Academic literature on the topic 'Urban poor – united states – case studies'
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Journal articles on the topic "Urban poor – united states – case studies"
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Zabin, Carol. "The Effects of Economic Restructuring on Women: The Case of Binational Agriculture in Baja California and California." Economic Development Quarterly 8, no. 2 (May 1994): 186–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/089124249400800208.
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This article analyzes the effects of increasing economic integration between Mexico and the United States on workers in the California and Baja California fresh fruit and vegetable industry. This sector has experienced significant economic integration in labor, capital, and product markets over the past 10 years. During this period, wages in this sector have fallen on both sides of the border, and wages in Mexico are currently about one-sixth of California wages. Although workers in Baja and California perform the same tasks using the same technology and work for firms funded by some of the same U.S. capital, indigenous Mixtec women and children from the poor, southern state of Oaxaca are concentrated in the lower-paying jobs in Baja, whereas Mixtec and mestizo men have greater access to the higher-paying jobs in California. Differing labor processes on opposite sides of the border result in this binational gender and ethnic segmentation of the labor market, which will slow wage convergence even if remaining trade barriers are removed. Better enforcement of laws and broader employment generation strategies are necessary to reduce poverty among farm workers on both sides of the border.
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McClain, Weston. "Preventive Care: Improving Health of Medicare, Medicaid, and Children’s Health Insurance Program Patients Through Access to Fresh Fruit and Vegetables." American Journal of Law & Medicine 48, no. 4 (December 2022): 343–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/amj.2023.2.
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AbstractDiet is the number one risk factor for deaths in the United States. Members of marginalized and impoverished communities particularly struggle to afford nutritious food. Poor diets result in health disparities along socio-economic, age, racial, ethnic, indigenous, rural, and urban lines. Despite the ever-growing social and financial burden of diet-related chronic diseases, the U.S. has failed to invest in health care-related dietary policy. This Article proposes produce prescriptions as a national dietary preventive medicine program through Medicare, Medicaid, and the Children’s Health Insurance Program (CHIP).Recently, nonprofits, governments, and health care providers have designed innovative produce prescription programs to combat diet-related chronic diseases. In these programs, clinical providers can prescribe subsidized fruit and vegetables to patients. Produce prescriptions empower patients by making dietary change affordable and by motivating patients to improve their health. Numerous studies, pilot projects, and local programs demonstrate that produce prescriptions can improve health care outcomes for individuals from diverse communities. Most at-risk members of our society receive health coverage through Medicare, Medicaid, or CHIP. This Article analyzes how to scale up produce prescriptions within these programs using law and policy.
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Singh, Gopal K., Mehrete Girmay, Michelle Allender, and Ramey T. Christine. "Digital Divide: Marked Disparities in Computer and Broadband Internet Use and Associated Health Inequalities in the United States." International Journal of Translational Medical Research and Public Health 4, no. 1 (June 10, 2020): 64–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.21106/ijtmrph.148.
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Background: Despite the considerable increase in computer and internet use over the past two decades, few studies have examined socioeconomic, demographic, and health characteristics associated with computer and internet use in the United States. Community-level differences in computer and internet use and associated disparities in health and mor tality indicators have not been analyzed. This study examines these associations at the individual and community level using national census, health, and mortality data.
Methods: We analyzed data from the 2017 American Community Survey (ACS) Micro-data Sample, the 2013-2017 ACS Summary File, 2013-2017 National Vital Statistics System, and 2019 County Health Rankings and Roadmaps. Health and socioeconomic characteristics associated with broadband internet and computer use among adults aged ≥18 were modeled by logistic regression (N=2,385,595).
Results: In 2017, 89.7% of Asian/Pacific Islanders (APIs) had broadband internet service, compared with 66.0% of American Indians/Alaska Natives (AIANs), 77.2% of Blacks/African-Americans, 78.8% of Hispanics, and 83.5% of non-Hispanic Whites. APIs (97.4%) were more likely than other racial/ethnic groups to own or use a computer (including smartphones), while AIANs (80.3%) were less likely. Socioeconomic gradients in internet and computer use were marked. Those below the poverty level and with less than a high school education reported 18 and 15 percentage points lower rates of internet and computer use respectively. Compared to metropolitan areas, nonmetropolitan areas had lower internet access (80.3% vs. 69.7%) and computer use (88.4% vs. 80.5%). Rural areas and small urban towns had the lowest level of internet and computer use. Risks of disabilities and lack of health insurance were greater among persons with lower broadband internet and computer access. Communities with low internet and computer use had seven years shorter life expectancy than communities with high use and were at increased risks of mortality from various chronic conditions, poor health, mental distress, hospitalization, smoking, obesity, and physical inactivity.
Conclusions and Implications for Translation: Significant socioeconomic and racial/ethnic disparities in internet and computer use and associated health inequalities exist in the US. Closing the social divide in internet and computer use can positively impact individual empowerment, educational attainment, economic growth, community development, access to health care and health-related information, and health promotions efforts.
Key words: • Digital divide • broadband internet • computer use • disability • health insurance • causespecific mortality • morbidity • health behaviors
Copyright © 2020 Singh et al. Published by Global Health and Education Projects, Inc. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, appropriate credit is given, any changes made indicated, and the use is non-commercial.
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Hsieh, Tien-Chan, Guangchen Zou, Yee Hui Yeo, Jiayi Zheng, and Robert A. Kloss. "Racial and socioeconomic factors associated with palliative care utilization in pancreatic cancer: An analysis of National Inpatient Sample." Journal of Clinical Oncology 40, no. 16_suppl (June 1, 2022): e16296-e16296. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2022.40.16_suppl.e16296.
