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Zabin, Carol. "The Effects of Economic Restructuring on Women: The Case of Binational Agriculture in Baja California and California." Economic Development Quarterly 8, no. 2 (May 1994): 186–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/089124249400800208.
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This article analyzes the effects of increasing economic integration between Mexico and the United States on workers in the California and Baja California fresh fruit and vegetable industry. This sector has experienced significant economic integration in labor, capital, and product markets over the past 10 years. During this period, wages in this sector have fallen on both sides of the border, and wages in Mexico are currently about one-sixth of California wages. Although workers in Baja and California perform the same tasks using the same technology and work for firms funded by some of the same U.S. capital, indigenous Mixtec women and children from the poor, southern state of Oaxaca are concentrated in the lower-paying jobs in Baja, whereas Mixtec and mestizo men have greater access to the higher-paying jobs in California. Differing labor processes on opposite sides of the border result in this binational gender and ethnic segmentation of the labor market, which will slow wage convergence even if remaining trade barriers are removed. Better enforcement of laws and broader employment generation strategies are necessary to reduce poverty among farm workers on both sides of the border.
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McClain, Weston. "Preventive Care: Improving Health of Medicare, Medicaid, and Children’s Health Insurance Program Patients Through Access to Fresh Fruit and Vegetables." American Journal of Law & Medicine 48, no. 4 (December 2022): 343–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/amj.2023.2.
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AbstractDiet is the number one risk factor for deaths in the United States. Members of marginalized and impoverished communities particularly struggle to afford nutritious food. Poor diets result in health disparities along socio-economic, age, racial, ethnic, indigenous, rural, and urban lines. Despite the ever-growing social and financial burden of diet-related chronic diseases, the U.S. has failed to invest in health care-related dietary policy. This Article proposes produce prescriptions as a national dietary preventive medicine program through Medicare, Medicaid, and the Children’s Health Insurance Program (CHIP).Recently, nonprofits, governments, and health care providers have designed innovative produce prescription programs to combat diet-related chronic diseases. In these programs, clinical providers can prescribe subsidized fruit and vegetables to patients. Produce prescriptions empower patients by making dietary change affordable and by motivating patients to improve their health. Numerous studies, pilot projects, and local programs demonstrate that produce prescriptions can improve health care outcomes for individuals from diverse communities. Most at-risk members of our society receive health coverage through Medicare, Medicaid, or CHIP. This Article analyzes how to scale up produce prescriptions within these programs using law and policy.
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Singh, Gopal K., Mehrete Girmay, Michelle Allender, and Ramey T. Christine. "Digital Divide: Marked Disparities in Computer and Broadband Internet Use and Associated Health Inequalities in the United States." International Journal of Translational Medical Research and Public Health 4, no. 1 (June 10, 2020): 64–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.21106/ijtmrph.148.
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Background: Despite the considerable increase in computer and internet use over the past two decades, few studies have examined socioeconomic, demographic, and health characteristics associated with computer and internet use in the United States. Community-level differences in computer and internet use and associated disparities in health and mor tality indicators have not been analyzed. This study examines these associations at the individual and community level using national census, health, and mortality data.
Methods: We analyzed data from the 2017 American Community Survey (ACS) Micro-data Sample, the 2013-2017 ACS Summary File, 2013-2017 National Vital Statistics System, and 2019 County Health Rankings and Roadmaps. Health and socioeconomic characteristics associated with broadband internet and computer use among adults aged ≥18 were modeled by logistic regression (N=2,385,595).
Results: In 2017, 89.7% of Asian/Pacific Islanders (APIs) had broadband internet service, compared with 66.0% of American Indians/Alaska Natives (AIANs), 77.2% of Blacks/African-Americans, 78.8% of Hispanics, and 83.5% of non-Hispanic Whites. APIs (97.4%) were more likely than other racial/ethnic groups to own or use a computer (including smartphones), while AIANs (80.3%) were less likely. Socioeconomic gradients in internet and computer use were marked. Those below the poverty level and with less than a high school education reported 18 and 15 percentage points lower rates of internet and computer use respectively. Compared to metropolitan areas, nonmetropolitan areas had lower internet access (80.3% vs. 69.7%) and computer use (88.4% vs. 80.5%). Rural areas and small urban towns had the lowest level of internet and computer use. Risks of disabilities and lack of health insurance were greater among persons with lower broadband internet and computer access. Communities with low internet and computer use had seven years shorter life expectancy than communities with high use and were at increased risks of mortality from various chronic conditions, poor health, mental distress, hospitalization, smoking, obesity, and physical inactivity.
Conclusions and Implications for Translation: Significant socioeconomic and racial/ethnic disparities in internet and computer use and associated health inequalities exist in the US. Closing the social divide in internet and computer use can positively impact individual empowerment, educational attainment, economic growth, community development, access to health care and health-related information, and health promotions efforts.
Key words: • Digital divide • broadband internet • computer use • disability • health insurance • causespecific mortality • morbidity • health behaviors
Copyright © 2020 Singh et al. Published by Global Health and Education Projects, Inc. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, appropriate credit is given, any changes made indicated, and the use is non-commercial.
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Hsieh, Tien-Chan, Guangchen Zou, Yee Hui Yeo, Jiayi Zheng, and Robert A. Kloss. "Racial and socioeconomic factors associated with palliative care utilization in pancreatic cancer: An analysis of National Inpatient Sample." Journal of Clinical Oncology 40, no. 16_suppl (June 1, 2022): e16296-e16296. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2022.40.16_suppl.e16296.
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e16296 Background: Palliative care (PC) has been validated as a crucial component in end-of-life quality. Despite the higher PC utilization in cancer patients than other conditions, some studies have raised concern of systemic inequality in PC utilization. PC has a significant role in the care of pancreatic cancer, especially due to the poor prognosis. Here, we investigate the sociodemographic factors associated with the recent trend of PC utilization in pancreatic cancer. Methods: We used the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project National Inpatient Sample database, all-payer inpatient care database in the United States, with data years 2016-2019. The end-of-life hospitalizations were defined as adult patients (age at least 18 years old) who were hospitalized at least three days and passed away. The cases were identified with International Classification of Diseases (ICD) 10th edition for pancreatic cancer (C25.0-25.9) within the top three diagnoses. Prevalence of PC consultation could be estimated with the billable code Z51.5. The factors that were statistically associated with PC utilization in univariable analysis would be included in the final multivariable logistic regression model. Charlson Comorbidity Index was used to adjust for comorbidities. Hospital factors such as size and base (rural, urban, urban teaching) were included in the analysis. Results: Among 339,318 adult patients who were hospitalized at least three days and passed away, 2,011 cases had pancreatic cancer within top three diagnosis codes. 1576 (78.4%) patients were at least age 60 or above. 1,275 (63.4%) of them had PC consult at their end-of-life. There was a significant yearly trend of increasing PC utilization (Cochran-Armitage test p-value < 0.05). Male, African American, lower income, and rural area were significantly associated with less PC consult in multivariable regression model. The adjusted odds ratio (aOR) of PC consult was 0.66 (p < 0.005) in African American. There was significantly more PC utilization in the top 25% income group (vs the bottom 25% counterpart, aOR 1.35; p < 0.05) and in urban hospitals (vs rural hospitals, aOR 1.80 in nonteaching; aOR 1.88 in teaching; p < 0.001). Conclusions: There was a trend of increasing PC utilization in pancreatic cancer. Nevertheless, racial and socioeconomic factors were still significantly associated with the PC utilization. Further study and systemic policy approach are required to investigate and address such disparities and promote the PC utilization.
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Gamble, Charlotte. "Abstract IA010: Neighborhood socioeconomic status and outcomes of patients with endometrial cancer." Clinical Cancer Research 30, no. 5_Supplement (March 1, 2024): IA010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1557-3265.endo24-ia010.
