues from the natural and social sciences in the management of introduced mammalian predators in inhabited landscapes of Aotearoa–New Zealand. We describe the shift in focus over the past few decades from management of introduced mammalian herbivores to predators in rural environments, and the growth in management of introduced mammalian predators in urban environments, both seeking to emulate conservation gains made in forested landscapes. We discuss the circumstances around companion animal management at the interface of the natural and social sciences. We summarise surveys of attitudes towards introduced mammalian predators, the role of biodiversity co-management between Māori and Pakeha, and the importance of also considering non-biodiversity benefits from introduced predator management. We describe the rise of community predator control and large landscape projects aspiring for a ‘Predator Free New Zealand’, and how such an aspiration must be concurrent with habitat restoration. We make recommendations for further research on the basic population biology of predators in inhabited landscapes, and more long-term studies. Such studies should be integrated with examination of the motivations for predator management, as well as the biodiversity and social outcomes of such management. We conclude by remarking that introduced predator management is only one component of a robust national strategy for conservation of native biodiversity in New Zealand.
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Weterings, R., K. C. Vetter, and C. Umponstira. "Factors influencing the predation rates of Anisops breddini (Hemiptera: Notonectidae) feeding on mosquito larvae." Journal of Entomological and Acarological Research 46, no. 3 (December 21, 2014): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/jear.2014.4036.
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Notonectidae are a family of water bugs that are known to be important predators of mosquito larvae and have great potential in the biological control of vector mosquitoes. An experiment was conducted to assess mosquito larvae predation by <em>Anisops</em> <em>breddini</em>, a species common to Southeast Asia. The predation rates were recorded in context of prey density, predator density, predator size and prey type. Predation rates were strongly affected by prey type and less by prey density and predator density. They ranged between 1.2 prey items per day for pupae of <em>Aedes</em> <em>aegeypti</em> and <em>Armigeres</em> <em>moultoni</em> to 5.9 for <em>Ae</em>. <em>aegypti</em> larvae. Compared with studies on other Notonectidae species, the predation rates appear low, which is probably caused by the relative small size of the specimens used in this study. <em>An</em>. <em>breddini</em> is very common in the region and often found in urban areas; therefore, the species has potential as a biological control agent.
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Freitas, F., C. M. A. Tiesen, L. D. Battirola, and J. N. Corassa. "Predation of seeds of Cassia fistula L. (Fabaceae) by Bruchinae." Scientific Electronic Archives 11, no. 1 (February 7, 2018): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.36560/1112018448.
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Predation of seeds by bruquines can affect the development and viability of tree species. The objective of this study was to identify seed predator species of Cassia fistula L. (Fabaceae) used in the urban arborization of Sinop, Mato Grosso, as well as to evaluate the percentage of seed predation in relation to phenological phase and fruit size. One hundred fruits of C. fistula, from ten adult trees, located in the urban perimeter, were evaluated. In the laboratory the fruits were opened and the seeds classified according to their appearance, in healthy or predated. Pygiopachymerus lineola (Chevrolat, 1871) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Bruchinae), was the only species found preying on the seeds of C. fistula. Seed analysis suggests a low level of predation by the insect. The relationship between fruit length and seed predation percentage was not observed and Cassia fistula can be considered a viable species for urban tree growing in Sinop, MT.
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Smith, Blaire L., Cara L. Snell, Matthew W. Reudink, and Ken A. Otter. "Urban-nesting mountain chickadees have a reduced response to a simulated predator." Behaviour 159, no. 3-4 (September 21, 2021): 301–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568539x-bja10122.
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Abstract Anti-predator behaviour is common among birds, but little research exists on whether differences in the predator landscape between urban and rural habitats results in differential anti-predator behaviour. We compared nest-defence behaviour of mountain chickadees (Poecile gambeli) in urban and rural habitats in Kamloops, BC, Canada to a simulated predator model (snake) on top of nest boxes while incubating females were away from nests on foraging bouts. Upon their return, we recorded proximity to the predator model, latency to contact the nest box and enter the nest, and number of gargle and chick-a-dee calls as measures of anti-predator behaviour and compared multivariate “predator aversion scores” across birds occupying either rural or urban landscapes. Rural-nesting birds had more aversive reactions to the predator model than the urban-nesting birds, which may suggest differences in perceived threat of the model, in combination with increased boldness associated with urban-nesting birds.
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Isaac, Bronwyn, John White, Daniel Ierodiaconou, and Raylene Cooke. "Response of a cryptic apex predator to a complete urban to forest gradient." Wildlife Research 40, no. 5 (2013): 427. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr13087.
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Context Urbanisation is one of the most damaging landscape-scale disturbance processes leading to significant and potentially irreversible changes in biodiversity. How apex predators respond to urbanisation is poorly understood, largely because of their low density and low detectability. Given the important functional roles of apex predators in ecosystems, it is critical that research investigates how they respond to urbanisation, and how urban systems can be designed to better support apex predators. Aims The present research aims to examine how an avian apex predator, the powerful owl, responds to a complete urban–forest gradient in southern Victoria, Australia. Specifically, the research aims to understand the environmental attributes that drive habitat suitability for powerful owls across the urban–forest gradient. Methods Using a total of 683 independent field- and atlas-derived records of powerful owls across the study site, the research takes a presence-only modelling approach. The presence points were modelled against a series of geospatial variables that were determined a priori on the basis of the known ecology of powerful owls. Key results Potential powerful owl habitat declined in a dramatic fashion in response to increasing levels of urbanisation, ranging from 76% of the forest landscape to 21% of the urban landscape. Powerful owl habitat availability across the urban–forest gradient is positively influenced by tree cover, productivity (normalised difference vegetation index) and proximity to river systems and riparian vegetation. Conclusions Presence-only modelling has provided a useful way for investigating the response of an apex predator to a gradient of urbanisation. Although powerful owl habitat availability is negatively reduced by urbanisation, there is significant scope to manage urban landscapes to either maintain or improve the availability of habitat across the gradient. Implications High resource-requiring species, such as apex predators, have the capacity to be detrimentally affected by urbanisation processes. Presence-only modelling, however, provides a useful tool for investigating how these difficult-to-detect species are affected by urbanisation, and ultimately inform how landscapes can be managed to maximise habitat availability for apex predators.