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e16296 Background: Palliative care (PC) has been validated as a crucial component in end-of-life quality. Despite the higher PC utilization in cancer patients than other conditions, some studies have raised concern of systemic inequality in PC utilization. PC has a significant role in the care of pancreatic cancer, especially due to the poor prognosis. Here, we investigate the sociodemographic factors associated with the recent trend of PC utilization in pancreatic cancer. Methods: We used the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project National Inpatient Sample database, all-payer inpatient care database in the United States, with data years 2016-2019. The end-of-life hospitalizations were defined as adult patients (age at least 18 years old) who were hospitalized at least three days and passed away. The cases were identified with International Classification of Diseases (ICD) 10th edition for pancreatic cancer (C25.0-25.9) within the top three diagnoses. Prevalence of PC consultation could be estimated with the billable code Z51.5. The factors that were statistically associated with PC utilization in univariable analysis would be included in the final multivariable logistic regression model. Charlson Comorbidity Index was used to adjust for comorbidities. Hospital factors such as size and base (rural, urban, urban teaching) were included in the analysis. Results: Among 339,318 adult patients who were hospitalized at least three days and passed away, 2,011 cases had pancreatic cancer within top three diagnosis codes. 1576 (78.4%) patients were at least age 60 or above. 1,275 (63.4%) of them had PC consult at their end-of-life. There was a significant yearly trend of increasing PC utilization (Cochran-Armitage test p-value < 0.05). Male, African American, lower income, and rural area were significantly associated with less PC consult in multivariable regression model. The adjusted odds ratio (aOR) of PC consult was 0.66 (p < 0.005) in African American. There was significantly more PC utilization in the top 25% income group (vs the bottom 25% counterpart, aOR 1.35; p < 0.05) and in urban hospitals (vs rural hospitals, aOR 1.80 in nonteaching; aOR 1.88 in teaching; p < 0.001). Conclusions: There was a trend of increasing PC utilization in pancreatic cancer. Nevertheless, racial and socioeconomic factors were still significantly associated with the PC utilization. Further study and systemic policy approach are required to investigate and address such disparities and promote the PC utilization.
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Gamble, Charlotte. "Abstract IA010: Neighborhood socioeconomic status and outcomes of patients with endometrial cancer." Clinical Cancer Research 30, no. 5_Supplement (March 1, 2024): IA010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1557-3265.endo24-ia010.
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Abstract Cancer disparities manifest a particularly intricate interplay between incompletely understood genomic risks, biologic susceptibility, and access to quality care. Disparate access to quality cancer care is often a reflection of a complex relationship between social, historical, and environmental factors that influence a patient’s surroundings, however large observational studies rarely quantify these contextual elements beyond individual or area-level income and education. The well-established racial and socioeconomic inequities in uterine cancer outcomes remain one of the widest amongst all cancer types, with an approximate 20% difference in 5-year survival between Black and White patients, which remains unchanged over the past 15 years. Racial disparities persist even when controlling for more advanced stage at presentation, the occurrence of more aggressive tumor subtypes and quality of treatment. When controlling for age, time period of diagnosis, region of the country, urban or rural setting, treating facility type, socioeconomic status, education, insurance, comorbidity index, pathologic stage, histology, lymphadenectomy and adjuvant treatment, African American patients still have lower overall survival than White patients (HR 1.21, 95% CI 1.16-1.26). There continues to be a concerted call for further explanation of the socioeconomic factors that contribute to these racial disparities. To date, few epidemiologic studies of uterine cancer have utilized markers that are more representative of the complex interplay of various social and environmental factors that influence health outcomes. Some studies have examined area level poverty and uterine cancer treatment and outcomes, finding that living in more vulnerable neighborhoods was associated with poor survival, delays in care, and inadequate treatment. However, these studies do not take into account the interplay of neighborhood poverty and how race, or experience of racism, may affect this relationship. Given the complex and insidious nature of racism in the United States, we have further explored how neighborhood poverty may affect uterine cancer outcomes taking into account the race of patients studied. Preliminary data from New York state suggests that neighborhood socioeconomic vulnerability is associated with worse treatment and survival for patients with uterine cancer, and this was best seen in White patients living outside of major metropolitan areas. The greatest Black/White survival disparities are seen in the wealthiest neighborhoods in New York City. Black women with advanced stage endometrial cancer living in affluent areas have no significant survival advantage over those living in vulnerable neighborhoods. Citation Format: Charlotte Gamble. Neighborhood socioeconomic status and outcomes of patients with endometrial cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Endometrial Cancer: Transforming Care through Science; 2023 Nov 16-18; Boston, Massachusetts. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2024;30(5_Suppl):Abstract nr IA010.
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Qasrawi, Ayman, Richard L. O'Neal, Maxwell M. Krem, Gregory Monohan, Reinhold Munker, and Gerhard C. Hildebrandt. "Disparities in Plasma Cell Neoplasms in Kentucky, Appalachia and Other States: A Population Based Study." Blood 134, Supplement_1 (November 13, 2019): 4735. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2019-127687.
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Background: Historically, Kentucky has had one of the highest rates of cancer mortality in USA. In non-hematologic malignancy, the Appalachian region of the eastern United States is also associated with poor outcomes, however, the relationship with hematologic malignancy is poorly understood. We aim to study the disparities of Plasma Cell Neoplasms (PCN) in this region utilizing the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program (SEER) database. Methods: We identified patients with PCN (multiple myeloma [MM], solitary plasmacytomas [PC], and plasma cell leukemia [PCL]) from the SEER database between 2000-2015. Data obtained included demographics, state, residence in an Appalachian region, rural/urban continuum code, median annual household income, and overall survival (OS) outcomes. Kentucky and Georgia are the only states that report to SEER which have populations from Appalachia. Therefore, patients were classified into 5 groups: Appalachia/Kentucky, non-Appalachia/Kentucky, Appalachia/Georgia, non-Appalachia/Georgia, and other (non-Appalachian) states. We used Kaplan-Meier & Cox regression to analyze survival outcomes. Income was analyzed as a continuous variable. Variables with a p value < 0.1 in univariate analysis were included in a stepwise multivariate Cox proportional hazard ratio (HR) model. Results A total of 68,627 patients were identified and included in the study (5.5% [n=3806] in Kentucky and 94.5% in other states). 