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Abstract Cancer disparities manifest a particularly intricate interplay between incompletely understood genomic risks, biologic susceptibility, and access to quality care. Disparate access to quality cancer care is often a reflection of a complex relationship between social, historical, and environmental factors that influence a patient’s surroundings, however large observational studies rarely quantify these contextual elements beyond individual or area-level income and education. The well-established racial and socioeconomic inequities in uterine cancer outcomes remain one of the widest amongst all cancer types, with an approximate 20% difference in 5-year survival between Black and White patients, which remains unchanged over the past 15 years. Racial disparities persist even when controlling for more advanced stage at presentation, the occurrence of more aggressive tumor subtypes and quality of treatment. When controlling for age, time period of diagnosis, region of the country, urban or rural setting, treating facility type, socioeconomic status, education, insurance, comorbidity index, pathologic stage, histology, lymphadenectomy and adjuvant treatment, African American patients still have lower overall survival than White patients (HR 1.21, 95% CI 1.16-1.26). There continues to be a concerted call for further explanation of the socioeconomic factors that contribute to these racial disparities. To date, few epidemiologic studies of uterine cancer have utilized markers that are more representative of the complex interplay of various social and environmental factors that influence health outcomes. Some studies have examined area level poverty and uterine cancer treatment and outcomes, finding that living in more vulnerable neighborhoods was associated with poor survival, delays in care, and inadequate treatment. However, these studies do not take into account the interplay of neighborhood poverty and how race, or experience of racism, may affect this relationship. Given the complex and insidious nature of racism in the United States, we have further explored how neighborhood poverty may affect uterine cancer outcomes taking into account the race of patients studied. Preliminary data from New York state suggests that neighborhood socioeconomic vulnerability is associated with worse treatment and survival for patients with uterine cancer, and this was best seen in White patients living outside of major metropolitan areas. The greatest Black/White survival disparities are seen in the wealthiest neighborhoods in New York City. Black women with advanced stage endometrial cancer living in affluent areas have no significant survival advantage over those living in vulnerable neighborhoods. Citation Format: Charlotte Gamble. Neighborhood socioeconomic status and outcomes of patients with endometrial cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Endometrial Cancer: Transforming Care through Science; 2023 Nov 16-18; Boston, Massachusetts. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2024;30(5_Suppl):Abstract nr IA010.
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Qasrawi, Ayman, Richard L. O'Neal, Maxwell M. Krem, Gregory Monohan, Reinhold Munker, and Gerhard C. Hildebrandt. "Disparities in Plasma Cell Neoplasms in Kentucky, Appalachia and Other States: A Population Based Study." Blood 134, Supplement_1 (November 13, 2019): 4735. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2019-127687.
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Background: Historically, Kentucky has had one of the highest rates of cancer mortality in USA. In non-hematologic malignancy, the Appalachian region of the eastern United States is also associated with poor outcomes, however, the relationship with hematologic malignancy is poorly understood. We aim to study the disparities of Plasma Cell Neoplasms (PCN) in this region utilizing the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program (SEER) database. Methods: We identified patients with PCN (multiple myeloma [MM], solitary plasmacytomas [PC], and plasma cell leukemia [PCL]) from the SEER database between 2000-2015. Data obtained included demographics, state, residence in an Appalachian region, rural/urban continuum code, median annual household income, and overall survival (OS) outcomes. Kentucky and Georgia are the only states that report to SEER which have populations from Appalachia. Therefore, patients were classified into 5 groups: Appalachia/Kentucky, non-Appalachia/Kentucky, Appalachia/Georgia, non-Appalachia/Georgia, and other (non-Appalachian) states. We used Kaplan-Meier & Cox regression to analyze survival outcomes. Income was analyzed as a continuous variable. Variables with a p value < 0.1 in univariate analysis were included in a stepwise multivariate Cox proportional hazard ratio (HR) model. Results A total of 68,627 patients were identified and included in the study (5.5% [n=3806] in Kentucky and 94.5% in other states). 3028 were identified as Appalachian (1969 in Georgia and 1059 in Kentucky). Baseline characteristics were comparable between Kentucky and other states except for income and rural/urban code. Percentages of patients with an income of <50k/year in Kentucky and other states were 56% and 22%, respectively (p<0.0001). In Kentucky, 55% of the patients were classified as living in a metro area, compared to 91% in other states (p<0.0001). All patients from Appalachia/Kentucky had an income of <50k/year, compared to 38% from Appalachia/Georgia. On univariate analysis, age >70 (HR=2.83, vs <60), age 60-70 (HR=1.44), diagnosis of MM/PCL vs PC (HR=1.85), black vs white race (HR=1.06), residence in Appalachia/Kentucky (HR=1.24) or non-Appalachia/Kentucky (HR=1.11) vs other states, year of diagnosis 2000-2005 (HR=1.4) or 2006-2010 (HR=1.12) vs 2011-2015, residence in a rural/urban area vs metro area (HR=1.16) and income (HR=1.029 for each 5000$ decrease) were significantly associated with worse OS (Table 1). Figure 1 shows the survival curves according to the region. On multivariate analysis (Table 2), age > 70 (HR=2.76) or 60-70 (HR=1.93), diagnosis of MM/PCL (HR=1.67), year of diagnosis 2000-2005 (HR=1.39) or 2006-2010 (HR=1.13), and income (HR=1.03 for each 5000$ decrease) persisted as significant risk factors for worse OS. Race, rural/urban code and being from non-Appalachia/Kentucky were no longer predictive of OS, while there was a non-significant trend towards worse OS for being from Appalachia/Kentucky (HR=1.07, CI=0.99-1.16, p=0.08). Conclusions Overall survival of patients with PCN in Kentucky in general, and even more prominently of patients from the Kentucky Appalachia area, is worse when compared to other states. However, when adjusted for income, this disparity corrects. This data highlights the importance of improving health outreach to this at-risk population. More studies focusing on underlying causes, such as education, compliance, co-morbidities and access to a care are warranted. Disclosures Monohan: DuPont: Other: Equity interest; Johnson & Johnson: Other: Equity interest; Novartis: Other: Equity interest; Pacria: Other: Equity interest; Pfizer: Other: Equity interest. Hildebrandt:Axim Biotechnologies: Equity Ownership; Insys Therapeutics: Equity Ownership; Pfizer: Equity Ownership, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Other: Travel; Pharmacyclics: Research Funding; Astellas: Other: Travel; Vertex: Equity Ownership; Procter & Gamble: Equity Ownership; Abbvie: Equity Ownership; Takeda: Research Funding; Johnson & Johnson: Equity Ownership; Scotts-Miracle: Equity Ownership; Incyte: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Other: Travel; Jazz Pharmaceuticals: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Other: Travel, Research Funding; IDEXX laboratories: Equity Ownership; Immunomedics: Equity Ownership; Endocyte: Equity Ownership; Clovis Oncology: Equity Ownership; Cellectis: Equity Ownership; Aetna: Equity Ownership; CVS Health: Equity Ownership; Celgene: Equity Ownership; Bluebird Bio: Equity Ownership; Bristol-Myers-Squibb: Equity Ownership; Kite Pharma: Equity Ownership, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Other; Novartis: Equity Ownership; Juno Therapeutics: Equity Ownership; Novartis: Equity Ownership; Kite Pharma: Equity Ownership, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Other: Travel; Sangamo: Equity Ownership; Axim Biotechnologies: Equity Ownership; crispr therapeutics: Equity Ownership; GW Pharmaceuticals: Equity Ownership; Cardinal Health: Equity Ownership; Bayer: Equity Ownership.
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JOHNSON, NIA, and LANCE WAHLERT. "Urban Bioethics: A Call for the Prestige." Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 28, no. 3 (July 2019): 509–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963180119000434.
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Abstract:Many teaching hospitals in the United States were founded on philanthropic principles and aimed to aid the urban poor and underserved. However, as times have changed, there has been a divide created between the urban poor and teaching hospitals. There is a plethora of reasons why this is the case. This paper will specifically focus on the histories of ten hospitals and medical schools and the effect that white flight, segregation, elitism, and marginalization had on healthcare institutions all over the United States. It will call for a reexamination of the values of Ivy League and Ivy Plus teaching hospitals and medical schools and for them to take an intentional look into their communities.
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Giusti, Cecilia, and Luis Estevez. "Microlending for housing in the United States. A case study in colonias in Texas." Habitat International 35, no. 2 (April 2011): 307–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2010.10.003.
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Oropesa, R. S., and Leif Jensen. "Dominican Immigrants and Discrimination in a New Destination: The Case of Reading, Pennsylvania." City & Community 9, no. 3 (September 2010): 274–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6040.2010.01330.x.