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Li, Han, and Kenneth T. Wilkins. "Predator-Prey Relationship between Urban Bats and Insects Impacted by Both Artificial Light at Night and Spatial Clutter." Biology 11, no. 6 (May 27, 2022): 829. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology11060829.
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Predators respond to the increase of prey by aggregation in space or foraging more often. However, foraging habitat suitability limits predators’ responses. For nocturnal insectivorous bats, artificial light at night (ALAN) can trigger insect prey aggregation. It is not clear how ALAN might affect predator-prey relationships in the urban setting, where urban bats could have adapted to the city, and novel spatial complexity introduced by man-made objects might alter foraging habitat suitability. We strategically selected sites to represent different levels of ALAN and spatial complexity. We recorded bat commuting and foraging activities and collected aerial insects to examine how ALAN and spatial complexity affected bat-insect relationships. We found that insect biomass was positively correlated with ALAN, but was not affected by spatial complexity. Large-sized big brown bats and hoary bats positively responded to change of prey in open sites whereas small-sized eastern red bats and silver-haired bats positively responded in cluttered sites, suggesting that the impact of ALAN could vary when ALAN is coupled with urban spatial complexity. Our study demonstrates that foraging habitat suitability can alter which species might benefit from ALAN. Predator-prey relationships in cities are complex, but general ecological principles still apply in novel urban ecosystems.
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Avinash, Agrawal, Yadav Rahul, Bhagora Abhilasha, Gupta Sahil, and Saxena Kanan. "Antipredator Behaviour Towards Human in Birds of Southern Rajasthan, India." International Journal of Zoological Investigations 08, no. 02 (2022): 357–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.33745/ijzi.2022.v08i02.044.
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There are many anti-predatory escape strategies in animals. An established method for assessing escape behavior is the flight initiation distance (FID), which is the distance between prey and predator at which an animal flees. The ecological factors affecting avian FID have received much attention over the past few decades, and metaanalysis and comparative analysis have shown that FID is related to body mass and flock size and varies along rural to urban gradients. In our analyses, we determined the relation between FID with two important factor flock size and body mass of birds. Group or herd size can either impact FID negatively (i.e. the dilution effect caused by the presence of many individuals) or positively (i.e. increased alertness as more eyes search for predators).
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R. Fulton, Graham, and Hugh A. Ford. "The Pied Currawong's role in avian nest predation: a predator removal experiment." Pacific Conservation Biology 7, no. 3 (2001): 154. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc010154.
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Pied Currawongs Strepera graculina have been implicated as a major threat to the persistence of small passerines in urban and rural landscapes through their intense nest predation while raising their young. Pied Currawongs have recently increased in abundance and colonized new areas, due to the planting of exotic berry-bearing trees and shrubs. In association with habitat fragmentation, this may have intensified their predatory impact. We measured the rate of predation on 416 artificial nests, using quail and plasticine eggs, in a 240 ha remnant of eucalypt woodland. Nests were placed in one grid from which Pied Currawongs were removed and in one control grid. The level of predation was monitored before and after Pied Currawong removal. Overall, nest predation was extremely high with 91 % of all nests preyed upon in seven days. Moreover, nest predation decreased significantly following Pied Currawong removal, thus identifying them as significant nest predators. However, imprint evidence from plasticine eggs and the remains of real eggs indicate that other animals, particularly other birds, are also important predators. If this high level of nest predation is reflected in real nests and occurs over a number of years, it may lead to low recruitment of open-nesting birds at this site. If it occurs regionally, it could contribute to long term declines of these species. Our findings suggest that even quite large woodland fragments may be too small to sustain many declining bird species.
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Manton, Michael, Per Angelstam, and Vladimir Naumov. "Effects of Land Use Intensification on Avian Predator Assemblages: A Comparison of Landscapes with Different Histories in Northern Europe." Diversity 11, no. 5 (April 29, 2019): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d11050070.
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Land use and landcover change alter the ability of habitat networks to maintain viable species populations. While their effects on the quality, amount and patterns of landcover patches are commonly studied, how they affect ecological processes, such as predation on focal species remains neglected. This macroecological study tests the hypothesis that predator assemblages are affected by land use intensity linked to different socio-economic contexts. We measured the distribution and abundance of two avian predator groups (generalist corvid birds and specialist raptors), and proxy variables that mirror their food resources, at three spatial scales in northern Europe’s West and East. In total, we made 900 survey counts for avian predators and their resources in six landcover strata throughout five landscapes and analyzed their relationships. The abundance of omnivorous corvid birds was associated with the number of anthropogenic food resources. Thus, corvid birds were most common in the urban and agricultural landcovers, and where forest cover was low. Corvid bird abundance, and availability of their resources, increased with increasing land use intensity. Raptors were less abundant than corvid birds and most common in semi-natural grasslands. The number of raptor species increased with decreasing land use intensity. This study shows that the abundance and composition of avian predator species must be understood to maintain functional habitat networks.
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Halfeld, Vítor Ribeiro. "Comportamento Predatório Incomum de Menemerus bivittatus (Dufour) (Araneae, Salticidae)." EntomoBrasilis 8, no. 2 (August 23, 2015): 162–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.12741/ebrasilis.v8i2.516.
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Resumo. Neste trabalho, a aranha-saltadora Menemerus bivittatus (Dofour) é registrada como predadora de pupas de formigas Camponotus crassus Mayr. A captura desse tipo de presa foi realizada por meio da execução de um comportamento especializado, conhecido como “snatching”. Aranhas que exibem esse comportamento roubam o material transportado por formigas operárias (presas ou formas juvenis) para se alimentar. No Brasil, registros desse tipo de interação são escassos na literatura. Trata-se do primeiro registro do comportamento “snatching” em ambiente urbano. Unusual Predatory Behavior of Menemerus bivittatus (Dufour) (Araneae, Salticidae)Abstract. In this work, the jumping spider Menemerus bivittatus (Dofour) is registered as a predator of pupae of the ant Camponotus crassus Mayr. The capture of this type of prey was performed by running a specialized behavior, known as "snatching”. Spiders that exhibit this behavior steal the material transported by worker ants (prey or brood) to feed. In Brazil, records of this type of interaction are quite scarce. This is the first record of the snatching behavior in urban environment.