3028 were identified as Appalachian (1969 in Georgia and 1059 in Kentucky). Baseline characteristics were comparable between Kentucky and other states except for income and rural/urban code. Percentages of patients with an income of <50k/year in Kentucky and other states were 56% and 22%, respectively (p<0.0001). In Kentucky, 55% of the patients were classified as living in a metro area, compared to 91% in other states (p<0.0001). All patients from Appalachia/Kentucky had an income of <50k/year, compared to 38% from Appalachia/Georgia. On univariate analysis, age >70 (HR=2.83, vs <60), age 60-70 (HR=1.44), diagnosis of MM/PCL vs PC (HR=1.85), black vs white race (HR=1.06), residence in Appalachia/Kentucky (HR=1.24) or non-Appalachia/Kentucky (HR=1.11) vs other states, year of diagnosis 2000-2005 (HR=1.4) or 2006-2010 (HR=1.12) vs 2011-2015, residence in a rural/urban area vs metro area (HR=1.16) and income (HR=1.029 for each 5000$ decrease) were significantly associated with worse OS (Table 1). Figure 1 shows the survival curves according to the region. On multivariate analysis (Table 2), age > 70 (HR=2.76) or 60-70 (HR=1.93), diagnosis of MM/PCL (HR=1.67), year of diagnosis 2000-2005 (HR=1.39) or 2006-2010 (HR=1.13), and income (HR=1.03 for each 5000$ decrease) persisted as significant risk factors for worse OS. Race, rural/urban code and being from non-Appalachia/Kentucky were no longer predictive of OS, while there was a non-significant trend towards worse OS for being from Appalachia/Kentucky (HR=1.07, CI=0.99-1.16, p=0.08). Conclusions Overall survival of patients with PCN in Kentucky in general, and even more prominently of patients from the Kentucky Appalachia area, is worse when compared to other states. However, when adjusted for income, this disparity corrects. This data highlights the importance of improving health outreach to this at-risk population. More studies focusing on underlying causes, such as education, compliance, co-morbidities and access to a care are warranted. Disclosures Monohan: DuPont: Other: Equity interest; Johnson & Johnson: Other: Equity interest; Novartis: Other: Equity interest; Pacria: Other: Equity interest; Pfizer: Other: Equity interest. Hildebrandt:Axim Biotechnologies: Equity Ownership; Insys Therapeutics: Equity Ownership; Pfizer: Equity Ownership, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Other: Travel; Pharmacyclics: Research Funding; Astellas: Other: Travel; Vertex: Equity Ownership; Procter & Gamble: Equity Ownership; Abbvie: Equity Ownership; Takeda: Research Funding; Johnson & Johnson: Equity Ownership; Scotts-Miracle: Equity Ownership; Incyte: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Other: Travel; Jazz Pharmaceuticals: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Other: Travel, Research Funding; IDEXX laboratories: Equity Ownership; Immunomedics: Equity Ownership; Endocyte: Equity Ownership; Clovis Oncology: Equity Ownership; Cellectis: Equity Ownership; Aetna: Equity Ownership; CVS Health: Equity Ownership; Celgene: Equity Ownership; Bluebird Bio: Equity Ownership; Bristol-Myers-Squibb: Equity Ownership; Kite Pharma: Equity Ownership, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Other; Novartis: Equity Ownership; Juno Therapeutics: Equity Ownership; Novartis: Equity Ownership; Kite Pharma: Equity Ownership, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Other: Travel; Sangamo: Equity Ownership; Axim Biotechnologies: Equity Ownership; crispr therapeutics: Equity Ownership; GW Pharmaceuticals: Equity Ownership; Cardinal Health: Equity Ownership; Bayer: Equity Ownership.
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JOHNSON, NIA, and LANCE WAHLERT. "Urban Bioethics: A Call for the Prestige." Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 28, no. 3 (July 2019): 509–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963180119000434.
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Abstract:Many teaching hospitals in the United States were founded on philanthropic principles and aimed to aid the urban poor and underserved. However, as times have changed, there has been a divide created between the urban poor and teaching hospitals. There is a plethora of reasons why this is the case. This paper will specifically focus on the histories of ten hospitals and medical schools and the effect that white flight, segregation, elitism, and marginalization had on healthcare institutions all over the United States. It will call for a reexamination of the values of Ivy League and Ivy Plus teaching hospitals and medical schools and for them to take an intentional look into their communities.
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Giusti, Cecilia, and Luis Estevez. "Microlending for housing in the United States. A case study in colonias in Texas." Habitat International 35, no. 2 (April 2011): 307–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2010.10.003.
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Oropesa, R. S., and Leif Jensen. "Dominican Immigrants and Discrimination in a New Destination: The Case of Reading, Pennsylvania." City & Community 9, no. 3 (September 2010): 274–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6040.2010.01330.x.
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The last decade has witnessed the diversification of immigrant destinations in the United States. Although the literature on this phenomenon is burgeoning, research on the experiences of smaller immigrant groups in new destinations is underdeveloped. This is especially the case for those from the Dominican Republic, a group that is expanding beyond the traditional gateway cities of the Northeast. Using a survey of Dominican immigrants in Reading, Pennsylvania, this study has two objectives. the first objective is to describe the prevalence of experiences with institutional and interpersonal discrimination. the second objective is to determine the extent to which these experiences are structured around racial markers (i.e., skin tone), forms of capital, forms of incorporation, and exposure to the United States. Our results show that a substantial minority of Dominican immigrants claims to have been treated unfairly, primarily because of their “race and ethnicity.” in addition, experiences with some types of discrimination are positively associated with skin tone (i.e., darkness) and several factors that are identified in models of assimilation.
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Aziz, Jason, Kieran Reid, John Batsis, and Roger Fielding. "Urban-Rural Differences in Sarcopenia Prevalence and Nutritional Risk Factors: The NHANES (2001–2002 and 2011–2014)." Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2020): 272. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.870.
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Abstract Background: Older adults living in rural areas experience health inequities compared to their urban counterparts. These include comorbidities, poor diet and physical inactivity; known risk factors for sarcopenia. No studies examining urban-rural differences in the prevalence of sarcopenia and slow gait speed among older adults in the United States exist. Objective: To compare the prevalence of sarcopenia and slow gait speed between urban and rural older adults living in the United States. As a secondary aim, we examined relationships between rural residency, total energy and total protein on gait speed and grip strength. Methods: We performed a secondary data analysis of two cohorts in the continuous NHANES (2001-2002 and 2011-2014), using gait speed or grip strength data, along with urban-rural status, dietary, examination, questionnaire and demographic data in older (≥ 60 yrs.) adults. Results: The prevalence of GripBMI weakness was higher in urban vs. rural participants (27.4% vs. 19.2%), whereas their absolute grip strength was lower (31.75(±0.45) vs. 33.73(±0.48)). Total energy, total protein and relative protein intakes were similar between urban and rural participants. Total energy intake was associated with gait speed and grip strength. Conclusions: Older adults living in urban areas of the United States, were weaker compared to their rural counterparts. Rural residency was not associated with gait speed or grip strength. Total energy intake was associated with slower gait speed but higher grip strength. This report is the first to examine urban-rural differences in sarcopenia and slow gait speed in older adults living in the United States.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Urban poor – united states – case studies"
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Millward, Alison J. "Affordable downtown housing : innovative U.S. municipal initiatives and a case study of Seattle." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/29996.
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The past decade has witnessed both steep reductions in federal housing assistance and an intensification of local housing problems including homelessness. In light of these trends, this study explores alternative means available to municipalities of meeting the housing needs of low-income households.