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The last decade has witnessed the diversification of immigrant destinations in the United States. Although the literature on this phenomenon is burgeoning, research on the experiences of smaller immigrant groups in new destinations is underdeveloped. This is especially the case for those from the Dominican Republic, a group that is expanding beyond the traditional gateway cities of the Northeast. Using a survey of Dominican immigrants in Reading, Pennsylvania, this study has two objectives. the first objective is to describe the prevalence of experiences with institutional and interpersonal discrimination. the second objective is to determine the extent to which these experiences are structured around racial markers (i.e., skin tone), forms of capital, forms of incorporation, and exposure to the United States. Our results show that a substantial minority of Dominican immigrants claims to have been treated unfairly, primarily because of their “race and ethnicity.” in addition, experiences with some types of discrimination are positively associated with skin tone (i.e., darkness) and several factors that are identified in models of assimilation.
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Aziz, Jason, Kieran Reid, John Batsis, and Roger Fielding. "Urban-Rural Differences in Sarcopenia Prevalence and Nutritional Risk Factors: The NHANES (2001–2002 and 2011–2014)." Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2020): 272. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.870.
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Abstract Background: Older adults living in rural areas experience health inequities compared to their urban counterparts. These include comorbidities, poor diet and physical inactivity; known risk factors for sarcopenia. No studies examining urban-rural differences in the prevalence of sarcopenia and slow gait speed among older adults in the United States exist. Objective: To compare the prevalence of sarcopenia and slow gait speed between urban and rural older adults living in the United States. As a secondary aim, we examined relationships between rural residency, total energy and total protein on gait speed and grip strength. Methods: We performed a secondary data analysis of two cohorts in the continuous NHANES (2001-2002 and 2011-2014), using gait speed or grip strength data, along with urban-rural status, dietary, examination, questionnaire and demographic data in older (≥ 60 yrs.) adults. Results: The prevalence of GripBMI weakness was higher in urban vs. rural participants (27.4% vs. 19.2%), whereas their absolute grip strength was lower (31.75(±0.45) vs. 33.73(±0.48)). Total energy, total protein and relative protein intakes were similar between urban and rural participants. Total energy intake was associated with gait speed and grip strength. Conclusions: Older adults living in urban areas of the United States, were weaker compared to their rural counterparts. Rural residency was not associated with gait speed or grip strength. Total energy intake was associated with slower gait speed but higher grip strength. This report is the first to examine urban-rural differences in sarcopenia and slow gait speed in older adults living in the United States.
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Wright, Lauri, and Palak Gupta. "Coping Strategies Adopted by Urban Poor to Ameliorate Food Insecurity: Case of United States, Belize and India." Journal of Food Security 3, no. 2 (May 5, 2015): 40–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.12691/jfs-3-2-2.
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Chen, Yujuan, De’Etra Young, Jason de Koff, and Kofi Britwum. "Extension Agents’ Perceptions, Practices, and Needs of Urban Forestry: A Case Study from Tennessee, United States." Sustainability 15, no. 21 (October 26, 2023): 15328. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su152115328.
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Urban forests are essential green infrastructure for sustainable cities. However, existing studies are mainly focused on the general public’s perception and needs of urban forestry, and little is known about non-traditional educators like extension agents. To address this gap, the main objective of this study is to explore extension agents’ perceptions, practices, and future training needs. Specifically, a statewide online survey consisting of 33 questions was designed and disseminated to extension agents in Tennessee via email with 64 responses. We found that the majority of respondents valued urban forestry, with 68.9% of them believing that urban forests are very important, especially for providing shade, cooling, energy saving, aesthetic values/beautification, increasing property values, and wildlife habitat and biodiversity. Their main clientele includes homeowners, farmers, and landowners, and 63.3% of extension agents reported that they have received urban forestry-related requests. However, less than half of them are comfortable addressing these requests, and over 50% of them reported that they are slightly or not knowledgeable about urban forestry. Additionally, the interest in urban forestry is high, with 98.3% of respondents having some level of interest in urban forestry. This demonstrates great potential for urban forestry education, extension, and training in the region.
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WILSON, ALAN. "GEOGRAPHICAL MODELING FOR ARCHAEOLOGY AND HISTORY: TWO CASE STUDIES." Advances in Complex Systems 15, no. 01n02 (March 2012): 1150008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219525911003384.
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This paper explores the role of mathematical models in archaeology and history. Variants of a particular model — an entropy-maximizing spatial interaction model which also functions as a location model — are presented through two case studies. The first is an example from Archaeology which throws light on settlement sizes in the 9th and 8th century BC Greece; the second is from History and explores the evolution of the United States' urban system from 1790–1870 with particular reference to the impact of railways. The approach is essentially interdisciplinary and uses concepts from Geography, Economics, Physics and Ecology.
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Christopherson, Susan. "Market Rules and Territorial Outcomes: The Case of the United States." International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 17, no. 2 (June 1993): 274–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2427.1993.tb00481.x.
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Horney, Jennifer, Mai Nguyen, David Salvesen, Caroline Dwyer, John Cooper, and Philip Berke. "Assessing the Quality of Rural Hazard Mitigation Plans in the Southeastern United States." Journal of Planning Education and Research 37, no. 1 (July 9, 2016): 56–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0739456x16628605.
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High-quality hazard mitigation plans may improve postdisaster outcomes in many ways, including establishing a community fact base and providing rationales for protective policies and actions. Hazard mitigation plans in eighty-four rural counties in the Southeastern United States were scored using an established protocol. To supplement quantitative data, twenty-one key informant interviews were conducted in a subsample of seven counties. While overall plan quality was poor, informants identified areas for improvement. Understanding potential shortcomings of rural hazard mitigation plans can help communities identify areas to direct limited resources to improve plans, particularly in communities that self-identify as highly vulnerable to disasters.
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Murphy, Alexandra K. "The Suburban Ghetto: The Legacy of Herbert Gans in Understanding the Experience of Poverty in Recently Impoverished American Suburbs." City & Community 6, no. 1 (March 2007): 21–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6040.2007.00196.x.
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Reports based on data collected from the 2000 U.S. Census reveal a dramatic transformation in the landscape of poverty and inequality in the United States in the 1990s. U.S. central city areas have witnessed considerable decreases in rates of poverty while, at the same time, suburbs have experienced significant increases in rates of poverty. Indeed, the outcome of this shift has resulted in demographic trends, quality of life issues, economic and social outcomes, and signs of physical deterioration that we often associate with deteriorating inner cities now being found in a number of American suburbs. Beyond basic demographic information, however, little is known about daily life in these areas. This paper explores the conceptual, analytical, and methodological contributions of Herbert Gans, specifically, his ethnographic study of the suburban community Levittown, for the study of these changes. The paper reviews the literature on suburban poverty in order to identify the ways in which Gans's work contributes to future suburban scholarship as students of the suburb grapple with trying to understand and examine this transformation and the impact that this suburban change has had on the daily lives of the poor living in these recently turned poor suburbs.
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Gupta, Namita, and Kavita. "Slum Rehabilitation Through Public Housing Schemes in India: A Case of Chandigarh." Environment and Urbanization ASIA 11, no. 2 (August 23, 2020): 231–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0975425320938536.
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It is a widely accepted fact that sustainable development cannot be achieved without sustainable human settlements. Cities cannot be made sustainable without ensuring access to adequate and affordable housing to all and improving informal settlements. According to the Census of India (2011), 13.75 million urban households, that is, 65–70 million people live in informal settlements and about 1.77 million people were homeless in India. The goal of sustainable cities cannot be fulfilled with such a large number of populations still being deprived of their basic right to adequate housing. Chandigarh is one of the first planned cities of modern India and has the second highest percentage (89.8%) of urban population to its total population among all the states and union territories in India. This article endeavours to analyse the adequacy and affordability of public housing for urban poor in the Union Territory of Chandigarh.
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Warren, Ian, Monique Mann, and Adam Molnar. "Lawful Illegality: Authorizing Extraterritorial Police Surveillance." Surveillance & Society 18, no. 3 (August 19, 2020): 357–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.24908/ss.v18i3.12795.