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Eötvös, Csaba Béla, Gábor L. Lövei, and Tibor Magura. "Predation Pressure on Sentinel Insect Prey along a Riverside Urbanization Gradient in Hungary." Insects 11, no. 2 (February 1, 2020): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects11020097.
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Urbanization is one of the most important global trends which causes habitat reduction and alteration which are, in turn, the main reasons for the well-documented reduction in structural and functional diversity in urbanized environments. In contrast, effects on ecological mechanisms are less known. Predation is one of the most important ecological functions because of its community-structuring effects. We studied six forest habitats along a riverside urbanization gradient in Szeged, a major city in southern Hungary, crossed by the river Tisza, to describe how extreme events (e.g., floods) as primary selective pressure act on adaptation in riparian habitats. We found a generally decreasing predation pressure from rural to urban habitats as predicted by the increasing disturbance hypothesis (higher predator abundances in rural than in urban habitats). The only predators that reacted differently to urbanization were ground active arthropods, where results conformed to the prediction of the intermediate disturbance hypothesis (higher abundance in moderately disturbed suburban habitats). We did not find any evidence that communities exposed to extreme flood events were preadapted to the effects of urbanization. The probable reason is that changes accompanied by urbanization are much faster than natural landscape change, so the communities cannot adapt to them.
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Stracey, Christine M. "Resolving the urban nest predator paradox: The role of alternative foods for nest predators." Biological Conservation 144, no. 5 (May 2011): 1545–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2011.01.022.
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Miller, Kim F., Deborah J. Wilson, Stephen Hartley, John G. Innes, Neil B. Fitzgerald, Poppy Miller, and Yolanda van Heezik. "Invasive Urban Mammalian Predators: Distribution and Multi-Scale Habitat Selection." Biology 11, no. 10 (October 19, 2022): 1527. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology11101527.
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A barrier to successful ecological restoration of urban green spaces in many cities is invasive mammalian predators. We determined the fine- and landscape-scale habitat characteristics associated with the presence of five urban predators (black and brown rats, European hedgehogs, house mice, and brushtail possums) in three New Zealand cities, in spring and autumn, in three green space types: forest fragments, amenity parks, and residential gardens. Season contributed to variations in detections for all five taxa. Rodents were detected least in residential gardens; mice were detected more often in amenity parks. Hedgehogs were detected least in forest fragments. Possums were detected most often in forest fragments and least often in residential gardens. Some of this variation was explained by our models. Proximity of amenity parks to forest patches was strongly associated with presence of possums (positively), hedgehogs (positively), and rats (negatively). Conversely, proximity of residential gardens to forest patches was positively associated with rat presence. Rats were associated with shrub and lower canopy cover and mice with herb layer cover. In residential gardens, rat detection was associated with compost heaps. Successful restoration of biodiversity in these cities needs extensive, coordinated predator control programmes that engage urban residents.
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Maia-Carneiro, Thiago, Simone Langie-Santos, and Carlos Arturo Navas. "Defensive behaviors of Tropidurus catalanensis Gudynas & Skuk, 1983 (Squamata, Tropiduridae)." Brazilian Journal of Biological Sciences 7, no. 15 (2020): 39–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.21472/bjbs(2020)071504.
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Tropidurus catalanensis Gudynas & Skuk, 1983 (Squamata, Tropiduridae) is a lizard species found in Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay, and Brazil. Here, we present defensive behaviors performed by T. catalanensis, adding information about how these lizards avoid predation. Our observations were in an introduced urban population in the State of São Paulo, Brazil, where individuals performed immobility, locomotor escape by running and climbing, squirreling, tail waving, tail lifting, mouth opening, forced escape, and cloacal discharge. When approached by the potential predator, T. catalanensis tended to stay immobile, but always ran off with further approximation. After locomotor escape, some individuals displayed squirreling - i.e., flight from a side of tree or rock towards the opposite side of it - in order to conceal their presence and difficult visual detection. After flight, a T. catalanensis performed squirreling in a tree and climbed it along the trunk and a limb reaching a height of almost 6 m from the ground, which might difficult or impede capture by predators coming from below. Other individuals of T. catalanensis also did squirreling climbing up to lower heights on lower trees. When manipulated, a T. catalanensis undulated its tail trying to distract the potential predator in order to escape. Another T. catalanensis lifted its tail, which might also serve as a distraction to predators besides deceiving them by making a lizard look longer and/or bigger. While handled, some T. catalanensis opened their mouths in a threatening display and forced freeing. After capture, T. catalanensis discharged intestinal contents out of their cloaca. Discharges had solid and liquid fractions and repulsive taste and smell. The defensive behaviors reported here are likely advantageous for escaping and increasing chances of survival of lizards.
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Davey, Sara, Melanie Massaro, and Rafael Freire. "Differences in flight initiation distance (FID) between rural and urban populations of two species of Australian birds." Behaviour 156, no. 11 (2019): 1151–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568539x-00003559.
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Abstract Although flight initiation distance (FID) has been shown to be shorter in urban compared to rural populations of birds, less is known about how the characteristics of the urban environment, such as the population size and age of the city influences the FID and other aspects of anti-predator behaviour. Urban willie wagtails and magpie larks in a relatively small and new town had shorter FID than rural conspecifics. Both species were more likely to show a short, rather than long, escape flight if the experimenter started walking towards the bird from further away. There was some indication that urban birds may be more likely to show a short escape flight than rural birds. We conclude that anti-predator responses of birds can be influenced by a relatively small, recently established and sparsely-populated town. Additionally, the possibility of the characteristics of the urban centre influencing variation in the FID response is discussed.
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Frank, Steven D., Kristi M. Backe, Casey McDaniel, Matthew Green, Sarah Widney, and Robert R. Dunn. "Exotic urban trees conserve similar natural enemy communities to native congeners but have fewer pests." PeerJ 7 (March 7, 2019): e6531. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.6531.