The methods chosen to accomplish this were two-fold: a literature review and a case study. The literature review revealed that in response to the Reagan administration's 1981 cutbacks to housing programs a new low-income housing delivery system, based largely on public-private partnerships, has emerged from the grass roots level in communities across the United States. In the new production system efforts have focused on preservation rather than new construction, and large for-profit developers have been replaced by nonprofit community-based development corporations and local public agencies. With the assurance of federal subsidies gone, local governments and nonprofit developers have sought to increase the effectiveness of current resources, direct more general revenue to housing activities and have raised new resources. Today, financing packages for low-income projects are usually built upon customized and creative financial packages that are difficult to replicate, and as a result, no definitive solutions have yet been found.
Despite the hard work and creativity that has gone into developing low-income housing in the U.S. over the past decade local programs have been able to meet only a fraction of the country's housing needs.
The case study method was chosen to focus on the City of Seattle, Washington's specific housing initiatives. The City's response has closely followed the national experience. A new delivery system has emerged which depends largely on the efforts of the City's municipal government, through its Department of Community Development, and the community's growing nonprofit sector. As a
matter of policy Seattle has chosen to spend most of its low-income housing dollars on preserving the downtown's remaining 7,311 low-income units. The City does not. build housing itself, but instead, acts as a "bank" loaning money generated, for the most part, by off-budget strategies to nonprofit housing developers to rehabilitate existing low-income units to meet housing code standards.
Seattle's housing programs have had mixed results. Despite their efforts, due to downtown's expansion, the City has continued to lose low-income units in the downtown to demolition and rent increases, no gain has been made on the City's overall housing need, and while the City has replaced the lost federal subsidies, it has not created significant ongoing revenue streams for future housing development.
Results of this study indicate that, only the long term commitment of federal funds to a national housing strategy can stem the growing tide of homelessness across the U.S. and avert, a deepening of the country's housing crisis.Applied Science, Faculty of
Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of
Graduate
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Feldman, Jonathan M. (Jonathan Michael). "Protectionism as an industrial policy : the case of the United States automobile industry." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/73272.
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Thesis (M.C.P.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 1986.MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ROTCH
Bibliography: leaves 199-217.
by Jonathan Michael Feldman.
M.C.P.
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Maclin, Stephen Alexander. "A democratic governance approach to urban economic development policymaking." Diss., Virginia Tech, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/37427.
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This dissertation contributes to the literature on urban development politics. It takes a normative ideal, democratic urban governance, out of the esoteric realm of academic debate and applies it to a critical case study which concerns the most financially consequential area of urban policy, that of urban economic development. The principal elements of democratic urban governance are described, examined, and reconstructed as a framework for evaluating the policy making potentials in the present case. Beyond its academic contribution, this dissertation provides developmental policy makers with an intellectually sound basis for considering, more candidly and more directly, issues concerning democracy and governance.Ph. D.
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TUMBDE, DEEPALI. "CONCEPTUAL MODEL FOR ECONOMICALLY VIABLE URBAN RIVERFRONT REVITALIZATION IN UNITED STATES." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1123542011.
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Sultana, Moshahida. "Do migrants transfer tacit knowledge? : the case of highly skilled Bangladeshi immigrants in the United States." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/33040.
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Thesis (M.C.P.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 2005.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 75-81).
Transfer of knowledge is a complex process. While codified knowledge is easy to transfer, tacit knowledge is not. "Tacit knowledge is difficult to exchange over long distance because it is heavily imbued with meaning arising from the social and institutional context in which it is produced, and this context specific nature makes it spatially sticky" (Gertler 2003). This thesis argues that there is certain tacit knowledge that migrants often transmit over long distances after customizing the knowledge to apply in different institutional settings. This thesis takes the example of Bangladesh, a country having an unfavorable socio- economic and institutional setting for receiving new technology, and explains how, despite the unfavorable conditions, some expatriates do transfer their knowledge to Bangladesh. Based on in-depth interviews with those expatriates creating the most impact in the economy of Bangladesh, the thesis shows that highly skilled Bangladeshi immigrants in the United States transfer tacit knowledge through building partnerships with individuals and organizations in Bangladesh. The thesis also finds that these partnerships are mostly based on trust, often coming from basic commonalities: same language, common "codes" of communication, shared norms, and personal knowledge about each other.
by Moshahida Sultana.
M.C.P.
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Carpenter, Joshua David. "Democracy and the disengaged : a multi-dimensional study of voter mobilization in Alabama." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2016. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:a2c1f070-db85-465c-b3e5-f55ddbe01438.
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This thesis investigates if and how poor, mostly minority citizens can be mobilized by a campaign whose principal policy objective would materially enhance their lives by including them in a major public program. The question is put to the test through a multi-dimensional study of voter mobilization in Alabama during the 2014 election for Governor. At stake in the election was whether Alabama would expand Medicaid through the Affordable Care Act in Alabama, an issue emblematic of "submergedness" (Mettler, 2011). In order to understand the extent to which the policy was submerged - measured by knowledge and awareness of the policy, along with its key provisions - I distributed a survey to 868 Alabamians weeks before the election. The survey used the experimental design of conjoint analysis to test which aspects of the policy were most persuasive among the target population. Additionally, I performed a randomized field experiment across the four major metropolitan areas of Alabama, micro-targeting 6,021 registered voters living in the "Coverage Gap," citizens who could gain health insurance if Medicaid were expanded. The campaign yielded negligible effects on voter turnout among subjects in the Coverage Gap, even though the interventions shifted voter knowledge, 'surfacing' the policy. In addition to the survey and field experiments, this research benefits from qualitative insights gathered in 22 semi-structured interviews conducted among poor Alabamians, many of whom were uninsured. From these interviews, it became clear that the political disengagement of the poor is deeply entrenched, prohibitive of policy-based mobilization. Disengagement is driven by a complex mix of barriers to registration and perceptions of political inefficacy based on interpretations of extant policy designs. These results have important implications for our understanding of the limitations of policy-based mobilization, suggesting that more attention must be paid to how current policies shape predispositions for mobilization.
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English, Jesse M. "A rationale for revitalization planning in small rural towns: a case study." Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/94506.
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Central Business Area Revitalization Planning theory and practice has evolved from a concern with physical revitalization to an emphasis on a comprehensive approach which includes areas such as housing and recreation, which had not in most past cases been viewed as relevant to the undertaking. The current thinking views all aspects of town planning as inter-related and approaches the task in a holistic manner. The methodologies utilized in Planning for Central Business Area Revitalization have evolved as well. Detached consultant planning, which included little or no public involvement and which produced inflexible plans which outlined the way to revitalization, has evolved to a flexible, dynamic approach, which involves those responsible for implementation at all stages of planning; thereby, reflecting their beliefs, attitudes and values and having high probability of implementation. Successful efforts to revitalize the central business areas of rural towns require an informed leader who will function as an educator, and a planning and design process which leads to implementation through its participant centered, incremental, multiple objective approach.M.L. Arch.