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This paper examines Lisa Austin’s (2015) concept of lawful illegality, which interrogates the legal foundations for potentially unlawful surveillance practices by United States (US) signals intelligence (SIGINT) agencies. Lawful illegality involves the technically lawful operation of surveillance powers that might be considered unlawful when examined through a rule of law framework. We argue lawful illegality is expanding into domestic policing through judicial decisions that sanction complex and technically sophisticated forms of remote online surveillance, such as the use of malware, remote hacking, or Network Investigative Techniques (NITs). Operation Pacifier targeted and dismantled the Playpen dark web site, which was used for distributing child exploitation material (CEM), and has generated many judicial rulings examining the legality of remote surveillance by the FBI. We have selected two contrasting cases that demonstrate how US domestic courts have employed distinct logics to determine the admissibility of evidence collected through the NIT deployed in Operation Pacifier. The first case, United States v. Carlson (2017 US Dist. LEXIS 67991), offers a critical view of the use of NITs by the FBI, with physical geography constraining the legality of this form of surveillance in US criminal procedure. The second case, United States v. Gaver (2017 US Dist. LEXIS 44757), authorizes the use of NITs because the need to control crime is believed to justify suspending the geographic limits on police surveillance to identify people involved in the creation and dissemination of CEM. We argue this crime control emphasis expands the reach of US police surveillance while undermining due process of law by removing the protective function of geography. We conclude by suggesting the permissive geographic scope of police surveillance reflected in United States v. Gaver (2017 US Dist. LEXIS 44757), and many other Playpen cases, erodes due process for all crime suspects, but is particularly acute for people located outside the US, and suggest a neutral transnational arbiter could help limit contentious forms of remote extraterritorial police surveillance.
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Stuart, Forrest, and Reuben Jonathan Miller. "The Prisonized Old Head: Intergenerational Socialization and the Fusion of Ghetto and Prison Culture." Journal of Contemporary Ethnography 46, no. 6 (October 3, 2016): 673–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0891241616668395.
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Over the last four decades, the United States’ criminal justice system has undergone a historic expansion, which has disproportionately impacted poor urban neighborhoods. The meteoric rise in the percentage of the urban poor either on their way to, in, or recently released from jail or prison has led a number of scholars to theorize a “fusion of ghetto and prison culture” (Wacquant 2001). The exact sources and contours of this fusion, however, remain unspecified. How, concretely, are the cultural contexts of prisons transmitted to poor urban neighborhoods? This article proposes that intergenerational socialization is a key mechanism in this process. We contend that the dramatic expansion of the criminal justice system over the last four decades has given rise to an unexpected and peculiar form of socialization, provided by a new social actor—what we term the “prisonized old head.” We define the prisonized old head as an individual who exhibits three particular characteristics. They are (1) older individuals with extensive experiences in, and wisdom about, the criminal justice system; who (2) informally socialize neighborhood residents to embrace the cultural schemas and routines learned inside penal spaces; to (3) navigate the daily exigencies routinely faced in the neighborhood context. Stated simply, prisonized old heads leverage ways of life developed “on the inside” as strategies for living life “on the outside.” We articulate the emergence, mechanisms, and implications of this form of socialization drawing on fieldwork data in Los Angeless’ Skid Row neighborhood—one of the premier reentry communities in the United States. We show that although this socialization may contribute to desistance and self-transformation, it can simultaneously constrain upward mobility and limit reintegration.
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Xu, Chao, and Weibo Liu. "The Spatiotemporal Characteristics and Interactions between Urban Expansion and Tidal Flat Dynamics: A Case Study of Three Highly Urbanized Coastal Counties in the Southeastern United States." Earth 3, no. 2 (April 16, 2022): 557–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/earth3020033.
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Tidal flats are widely recognized as sentinels of coastal environment change, and are also the guardians for beachfront communities. As a result of urban expansion, tidal flats have increasingly received environmental pressures and the surrounding ecosystem has been functionally downgraded. However, the existing studies could not provide an effective method to identify and quantify the interactions between urban areas and tidal flats, which is essential work particularly for the coastal preservations in the United States. Aiming at this environmental crisis, we proposed an approach which quantifies the change patterns from a spatiotemporal perspective. To justify the rationality and feasibility of this approach, this study selected three highly urbanized coastal counties in the southeastern United States as the study area. We analyzed the annual dynamics during 1985~2015, and the generated spatiotemporal regularities were used to identify and quantify the correlations between urban expansion and tidal flat dynamics. This study not only justified that the coastal urban expansion could considerably damage the environment of tidal flats, but also verified an effective approach to investigate the correlations between urban expansion and tidal flat loss on a large spatiotemporal scale.
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Hamel, Perrine, Martí Bosch, Léa Tardieu, Aude Lemonsu, Cécile de Munck, Chris Nootenboom, Vincent Viguié, Eric Lonsdorf, James A. Douglass, and Richard P. Sharp. "Calibrating and validating the Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs (InVEST) urban cooling model: case studies in France and the United States." Geoscientific Model Development 17, no. 12 (June 18, 2024): 4755–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-4755-2024.
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Abstract. Understanding the cooling service provided by vegetation in cities is important to inform urban policy and planning. However, the performance of decision-support tools estimating heat mitigation for urban greening strategies has not been evaluated systematically. Here, we further develop a calibration algorithm and evaluate the performance of the urban cooling model developed within the open-source InVEST (Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs) software. The urban cooling model estimates air temperature reduction due to vegetation based on four predictors, shade, evapotranspiration, albedo, and building density, and was designed for data-rich and data-scarce situations. We apply the calibration algorithm and evaluate the model in two case studies (Paris, France, and Minneapolis–St Paul, USA) by examining the spatial correlation between InVEST predictions and reference temperature data at a 1 km horizontal resolution. In both case studies, model performance was high for nighttime air temperatures, which are an important indicator of human wellbeing. After calibration, we found medium performance for surface temperatures during daytime but low performance for daytime air temperatures in both case studies, which may be due to model and data limitations. We illustrate the model adequacy for urban planning by testing its ability to simulate a green infrastructure scenario in the Paris case study. The predicted air temperature change compared well to that of an alternative physics-based model (r2=0.55 and r2=0.85 for daytime and nighttime air temperatures, respectively). Finally, we discuss opportunities and challenges for the use of such parsimonious decision-support tools, highlighting their importance to mainstream ecosystem services information for urban planning.
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Seixas, Azizi, Nicholas Pantaleo, Samrachana Adhikari, Michael Grandner, and Giardin Jean-Louis. "694 Insufficient sleep linked with higher COVID-19 infection cases and deaths in the United States." Sleep 44, Supplement_2 (May 1, 2021): A271. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsab072.692.
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Abstract Introduction Causes of COVID-19 burden in urban, suburban, and rural counties are unclear, as early studies provide mixed results implicating high prevalence of pre-existing health risks and chronic diseases. However, poor sleep health that has been linked to infection-based pandemics may provide additional insight for place-based burden. To address this gap, we investigated the relationship between habitual insufficient sleep (sleep <7 hrs./24 hr. period) and COVID-19 cases and deaths across urban, suburban, and rural counties in the US. Methods County-level variables were obtained from the 2014–2018 American community survey five-year estimates and the Center for Disease Control and Prevention. These included percent with insufficient sleep, percent uninsured, percent obese, and social vulnerability index. County level COVID-19 infection and death data through September 12, 2020 were obtained from USA Facts. Cumulative COVID-19 infections and deaths for urban (n=68), suburban (n=740), and rural (n=2331) counties were modeled using separate negative binomial mixed effects regression models with logarithmic link and random state-level intercepts. Zero-inflated models were considered for deaths among suburban and rural counties to account for excess zeros. Results Multivariate regression models indicated positive associations between cumulative COVID-19 infection rates and insufficient sleep in urban, suburban and rural counties. The incidence rate ratio (IRR) for urban counties was 1.03 (95% CI: 1.01 – 1.05), 1.04 (95% CI: 1.02 – 1.05) for suburban, and 1.02 (95% CI: 1.00 – 1.03) rural counties.. Similar positive associations were observed with county-level COVID-19 death rates, IRR = 1.11 (95% CI: 1.07 – 1.16) for urban counties, IRR = 1.04 (95% CI: 1.01 – 1.06) for suburban counties, and IRR = 1.03 (95% CI: 1.01 – 1.05) for rural counties. Level of urbanicity moderated the association between insufficient sleep and COVID deaths, but not for the association between insufficient sleep and COVID infection rates. Conclusion Insufficient sleep was associated with COVID-19 infection cases and mortality rates in urban, suburban and rural counties. Level of urbanicity only moderated the relationship between insufficient sleep and COVID death rates. Future studies should investigate individual-level analysis to understand the role of sleep mitigating COVID-19 infection and death rates. Support (if any) NIH (K07AG052685, R01MD007716, R01HL142066, K01HL135452, R01HL152453
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Zamathula Queen Sikhakhane Nwokediegwu, Ejike David Ugwuanyi, Michael Ayorinde Dada, Michael Tega Majemite, and Alexander Obaigbena. "URBAN WATER MANAGEMENT: A REVIEW OF SUSTAINABLE PRACTICES IN THE USA." Engineering Science & Technology Journal 5, no. 2 (February 25, 2024): 517–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.51594/estj.v5i2.829.