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Urban trees serve a critical conservation function by supporting arthropod and vertebrate communities but are often subject to arthropod pest infestations. Native trees are thought to support richer arthropod communities than exotic trees but may also be more susceptible to herbivorous pests. Exotic trees may be less susceptible to herbivores but provide less conservation value as a consequence. We tested the hypotheses that native species in Acer and Quercus would have more herbivorous pests than exotic congeners and different communities of arthropod natural enemies. The density of scale insects, common urban tree pests, was greatest on a native Acer and a native Quercus than exotic congeners in both years of our research (2012 and 2016) and sometimes reached damaging levels. However, differences in predator and parasitoid abundance, diversity, and communities were not consistent between native and exotic species in either genus and were generally similar. For example, in 2012 neither predator nor parasitoid abundance differed among native and exotic Acer congeners but in 2016 a native species, A. saccharum, had the least of both groups. A native, Q. phellos, had significantly more predators and parasitoids in 2012 than its native and exotic congeners but no differences in 2016. Parasitoid communities were significantly different among Acer species and Quercus species due in each case to greater abundance of a single family on one native tree species. These native and exotic tree species could help conserve arthropod natural enemies and achieve pest management goals.
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Fardell, Loren L., Chris R. Pavey, and Christopher R. Dickman. "Fear and stressing in predator–prey ecology: considering the twin stressors of predators and people on mammals." PeerJ 8 (April 30, 2020): e9104. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.9104.
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Predators induce stress in prey and can have beneficial effects in ecosystems, but can also have negative effects on biodiversity if they are overabundant or have been introduced. The growth of human populations is, at the same time, causing degradation of natural habitats and increasing interaction rates of humans with wildlife, such that conservation management routinely considers the effects of human disturbance as tantamount to or surpassing those of predators. The need to simultaneously manage both of these threats is particularly acute in urban areas that are, increasingly, being recognized as global hotspots of wildlife activity. Pressures from altered predator–prey interactions and human activity may each initiate fear responses in prey species above those that are triggered by natural stressors in ecosystems. If fear responses are experienced by prey at elevated levels, on top of responses to multiple environmental stressors, chronic stress impacts may occur. Despite common knowledge of the negative effects of stress, however, it is rare that stress management is considered in conservation, except in intensive ex situ situations such as in captive breeding facilities or zoos. We propose that mitigation of stress impacts on wildlife is crucial for preserving biodiversity, especially as the value of habitats within urban areas increases. As such, we highlight the need for future studies to consider fear and stress in predator–prey ecology to preserve both biodiversity and ecosystem functioning, especially in areas where human disturbance occurs. We suggest, in particular, that non-invasive in situ investigations of endocrinology and ethology be partnered in conservation planning with surveys of habitat resources to incorporate and reduce the effects of fear and stress on wildlife.
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Velo-Antón, Guillermo, David Alvarez, and Lucía Alarcón-Ríos. "Monsters in the city: multiple deformities increase in terrestrial-breeding urban salamanders." Amphibia-Reptilia 42, no. 3 (April 20, 2021): 391–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685381-bja10057.
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Abstract Amphibians are subjected to an assortment of environmental stressors responsible for their population declines and malformations. Deciphering the underlying causes of amphibian deformities is challenging due to the complex nature and interplay among factors. We evaluated morphological deformities in 9 urban and 9 woodland populations of terrestrial-breeding fire salamanders. We report several types of malformations and higher incidences among urban populations. This model system allowed us to tease apart some of the common factors responsible for amphibian deformations, suggesting airborne/terrestrial pollutants, predation, and/or inbreeding as potential environmental stressors. Yet, the putative underlying factors of fire salamander deformities need to be properly addressed in thorough studies linking habitat quality and the prevalence of morphological abnormalities, as well as predator-prey interactions. Reporting deformation rates among amphibians is key to identify warning signals of population declines and preventing local extinctions.
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Campbell, Michael, and Betty-Lou Lancaster. "Public Attitudes toward Black Bears (Ursus americanus) and Cougars (Puma concolor) on Vancouver Island." Society & Animals 18, no. 1 (2010): 40–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/106311110x12586086158448.
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AbstractThe sharp increase in the human population of Vancouver Island; the urban development policy favoring forest fragmentation and smaller, scattered settlements; and the relatively sizable population of large predatory mammals have contributed to one of the highest human-large predator contact zones in North America. Although some studies have evaluated public attitudes toward larger carnivores from urban/rural, gender, and generational perspectives, few have focused on black bears and cougars on the British Columbia coast. In this study, four hundred people in the densely populated southeast corner of Vancouver Island were interviewed about their attitudes toward black bear and cougar presence and behavior. The majority of interviewees had positive attitudes toward both bears and cougars, and were opposed to the shooting of carnivores, preferring trapping and removal. Contrary to expectation, few respondents saw carnivores as threats to livestock, companion animals, or children. Both black bears and cougars were perceived as serving useful functions as part of the island’s heritage and cultural development (through hunting, tourism, and recreation).
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Miller, Colleen R., Brandon T. Barton, Likai Zhu, Volker C. Radeloff, Kerry M. Oliver, Jason P. Harmon, and Anthony R. Ives. "Combined effects of night warming and light pollution on predator–prey interactions." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 284, no. 1864 (October 11, 2017): 20171195. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2017.1195.
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Interactions between multiple anthropogenic environmental changes can drive non-additive effects in ecological systems, and the non-additive effects can in turn be amplified or dampened by spatial covariation among environmental changes. We investigated the combined effects of night-time warming and light pollution on pea aphids and two predatory ladybeetle species. As expected, neither night-time warming nor light pollution changed the suppression of aphids by the ladybeetle species that forages effectively in darkness. However, for the more-visual predator, warming and light had non-additive effects in which together they caused much lower aphid abundances. These results are particularly relevant for agriculture near urban areas that experience both light pollution and warming from urban heat islands. Because warming and light pollution can have non-additive effects, predicting their possible combined consequences over broad spatial scales requires knowing how they co-occur. We found that night-time temperature change since 1949 covaried positively with light pollution, which has the potential to increase their non-additive effects on pea aphid control by 70% in US alfalfa. Our results highlight the importance of non-additive effects of multiple environmental factors on species and food webs, especially when these factors co-occur.
