Academic literature on the topic 'Urban politicies'
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Journal articles on the topic "Urban politicies"
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Pizzorni, Maria, Ombretta Caldarice, and Nicola Tollin. "A methodological framework to assess the urban content in climate change policies." Valori e Valutazioni 29 (January 2022): 123–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.48264/vvsiev-20212909.
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By 2050, people in urbanized areas will account for 68% of the world’s population, 80% of which will be concentrated in Asia and Africa. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) introduced in 2011 the National Adaptation Plan (NAP) under the Cancun Adaptation Framework (CAF). Countries of the non-Annex I, described by the UN-General Assembly as especially vulnerable to the impacts of climate change, are invited to develop NAPs to identify adaptation challenges and devise appropriate climate adaptation responses. Recognizing the increasing vulnerability of urban systems to the effects of climate change, in 2019, UN-Habitat defined the supplement of the NAP process's technical guidelines for addressing urban and human settlement issues in NAPs. This paper aims to propose a methodology to assess the urban content of the NAPs after ten years from that the CAF comes into force. The evaluation is based, adapting and expanding, on the methodology used to assess the urban content of Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC) published by UN-Habitat in 2017. The methodology aims to analyse both key adaptation challenges and responses explicitly or implicitly related to urban systems. Moreover, it aims at understanding the interlinkage of urban content in NAP in relation to other key policies, such as NDCs and National Urban Policies (NUPs). In this perspective, 172 indicators were selected and clustered into nine groups: (i) Geographic Indicators; (ii) General Indicators; (iii) NAPs General Indicators; (iv) NAPs Urban Indicators; (v) NDCs Indicators; (vi) NUPs Indicators; (vii) Urban content in National Policies Indicators; (viii) International policy linkages (including SDGs, Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction, Paris Agreement and New Urban agenda); (ix) National plans/policy/strategies/reports linkages. The methodology was tested on Brazil’s NAP, trying to find general considerations to apply to the countries that officially submitted their NAPs between 2014 to 2020. The test showed that: there is a stronger focus on defining climate adaptation challenges more than responses; climate adaptation challenges and responses are predominantly identified at the national scale, with a focus on policies and strategies at the national level; among the Brazilian NAP, there is "cities strategy", and it means that the NAP has a high urban content. In conclusion, the paper will highlight critical issues and improvements for each of the nine indices analysed. Entro il 2050, la popolazione urbana rappresenterà il 68% della popolazione mondiale. Di questa, l'80% sarà concentrata in Asia e in Africa. A partire da questo scenario di incrementale urbanizzazione, nel 2011 la Convenzione quadro delle Nazioni Unite sui cambiamenti climatici (UNFCCC) ha introdotto, nell'ambito del Cancún Adaptation Framework (CAF), i Piani Nazionali di Adattamento (NAP). I NAP sono concepiti come strumento a supporto dei Paesi inclusi nel Non-Annex I, descritti dall'Assemblea generale dell'ONU come particolarmente vulnerabili alle transizioni in atto, per identificare le sfide e progettare le risposte più appropriate verso l’adattamento in risposta al cambiamento climatico. Riconoscendo la crescente vulnerabilità dei sistemi urbani, UN-Habitat nel 2019 ha predisposto delle linee guida per supportare la redazione dei NAP, in particolare per includere le questioni urbane e gli insediamenti umani. A dieci anni dall'entrata in vigore del CAF, il presente articolo presenta una proposta metodologica per valutare il contenuto urbano dei NAP. L’approccio valutativo proposto è un aggiornamento dalla metodologia utilizzata per analizzare il contenuto urbano dei Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), pubblicata da UN-Habitat nel 2017, e qui adattata ai NAP. La metodologia mira ad analizzare sia le sfide chiave per l’adattamento, ma anche le risposte esplicitamente o implicitamente connesse ai sistemi urbani e l'interconnessione del contenuto urbano dei NAP in relazione ad altre politiche chiave, quali NDCs e NUP (Politiche Urbane Nazionali). In questa prospettiva, la metodologia si compone di 172 indicatori, raggruppati in nove gruppi: (i) Indicatori geografici; (ii) Indicatori generali; (iii) Indicatori generali dei NAP; (iv) Indicatori che leggono il contenuto urbano dei NAP; (v) Indicatori degli NDC; (vi) Indicatori dei NUP; (vii) Indicatori che analizzano il contenuto urbano delle politiche nazionali; (viii) Collegamenti con le politiche internazionali (inclusi SDGs, Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction, Accordo di Parigi e New Urban Agenda); e (ix) Collegamenti nazionali tra piani/politiche/strategie/report. La metodologia è stata testata sul NAP del Brasile, al fine di individuare considerazioni generali da adottare anche per gli altri Paesi del sud del mondo che hanno presentato i loro NAP tra il 2014 e il 2020. In sintesi, questa sperimentazione ha mostrato che: (i) vi è una maggiore attenzione alla definizione delle sfide di adattamento al clima più che all’individuazione di risposte; (ii) le sfide e le risposte di adattamento al cambiamento climatico sono prevalentemente identificate su scala nazionale; (iii) il NAP del Brasile si caratterizza per un alto contenuto urbano. In conclusione, il paper mette in luce punti di forza e criticità della metodologia, identificando alcuni miglioramenti per ciascuno dei nove gruppi di indicatori, nella prospettiva di applicare questo approccio di valutazione anche in altri contesti territoriali.
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Trotto, Chiara. "Le politiche urbane del governo senegalese e lo sviluppo cittŕ di Dakar." STORIA URBANA, no. 126 (September 2010): 95–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/su2010-126005.
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La cittŕ di Dakar rappresenta l'emblema dell'accentramento politico-amministrativo "alla francese". Il suo sviluppo urbano ha visto una crescita esponenziale che ha portato al sovraffollamento di molte aree urbane e peri-urbane soprattutto negli ultimi vent'anni. Le autoritŕ politiche hanno cercato di arginare il problema della crescita disomogenea e sregolata della cittŕ: dapprima attuando politiche stataliste di regolarizzazione forzata, successivamente attraverso progetti di costruzione partecipata dell'habitat urbano. L'unicitŕ della gestione urbana della cittŕ risiede nel codice urbanistico senegalese che lascia al presidente della Repubblica l'ultima parola riguardo alle decisioni di politica urbana; questo a dimostrazione dell'importanza e del peso politico che ricoprono le problematiche urbane in questo paese e del difficile processo di decentralizzazione tuttora da metabolizzare. Negli ultimi anni, il presidente Abdoulaye Wade ha cercato di dare nuovo slancio alla capitale inaugurando costosi progetti infrastrutturali e avviando la costruzione di monumenti grandiosi, che danno lustro alla cittŕ; il suo obiettivo č riconsegnare alla cittŕ il ruolo di capitale dell'Africa francofona e, possibilmente, dell'Africa tutta, come polo trainante degli affari economici e commerciali della costa ovest.