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This comprehensive review explores the landscape of Urban Water Management in the United States, focusing on sustainable practices aimed at addressing the challenges posed by rapid urbanization and climate change. With urban areas facing increasing water stress, this study aims to identify, analyze, and evaluate a range of sustainable practices implemented across the country. The review encompasses diverse aspects of Urban Water Management, including water efficiency measures, green infrastructure initiatives, climate change resilience strategies, and pollution mitigation efforts. In examining water efficiency measures, the study investigates technological innovations and policy frameworks that have contributed to optimizing water use in urban settings. Additionally, the role of green infrastructure is explored, emphasizing its benefits and applications through case studies of successful implementations, shedding light on how nature-based solutions can enhance water sustainability. The review delves into the critical dimension of climate change resilience in urban water systems, analyzing the impacts of climate change on water resources and exploring adaptation and mitigation strategies. Infrastructure improvements and integrated planning approaches are examined as essential components in building resilient urban water systems. Addressing pollution mitigation, the study focuses on stormwater management and wastewater treatment. Best management practices and regulatory measures are scrutinized to understand how urban areas are effectively managing and treating water to mitigate pollution and protect water quality. Furthermore, the review highlights the significance of integrated water resources management as a holistic approach to addressing water challenges in urban contexts. Stakeholder engagement and cross-sectoral coordination are emphasized as integral elements in implementing sustainable and comprehensive water management strategies. Through case studies of successful urban water management projects, the review extracts valuable lessons and insights for future implementations. The challenges and opportunities in the current landscape are explored, providing a nuanced understanding of the barriers to sustainable practices and identifying emerging opportunities. This review synthesizes key findings, implications, and recommendations for advancing sustainable urban water management practices in the United States. The insights generated contribute to the ongoing dialogue on effective water management strategies in the face of evolving urban and environmental dynamics.
Keywords: Urban Water Management, Sustainable Practices, Water Efficiency, Climate Change, Resilience, United States, Pollution Mitigation, Water Infrastructure.
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Sundermeir, Samantha M., Megan R. Winkler, Sara John, Uriyoán Colón-Ramos, Ravneet Kaur, Ashley Hickson, Rachael D. Dombrowski, et al. "A Commentary on the Healthy Community Stores Case Study Project: Implications for Retailers, Policy, and Future Research." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 14 (July 20, 2022): 8824. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19148824.
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In the United States, low-income, underserved rural and urban settings experience poor access to healthy, affordable food. Introducing new food outlets in these locations has shown mixed results for improving healthy food consumption. The Healthy Community Stores Case Study Project (HCSCSP) explored an alternative strategy: supporting mission-driven, locally owned, healthy community food stores to improve healthy food access. The HCSCSP used a multiple case study approach, and conducted a cross-case analysis of seven urban healthy food stores across the United States. The main purpose of this commentary paper is to summarize the main practice strategies for stores as well as future directions for researchers and policy-makers based on results from the prior cross-case analyses. We organize these strategies using key concepts from the Retail Food Environment and Customer Interaction Model. Several key strategies for store success are presented including the use of non-traditional business models, focus on specific retail actors such as store champions and multiple vendor relationships, and a stores’ role in the broader community context, as well as the striking challenges faced across store locations. Further exploration of these store strategies and how they are implemented is needed, and may inform policies that can support these types of healthy retail sites and sustain their efforts in improving healthy food access in their communities.
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DeMatthews, David E., and Elena Izquierdo. "Supporting Mexican American Immigrant Students on the Border: A Case Study of Culturally Responsive Leadership in a Dual Language Elementary School." Urban Education 55, no. 3 (February 15, 2018): 362–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042085918756715.
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Mexican American students constitute the largest group of Latina/os in the United States and have been subjected to a number of educational and social injustices, particularly with relation to how their cultural and linguistic assets are viewed within public schools. This qualitative case study considers culturally responsive leadership in a Mexican American immigrant community and examines two primary research questions: (a) What principal actions support creating a culturally responsive school partly through dual language education; and (b) What leadership challenges arise in the development of a more culturally responsive school?
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Meck, Stuart, and Rebecca Retzlaff. "The emergence of comprehensive urban design planning in the United States: the case of the San Francisco Urban Design Plan." Journal of Urban Design 23, no. 1 (September 11, 2017): 94–122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13574809.2017.1361787.
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Walker, Kyle E. "Political Segregation of the Metropolis: Spatial Sorting by Partisan Voting in Metropolitan Minneapolis–St Paul." City & Community 12, no. 1 (March 2013): 35–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cico.12003.
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Recent electoral research has claimed that individuals in the United States are self–segregating along political lines. In this paper, I use the Twin Cities, Minnesota, metropolitan area as a case study to test for the presence of political segregation through statistical and spatial analyses of electoral data from 1992 to 2012. I find that while segregation by partisan voting at the individual level is comparatively low, it has increased during the study period, and there exists substantial spatial clustering in voting patterns at aggregate levels. These distinct electoral divides between central city and exurb suggest spatial sorting of the electorate in the metropolitan area.
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L. Gifford, Jonathan. "ICT and road transportation safety in the United States: a case of “American exceptionalism”." IATSS Research 34, no. 1 (July 2010): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.iatssr.2010.06.006.
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Adua, Lazarus, and Linda Lobao. "The Growth Machine across the United States: Business Actors’ Influence on Communities’ Economic Development and Limited–Government Austerity Policies." City & Community 18, no. 2 (June 2019): 462–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cico.12399.
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The growth machine (GM) perspective has long guided urban research. Our study provides a new extension of this perspective, focusing on local business actors’ influence on communities across the United States. We question whether GM–oriented business actors remain widely associated with contemporary local economic development policies, and further, whether these actors influence the use of limited–government austerity policies. Conceptually, we extend the GM framework by bringing it into dialogue with the literature on urban austerity policy. The analysis draws from the urban–quantitative tradition of large–sample studies and assesses localities across the nation using the empirical case of county governments. We find local real estate owners, utilities, and other business actors broadly influence U.S. localities’ economic development policies. We also find some evidence that these actors’ influences in local governance are related to the use of such cutback policies as hiring freezes, capping of social services, expenditure cutbacks, and sale of public assets. Local Chambers of Commerce are particularly associated with cutback policies. Overall, the findings suggest that where local GM actors are influential, communities are more likely to adopt business–oriented economic development policies, limit the growth of social services for the less affluent, and scale–down the public sector.
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Niyogi, Dev, Ming Lei, Chandra Kishtawal, Paul Schmid, and Marshall Shepherd. "Urbanization Impacts on the Summer Heavy Rainfall Climatology over the Eastern United States." Earth Interactions 21, no. 5 (June 1, 2017): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/ei-d-15-0045.1.