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Hunold, Christian, and Maz Mazuchowski. "Human–Wildlife Coexistence in Urban Wildlife Management: Insights from Nonlethal Predator Management and Rodenticide Bans." Animals 10, no. 11 (October 28, 2020): 1983. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10111983.
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Conceptions of human–wildlife coexistence that acknowledge nonhuman wild animals as fellow urban dwellers with legitimate claims on shared urban spaces are starting to influence urban wildlife management practices. Insofar as at least some wild animals have successfully achieved membership in urban society, how has this revaluation affected how urban wildlife is governed? Our interpretive policy analysis explores this question in two areas of urban wildlife management where practices are becoming less lethal: predator management and rodent control. A directed qualitative content analysis of U.S. urban wildlife management plans and rodent control strategies reveals a shift from conflict to coexistence as the basis for understanding human–wildlife relations in urban settings. Indiscriminate killing of urban wildlife is condemned as unethical as well as impractical, and lethal control figures as a measure of last resort that must be rationally justified. Commensal rodents, however, do not benefit from this shift toward coexistence between humans and nonhuman species. Campaigns to restrict the use of rodenticides are intended to protect carnivores, not the rodents themselves. Though urban wildlife management is consistent with some elements of the vision of multispecies flourishing developed by human–animal studies scholars, not all species benefit equally from this transition, and the legitimacy of wild animals’ claims on shared urban spaces often remains contingent on their good behavior.
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Bílá, Kateřina, Jana Beránková, Petr Veselý, Thomas Bugnyar, and Christine Schwab. "Responses of urban crows to con- and hetero-specific alarm calls in predator and non-predator zoo enclosures." Animal Cognition 20, no. 1 (October 31, 2016): 43–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10071-016-1047-5.
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Durán-Prieto, Juliana, Esteban Tulande-Marín, and Valentina Ocampo-Flóres. "Avispas (Insecta: Hymenoptera) asociadas a árboles urbanos de la ciudad de Bogotá, Colombia." REVISTA CHILENA DE ENTOMOLOGÍA 46, no. 4 (December 23, 2020): 681–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.35249/rche.46.4.20.14.
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Urban trees are a source of food resources, habitat and refuge for the biodiversity that occurs in cities. However, the taxonomic identity and status of each plant species as native and / or exotic of in an ecosystem influences its interactions with biodiversity. Wasps are one of the main insects present in terrestrial ecosystems, including urban ecosystems, as components of their biodiversity, playing an important role as biocontrol agents (predators and parasitoids) of populations of other insects associated with urban flora or as phytophagous. Seeking to deepen into the knowledge of the diversity of wasps in the city of Bogotá and their ecological interactions, in this study the diversity of wasps associated with three native and three exotic species frequently in urban parks of the city was evaluated. In total, 22 wasp families and 227 morphospecies were identified. The families Bethylidae, Chalcididae and Crabronidae are recorded for the first time in Bogotá. On the other part, the families Eulophidae, Ichneumonidae and Braconidae were the ones that contributed with the most richness and abundance in this study. Regarding their association with the evaluated plant species, a greater diversity of morphospecies associated with native tree species was found, however, there is an effect of the taxonomic identity and the factor park on the results that are discussed. It highlighting the importance of conserving the native urban flora in green spaces of Bogota’s city, in order to maintain and preserve the diversity of wasps principally with parasitoid and predator habits and thus enhance their role as natural biocontrol agents of insects that affect the health of urban trees, at the same time that ecological processes and functionality of this urban ecosystem would be stimulated.
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Gunnarsson, Bengt, and Mikael Hake. "Bird predation affects canopy-living arthropods in city parks." Canadian Journal of Zoology 77, no. 9 (November 15, 1999): 1419–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z99-114.
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Earlier studies suggest a significant top-down impact of vertebrate predators on arboreal arthropods. However, the general importance of such predator-prey interactions is not yet established. The impact of bird predation on macro-arthropods living in canopies of birch (Betula pendula) and oak (Quercus robur) was studied at six sites in four city parks in Göteborg, southwestern Sweden. In a 17-week field experiment we manipulated the bird-predation pressure on arthropods on birch and oak branches. Passerine numbers differed significantly between birch sites but not between oak sites. Bird predation significantly reduced the abundance on both birch and oak branches of seven out of nine arthropod taxa examined: Araneae, Opiliones, Dermaptera, Psocoptera, Heteroptera (oak only), Coleoptera, and Lepidoptera (birch only). For birch, arthropods were of larger average body size on experimental than on control branches at two sites. At the third site, however, arthropods were larger on control branches. For oak, arthropods were significantly larger on experimental than on control branches at two sites. At the remaining site, in the same park as the deviating birch site, there was no difference between size distributions. Thus, in one of the parks, experimental effects on size distributions at birch and oak sites contradicted the results from the other parks. Site effects on arthropod abundance were found for three insect taxa on birch and one insect taxon on oak. There were significant interactions between experimental treatment and site for Dermaptera on birch and for Araneae on oak. Although one of the parks (the central one) differed from the others in certain aspects, the results suggest that overall, bird predation was not seriously affected by the urban environment. We conclude that bird predation on arthropods is an important link in canopy food webs of temperate-zone forests.
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Nummi, Petri, Veli-Matti Vaananen, Antti-Juhani Pekkarinen, Visa Eronen, Markku Mikkola-Roos, Jarkko Nurmi, Antti Rautiainen, and Pekka Rusanen. "Alien predation in wetlands – the Raccoon Dog and water birds breeding success." BALTIC FORESTRY 25, no. 2 (December 31, 2019): 228–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.46490/vol25iss2pp228.