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Base, Jessica. "Using International Trade as an Economic Development Tool: A Case Study Analysis and Applied Framework for Cleveland, Ohio." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1277123604.
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Kwong, Caputo Jolina Jade. "Undergraduate Research and Metropolitan Commuter University Student Involvement: Exploring the Narratives of Five Female Undergraduate Students." PDXScholar, 2013. http://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/1006.
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This study sought to explore the lived experiences of five female, first-generation, low-income students who attend a metropolitan commuter university, and investigate how a structured undergraduate research experience exerts influence on the women's academic and social involvement. A qualitative case study with a narrative and grounded theory analysis was selected as the most appropriate approach for exploring this topic and addressing the guiding research questions. Interview and journal data were collected and analyzed to identify significant themes. The importance of finding an academic home, the significance of interacting with faculty and peers, and the validation of a metropolitan commuter university education through a scholar development process emerged as significant findings. Implications and recommendations on programmatic and institutional levels are included, as well as suggestions for future research.
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Larin, Lauren Marie. "Regulating Pavement Dwellers: the Politics of the Visibly Poor in Public Space." PDXScholar, 2017. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/3471.
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Many researchers argue the increasing reliance on sit/lie ordinances to regulate homeless people's use of public space is one in a suite of neoliberal policies that shape the geographies of public space in cities to serve the needs of global capital. However, these policies are developed at the local, not global, level as specific actors make claims in the public sphere that communicatively shape policy formation. Through comparative case study, this research asks, how do different actors, situated in specific local and global contexts, influence the adoption of sit/lie ordinances?
I examine two cases of policymaking in Portland and San Francisco. I use discourse analytic strategies and thematic coding of newspapers, archival documents, and key informant interviews to look at policy-making processes as they occur in their political, social, and economic contexts. I focus especially on the role of language in policy-making, policy-making arenas, and actions of grassroots actors, drawing from three interdisciplinary literatures to develop an explanatory theory of policy-making.
I find the four interrelated explanatory factors in policy-making were: the actors (neoliberal and right-to-the-city); the tactics they use; the policy talk they use; and the policy arenas. First, political processes provide windows of opportunity and determine arenas for political activities. The different policy arenas (citizen election, committee, council led, litigation, etc.) influence the audience that the actors care about, and thus the policy talk. Additionally, elected officials have a determining effect on which arenas they use, which in turns structures the opportunities for policy talk.
Second, the arena influences the depth to which resisters can discuss the issues with the wider public and decision-makers. This may explain why the right-to-the-city frame may not have been used as much as the academic literature might suggest. Resisters find it much harder to use this framing with the general public or elected officials because it takes too much time to explain to those unfamiliar. Instead, they rely more on concepts that may be more familiar like the dependent poor and unequal impact of the law on minority groups.
Third, I find local actors have different positions in the global economy, however on the local level their different avenues and strategies of involvement are due to local conditions rather than global ones. The location in the global political economy seems to be less important than local political decision making contexts and the actions of individuals who are locally powerful due to their economic status and political connections. This suggests room for resisters to use local politics to resist these ordinances, without having to take on the entire global economy.
Finally, actors use different narratives to influence decision makers and each other, responding and shifting to competing frames over time. The change over time is important, as it shows how policy debates change based on influences from different actors. My findings suggest the framing of the original necessity for the policy can influence the policy trajectory, but actors can and do respond and successfully shift policy talks over time. The dissertation concludes with additional implications for grassroots practice based on these theoretical findings.
Books on the topic "Urban poor – united states – case studies"
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MacLeod, Jay. Ain't no makin' it: Leveled aspirations in a low-income neighborhood. Boulder, Colo: Westview Press, 1987.
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Farkas, George. Human capital or cultural capital?: Ethnicity and poverty groups in an urban school district. New York: A. de Gruyter,c, 1996.
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Abraham, Laurie Kaye. Mama might be better off dead: The failure of healthcare in urban America. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993.
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MacLeod, Jay. Ain't no makin' it: Aspirations and attainment in a low income neighborhood. 3rd ed. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 2008.
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Clewell, Beatriz C. Good schools in poor neighborhoods: Defying demographics, achieving success. Washington, D.C: Urban Institute Press, 2007.
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P, Smith Michael, ed. Marginal spaces. New Brunswick, N.J: Transaction Publishers, 1995.
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Perry, Macon, ed. People and folks: Gangs, crime, and the underclass in a rustbelt city. Chicago: Lake View Press, 1988.
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Perry, Macon, ed. People and folks: Gangs, crime, and the underclass in a rustbelt city. 2nd ed. Chicago: Lake View Press, 1998.
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Dash, Leon. Rosa Lee: A mother and her family in urban America. New York, NY: BasicBooks, 1996.
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Stanley, Eitzen D., and Talley Kathryn D, eds. Paths to homelessness: Extreme poverty and the urban housing crisis. Boulder: Westview Press, 1994.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Urban poor – united states – case studies"
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Crowell, Amber R., and Mark A. Fossett. "Racial and Ethnic Residential Segregation in Nonmetropolitan Communities." In Racial and Ethnic Residential Segregation Across the United States, 111–54. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-38371-7_4.
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AbstractFor at least half a century, much of the literature on residential segregation has primarily focused on large metropolitan areas, where most of the population resides in one or more high-density urban cores and medium-density, outlying suburban environments. Many influential landmark segregation studies have focused on small samples featuring primarily the largest 50–60 metropolitan areas in the country. In contrast, our knowledge of residential segregation outside of metropolitan contexts is very limited, even as nonmetropolitan communities are becoming more racially and ethnically diverse. This is due in large part to the challenges with measuring residential segregation in nonmetropolitan contexts, which we address in this book. By using segregation measures that are corrected for index bias, measuring segregation of households rather than persons, and relying on the often overlooked separation index, we draw substantive conclusions about patterns and trends of White-Black, White-Asian, and White-Latino residential segregation in nonmetropolitan communities from 1990 to 2010. We also further demonstrate the superiority of our methodological choices by comparing our findings to those that would be produced through conventional approaches and by reviewing case studies of selected nonmetropolitan areas. Substantively, we find that segregation in nonmetropolitan communities is often not as high as what is observed in metropolitan areas, especially for Asian and Latino households. However, segregation is certainly capable of being high in nonmetropolitan communities, even when the minority proportion is very small. White-Latino segregation is typically quite low and has remained stable in micropolitan areas while slightly declining in noncore counties. This is more so true for White-Asian segregation in nonmetropolitan communities where segregation is very low and has remained low since at least 1990. Methodologically, we conclude that our innovations to segregation measurement expand opportunities to broaden and deepen the literature to understand the nature of residential segregation in nonmetropolitan communities.