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Camagni, Roberto. "Città, governance urbana e politiche urbane europee." disP - The Planning Review 39, no. 152 (2003): 26–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02513625.2003.10556831.
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Muacuveia, Reginaldo Rodrigues Moreno, and William Rodrigues Ferreira. "A REDE URBANA E A TENDÊNCIA DE FORMAÇÃO DE METRÓPOLES REGIONAIS EM MOÇAMBIQUE." InterEspaço: Revista de Geografia e Interdisciplinaridade 4, no. 14 (2018): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.18764/2446-6549.v4n14p90-108.
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THE URBAN NETWORK AND TRAINING ACT OF REGIONAL METROPOLIS IN MOZAMBIQUELE RÉSEAU URBAIN ET LA LOI SUR LA FORMATION DES MÉTROPOLES RÉGIONALES AU MOZAMBIQUEEste artigo tem por objetivo analisar a atual configuração da rede urbana e as tendências de evolução para a formação de metrópoles regionais ao norte e centro em Moçambique. Enfoca a análise das transformações ocorridas no processo de crescimento socioespacial das cidades que possa subsidiar nas politicas de ordenamento territorial. O trabalho basicamente incorporou os estudos de três grandes cidades do país, localizadas em três regiões distintas, a partir de dados do Instituto Nacional de Estatística de Moçambique (INE), e abrangeu os processos socioeconômicos e demográficos gerais e regionais nas décadas de 1980, 1997, 2007 e 2017, que estão na base da estruturação e do desenvolvimento da rede urbana moçambicana. Os resultados demostram que, na hierarquia da rede urbana, existem uma região metropolitana, o sistema urbano-regionais e as aglomerações urbanas de Nampula e Beira, que, segundo a evolução espacial-demográfica, têm condições para atingir o estatuto de região metropolitana nos próximos 10 anos, até 2027.Palavras-chave: Rede Urbana; Aglomerações Populacionais; Moçambique.ABSTRACTThis work aims to analyze the current configuration of the urban network and the trends of evolution that may form in a short time the regional metropolis north and center in Mozambique, focusing on the transformations that occurred in the process of demographic-spatial growth of cities, ways to subsidize territorial planning policies. The study incorporates the studies of three cities, located in three distinct regions, based on data from the National Institute of Statistics (INE), and covered the general and regional socioeconomic and demographic processes in the 1990s, 2000 and 2010 that are the basis structuring and development of the Mozambican urban network. The results show the hierarchy of the urban network, the urban-regional system and the urban agglomerations of Mozambique one is already metropolis and the other two are able to reach the status of metropolitan region in less than 20 years. Keywords: Urban Network; Population Agglomerations; Mozambique.RÉSUMÉL'objectif de ce travail est d'analyser la configuration actuelle du réseau urbain et les tendances de l'évolution que pour la formation des métropoles régionales du nord et du centre au Mozambique. Il se concentre sur l'analyse des transformations intervenant dans le processus de croissance socio-spatiale des villes qui peuvent subventionner les politiques d'aménagement du territoire. Les travaux ont essentiellement incorporé les études de trois villes principales du pays, situées dans trois régions distinctes, basées sur des données de l'Institut national de la statistique (INE) et couvrant les processus socio-économiques et démographiques généraux et régionaux dans les années 1980, 1997. 2007 et 2017 qui sous-tendent la structuration et le développement du réseau urbain mozambicain. Les résultats montrent dans la hiérarchie du réseau urbain il y a une région métropolitaine, le système urbain-régional et les agglomérations urbaines de Nampula et Beira selon l'évolution spatiale-démographique sont en mesure d'atteindre le statut de région métropolitaine dans les 10 prochaines années, en 2027.Mots-clés: Réseau Urbain; Agglomérations de Population; Mozambique.
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Savoldi, Paola. "La forza dei luoghi, la debolezza degli strumenti: il progetto urbano alla prova." ARCHIVIO DI STUDI URBANI E REGIONALI, no. 94 (June 2009): 104–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/asur2009-094009.
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- A major change is under way. Following a new season of urban policies in Italy, it seems now time to investigate the outcomes and critical points of their implementation. Referring to the work of the Torino research group, the article focuses on the design of projects of new urban development areas. The main questions driving the investigation concern the requirements and conditions allowing housing quality, social and functional blending and integration with the existing city. The main proposition to the reader is a call for moving among projects and places to understand how and if a project produces a place, among places and tools, to understand how and if a specific tool of urban transformation is able to produce the expected results. The observation point, hence the research method, recalls a relation to the specific contexts and a focus on practices and habits in place.Keywords: Urban project, governance tools, mi ité, urban policies.Parole chiave: Progetto urbano, strumenti di governo, mi ité, politiche urbane.
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Spadaro, Chiara, and Giacomo Pettenati. "Le politiche urbane del cibo come possibile arena per la governance climatica urbana." RIVISTA GEOGRAFICA ITALIANA, no. 2 (May 2022): 92–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/rgioa2-2022oa13803.
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Nel dibattito sulla sostenibilità urbana hanno assunto un ruolo crescente, da circa vent'anni a questa parte, le cosiddette politiche urbane del cibo (PUC), che mirano a ridurre gli impatti ambientali e aumentare la giustizia socio-spaziale dei sistemi alimentari, agendo alla scala urbana. Tali politiche costituiscono secondo alcuni un ambito di grande potenzialità per la governance climatica urbana, grazie alla possibilità di agire sul consumo alimentare delle popolazioni urbane, che costituisce uno dei principali fattori di impatto ambientale su scala globale. Non mancano tuttavia le riflessioni critiche, relative alla realecapacità di azioni e politiche localizzate di modificare strutturalmente sistemi del cibo complessi. Questo contributo si interroga sul possibile ruolo delle PUC nel quadro della governance climatica urbana, a partire dall'analisi delle realtà presenti all'interno della Rete Italiana Politiche Locali del Cibo e con un approfondimento sui casi di Roma e Milano.