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Abstract The relationship between rainfall characteristics and urbanization over the eastern United States was examined by analyzing four datasets: daily rainfall in 4593 surface stations over the last 50 years (1958–2008), a high-resolution gridded rainfall product, reanalysis wind data, and a proxy for urban land use (gridded human population data). Results indicate that summer monthly rainfall amounts show an increasing trend in urbanized regions. The frequency of heavy rainfall events has a potential positive bias toward urbanized regions. Most notably, consistent with case studies for individual cities, the climatology of rainfall amounts downwind of urban–rural boundaries shows a significant increasing trend. Analysis of heavy (90th percentile) and extreme (99.5th percentile) rainfall events indicated decreasing trends of heavy rainfall events and a possible increasing trend for extreme rainfall event frequency over urban areas. Results indicate that the urbanization impact was more pronounced in the northeastern and midwestern United States with an increase in rainfall amounts. In contrast, the southeastern United States showed a slight decrease in rainfall amounts and heavy rainfall event frequencies. Results suggest that the urbanization signature is becoming detectable in rainfall climatology as an anthropogenic influence affecting regional precipitation; however, extracting this signature is not straightforward and requires eliminating other dynamical confounding feedbacks.
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Hayden, Mary H., Hannah Brenkert-Smith, and Olga V. Wilhelmi. "Differential Adaptive Capacity to Extreme Heat: A Phoenix, Arizona, Case Study." Weather, Climate, and Society 3, no. 4 (October 1, 2011): 269–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/wcas-d-11-00010.1.
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Abstract Climate change is projected to increase the number of days producing excessive heat across the southwestern United States, increasing population exposure to extreme heat events. Extreme heat is currently the main cause of weather-related mortality in the United States, where the negative health effects of extreme heat are disproportionately distributed among geographic regions and demographic groups. To more effectively identify vulnerability to extreme heat, complementary local-level studies of adaptive capacity within a population are needed to augment census-based demographic data and downscaled weather and climate models. This pilot study, conducted in August 2009 in Phoenix, Arizona, reports responses from 359 households in three U.S. Census block groups identified as heat-vulnerable based on heat distress calls, decedent records, and demographic characteristics. This study sought to understand social vulnerability to extreme heat at the local level as a complex phenomenon with explicit characterization of coping and adaptive capacity among urban residents.
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Kannan, Narayanan, Chinnasamy Santhi, Michael J. White, Sushant Mehan, Jeffrey G. Arnold, and Philip W. Gassman. "Some Challenges in Hydrologic Model Calibration for Large-Scale Studies: A Case Study of SWAT Model Application to Mississippi-Atchafalaya River Basin." Hydrology 6, no. 1 (February 10, 2019): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/hydrology6010017.
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This study is a part of the Conservation Effects Assessment Project (CEAP) aimed to quantify the environmental and economic benefits of conservation practices implemented in the cultivated cropland throughout the United States. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model under the Hydrologic United Modeling of the United States (HUMUS) framework was used in the study. An automated flow calibration procedure was developed and used to calibrate runoff for each 8-digit watershed (within 20% of calibration target) and the partitioning of runoff into surface and sub-surface flow components (within 10% of calibration target). Streamflow was validated at selected gauging stations along major rivers within the river basin with a target R2 of >0.6 and Nash and Sutcliffe Efficiency of >0.5. The study area covered the entire Mississippi and Atchafalaya River Basin (MARB). Based on the results obtained, our analysis pointed out multiple challenges to calibration such as: (1) availability of good quality data, (2) accounting for multiple reservoirs within a sub-watershed, (3) inadequate accounting of elevation and slopes in mountainous regions, (4) poor representation of carrying capacity of channels, (5) inadequate capturing of the irrigation return flows, (6) inadequate representation of vegetative cover, and (7) poor representation of water abstractions (both surface and groundwater). Additional outstanding challenges to large-scale hydrologic model calibration were the coarse spatial scale of soils, land cover, and topography.
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Weinberg, Robert. "The Politicization of Labor in 1905: The Case of Odessa Salesclerks." Slavic Review 49, no. 3 (1990): 427–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2499988.
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One remarkable feature of the 1905 Russian Revolution was the efflorescence of labor organizations that occurred throughout the urban regions of the empire. Many workers throughout the empire demonstrated their resolve to promote and defend their interests in an organized and rational manner, with the mass labor movement often cutting across craft and occupational divisions to bring all kinds of workers into joint economic and political action against both employer and autocracy. As 1905 progressed the political radicalization of urban workers inspired much of the opposition movement that nearly brought the government to its knees. As several United States historians have recently shown, in 1905 organized labor, particularly trade unions, entered the political arena as a potent force, with workers simultaneously demanding individual rights of citizenship and collective rights of association.
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Chanlongbutra, Amy, Gopal K. Singh, and Curt D. Mueller. "Adverse Childhood Experiences, Health‐Related Quality of Life, and Chronic Disease Risks in Rural Areas of the United States." Journal of Environmental and Public Health 2018 (July 11, 2018): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/7151297.
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Exposure to adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) is associated with increased odds of high‐risk behaviors and adverse health outcomes. This study examined whether ACE exposure among individuals living in rural areas of the United States is associated with adult activity limitations, self‐reported general poor health status, chronic diseases, and poor mental health. Data from the 2011 and 2012 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) (N=79,810) from nine states were used to calculate the prevalence of ACEs in rural and urban areas. ACE scores were determined by summing 11 survey items. Multiple logistic regression was used to examine the association between ACE scores and health outcomes, including self‐reported general health status, chronic diseases, and health‐related quality of life. Approximately 55.4% of rural respondents aged ≥18 years reported at least one ACE and 14.7% reported experiencing ≥4 ACEs in their childhood, compared to 59.5% of urban residents who reported at least one ACE and 15.5% reporting ≥4 ACEs. After adjusting for sociodemographic covariates, compared to rural respondents who never reported an ACE, rural respondents who experienced ≥1 ACEs had increased odds of reporting fair/poor general health, activity limitations, and heart disease, which is consistent with previous studies. The odds of experiencing a heart attack were higher for rural residents reporting 2 and ≥4 ACEs; the odds of diabetes were higher for those with 3 ACEs; and the odds of ever having asthma or poor mental health was higher for those with ≥3 ACEs. Although individuals in rural areas are less likely to experience ACEs, over half of rural respondents reported experiencing an ACE in childhood. Programs aimed at preventing ACEs, including child maltreatment, can benefit rural areas by reducing adult morbidity and increasing quality of life.
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Wrona, Aleksandra. "Gentrification as part of urban development." Biblioteka Regionalisty 2020, no. 20 (2020): 194–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.15611/br.2020.1.15.
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The main purpose of the research was to present gentrification as a diverse phenomenon that cannot be explicitly qualified as negative or positive. In order to illustrate the problem, literature studies were carried out regarding urban regeneration, urban revitalization, gentrification and urban development. Then a case study was presented indicating two extremely different examples. The Walnut Hills Estate in Cincinnati in the United States, was the first to be described. The second example is Sayingmen, which used to be a settlement in Beijing. Due to the controversial decision of the authorities, it was demolished. A discovery resulting from this analysis was to show the diametrically different approach to city management, the perception of civil rights and the scope of competences of local authorities. The case study presented in the article can help institutions related to the development and participatory spatial planning to create urban policies
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Garcia-Reid, Pauline, David T. Lardier, Robert J. Reid, and Ijeoma Opara. "Understanding the Influence of Sexual Risk Taking, Ethnic Identity, and Family and Peer Support on School Importance Among Hispanic Adolescents." Education and Urban Society 52, no. 7 (August 5, 2018): 1011–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0013124518787827.
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Despite the broader academic gains experienced by Hispanic students, who represent the largest minority group in the United States, they remain the least educated of all major ethnic groups, and our understanding of their academic needs and strengths remains woefully inadequate. Therefore, this study examined the risk (e.g., sexual risk taking) and protective factors (e.g., family support, supportive peer networks, and ethnic identity) associated with school importance among Hispanic teens ( N = 587) residing in a high-risk, resource poor urban community and the ways in which these relationships vary between adolescent males (46.5%) and adolescent females (53.5%). Schools that are able to harness the numerous assets embedded within the Hispanic community are well positioned to create learning environments that are encouraging, are culturally responsive, and can potentially reduce risk involvement that may interfere with valuing the role of school importance. Implications for school-based personnel are discussed.
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Liang, Chenyue. "Human Rights and Racial Inequality Shifts in Contemporary United States." Lecture Notes in Education Psychology and Public Media 6, no. 1 (May 17, 2023): 1038–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2753-7048/6/20220964.