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Rajan, S. Irudaya, Kunal Keshri, and Priya Deshingkar. "Understanding Temporary Labour Migration Through the Lens of Caste: India Case Study." In IMISCOE Research Series, 97–109. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-34194-6_7.
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AbstractTemporary labour migration is known to be one of the most important livelihood options used by the poorest sectors of society in a variety of contexts, in developing countries, including India. Using large-scale data from the Indian National Sample Survey, 2007–2008, this chapter tries to explain the structure and flow of temporary labour migration, and its relationship with caste. The results suggest that the highest share of temporary labour migrants is found among rural to urban migrants (63%), and that there is a dominance of inter-state migration, particularly from the under-developed states of Bihar, Jharkhand, and Uttar Pradesh. Our analysis corroborates earlier studies and shows that temporary labour migration rates are higher at the national level among the most disadvantaged social groups, namely the Scheduled Tribes (STs) and the Scheduled Castes (SCs) (45 and 24 per 1000 respectively) compared to Other Backward Classes (19 per 1000) and Others (12 per 1000). Our analysis shows that temporary labour migration rates were twice as high among the poorest of the poor as any other caste group. The findings point to a strong link between caste and temporary migration in India.
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Lauen, Douglas Lee, and Kyle Abbott. "Bringing the Full Picture into Focus: A Consideration of the Internal and External Validity of Charter School Effects." In Knowledge and Space, 63–83. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-78597-0_4.
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AbstractThe authors of this chapter describe an institutional arrangement for education in the United States: the provision of education through “charter schools,” an experiment in liberalization and decentralization begun in the early 1990s. They address whether charter schools raise student achievement on average compared to students in traditional public schools. They report that the authors of small-scale randomized studies report quite positive effects, but that as the sample of schools increases, the reported effects decline in size and significance, from which they conclude that while charter schools do not generally harm student achievement, they do not have significantly positive effects for the average student. They do, however, more positively affect poor and minority students and students in some urban centers. This underlines the importance of examining school effects across different geographies and social groups and the key role external validity plays in drawing policy implications from educational research.
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Medina, Patricia Campos, Erika Nava, and Sol Aramendi. "Tandas and Cooperativas." In Beyond Racial Capitalism, 90–107. Oxford University PressOxford, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192868336.003.0005.
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Abstract Using a multidisciplinary approach, this chapter examines how Tandas (ROSCA) and cooperativas (cooperatives) are part of a system of social purpose business arrangements of mutual aid and group economics that assist in the integration of precarious immigrants to the United States. Historical political dynamics have set legal restrictions limiting the legal migration of people from Latin America to the United States; hence, vulnerable working-class Latin American immigrants entering the United States to work arrive into racialized economic environments where they are forced to function as full participants in society via direct engagement in the informal and gig economy. This chapter examines two case studies of indigenous Latin American immigrants organizing their social capital to bring together economic resources, in the form of formal community worker-owned cooperativas or under informal financial arrangements called Tandas that help them survive and integrate into local communities. Cooperativas and Tandas support community-based entrepreneurship that aids undocumented immigrants in their economic survival and integration. Immigrants of indigenous backgrounds have a long history of pooling economic resources to finance their activities outside the formal economy. Theories of immigrant integration combined with an analysis of racial capitalist theory help explain how capitalism and racism intertwined create an environment of limited resources that truncate social and economic mobility for poor Black and brown immigrants entering local US urban communities. Faced with limited options for economic survival, these immigrants tap into their collectives and cultural support systems to survive and develop their livelihoods in American business and society.
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Worobec, K. "‘Case study 16: New York City, United States of America’." In ‘Overtourism’? Understanding and Managing Urban Tourism Growth beyond Perceptions Volume 2: Case Studies, 67–70. World Tourism Organization (UNWTO), 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.18111/9789284420629.16.
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"Location Patterns of Producer Services: Between Centralization and Urban Sprawl; French and Swiss Case studies." In Urban Sprawl in Western Europe and the United States, 201–10. Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315235226-21.
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Cook, Stephen, Marjorie van Roon, Lisa Ehrenfried, James LaGro, and Qian Yu. "WSUD “Best in Class”—Case Studies From Australia, New Zealand, United States, Europe, and Asia." In Approaches to Water Sensitive Urban Design, 561–85. Elsevier, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-812843-5.00027-7.
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Londoño, Johana. "Urban Designers and the Politics of Latinizing the Built Environment." In Critical Dialogues in Latinx Studies, 279–90. NYU Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9781479805198.003.0022.
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This chapter focuses on the career of urban developer and former Secretary of the Department of Housing and Urban Development, Henry Cisneros, in order to open up a larger discussion on the role that Latinxs and their barrio spaces play in shaping the built environment of the United States. Construction workers, community organizers, artists, and muralists have long been included, and rightfully so, in Latinx studies scholarship as key producers of Latinized built environments. This chapter extends that conversation by grappling with the rarely discussed figure of the professional urban designer. Cisneros, I suggest, is a high-profile example, though not entirely representative, of how professional urban designers imagine a Latinization of US cities. His work, I argue, uses design to socially engineer Latinx belonging to cities in a way that underscores anti-poor, normative housing aesthetics and spaces.
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"Case studies 3 and 4: the Old Poor Law in England and leaving home in the United States, 1850–1860." In Making History Count, 463–95. Cambridge University Press, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9781139164832.016.
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"Case Study Analysis of a Team/Collaborative Model With Specific Learning Disabled Students." In Advances in Early Childhood and K-12 Education, 219–40. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-8069-0.ch007.
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This chapter focuses on specific learning disabilities (SLDs), which is the most common type of designated disability among school-aged students in the United States. SLD is a disability that can have devastating effects on a student's learning ability, as in the most severe cases, the SLD student may remember little, if anything, about what he or she has learned; may have difficulties focusing on even one thing; may not be able to read above an elementary level; and may live in isolation due to poor social and motivational skills. This chapter discusses the service delivery models for students who have SLD and provides two case studies of models that can be successful if implemented properly. Finally, the chapter presents intervention strategies to assist the general education teacher when working with students with SLD.