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Ramondetti, Leonardo, Astrid Safina, and Edoardo Bruno. "Prosperous Lishui. Ripensare il rapporto tra urbano e rurale nella Cina contemporanea." TERRITORIO, no. 98 (March 2022): 110–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/tr2021-098017.
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Dopo decenni di forte crescita e di violente trasformazioni urbane, la Cina sembra oggi inaugurare una nuova stagione di sviluppo. La competizione internazionale ‘Future Shan-Shui City. Dwellings in the Lishui Mountains', promossa nell'aprile 2020 dalla municipalità di Lishui (Zhejiang) per immaginare l'espansione della città esistente ne è un esempio. Il concorso, in linea con le politiche nazionali, evidenzia la necessità di ridefinire i rapporti fra spazio urbano e rurale puntando su un incremento degli usi urbani dello spazio agricolo e della produzione agricola in ambito urbano. Attorno a questo tema insiste in modo particolare la proposta ‘Prosperous Lishui' del quale il testo che segue discute le principali scelte progettuali.
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Mazzolini, Anna, Valeria Fedeli, and Grazia Concilio. "Fragilità urbane, mobilità e politiche di contrasto al Covid in Africa." TERRITORIO, no. 97 (February 2022): 61–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/tr2021-097-supplementooa12928.
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Alcuni contesti urbani necessitano di una mobilità permanente e flessibile di beni e persone come condizione per la vita collettiva e il sostentamento di base. Per questi contesti la pandemia ha concretizzato sfide che non possono essere analizzate con paradigmi cognitivi di origine americo-euro-centrica.Per la città di Maputo, l'articolo riflette sulle fragilità urbane dell'Africa subsahariana, analizzando le misure di prevenzione della pandemia in relazione alla mobilità come fattore di co-produzione della città. In tal senso si ridefiniscono i concetti di urbano e dimobilità e si propongono strategie di analisi e strumenti di osservazione capillari da supportare con una oculata governance dei dati.
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Paone, Sonia. "Il concetto di urban blight nelle politiche di Urban Renewal negli Stati Uniti." SOCIOLOGIA URBANA E RURALE, no. 128 (July 2022): 144–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/sur2022-128012.
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L'articolo analizza la genesi del concetto di urban blight nel contesto delle politiche di urban renewal che sono state attuate negli anni Cinquanta e Sessanta nelle città degli Stati Uniti. L'obiettivo è quello di evidenziare le logiche discriminatorie che hanno accompagnato l'imposizione di questo termine nel dibattito pubblico e le sue conseguenze sull'allontanamento dalle aree centrali (inner city) delle città americane delle famiglie afroamericane. La costruzione dell'urban blight si inserisce quindi nel più ampio discorso sulla razzializzazione dello spazio che caratterizza l'esperienza urbana statunitense.
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Borelli, Guido. "Urbanizzazione ‘creativa' e modo artistico di produzione dello spazio. Due casi milanesi." SOCIOLOGIA URBANA E RURALE, no. 90 (September 2010): 49–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/sur2009-090005.
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Utilizzando come terreno d'indagine i ‘quartieri creativi' che proliferano nella cittŕ e tenendo sullo sfondo la letteratura piů in voga sull'argomento, il saggio utilizza alcuni insegnamenti di Henri Lefebvre entro un approccio di urban political economy, con l'intento di dimostrare che i ‘quartieri creativi' possono essere considerati non soltanto come uno spontaneo pot-pourri urbano di edifici, cortili, strade e di un fitto network di relazioni sociali ed economiche, ma anche come un terreno soggetto agli interessi delle maggiori forze sociali, economiche e politiche. Dal resoconto di due ‘quertieri creativi' milanesi emerge come la specializzazione e la diversificazione funzionale dell'organizzazione urbana siano diventate uno strumento attraverso il quale i developer riescono a esercitare un influsso consistente nella trasformazione spaziale delle cittŕ.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Urban politicies"
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Fujita, Camila. "Dilema urbano-ambiental na formação do território brasileiro: desafios ao planejamento urbano no Brasil." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/16/16135/tde-29032010-162214/.
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A separação no tratamento de questões urbanas e ambientais na formação do território brasileiro e na formulação de políticas públicas de cunho territorial é aqui avaliada através de uma abordagem dialógica, que busca relacionar alguns dos principais aspectos sociais, históricos, econômicos e políticos que marcaram essa trajetória em diferentes períodos no tempo, contextos no espaço e escalas de análise. Essa fragmentação é observada nas propostas que, em diversos momentos do percurso brasileiro, se referiram às possibilidades de desenvolvimento sócio-econômico aliado aos processos institucionais de conformação territorial calcados em instâncias jurídicas. Este trabalho põe em questão a validade dessa forma de abordagem para a compreensão e a intervenção sobre os problemas urbano-ambientais da cidade real, vivenciada no cotidiano, onde as questões urbanas e ambientais comparecem de modo indissociável. Para tanto, dedicamo-nos a compreender como os problemas urbano-ambientais têm sido gerados em meio ao processo de urbanização brasileira, por meio da definição de seis períodos históricos e do estudo da inserção da lógica de (re)produção capitalista nas relações sócio-econômicas e na produção da cidade. A análise comparada da evolução das ações institucionais em prol do meio ambiente no Brasil, apreendida através do estabelecimento de cinco períodos históricos sob o enfoque dos movimentos sociais e dos debates acerca do desenvolvimento, do conjunto jurídico que define as leis urbanas e ambientais em âmbito federal e dos subsídios gerados pelo estudo do processo de urbanização evidenciou contradições, que caracterizam a desarticulação no tratamento de matérias urbanas e ambientais nas propostas de consecução de políticas públicas de cunho territorial. Essa avaliação foi comprovada à luz do plano empírico por meio da realização de um estudo de caso que analisa os planos diretores do município de Chapecó (SC), seus contextos, limites e alcances. A interpretação desses conteúdos apontou para a sugestão de que está a ocorrer um momento de transição, no tocante às bases paradigmáticas que fundamentam os padrões possíveis de intervenção sobre o meio ambiente urbano, e que a necessária articulação entre as questões urbanas e ambientais deve ser realizada primordialmente pelos movimentos sociais, já que os instrumentos e mecanismos propostos nas pretensas políticas urbanas e ambientais expressam uma visão dicotômica da relação homem-natureza no direcionamento de suas possibilidades de ação. Nessa perspectiva, os conflitos urbano-ambientais podem auxiliar no reconhecimento de interesses e atores em torno de questões urbano-ambientais, a fim de propiciar novos arranjos técnicos, administrativos e políticos que possam gradativamente vincular a atuação da sociedade em benefício dos interesses coletivos.