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Racial inequality is a major aspect of Americas history due to the major impacts that slavery had, with black people being the primary victims. Over the past decades, the shapes and forms of racism have changed from overt practices, such as slavery to covert forms. Reviewing the literature on racism in America showed that the changes led to the false illusion that racism ended in America, which is not true, considering the widespread discrimination of blacks and other groups. This paper mainly discusses human rights and racial inequality shifts in contemporary United States with cases studies, critically analyzes racism in contemporary America, including the case of police killing and abuse, show that racial minorities, for instance, African Americans endure high poverty rates, injustice, and victimization by the criminal justice system. The evidence of widespread racism in contemporary America demonstrates the need for change, focusing on addressing the underlying causes, including poor and unfair policies.
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Wiggan, Greg, and Marcia J. Watson-Vandiver. "Urban School Success: Lessons From a High-Achieving Urban School, and Students’ Reactions to Ferguson, Missouri." Education and Urban Society 51, no. 8 (January 20, 2018): 1074–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0013124517751721.
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Due to the recent racially motivated killings in Ferguson, Missouri (2014); Staten Island, New York (2014); Cleveland, Ohio (2014); Charleston, South Carolina (2015); Baton Rouge, Louisiana (2016); and Dallas, Texas (2016), racial and ethnic tensions have heightened across the United States. Whereas schools would seem like optimal spaces for racial inquiry and promoting understanding, most classroom lessons have been standardized to avoid critical race discussions. Thus, the transformative power of education is restricted when conversations about real issues in society are avoided. This qualitative case study examines Fannie Lou Hamer Academy (FLHA)—pseudonym, a high-performing urban school that utilizes critical antiracism education. The findings suggest that multicultural curriculum helps students develop “self-knowledge,” meaning a personal awareness of their race and identity. Participants describe how self-knowledge provides corrective history, a response to negative media portrayals of minorities, and helps students understand current events such as the racial unrest in Ferguson, Missouri. The implications of these findings reveal the central role of the curriculum in shaping positive student identities and helping to mediate social conflicts.
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Reilly, M. D. "Urban electric railway management and operation in Britain and America 1900–14." Urban History 16 (May 1989): 22–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963926800009159.
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The debate about the comparative performance of the British and American economies around the turn of the century has involved most industrial sectors. In the case of the railways, the argument goes back at least to 1887, when a critical analysis of English railway operations compared to those of the United States was published. For British railway companies, the years after 1900 were a particularly difficult time especially in the capital market, and many new investment projects were abandoned, although not solely because of adverse conditions in the capital market. A substantial number of these projects were probably of a marginal nature but the eighteen-year period between 1890 and 1908 also saw the development of a new type of railway – the urban rapid transit system. This was in response to two very different factors – the continuing growth of cities and the application of electric power in a form suitable for railway use. The spread of these systems in Britain paralleled their expansion in the United States.
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Jamy, Omer, Eric Wiedower, Smith Giri, Benny Johnson, Sara E. Nunnery, and Mike G. Martin. "Under-Recognition of Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis in United States' Rural, Non-Teaching Hospitals." Blood 126, no. 23 (December 3, 2015): 2079. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v126.23.2079.2079.
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Abstract Introduction: Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a rare syndrome characterized by excessive immune activation with an aggressive disease course and life-threatening consequences. Secondary HLH has been found to be triggered by various malignancies among its etiologies, most commonly being leukemia's and lymphoid malignancies. Rapid diagnosis and prompt initiation of treatment are paramount for survival in HLH. However, the rarity of this syndrome and the complex clinical picture often prove to be a barrier to diagnosis. Methods: We identified all adult hospitalizations with HLH from the United States Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) database from 2009-2011 using International Classification of Diseases-9th revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM) codes 288.4. Only those cases undergoing bone marrow aspiration/biopsy were selected to improve diagnostic accuracy. We assessed the distribution of these diagnoses by hospital teaching status (teaching versus non teaching) and location (rural versus urban). Statistical analysis was done using STATA 13.0 (StataCorp LP, College Station, TX). All p-values were two sided and the level of significance was 0.05. Results: A total of 276 hospitalizations with HLH were identified, out of which 44 (16%) had a concomitant diagnosis of a malignancy. The median age at diagnosis was 42 years (range 18-89 years) and 43% (n=114) of the cases were females. Out of a total 23,634,793 hospitalizations during this time period, 12,532,948 (53%) belonged to non-teaching hospitals and 11,101,845 (47%) belonged to teaching hospitals. Similarly, a total of 2,867,148 (12%) belonged to rural hospitals and 20,767,645 (88%) belonged to urban hospitals. Among HLH cases, 90% (n=248) belonged to teaching hospitals and 99% (n=273) belonged to urban hospitals. Chi-square test showed that cases with HLH were more likely to be diagnosed in a teaching hospital (p value <0.01) and urban hospitals (p-value <0.01). Of the 44 cases with an underlying malignancy, 38 (86.3%) were associated with a hematological malignancy and 5 (11.3%) with a solid tumor. The tumor type was not specified for one patient. The in-hospital mortality for HLH with and without underlying malignancy was 29.56% (n=13) and 14.2 % (n=33) respectively (p-value 0.01). Inpatient mortality was 29% (n=11) for patients with an associated hematological malignancy and 40% (n=2) for those with associated solid tumor. Comparison of outcomes between rural and urban hospitals and teaching and non-teaching hospitals was not feasible due to the skewing of case distributions. Conclusions: HLH secondary to an underlying malignancy is associated with a higher mortality rate as compared to HLH without an underlying malignancy.Over 90% of the cases of HLH were diagnosed in an urban or teaching hospital setting. Given the complexities in diagnosing HLH, we think that the disease may be underreported in the rural and non-teaching setting. As secondary, malignancy associated HLH carries a poor prognosis, better recognition of HLH is needed in order to aid physicians' diagnosis and treatment of this syndrome in all hospital settings. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
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Gann, Courtney, and Dan Carpenter. "STEM Teaching and Learning Strategies of High School Parents With Homeschool Students." Education and Urban Society 50, no. 5 (June 22, 2017): 461–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0013124517713250.
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The purpose of this research study was to investigate the teaching and learning strategies used by homeschool parents with high school students. A qualitative case study was used which began with the administration of an open-ended questionnaire to a homeschool community in the southern United States. Twenty-nine parents completed the questionnaire, and 10 of those volunteered to participate in the follow-up procedures, which included interviews, observations, and document collection. Results indicate that parents use a variety of teaching and learning strategies including individualized instruction, mastery learning, self-directed study, collaboration with peers and adults, and application and connection of information.
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Palliyaguru, Nipuni, Dushani Palliyaguru, and Sanka Liyanage. "Geographical Mapping of Biological and Environmental Risk Factors of Colorectal Cancer in the United States." JCO Global Oncology 10, Supplement_1 (July 2024): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/go-24-73000.
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PURPOSE Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States (US) and worldwide. Previous studies have identified several behavioral and biological risk factors of CRC, including lack of physical activity, smoking, alcohol use, poor dietary patterns, obesity and type 2 diabetes. Emerging risk factors, e.g., air pollution and pesticide exposure may also exacerbate colorectal cancer risk. Furthermore, rural populations show poorer CRC outcomes compared to urban ones within the US. METHODS In order to quantitatively assess this, we examined publicly available US county-level CRC incidence and mortality data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) program and risk factor prevalence data from Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) to identify geographical patterns and interactions of colorectal cancer risk factors by applying simple and multiple linear regression modeling as well as machine learning. RESULTS Our analyses indicated that multiple risk factors were strongly correlated with CRC and co-occurred in counties with high CRC incidence and mortality, e.g, obesity, diabetes, smoking and low physical activity. Stratifying data by urban and rural counties showed differences in how these factors contributed to CRC risk. CONCLUSION Identifying etiological factors driving these co-occurrence trends and examining additional CRC risk factors will therefore be critical components of future CRC risk identification and risk mitigation effort.
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Puterbaugh, Dolores. "Searching for a Good Night's Sleep: What Mental Health Counselors Can Do About the Epidemic of Poor Sleep." Journal of Mental Health Counseling 33, no. 4 (September 29, 2011): 312–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.17744/mehc.33.4.h675655826414547.