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Alien predators are known to potentially strongly affect their prey populations. We studied the impact of raccoon dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides) on waterbird breeding success in eight semi-urban wetlands in Finland. We manipulated raccoon dog density in two wetlands by removing individuals (2002 protection year, 2003 and 2004 removal years). We additionally performed nest predation experiments. We monitored raccoon dog density, estimated hunting bag size and observed waterbird breeding success. Our hypothesis predicts that the omnivorous raccoon dog plays a role in waterbird breeding success by depredating nests. Our experiments shown that the raccoon dog hunting bag in eutrophic wetlands may be large, as we removed 8.6–20.0 animals per km2. Both our nest predation experiment and field data indicated that raccoon dogs affect the breeding success of waterbirds. We found a significant relationship between raccoon dog density index and predation rate of the artificial nests, but not between red fox (Vulpes vulpes) density and predation on artificial nests. We did not find an association between raccoon dog abundance and the breeding success of mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) and great crested grebes (Podiceps cristatus). However, our study shows that birds species with different breeding strategies – e.g. great crested grebe, mute swan (Cygnus olor), mallard, Eurasian wigeon (Mareca penelope), coot (Fulica atra), lapwing (Vanellus vanellus) and marsh harrier (Circus aeruginosus) – when considered together showed higher breeding success both in 2003 and 2004 when compared to breeding success before removal. There was, however, variation in how strongly the species responded to raccoon dog removal. Our results indicate that the removal of alien raccoon dogs can be an important tool in wetland management.
Keywords: ducks, invasive species, lapwing, nest predation experiment, Nyctereutes procyonoides, predator removal
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Varga, Sámuel Zsolt, and Lajos Juhász. "Population dynamics and habitat preference of two urbanized Columbidae species and their nest predator in two settlement types." Ornis Hungarica 28, no. 2 (December 1, 2020): 146–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/orhu-2020-0023.
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AbstractSince urbanization is a worldwide phenomenon, numerous species have gained the advantage of urban ecosystems. The Eurasian Collared Doves (Streptopelia decaocto) has become widespread all across Europe along with human-altered habitats. In general, population levels are stable but numbers have locally decreased in the past few decades. In parallel, a new wave of urbanization came forward, so Wood Pigeons (Columba palumbus) entered urban ecosystems alongside with other Columbidae species. In this paper, our primary goal was to find any connection between habitat availability factors such as coniferous tree density and the population dynamics of two urbanized species. A locally emerging corvid species, the Hooded Crow (Corvus cornix) was also taken into consideration in influencing tree-nesting doves and pigeons as a primary nest predator. During the research period, we aimed to express the differences in habitat structure of two urban ecotypes by nesting tree availability and structure and to prove the power of predator presence in sampling sites. Our results showed that residential areas have a higher proportion of coniferous trees, as well as the high preference of residential areas by Wood Pigeons and Eurasian Collared Doves.
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Piper, S., C. P. Catterall, and M. F. Olsen. "Does adjacent land use affect predation of artificial shrub-nests near eucalypt forest edges?" Wildlife Research 29, no. 2 (2002): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr01072.
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Edge-related increases in nest-predation levels were tested using artificial nests placed within eucalypt forest remnants at distances of 0, 60, and 235 m from edges adjacent to areas of urban, pasture, and Pinus plantation. There were eight replicate sites of each edge type, scattered widely across a 30 000-km2 study region. Open-cup nests containing one quail egg and two plasticine eggs were placed in shrubs and exposed for 6 days. When predation of the quail egg was used to calculate predation levels, predation varied significantly with edge type but not distance to the edge, due to relatively low levels within sites bordering Pinus plantations. When predation of any egg was used to calculate predation levels, predation was not significantly affected by edge type or distance to the edge. Predation levels within eight independent forest interior transects distributed across the study region, and located 500-800 m from the nearest edge, were similar to those within transects 0 m from edges. Birds were the most important class of predator within all combinations of site type and distance to edge, and accounted for 92% of identified predation overall. These results do not support the existence of edge-related increases in predation of shrub nests within subtropical eucalypt forests.
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Fulton, Graham. "Observations of hunting behaviour in an urban predator: the domestic DogCanis familiaris." Australian Zoologist 37, no. 1 (January 2014): 102–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.7882/az.2014.009.
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Mccleery, Robert A. "Changes in fox squirrel anti-predator behaviors across the urban–rural gradient." Landscape Ecology 24, no. 4 (January 30, 2009): 483–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10980-009-9323-2.
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Ough Dealy, Helen R., Rebecca M. Jarvis, and Michael Petterson. "Innovative ways of illustrating the present, imagining the future and analysing themes: A collage-elicited interview study." Methodological Innovations 14, no. 3 (September 2021): 205979912110514. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/20597991211051452.
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Mammalian predators are threatening New Zealand’s endemic species with extinction. Community-led predator control may contribute to a predator-free nation by 2050. An individual’s present and future thoughts about, and subsequent actions for, conservation rely on their current and projected motivations and concerns. Innovative approaches to conservation action theme elicitation and analysis were developed through this visual arts based qualitative study to better understand how people feel about the present and future and their place within. Twenty-five males and females from New Zealand’s rural and urban communities, aged between 12 and 75 years, from primary, secondary and tertiary student, environmental education and community conservation backgrounds, each created two collages of themselves situated in today’s and a future world. Interviewer-led open-ended laddering questions elicited participant responses to their collages. A further open-ended question elicited actions participants would take to move from their perceived present to a projected future world. Trello, a web-based list-making application, facilitated reflexive thematic analysis of the interview transcripts. The following six common themes resulted: connectivity, commitment, learning cycle, practical actions, unconditional belief and group action. These themes, presented as eight-point Likert-type scale items in a Qualtrics digital survey, contributed to the quantitative aspect of this mixed-methods study and may facilitate understanding of future New Zealand volunteer community conservation participation.
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Recio, Mariano R., Carmen M. Arija, Sara Cabezas-Díaz, and Emilio Virgós. "Changes in Mediterranean mesocarnivore communities along urban and ex-urban gradients." Current Zoology 61, no. 5 (October 1, 2015): 793–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/czoolo/61.5.793.