<br>The separation dealing with urban and environmental issues in the Brazilian territory formation and in the territorial public policies formulation is treated here through a dialogical approach which tries to relate some of the main social, historical, economical and political aspects that influenced this trajectory in different periods of timetables, space context and analytical scales. This fragmentation is observed in propositions that, in different moments throughout Brazilian history, referred to social-economical development possibilities allied to territorial conformation institutional processes based upon juridical instances. This work questions the validity of this approach in order to comprehend and take action upon urban and environmental problems in the real city, where urban and environmental matters appear inseparable. In order to do so, we worked to comprehend how urban-environmental problems has been generated throughout he Brazilian urbanization process, by means of the definition of six historical periods and the incorporation of capitalist (re)production logic in the social-economical relations and in the city production. The compared analysis of the evolution concerning institutional actions towards environmental defense in Brazil, learned by the organization of five historical periods and the study of social movements and the debates about development policies, the juridical set that define urban and environmental laws in the federal scope and the subsides obtained by the urbanization process in Brazil showed evidence of the existence of contradictions, which characterize the disarticulation of urban and environmental matters in territorial public policies proposals. This assessment was proved under the empirical experience by means of the case study realization that brings the analysis of Chapecó (SC) urban planning proposals, their contexts, limits and achievements. The interpretation of theses elements pointed to the suggestion that a paradigmatic change is happening concerning possible intervention patterns towards urban environment and also that the articulation of urban and environmental issues should raise mainly from the social movements actions, since the instruments and mechanisms inscribed in the pretense urban and environment policies express a dichotomy in the way human-nature relation is understood throughout the course of action suggested in these laws. Through this perspective, the urban-environmental conflicts can aid the recognition of interests and social actors around urban-environmental matters, in order to propitiate new political, administration and technical arrangements which can gradually bind the society actuation towards collectivity interests.
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Pfutzenreuter, Andrea Holz. "Viver a cidade, envelhecer na cidade: os espaços públicos como interface para o envelhecimento pessoal." Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie, 2014. http://tede.mackenzie.br/jspui/handle/tede/481.
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Previous issue date: 2014-02-14<br>Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior<br>This thesis discusses the organization and the quality of urban space as a possibility for meetings, events and simultaneous coexistence of differences, and especially as a means to stimulate the interaction between generations and enhancing the quality of life within an increasingly long-lived society. We analyze the projects ' age-friendly city " and UN " Accessible City 's Human Rights " of the Secretariat of Human Rights of Brazil, which generally grant titles to municipalities that adhere to their guidelines. Discusses the case of Joinville (SC), a town south of Brazil , which has been implementing a series of actions aimed at improving the accessibility of public spaces , focusing on the elderly, within a major Federal City Project Access program is Human rights . Without intending to compare the case of Jena, the municipality located in Thuringia, Germany, the region is presented in this thesis as an example of a systemic and continuous process of planning that meets the needs of intergenerational without being involved in the context of government programs giving titles to cities. Thus, the use of the principles of planning a City for All, Jan Gehl (2010), as a method of analysis and contextualization, extols the importance of the distribution of the functions of cities to integrate and provide unique experiences to people, inviting them to raise their stay in public spaces, improving their living conditions and psychosocial health, regardless the existing title, or projects proposed by the label. It is reiterated that a city cannot be judged merely by its applications on standards and technical specifications, but should consider the methodology of analysis in a holistic way and to understand the human dimension to the concept of quality of life in public spaces, which completely heterogeneous and individually should be treated collectively .<br>Esta tese discute a organização e a qualidade do espaço urbano como possibilidade de encontros, simultaneidade de acontecimentos e convívio das diferenças, e principalmente como meio para estimular a interação entre as gerações e o aumento da qualidade de vida no âmbito de uma sociedade cada vez mais longeva. Analisa-se os Projetos Cidade Amiga do Idoso da ONU e Cidade Acessível é Direitos Humanos da Secretaria dos Direitos Humanos do Brasil que em geral concedem títulos aos municípios que aderem às suas diretrizes. Discute-se o caso de Joinville (SC), município do sul do Brasil, que vem implementando um conjunto de ações voltadas para a melhoria da acessibilidade dos espaços públicos, com enfoque nos idosos, no âmbito de um importante programa federal Projeto Cidade Acessível é Direitos Humanos. Sem a pretensão de comparação, o caso de Jena, município situado na região da Turíngia, Alemanha, é apresentado nesta tese como um exemplo de um processo de planejamento sistêmico e contínuo que atende às necessidades da intergeracionalidade, sem estar envolvido no âmbito de programas governamentais que dão títulos às cidades. Dessa forma, a utilização dos princípios de planejamento de uma Cidade para Todos, de Jan Gehl (2010), como metodologia de análise e contextualização, enaltece a importância entre a distribuição das funções das cidades para integrar e prover experiências diferenciadas às pessoas, convidando-as a aumentar a sua permanência nos espaços públicos, melhorando suas condições de vida e salubridade psicossociais, indiferentemente ao título existente ou ao rótulo proposto pelos projetos. Reafirma-se que uma cidade não pode ser avaliada meramente por suas aplicações de normativas e especificações técnicas, mas deve considerar a metodologia de análise de uma forma holística e que compreenda a dimensão humana para o conceito de qualidade de vida nos espaços públicos, que de forma completamente heterogênea e individual deve ser tratada coletivamente.
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Bertol, Sabrina Lemos. "Análise urbanística como suporte para politicas urbanas." Master's thesis, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Arquitetura, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/20434.