Conference papers on the topic "Urban poor – united states – case studies"
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Huang, Jade, and Curtis Morgan. "Case Studies Examining High Speed Rail Station Location Decisions From an International Perspective." In 2011 Joint Rail Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/jrc2011-56092.
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As U.S. states are planning and designing for future nationwide and regional high-speed rail (HSR) services, an important issue to consider is where to locate stations. Station location determination is critical not only because it influences the perceived utility of the HSR services and can greatly influence ridership, but also due to its impact upon the local and regional transportation mobility, land use, and urban economic development. The main purpose of this paper is to provide information to HSR planners, engineers, and decision-makers in the U.S. on the practices of other countries in locating HSR stations. This paper examines HSR stations in several of the earliest countries which built HSR infrastructures: France, Spain, and Japan, to analyze how HSR station locations were selected, as well as the applicability of those methodologies in the planning process for the United States.
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Weber, Lucas Eduardo, and Débora de Gois Santos. "Lean construction e obras públicas: um mapeamento sistemático na literatura." In XI SIMPÓSIO BRASILEIRO DE GESTÃO E ECONOMIA DA CONSTRUÇÃO. Antac, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46421/sibragec.v11i00.13.
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Public enterprises are of utmost importance for the development of a nation. However, its construction is usually characterized by several problems such as non-compliance with the deadline, the value and the poor quality presented. Thus, the applicability of the principles of Lean Construction in the public sector comes with the objective of mitigating these problems. The objective of this research was to provide an overview of research involving the themes of Lean Construction and Public Works through a Systematic Mapping Study. As a result, it was evidenced that there is little research that addresses the two themes simultaneously, but with growth of publications in recent years. Research focuses on publications in the International Group for Lean Construction, the countries with the most publications located in the Northern Hemisphere such as the United States, Norway and the United Kingdom, and the vast majority of studies are based on case studies. Thus, the need to disseminate Lean Construction and its applications in the public sector remains proven.
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Wallace, Stephen J. "Don’t Miss “Obvious” Hazards: Lessons Learned From Chemical Safety Board Investigations." In ASME 2006 Pressure Vessels and Piping/ICPVT-11 Conference. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2006-icpvt-11-93411.
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The United States Chemical Safety & Hazard Investigation Board (CSB) was conceived by Congress following a series of catastrophic industrial accidents in the mid to late 1980s. This federal agency is charged with investigating incidents at chemical and manufacturing facilities, determining the causes, and making recommendations to prevent future accidents. This paper focuses on the findings from several CSB investigations related to equipment failure. Numerous codes, standards, and good practice guidelines are in place to govern the design, maintenance, and operation of vessels. However, the CSB has found that serious accidents continue to occur because of poor implementation of established guidance. This paper uses actual case studies to illustrate problems with equipment that ultimately led to catastrophes. Lessons learned from these incidents include designing equipment with adequate overpressure protection, adjusting inspection frequencies based on actual observations, and requiring written procedures for critical phases such as startup. Additional good practices and recommendations from the CSB are discussed with each of the case studies.
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Mycoo, Michelle. "OPPORTUNITIES FOR TRANSFORMING INFORMAL SETTLEMENTS IN CARIBBEAN SMALL ISLAND DEVELOPING STATES." In International Conference on Emerging Trends in Engineering & Technology (IConETech-2020). Faculty of Engineering, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.47412/bhck8814.
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Informal settlements are quite complex because they consist of economically disadvantaged, often landless households located on steep hillsides, floodplains and swamps, which contribute to their exclusion from accessing infrastructure. These challenges need not be constraints; rather they offer opportunities for transformation. Such communities are generally characterised by inadequate access to safe water; inadequate access to sanitation and other infrastructure; poor structural quality of housing; overcrowding and insecure residential status. This paper uses primary and secondary data to determine the drivers which impact on the burgeoning of informal settlements in the Caribbean and analyses their implications for achieving the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 11 which focuses on achieving safer, sustainable and resilient human settlements. The main findings of the paper are that housing shortages, delays in obtaining planning approvals, inflated land values and poverty contribute to the growth of informal settlements. However, such settlements occupy vulnerable sites where infrastructure is sometimes lacking and they help trigger environmental hazards which may be further exacerbated by climate change. Based on the key findings of the empirical evidence, the paper raises what is the critical role of engineering and engineering education in improving access by informal settlements to basic services that are fundamental in achieving sustainable, resilient human settlements and human well-being? These questions are answered within the Caribbean Small Island Developing States context and draws from a cross-section of case studies within the region.
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Kyriakou, Kyriakos, and Sofia Krimizi. "-ville: Not Rural but Micropolitan America: The Pedagogical Case of East and West Texas." In 108th Annual Meeting Proceedings. ACSA Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.35483/acsa.am.108.117.
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Young, instant and radically small, the american town operates as an extreme condition of minimal complexity and minimum urbanity. If America is the original version of modernity according to Baudrillard¹, then the extremities of that vast internal American territory- understood here as a sequence of Greysvilles, Crossvilles, Maryvilles but also Moscows, Paris, Florences spread out in Tennessee, Texas, Louisiana or Arizona- offer us an insight to an accelerated end state of that modernity. ‘-ville: not rural but micropolitan America’ produces an alternative understanding of urbanism that studies the american town as an instant and autonomous urban setup, one that is simple enough to be broken down in primary and identifiable elements. The towns are seen through a lens of radical remoteness as sprawled, diluted and scattered nodes of a network that strives to conquer a vast territory producing a contemporary reading of the internal fringes of the United States by carving a mute-scaler, cross country section through the rural, micropolitan American territory, radically positioned on only one colour of the post election map.
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Katrib, Leen. "Excavating the University Campus: A Pedagogy of Deconstructing Architecture’s Myths." In 112th ACSA Annual Meeting. ACSA Press, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.35483/acsa.am.112.64.
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This paper seeks to offer an interdisciplinary and collaborative model for design seminars to examine the very conditions that have guided the practice, pedagogy, and historiography of architecture. Excavating the University Campus is a research- integrative design seminar that positions students to uncover comprehensive, untold histories of destructions in the wake of postwar and ongoing urban university campus expansions across the United States. Through campus case studies spanning chronologies and geographies across the United States, students critically examine official campus histories by deconstructing their design tactics, linguistic nuances, alliances, and the architect/planner’s design tools and methods. The seminar challenges students to source interdisciplinary knowledge and tools in order to map, spatialize, and metricize the extents of erasures through two-dimensional, three- dimensional, image-, audio-, and text-based translations. The research process parallels with—and is theoretically grounded in—a curated selection of interdisciplinary foundational texts by scholars who interrogate the material afterlife of destruction in the built environment. Ultimately, students design multimedia animations and short films that contribute to a counter-historiography on each case study by juxtaposing, superimposing, and clustering layers of retrieved materials and produced visualizations to create new assemblages that subvert official narratives.