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Abstract Urbanization causes wildlife habitat loss, fragmentation, and the replacement of specialist species by generalists and/or exotic taxa. Because mesocarnivores are particularly vulnerable to habitat modifications, the rapid expansion of urban areas and the increasing trend for ex-urban development occurring in Mediterranean ecosystems may be major drivers of change in mesocarnivore communities. We combined camera trapping and sign surveys to quantify the richness and relative abundance of a set of wild and domestic mesocarnivores. We quantified these variables controlling for the gradient of urbanism, ex-urbanism, and other environmental variables in patches of natural vegetation in the region of Madrid (central Spain), and a non-urbanized control area ~220 km south of Madrid city. Using conditional autoregressive models (CAR) and model selection procedures, we found that urbanization influenced mesocarnivore community composition but this influence was not detrimental for all the species tested. Generalist carnivores such as the red fox Vulpes vulpes were more abundant in urban and ex-urban areas. Ex-urban development creates overlapping areas between wild and domestic species (such as the domestic cat Felis catus and the wildcat Felis silvestris) but contact between wild and domestic carnivores in natural areas is unlikely. Detection of species in the control area was very low. Therefore, the impact of urbanization in causing changes in mesocarnivore communities may be less than other factors such as illegal predator culling.
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Lopes-Fernandes, Margarida, and Amélia Frazão-Moreira. "The (In)visibility of the Iberian Lynx." Anthropological Journal of European Cultures 25, no. 2 (September 1, 2016): 25–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/ajec.2016.250202.
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Not much is known about how the cultural image of predators has been constructed in Western contexts and changed through time. This article reviews representations of lynx in Western Europe. A ‘cultural map’ of lynx in historical contexts is presented, and the ‘social visibility’ of the Iberian lynx in Portugal explored. Since prehistoric times the lynx has been an inspiration, an amulet, a creature gifted with extraordinary capacities but also a food item, and a ‘vermin’ to eliminate. Recently, the Iberian lynx has become a global conservation emblem; once a noxious predator, it is now a symbol of wilderness. Examples show how the species acquired visibility and has been appropriated in contemporary contexts such as logos, ‘green’ marketing, urban art or political campaigns. There is also evidence of a new identity construction in Portuguese rural areas where lynx is being reintroduced, exemplifying a process of objectification of nature.
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Hazel, Julia, and Brian L. Venables. "Can island specialists succeed as urban pioneers? Pied imperial-pigeons provide a case study." Wildlife Research 44, no. 1 (2017): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr16146.
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Context Long-term viability of wildlife populations may be influenced by the adaptive or maladaptive nature of behavioural shifts. Yet, in the short term, implications of novel behaviour are often uncertain, as they were for a newly formed urban nesting colony of pied imperial-pigeons (PIPs) on the mainland coast of north-eastern Australia. It represented unprecedented behaviour, as most of PIPs, also known as Torresian imperial-pigeons, Ducula bicolor/spilorrhoa, breed colonially on remote small islands. Aims The present study would (1) determine whether aggregated mainland nesting continued, (2) evaluate reproductive success, (3) evaluate spatial distribution of nests and (4) explore possible association of reproductive success with predator presence and broad indicators of food availability. Methods With assistance from volunteers, we found mainland PIP nests and revisited them intermittently to monitor progress. We calculated quantitative estimates of nest survival by the Mayfield method and evaluated reproductive output in relation to environmental data from independent sources. Key results During the 2012, 2013 and 2014 breeding seasons, we recorded 436, 387 and 417 PIP nest events at the new mainland colony. Daily nest-survival rates declined progressively and estimated fledgling output decreased over successive seasons from 0.66 to 0.44 per nest event. The highest mainland output was below that estimated for an island PIP colony (0.78) on the basis of sparse prior data. Across potential foraging grounds, there was no negative change in land use and no widespread adverse weather to account for diminishing success. We identified important causes of nest failure among mainland nesting PIPs to be predation, predominantly by birds, and anthropogenic hazards, including tree pruning and collisions with vehicles and windows of buildings. Conclusions With ongoing exposure to these hazards, mainland nesting PIPs cannot be expected to increase productivity; hence, the new colony may be a short-term phenomenon. We infer that the historic success of PIP populations in Queensland stems from their selection of breeding sites on remote islands that are largely free of relevant predators and anthropogenic activity. Implications Future conservation of extant PIP abundance will depend crucially on protection of island breeding sites, because multiple hazards of mainland nesting make it an unfavourable alternative strategy.
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Kaine, Geoff, Nicholas Kirk, Robyn Kannemeyer, Dean Stronge, and Ben Wiercinski. "Predicting People’s Motivation to Engage in Urban Possum Control." Conservation 1, no. 3 (August 1, 2021): 196–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/conservation1030016.
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Initiatives such as education, incentives, and regulations are used to change people’s behaviour and thereby achieve policy objectives. Understanding and predicting the willingness of people to change their behaviour in response to an initiative is critical in assessing its likely effectiveness. We present a framework proposed by Kaine et al. (2010) for understanding and predicting the motivation of people to change their behaviour in response to a policy initiative. The framework draws on the marketing concept of ‘involvement’, a measure of motivation. Through application to a predator control case study, we show how the framework may be used to predict people’s responses to a policy initiative and how these predictions might help agencies develop strategies to promote behaviour change.
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Bradsworth, Nick, John G. White, Anthony R. Rendall, Nicholas Carter, Desley A. Whisson, and Raylene Cooke. "Using thresholds to determine priorities for apex predator conservation in an urban landscape." Landscape and Urban Planning 228 (December 2022): 104559. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2022.104559.
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Magle, Seth B., Leah S. Simoni, Elizabeth W. Lehrer, and Joel S. Brown. "Urban predator–prey association: coyote and deer distributions in the Chicago metropolitan area." Urban Ecosystems 17, no. 4 (July 26, 2014): 875–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11252-014-0389-5.
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Lutz, James. "Reducing Deer Damage to Woody and Herbaceous Plants." HortScience 30, no. 4 (July 1995): 830D—830. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.30.4.830d.