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Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Arquitetura, apresentada na Faculdade de Arquitetura da Universidade de Lisboa, com a especialização em Urbanismo para obtenção de grau de Mestre.<br>O tecido urbano das cidades históricas europeias é um grande fator de atração turística. Contudo, as formas urbanas carregam em si atributos intrínsecos ao seu próprio processo de formação, como tecidos medievais que convivem lado a lado com traçados ortogonais planeados. Essas especificidades espaciais podem trazer problemas de sustentabilidade, quando confrontadas com as mudanças provocadas por novas dinâmicas como a do turismo urbano e do Alojamento Local. Em Lisboa, já foram adotadas medidas municipais que limitam as atividades turísticas no centro histórico da cidade, com uma abordagem genérica no que tange à administração dos impactos do turismo a nível local. No entanto, essas medidas deveriam basear-se em um conhecimento aprofundado das características que o turismo pode prejudicar. A definição de uma metodologia para a delimitação de áreas urbanas que leve em consideração essas características espaciais, associada a uma lista de verificação de possíveis problemas quando a incidência do turismo é excessiva pode ser bem-vinda, e é a principal preocupação da presente dissertação.<br>ABSTRACT: The urban fabric of European historic cities is a major factor of tourist attraction. However, urban forms carry attributes intrinsic to their own process of formation, like medieval fabrics that coexist side by side with planned orthogonal layouts. These spatial specificities can pose sustainability problems when confronted with transformations brought by new dynamics such as urban tourism and touristic accommodation. In Lisbon, municipal measures have already been taken to limit tourism activities in the historic city center, with a generic approach on managing tourism impacts at the local level. However, these measures should be based on a thorough knowledge of the characteristics that tourism may threaten. A methodology for delimiting urban areas that considers these spatial characteristics, coupled with a checklist of possible problems when tourism incidence is excessive may be welcome, and is the main concern of this dissertation.<br>N/A
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Moreno, Roberto dos Santos. "Planejamento urbano em Guarulhos: entre o discurso e a prática (1967 a 2016)." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/16/16139/tde-16122016-162554/.
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Na década de 1950 o Brasil urbanizou-se. As pessoas passaram a se concentrar mais na cidade do que no campo. Essa dinâmica continua até o tempos atuais. Essa concentração de pessoas na cidade é resultado da busca de oportunidades de trabalho, estudo, cultura. No entanto, a concentração traz grandes desafios urbanos: como prover água potável para a população sempre crescente? Como conduzir os esgotos para o tratamento e retorno aos recursos hídricos? Como dotar a cidade de transporte público adequado e eficiente para todos? Como promover o casamento entre o crescimento urbano e o meio ambiente, de modo a garantir a sustentabilidade? Como dotar a cidade de equipamentos comunitários e urbanos de forma a promover a inclusão urbana e social? Como financiar os investimentos públicos de forma a fazer mais com a mesma arrecadação? Cada vez mais é preciso planejar, para curto, médio e longo prazos. O planejamento urbano é um poderoso instrumento para a gestão da cidade. E se ele for participativo, promoverá o ajuste fino necessário para melhorar cada vez mais a qualidade de vida da população. O objetivo deste trabalho é demonstrar em que medida o discurso do planejamento urbano é aplicado na prática, e quais fatores interveem para que isso aconteça. O planejamento urbano é um processo, através do qual surge o plano diretor e outros instrumentos, cujo resultado são as obras e serviços resultantes desse processo. O instrumento de desenvolvimento tratado nesta pesquisa é o plano diretor, mas avança também na análise de outros instrumentos, como o código de obras ou edificações, as normas de parcelamento, uso e ocupação do solo, organização administrativa, financiamento, participação e gestão urbana. Municípios com problemas urbanos e rurais, quando submetidos ao processo de planejamento urbano, apresentam melhores resultados. Este trabalho analisa o processo de planejamento urbano do Município de Guarulhos, localizado na Região Metropolitana de São Paulo, vizinho a São Paulo, município-capital do Estado de São Paulo. O processo de planejamento urbano inicia em 1967 e prossegue em sua trajetória até os tempos atuais. Para tentar compreender o caso de Guarulhos, este trabalho retroage no tempo e no espaço e traça a evolução da cidade e município, através de elementos componentes da estrutura urbana, ligados aos aspectos sociais, econômicos, políticos, administrativos e ambientais, abrangendo o período de 1560 a 1966. O processo de planejamento urbano do Município de Guarulhos foi estudado através do método histórico, compreendendo o período de 1967 a 2016. Ou seja, quase meio século utilizando em maior ou menor grau os instrumentos de desenvolvimento urbano, com o objetivo de encontrar caminhos para enfrentar os desafios emergentes de uma cidade que no início do Século XXI ultrapassou a marca de um milhão de habitantes, tornando-se o município não-capital mais populoso do Estado de São Paulo. Este trabalho procura analisar os dois aspectos do planejamento urbano: o discurso e a prática. Procura responder à questão: o que deu certo no plano diretor? Os resultados desta investigação reforçam a relevância do papel do planejamento urbano na melhoria da qualidade de vida da população e sua participação na gestão dos municípios.<br>In the 1950s Brazil became urbanized. People started to focus more on City than in the countryside. This dynamic continues to this day. This concentration of People in the city is the result of the search for job opportunities, study, culture. At the However, concentration brings with it great urban challenges: how to provide Growing population? How to conduct the sewage treatment and return to water resources? How to provide the city with adequate and efficient public transport all? How to promote the marriage between urban growth and the environment, Ensure sustainability? How to equip the city with community and To promote urban and social inclusion? How to finance investments In order to do more with the same collection? More and more it is necessary to plan, For the short, medium and long term. Urban planning is a powerful tool for The management of the city. And if it is participatory, it will promote the fine-tuning necessary to Improve the quality of life of the population. The objective of this work is to Demonstrate to what extent the discourse of urban planning is applied in practice, and What factors intervene to make this happen. Urban planning is a process, Through which emerges the master plan and other instruments, whose result are the works and Resulting from this process. The development instrument Research is the master plan, but also advances in the analysis of other instruments, such as the Code of works or buildings, the norms of installment, use and occupation of the soil, Administrative organization, financing, participation and urban management. Municipalities with Urban and rural problems, when submitted to the process of urban planning, Best results. This paper analyzes the urban planning process Municipality of Guarulhos, located in the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo, Paulo, capital city of the State of São Paulo. The urban planning process begins In 1967 and continues in its trajectory until the present times. To try to understand the Case of Guarulhos, this work retroacts in time and space and traces the evolution of City and municipality, through component elements of the urban structure, linked to the Social, economic, political, administrative and environmental aspects, covering the period From 1560 to 1966. The urban planning process of the Municipality of Guarulhos was Studied through the historical method, comprising the period from 1967 to 2016. That is, Almost half a century using to a greater or lesser degree the instruments of development With the objective of finding ways to face the emerging challenges of A city that at the beginning of the 21st Century surpassed the mark of one million inhabitants, Making it the most populous non-capital city in the State of São Paulo. This job Seeks to analyze the two aspects of urban planning: discourse and practice. Demand Answer the question: what went right in the master plan? The results of this research Reinforce the relevance of the role of urban planning in improving the quality of life Of the population and their participation in the management of municipalities.