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Marengo, Jose A., Jose A. Marengo, Luci H. Nunes, Luci H. Nunes, Celia R. G. Souza, Celia R. G. Souza, Joseph Harari, et al. "COASTAL VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT: AN INTEGRATED FRAMEWORK TO ANALYZE LOCAL DECISION MAKING AND ADAPTATION TO SEA-LEVEL RISE IN SANTOS, SAO PAULO-BRAZIL." In Managing risks to coastal regions and communities in a changing world. Academus Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.31519/conferencearticle_5b1b93759318e1.99488443.
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The METROPOLE Project is an international collaboration between Brazil, the United Kingdom, and the United States designed to evaluate local decision making processes and to provide feedback to local urban managers on possible actions toward adaption to sea level rise (SLR). The goal of the project is to help coastal communities better understand factors that facilitate or hinder their intrinsic, local decision-making processes related to planning for adaptation to risk. The test used case sea level rise to develop case studies on long-term planning by local government and society as a means to gauge the of municipalities in different settings to address possible future risks. The framework was designed by an interdisciplinary team that incorporated social and natural scientists from these three nations, and which included local government officials. This paper focuses on some of the factors that affect decision-making in the coastal city of Santos, in the state of Sao Paulo in southeastern Brazil, and provides insight on possible actions that a coastal city, such as Santos, can do to prepare for impacts of SLR.
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Marengo, Jose A., Jose A. Marengo, Luci H. Nunes, Luci H. Nunes, Celia R. G. Souza, Celia R. G. Souza, Joseph Harari, et al. "COASTAL VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT: AN INTEGRATED FRAMEWORK TO ANALYZE LOCAL DECISION MAKING AND ADAPTATION TO SEA-LEVEL RISE IN SANTOS, SAO PAULO-BRAZIL." In Managing risks to coastal regions and communities in a changing world. Academus Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.21610/conferencearticle_58b43152cd5e2.
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The METROPOLE Project is an international collaboration between Brazil, the United Kingdom, and the United States designed to evaluate local decision making processes and to provide feedback to local urban managers on possible actions toward adaption to sea level rise (SLR). The goal of the project is to help coastal communities better understand factors that facilitate or hinder their intrinsic, local decision-making processes related to planning for adaptation to risk. The test used case sea level rise to develop case studies on long-term planning by local government and society as a means to gauge the of municipalities in different settings to address possible future risks. The framework was designed by an interdisciplinary team that incorporated social and natural scientists from these three nations, and which included local government officials. This paper focuses on some of the factors that affect decision-making in the coastal city of Santos, in the state of Sao Paulo in southeastern Brazil, and provides insight on possible actions that a coastal city, such as Santos, can do to prepare for impacts of SLR.
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Despland-Lichtert, Noémie. "Places & Plants: Exploring Weeds And Other Self-Seeded Plants As Architectural Forensics." In 112th ACSA Annual Meeting. ACSA Press, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.35483/acsa.am.112.33.
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While much of contemporary architectural discourse around plants tends to focus on their aesthetic aspects, origins, and potential uses—such as to provide ornament, drought- resistance and/or cooling, etc.—self-seeded plants, weeds and other undesirables tend to be less of a direct subject of interest and object of study within the discipline.This paper proposes an alternative relationship between architecture and plants, in which urban and self-seeded flora are used as forensic material and studied as evidence of urban change, spatial politics and movements of people, ideas, and construction materials. For example, it looks at seeds traveling with construction materials, or under trains, as well as plants resurfacing as a consequence of bulldozed or demolished sites. The research argues that plants, rather than simply a soft landscape material counterpoint to the concrete reality of building, can be used to study the resilience of landscapes and uncover site-specific histories. Specifically, the paper introduces a series of case studies by describing participatory workshops hosted in Canada, the United States, and Germany developing a methodology for fieldwork, community engagement, and oral history through carefully investigating a chosen site and its weeds. The methodology also serves to question the so-called“vacant” and “abandoned” nature of the chosen site within the larger context & discourse about public revitalization and other gentrification endeavors. By reframing weeds as valid and worthy of interest, this paper contests the devitalized or under-vitalized nature of chosen sites by opening conversations around social, public, and environmental interactions at large. Ultimately, this presentation also explores a range of discursive models to complexify revitalization discourse, articulating a nascent model for public engagement with architecture and site-specific histories through urban botany.
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DiDomenico, Giovanni C., and C. Tyler Dick. "Analysis of Trends in Commuter Rail Energy Efficiency." In 2014 Joint Rail Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/jrc2014-3787.
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Commuter rail systems are widely regarded as an effective transportation alternative to reduce energy consumption and emissions in large urban areas. Use of commuter rail systems in the United States is on the rise, with annual ridership increasing by 28 percent between 1997 and 2007 [1]. With growing concerns about the sustainability and environmental impacts of transportation, modal energy efficiency is increasingly considered amongst the metrics to evaluate the benefits and costs of transportation systems and justify future investment. To gauge the relative long-term efficiency trends for rail as an urban transportation mode, this study analyzes historic trends in energy efficiency metrics for US commuter rail systems. Commuter rail systems receiving, or benefiting from, Federal Transit Administration (FTA) grants are required to report operations and energy consumption data on an annual basis to the National Transit Database (NTD). NTD data on energy consumption, operations, and services supplied from 1997 to 2011 are analyzed to determine historic trends in various energy efficiency metrics for the commuter rail mode as a whole. The data analysis and comparison of the results with the highway mode is complicated by the use of electric traction by some commuter rail operators. These operators report energy consumption in purchased electricity (kWh) instead of gallons of liquid fuel. The different approaches that can be employed to compare these two forms of propulsion and their intrinsic efficiencies and energy sources are discussed. Energy efficiency of each commuter rail system and its relationship to individual system characteristics during the study period are also analyzed. Finally, case studies of historic energy efficiency of individual commuter rail systems with longer operating histories and reporting data over the majority of the study period are contrasted against more recent start-up systems. While many systems outperform the energy efficiency of a typical light-duty vehicle, there are others that, due to a variety of system parameters and characteristics, fail to achieve a load factor great enough to make them more attractive than the highway mode on a gross average level. It is hoped that highlighting trends and variation in commuter rail energy efficiency will allow policymakers to make more informed decisions regarding the environmental benefits of rail as an urban transportation mode.