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Sleep problems are epidemic in the United States. Many adults complain of poor sleep yet engage in behaviors that are counterproductive to sleep. This article briefly reviews recent research on the treatment of insomnia and discusses application of mental health counseling strategies for treatment. Case studies illustrate the application of current research within counselor areas of expertise in cognitive behavioral therapy and behavioral counseling.
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Green, Terrance L. "School as Community, Community as School: Examining Principal Leadership for Urban School Reform and Community Development." Education and Urban Society 50, no. 2 (December 21, 2016): 111–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0013124516683997.
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For decades, reform has been a persistent issue in urban schools. Research suggests that urban school reforms that are connected to equitable community development efforts are more sustainable, and that principals play a pivot role in leading such efforts. Yet, limited research has explored how urban school principals connect school reform with community improvement. This study examines principal leadership at a high school in the Southeastern United States where school reform was linked to improving community conditions. Using the case study method, this study draws on interviews and document data. Concepts from social capital theory are used to guide the analysis. Findings indicate that the principal’s actions to support urban school reform and community improvement included the following: positioned the school as a social broker in the community, linked school culture to community revitalization projects, and connected instruction to community realities. The study concludes with implications for practice and future research.
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Will, Jeffry A., Irma Hall, Tim Cheney, and Maura Driscoll. "Flower Power: Assessing the Impact of the Magnolia Project on Reducing Poor Birth Outcomes in an At-Risk Neighborhood." Journal of Applied Sociology os-22, no. 2 (September 2005): 75–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/19367244052200205.
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The past decade has seen tremendous improvements in the health status of children in the United States. In 1992, the infant mortality rate in the United States was at 8.5 per 1,000 live births. By 2002 that figure had declined to 6.9. However, the infant mortality rate for Jacksonville/Duval County in Northeast Florida has consistently remained higher than both the national and state rates, particularly for minority populations. The Magnolia Project was developed by a consortium of local health care providers and concerned community agencies to address racial disparities in birth outcomes. The Magnolia Project provides well-woman clinic and case management services to women in the childbearing years residing in the urban core, where infant mortality is highest. In this paper, we examine the Magnolia Project to assess the impact that this initiative has made on the target community in providing health services and prevention strategies to reduce poor birth outcomes. Included in such services are strategies aimed at reducing factors associated with infant mortality. These strategies have resulted in improved birth outcomes for women associated with the Magnolia Project, including a low incidence of infant mortality and low birth weight babies for participants.
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Beard, Karen Stansberry. "Standing in the Gap: Theory and Practice Impacting Educational Opportunity and Achievement Gaps." Urban Education 53, no. 5 (November 8, 2015): 668–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042085915613553.
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This case study is the first known employing flow in educational administration in the United States. Using Csikszentmihalyi’s flow theory and Dantley’s purpose-driven leadership, an administrator’s practices were examined with respect to two guiding questions: (a) is purposefulness integral to closing extant gaps in achievement, and (b) are the elements of flow found in successful educational administration? The recorded interview was subjected to template analysis developed from tenets of both theories. The results are that all nine elements of flow were found, as were the tenets of purpose-driven leadership in the work experience of an administrator’s success in closing the district’s achievement gap.
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Posterick, Amy, and Candace L. Ayars. "Celiac Disease Dietary Adherence on the Rural–Urban Continuum." Nutrients 15, no. 21 (October 26, 2023): 4535. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu15214535.
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Poor adherence to a gluten-free diet for those with celiac disease is a well-established risk factor, leading to gastrointestinal symptoms, malabsorption of nutrients, and psychiatric complications. Previous studies have shown that those outside urban areas encounter unique barriers to dietary adherence and are less likely to engage in health management behaviors than those in urban regions. This study aimed to examine the relationship between gluten-free dietary adherence and individual, relationship, and community factors, including the geographic location of residence on the rural–urban continuum, for 253 adults with celiac disease living in the United States. Those with celiac disease residing in urban regions had significantly better dietary adherence than those residing in nonurban areas (p < 0.05). Those living in nonurban communities had, on average, poor enough adherence scores to suggest ongoing intestinal damage from gluten consumption. Geographic location, age, years since diagnosis, and annual income significantly predicted compliance with a gluten-free diet for those with celiac disease, accounting for nearly 20% of the variance. Those living outside urban areas with a lower income, younger age, and more recent diagnosis of celiac disease had the worst dietary adherence, placing them at the most risk for ongoing disease progression and complications.
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Nam, Young Hee, Sarah J. Willis, Aaron B. Mendelsohn, Susan Forrow, Bradford D. Gessner, James H. Stark, Jeffrey S. Brown, and Sarah Pugh. "Healthcare claims-based Lyme disease case-finding algorithms in the United States: A systematic literature review." PLOS ONE 17, no. 10 (October 27, 2022): e0276299. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0276299.
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Background and objective Lyme disease (LD) is the fifth most commonly reported notifiable infectious disease in the United States (US) with approximately 35,000 cases reported in 2019 via public health surveillance. However, healthcare claims-based studies estimate that the number of LD cases is >10 times larger than reported through surveillance. To assess the burden of LD using healthcare claims data and the effectiveness of interventions for LD prevention and treatment, it is important to use validated well-performing LD case-finding algorithms (“LD algorithms”). We conducted a systematic literature review to identify LD algorithms used with US healthcare claims data and their validation status. Methods We searched PubMed and Embase for articles published in English since January 1, 2000 (search date: February 20, 2021), using the following search terms: (1) “Lyme disease”; and (2) “claim*” or “administrative* data”; and (3) “United States” or “the US*”. We then reviewed the titles, abstracts, full texts, and bibliographies of the articles to select eligible articles, i.e., those describing LD algorithms used with US healthcare claims data. Results We identified 15 eligible articles. Of these, seven studies used LD algorithms with LD diagnosis codes only, four studies used LD diagnosis codes and antibiotic dispensing records, and the remaining four studies used serologic test order codes in combination with LD diagnosis codes and antibiotics records. Only one of the studies that provided data on algorithm performance: sensitivity 50% and positive predictive value 5%, and this was based on Lyme disease diagnosis code only. Conclusions US claims-based LD case-finding algorithms have used diverse strategies. Only one algorithm was validated, and its performance was poor. Further studies are warranted to assess performance for different algorithm designs and inform efforts to better assess the true burden of LD.
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Siebein, Gary W., Keely M. Siebein, Marylin Roa, Gary Siebein Jr., Nicolas Ospina, and Martin Gold. "Exploring soundscape methods and interventions in the Urban Soundscape of 3 cities." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 155, no. 3_Supplement (March 1, 2024): A114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0026995.
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Vital mixed-use urban communities in the United States struggle to achieve balances among citizens moving back into cities, commercial activities, and entertainment venues that many people find desirable in live, learn, work, and play environments. Dynamic documentation, analysis, design, codes, and enforcement activities are required to achieve this balance in rapidly evolving, sustainable cities. Active engagement of the acoustical communities and the full range of stakeholders in each case were essential in understanding and addressing the issues. Multiple meetings with parties individually and in groups provided ways for all to understand the points-of-view of others as a building block to achieve consensus. Simple, but sophisticated, measurement and modeling of the soundscape were necessary elements of the methods used. Case studies in 3 large cities are presented of needs, issues, methods, analysis, and proposed solutions to a wide variety of acoustical issues encountered in the cities. Reflections on soundscape theory posed by the case studies and possible adjustments to theory are discussed.
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Pepe, Paul E. "Out-Of-Hospital Research in the Urban Environment." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 8, S1 (March 1993): S20—S24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00067480.
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The urban prehospital setting is one of the best venues in which to examine life-saving resuscitation interventions. When the entire catchment of the urban emergency medical services (EMS) system is used, large-population patient studies can be generated. Certain unique features give several urban centers the ability to conduct clinical trials in the out-of-hospital setting. Without resuscitation at the scene, it is rare for cardiac arrest patients to survive. In the case of trauma resuscitation, prehospital care can impact outcome significantly. Since coronary artery disease and trauma kill nearly one-million persons annually in the United States, prehospital care research is a worthwhile endeavor. This rationale for prehospital care research is strengthened by the relatively high potential for full recovery.