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DI, CROCE NICOLA. "Sonic acknowledgments. La territorialità delle politiche nella pratica dell'ascolto." Doctoral thesis, Università IUAV di Venezia, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11578/278716.
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The research aims at investigating the relationship between urban and regional planning, policy analysis and design, and Sound Studies. It seeks to acknowledge the urban and regional issues through the raise of sonic awareness, thus discussing the epistemology of specific urban “problems” and proposing an alternative research tools. The analytical approach is preliminary to policy design and to the empowerment of vulnerable communities. Listening becomes then a research device through which it is possible to explore those problematic issues that go unnoticed by the institutions.
The thesis is an invitation to read alternatively public policies, and to overcome the “problem solving” approach towards a sonic articulation of the “problem setting” approach. By investigating the sonic environment the research intends to show how knowledge is produced and used by policy makers. Thus sound and sonic environment turn to shape a new model of understanding full of potential although scarcely used by urban planning and policy design; therefore the sonic environment defines its deep political dimension. Within this framework the research will introduce and clarify the notion of soundscape, sonic environment, acoustic atmosphere, and will explore the set of cultural and political studies that are facing the perception, emotion and social behavior related to sound production and fruition.<br>La ricerca si propone di indagare le possibili interazioni tra i campi della pianificazione territoriale, delle politiche pubbliche, e dei Sound Studies. L’obiettivo è esplicitare le connessioni tra ambiente sonoro e questioni urbane e territoriali attraverso la pratica dell’ascolto; tematizzare dunque le modalità di produzione di conoscenza per affrontare l’inquadramento di particolari “problemi” e l’elaborazione di possibili approcci alternativi di ricerca. Se l’attitudine è sicuramente progettuale, lo scopo dichiarato è analitico, propedeutico all’azione: al disegno di politiche come all’empowerment di comunità. L’ascolto assume quindi le caratteristiche di uno strumento di ricerca; se ne vogliono delineare le potenzialità, esplorare le tracce attraverso cui approcciare le questioni urbane e territoriali che pur “facendo problema” sembrano passare spesso “inosservate”, soprattutto su un piano istituzionale.
Si è invitati a seguire un percorso inedito di lettura delle politiche pubbliche, che rimanda al superamento del problem solving e procede verso un’articolazione sonora del problem setting. Attraverso la lettura dell’ambiente sonoro si vuole infatti esplicitare i termini su cui si articola la produzione di conoscenza a supporto dell’azione; conoscenza che costituisce un aiuto essenziale per il processo decisionale, dunque per il disegno di politiche. Il suono, e l’ambiente acustico, intervengono come messaggeri di un modello interpretativo finora troppo poco praticato dalla pianificazione e dal policy design. Se il suono è il centro della ricerca, il suo potenziale evocativo e rappresentativo si esplicita e riverbera nella dimensione politica. Sono allora da introdurre e chiarire i cardini del discorso: definire il paesaggio sonoro, l’ambiente acustico, ed esplorare gli studi culturali che ne stanno decodificando i segnali, dunque il quadro percettivo consapevole e inconsapevole cui l’ascolto fa costantemente riferimento.
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Jelali, Habiba. "The Neighbourhood of Peckham, Southwark : a Study of the Process of Gentrification between 1997 and 2022." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 3, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023PA030077.
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Cette thèse porte sur le processus de gentrification et la manière dont les politiques urbaines à Londres ont joué un rôle majeur dans le processus depuis le gouvernement néo-travailliste de 1997. Diverses politiques mises en place ont contribué à la pénurie de logement social, ont encouragé les investissements privés, et ont intensifié la crise du logement dans la capitale. La gentrification, ou la « régénération urbaine », a été utilisée comme un outil politique et une solution au déclin économique. Bien que ces politiques plaident en faveur de la communauté et de l’inclusion sociale, elles créent des tensions entre les classes sociales, ce qui engendre le déplacement des classes populaires vers des quartiers éloignés du centre de la capitale, et ainsi, entraîne des transformations radicales et une perte de l’identité populaire du quartier. Cette étude examine l’impact de ces politiques sur le quartier de Peckham, et est divisée en quatre parties et un total de dix chapitres. La première partie offre un contexte historique expliquant les problèmes de logement à Londres et fournit des détails descriptifs sur Peckham. La seconde partie porte sur la manière dont la gentrification a été planifiée et encouragée à trois niveaux différents : national, régional (le Grand Londres) et local. La troisième partie examine les changements physiques urbains et sociaux, durant deux décennies, et traite de la manière dont l’image de Peckham a été construite par la presse. Elle met en lumière comment la gentrification a été perçue et alimentée, et comment sa définition a évolué au fil du temps au niveau national et local. De plus, elle montre comment les artistes perçoivent le quartier, en démontrant leur rôle significatif dans la création d’une nouvelle identité. La dernière partie porte sur l’impact de ces politiques sur Peckham. Elle examine le déplacement de population direct et indirect lié à la gentrification, les différentes formes de résistance, et les mouvements anti-gentrification qui ont émergé à Peckham<br>This thesis is about the process of gentrification and how urban policies in London have been playing a major role in the process since the New Labour government in 1997. Various policies which were implemented contributed to a shortage in social housing, encouraged private investments, and intensified the housing crisis in the capital. Gentrification, or “urban regeneration”, was used as a political tool and a solution to economic decline. Despite advocating for community and social inclusion, these policies created tension between social classes, leading to the displacement of the working classes to areas far from the centre of the capital, and therefore, led to the drastic transformation of neighbourhoods and loss of working-class identity. This study examines the impact of these policies on the Peckham neighbourhood, and is divided into four sections and a total of ten chapters. The first section provides a historical background that explains the housing issues in London, and provides descriptive details of Peckham. The second shows how gentrification was planned and promoted at three different levels: national, regional (Greater London) and local. The third section examines the physical urban and social changes during two decades, and tackles Peckham’s image as constructed by the press. It highlights how gentrification was viewed and created, and how its definition evolved over time on national and local levels. In addition, it shows how artists perceive the neighbourhood, demonstrating their significant role in creating its new identity. The final section focuses on the impact these policies had on Peckham. It examines direct and indirect displacement linked to gentrification and the different forms of resistance and anti-gentrification movements that arose in Peckham
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Andrade, Elisabete de. "A sustentabilidade apoiada pelas políticas urbanas federais e estaduais: o caso de Governador Valadares, Juiz de Fora, Montes Claros, Poços de Caldas e Uberlândia - MG." Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/16/16139/tde-26052010-104844/.