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Woody and herbaceous plants in urban and rural landscapes, nurseries, orchards, and Christmas tree plantations are becoming increasingly susceptible to deer damage. Most existing repellents are either ineffective, or are effective for short periods of time. This project presented four plant species treated with chicken eggs, Deer-Away, Hinder, Tree Guard, Milorganite, chicken eggs with Tree Guard, and chicken eggs with Transfilm, to 20 captive white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). Only chicken eggs alone and Deer-Away deterred deer from feeding on the containerized nursery stock. Chicken eggs alone performed significantly better than Deer-Away. In a second experiment, pelletized deer food treated with Deer-Away, Hinder (1:1 and 1:5), Tree Guard, Miller Hot Sauce (0.62% and 6.2%), and two experimental predator urines were presented to ten captive deer. Both rates of Miller Hot Sauce and predator urine #1 significantly reduced deer feeding on pelletized deer food. Deer-Away, Hinder 1:1, and predator urine #2 also reduced feeding. Hinder 1:5 slightly reduced feeding. Tree Guard was completely ineffective.
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Pettinga, D., J. Kennedy, and D. S. Proppe. "Common urban birds continue to perceive predator calls that are overlapped by road noise." Urban Ecosystems 19, no. 1 (August 13, 2015): 373–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11252-015-0498-9.
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Kettel, Esther F., Louise K. Gentle, Richard W. Yarnell, and John L. Quinn. "Breeding performance of an apex predator, the peregrine falcon, across urban and rural landscapes." Urban Ecosystems 22, no. 1 (September 8, 2018): 117–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11252-018-0799-x.
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Sadoul, Bastien, Daniel T. Blumstein, Sébastien Alfonso, and Benjamin Geffroy. "Human protection drives the emergence of a new coping style in animals." PLOS Biology 19, no. 4 (April 6, 2021): e3001186. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3001186.
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Wild animals face novel environmental threats from human activities that may occur along a gradient of interactions with humans. Recent work has shown that merely living close to humans has major implications for a variety of antipredator traits and physiological responses. Here, we hypothesize that when human presence protects prey from their genuine predators (as sometimes seen in urban areas and at some tourist sites), this predator shield, followed by a process of habituation to humans, decouples commonly associated traits related to coping styles, which results in a new range of phenotypes. Such individuals are characterized by low aggressiveness and physiological stress responses, but have enhanced behavioral plasticity, boldness, and cognitive abilities. We refer to these individuals as “preactive,” because their physiological and behavioral coping style falls outside the classical proactive/reactive coping styles. While there is some support for this new coping style, formal multivariate studies are required to investigate behavioral and physiological responses to anthropogenic activities.
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Méndez, Adrián, Tomás Montalvo, Raül Aymí, María Carmona, Jordi Figuerola, and Joan Navarro. "Adapting to urban ecosystems: unravelling the foraging ecology of an opportunistic predator living in cities." Urban Ecosystems 23, no. 5 (April 15, 2020): 1117–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11252-020-00995-3.
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Hume, Georgina, Elizabeth Brunton, and Scott Burnett. "Eastern Grey Kangaroo (Macropus giganteus) Vigilance Behaviour Varies between Human-Modified and Natural Environments." Animals 9, no. 8 (July 27, 2019): 494. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani9080494.
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Rapid increases in urban land use extent across the globe are creating challenges for many wildlife species. Urban landscapes present a novel environment for many species, yet our understanding of wildlife behavioural adaptations to urban environments is still poor. This study compared the vigilance behaviour of a large mammal in response to urbanisation at a landscape level. Here, we investigate urban (n = 12) and non-urban (n = 12) populations of kangaroos in two regions of Australia, and the relationship between kangaroo vigilance and urbanisation. We used a linear modelling approach to determine whether anti-predator vigilance and the number of vigilant acts performed were influenced by land use type (i.e., urban or non-urban), human population densities, kangaroo demographics, and environmental factors. Kangaroo behaviour differed between the two study regions; kangaroo vigilance was higher in urban than non-urban sites in the southern region, which also had the highest human population densities, however no effect of land use was found in the northern region. Season and sex influenced the vigilance levels across both regions, with higher levels seen in winter and female kangaroos. This study is the first to compare urban and non-urban vigilance of large mammals at a landscape level and provide novel insights into behavioural adaptations of large mammals to urban environments.
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Jozef, Vakula, Zúbrik Milan, Galko Juraj, Gubka Andrej, Kunca Andrej, Pavlík Ján, and Nikolov Christo. "First record of Dendroctonus micans (Kugelann, 1794) on non-native spruces in Slovakia – short communication." Plant Protection Science 52, No. 4 (September 26, 2016): 277–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/60/2016-pps.
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In 2015, we recorded the first attack of the great spruce bark beetle, Dendroctonus micans (Kugelann) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae) on non-native Picea orientalis (L.) and Picea pungens (Engelmann) in Slovakia. To our knowledge, the occurrence of D. micans on P. orientalis in Central Europe has not been described yet. We found that D. micans preferred P. orientalis over P. pungens and other coniferous trees in urban areas. In laboratory conditions, 352 adults of D. micans emerged and only 1 predator, Rhizophagus grandis (Gyllenhal) (Coleoptera: Monotomidae), was recorded. D. micans has a potential to become a serious pest of P. orientalis and P. pungens in urban, and in air-polluted areas.
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Brans, Kristien I., Nedim Tüzün, Arnaud Sentis, Luc De Meester, and Robby Stoks. "Cryptic eco‐evolutionary feedback in the city: Urban evolution of prey dampens the effect of urban evolution of the predator." Journal of Animal Ecology 91, no. 3 (November 7, 2021): 514–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1365-2656.13601.
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Brans, Kristien I., Nedim Tüzün, Arnaud Sentis, Luc De Meester, and Robby Stoks. "Cryptic eco‐evolutionary feedback in the city: Urban evolution of prey dampens the effect of urban evolution of the predator." Journal of Animal Ecology 91, no. 3 (November 7, 2021): 514–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1365-2656.13601.
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Thieme, Jennifer L., Amanda D. Rodewald, Justin Brown, Chris Anchor, and Stanley D. Gehrt. "Linking Grassland and Early Successional Bird Territory Density to Predator Activity in Urban Parks." Natural Areas Journal 35, no. 4 (October 2015): 515–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3375/043.035.0404.
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