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O presente trabalho tem por objetivo verificar se as políticas públicas teriam sido capazes de dotar o ambiente urbano de sustentabilidade. Com este propósito, são analisados os Planos Nacionais de Desenvolvimento encaminhados pelo governo federal no período de 1972 a 1985, buscando evidenciar as propostas para o desenvolvimento urbano contido em cada um deles. Dentre estas, é dado destaque ao Programa Nacional de Cidades Médias e, procurando fazer um recobrimento temporal dentro planejamento determinado pelo governo do Estado de Minas Gerais, ao Programa Estadual de Centros Intermediários. A ampliação da discussão sobre a questão ambiental no mundo, após as sucessivas crises de abastecimento, é colocada através de uma revisão dos textos das Conferências Mundiais sobre Meio Ambiente e sobre Assentamentos Humanos, para que possam ser definidos critérios que necessariamente deveriam estar contidos em uma análise de sustentabilidade do ambiente urbano. São definidos alguns parâmetros daquilo que seria recomendável estar presente em um ambiente urbano que se pretenda mais sustentável. Estes parâmetros qualificados como necessários são expostos em uma matriz que delega valoração ao ambiente analisado. Para objetivar a aplicação dos parâmetros e da matriz de sustentabilidade são escolhidas cinco cidades do estado de Minas Gerais buscando constatar a sustentabilidade do ambiente após a análise de investimentos dos dois programas citado.<br>The present work intends to verify whether public politics would have been able to provide the urban landscape with sustainability. With this purpose, the National Develop Plans issued by the federal government between 1972 and 1985 are analyzed in order to enlighten the urban development proposals contained in each one of them. Among them, the National Program of Half-Sized Cities and the State Program of Intermediary Centers are highlighted and, looking after making a time recovery inside the planning determined by the state government. The world environment debate amplification, after frequent supply deficit, is treated through a review of texts written in World Conferences about Environment and Human Settlements, so it is possible to define criteria that necessarily needs to be contained within an analysis of \"urban environment sustainability\". A few parameters are defined of what would be advisable to be present in an urban environment which intends to be \"sustainable\". These parameters qualified as necessary are exposed in a matrix which gives value to the analyzed environment. To aim the parameters application and the sustainable matrix five cities from Minas Gerais are chosen intending to certify the environment sustainability after investments analysis of both programs cited.
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Camacho, David E. "Chicano Urban Politics: The Role of the Political Entrepreneur." University of Arizona, Mexican American Studies and Research Center, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/218632.
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Greenstein, Daniel I. "Urban politics and the urban process : two case studies of Philadelphia." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1988. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:ed50068a-eeb2-433a-b2ab-279c7296b95f.
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Both academics and the makers of public policy have for a long time been interested in the study of urban politics, but the subject needs to be integrated with the process of urban growth and development. Too frequently, the urban polity is analyzed as an arena which passively reflects or mechanically responds to more fundamental changes in the urban social structure. In this work, case studies of political reform in Philadelphia at two periods, 1800 to 1854 and 1890 to 1915, develop a number of hypotheses about how the urban polity plays an influential role in shaping the process of urban growth and change. Both case studies begin with computer-assisted analyses of changes in the socio-economic and spatial structures of urban society. Such changes are often considered to be fundamental causes of urban political reform either because they altered political elites' interests in municipal government or because they created enormous new demands on existing municipal works and services. The studies show, however, that social structural changes cannot by themselves explain the course of urban political development in the city of Philadelphia. Concentrating primarily on the formulation and implementation of municipal public works, the studies show that in both periods, the course of political reform was often shaped by two things: the 'private' or selfish interests of political actors, and the fragmented financial, administrative and party structures of the urban polity. More important, the studies show how self-interested political activities, in a polity in which authority was highly fragmented, often had consequences which were far reaching in their impact on the structure and experience of urban life. Indeed, the first case study shows how urban politics shaped the process of social group formation in the industrializing city. The second case study shows how the structure and conduct of urban politics determined social groups' political power in the city. The conclusion then demonstrates how the case studies support a number of hypotheses about the relationship between urban politics and urban society which may be applied generally to analyses of the process of urban growth and change.
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Nathan, Noah. "Electoral Politics Amid Africa's Urban Transition: A Study of Urban Ghana." Thesis, Harvard University, 2016. http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:33493394.
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Africa is rapidly urbanizing. With so many African voters now living in cities, understanding African electoral politics now requires understanding the politics of urban areas. How does urbanization affect the accountability relationships between voters and politicians? Answering this question means answering a series of more specific empirical questions: what do urban voters want from the government? Which types of urban voters participate in politics and which do not? How do urban voters choose which candidates to support? How do politicians campaign in cities? Which types of urban voters do politicians seek to favor with state resources? %These are the core empirical questions examined in the dissertation.
Electoral politics in African cities received significant attention in the independence era, but little political science research has examined these cities in the contemporary democratic period. The small literature that has is largely supportive of modernization approaches. Modernization theories expect a series of socio-economic transformations created by urbanization to reduce the political importance of ethnicity and the prevalence of clientelism and other forms of patronage-based politics. But I argue that urbanization also simultaneously creates conditions that reinforce incentives for patronage distribution, clientelism, and ethnic voting. Scarcity in the provision of basic services in contexts of low state capacity encourages politicians to continue employing patronage-based appeals. This solidifies many voters' incentives to support ethnically-aligned parties and drives the new urban middle class away from active political participation, lowering pressure on urban politicians to engage in programmatic, policy-based competition.
I explore these incentives through a detailed study of Greater Accra, the largest metropolitan area in Ghana. I combine original survey data and survey experiments, fine-grained geo-coded census data, and extensive qualitative evidence to explore voters' policy preferences, vote choices, and patterns of political participation, as well as politicians' strategies in a cross-section of urban neighborhoods. The findings suggest that rather than pulling political competition in one direction, as modernization theories expect, urbanization in Africa instead moves political outcomes in multiple directions at once: reinforcing ethnic competition and clientelism in some neighborhoods, while undermining these forms of political competition in other neighborhoods within the same city at the same time. Studies of the effects of urbanization must recognize that these dual realities co-exist within African cities.
In addition to building our understanding of urban politics in Africa, the dissertation contributes to broader political science debates about the emergence of programmatic competition, determinants of political participation, patterns of distributive politics, the importance of neighborhood context, and the causes of ethnic political competition in new democracies.<br>Government
Books on the topic "Urban politicies"
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Burroni, Luigi, Fortunata Piselli, Francesco Ramella, and Carlo Trigilia, eds. Città metropolitane e politiche urbane. Firenze University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-6453-072-7.
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More than fifteen years after the introduction of direct election, the mayors are still the most popular politicians in Italy. The personal relationship set up with the citizens and the strengthening of the city councils has restored energy and stability to the action of the municipal administrations. Nevertheless, these institutional reforms, while important, have failed to guarantee good government. The effects of the mayoral reform are, in fact, considerably different from one city to another, and from one type of policy to another. What does this variety of results derive from? The book provides an answer to this question through an investigation of the decisional processes of around a hundred "local collective assets" in six large metropolitan cities. To explain the different outcomes – in addition to the "council effect", that is, the relevance of policy, and the "sector effect", the relevance of the different decisional milieus – the authors also underscore the role of the "governance effect", namely the different approaches to decision-making and building consensus on urban policies.
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1933-, Sgroi Emanuele, ed. La metropoli consumata: Antropologie, architetture, politiche, cittadinanze. FrancoAngeli, 2007.
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Nuvolati, Giampaolo, ed. Sviluppo urbano e politiche per la qualità della vita. Firenze University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-6453-736-8.
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La società attuale appare sempre più vulnerabile, incerta, complessa e ambigua ed in questo contesto aumenta la necessità di creare efficienti ed efficaci ecosistemi per la promozione locale della qualità della vita e dell’innovazione sociale. Il volume propone un excursus delle principali pratiche e politiche innovative che stanno accompagnando lo sviluppo urbano. Ogni saggio approfondisce un ambito di interesse – qualità della vita, innovazione sociale e sharing economy, smart city, mobilità urbana, nuovi luoghi del lavoro, abitare condiviso, eHealth, sicurezza urbana, giovani e turismo, food policy, innovazione didattica e amministrazione condivisa – offrendo una panoramica di riferimento per lo studio, la progettazione e l’implementazione di nuove strategie di intervento e politiche pubbliche. Il testo è rivolto a studenti, docenti, operatori che lavorano a vario livello in settori del sociale.
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author, Zanderighi Luca, ed. Dismissioni commerciali e resilienza: Nuove politiche di rigenerazione urbana. Egea, 2017.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Urban politicies"
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Anderson, William L. "Politics in America: Urban versus Rural Interests." In Urban-Rural Interfaces. American Society of Agronomy, Soil Science Society of America, Crop Science Society of America, Inc., 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/2012.urban-rural.c9.
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Savage, Mike, and Alan Warde. "Urban Politics." In Urban Sociology, Capitalism and Modernity. Macmillan Education UK, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-22991-8_7.
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King, Roger. "Urban Politics." In The State in Modern Society. Macmillan Education UK, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-18269-5_7.
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Savage, Mike, Alan Warde, and Kevin Ward. "Urban Politics." In Urban Sociology, Capitalism and Modernity. Macmillan Education UK, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-07810-0_7.
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Clark, Terry Nichols, and Rachel Harvey. "Urban Politics." In Handbooks of Sociology and Social Research. Springer New York, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-68930-2_23.
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Resnick, Danielle. "Urban politics." In Routledge Handbook of Democratization in Africa. Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315112978-29.
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James, Malcolm. "Negative Politics." In Urban Multiculture. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137473813_6.
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Levine, Myron A. "The Urban Situation." In Urban Politics. Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429468544-1.
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Levine, Myron A. "Improving Urban Services." In Urban Politics. Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429468544-9.
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Solinger, Dorothy J. "Chinese Urban Poverty." In Chinese Politics, 2nd ed. Routledge, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003257943-7.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Urban politicies"
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Marichelar, Gabriela. "Politicas habitacionales y politicas urbanas, una relacion conflictiva." In Seminario Internacional de Investigación en Urbanismo. Facultad de Arquitectura. Universidad de la República, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.5821/siiu.6208.
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Las políticas habitacionales construyen parte de la ciudad, materializando un hecho urbano. En base a la experiencia transitada en la implementación del Plan Federal de Construcción de Viviendas en la Provincia de Buenos Aires podemos leer efectos dispares en las ciudades y en la vida de las personas. La localización de las viviendas y el suelo utilizado fueron insumos utilizados para verificar si, en tanto política social, la política habitacional actúa redistribuyendo renta urbana, mejorando la localización de la población en la estructura urbana.
 En este trabajo nos proponemos problematizar a la política habitacional, como parte de la política urbana, analizando tensiones y relaciones. Apoyados en la mediación que nos propone el PFCV, indagamos en la implementación de la política en la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Algunos municipios han llevado adelante algunas estrategias novedosas saldando experiencias y aportando un camino en pos de implementación de políticas habitacionales enmarcadas en políticas urbanas integrales. Housing policies are part of the city, an urban fact materialize. Based on the busy experience in implementing the Federal Housing Construction Plan in Provincia of Buenos Aires we read different effects in cities and in the lives of people. The location of houses and land used were used to verify whether, as social policy, housing policy inputs urban acts redistributing income, better localization of the population in the urban structure.
 In this paper we propose to problematize the housing policy, as part of urban policy, analyzing tensions and relationships. Supported in mediation is proposed in the PFCV, we investigate the implementation of the policy in the Province of Buenos Aires. Some locals governments have carried out some new strategies settling experiences and providing a path towards implementation of housing policies framed in comprehensive urban policy.
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Martínez Hidalgo, Celia. "El inicio de la Cartagena moderna: el eje Serreta-Caridad-Gisbert, una nueva apertura al mar o la traslación del centro." In Seminario Internacional de Investigación en Urbanismo. Instituto de Arte Americano. Universidad de Buenos Aires, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.5821/siiu.5900.
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Las ciudades mediterráneas como Cartagena muestran un paisaje urbano donde se superponen, complementan o yuxtaponen los tiempos históricos. La apertura de la calle de Gisbert es posiblemente la primera actuación urbanística innovadora sobre la ciudad antigua cambiándola manera de entender lo urbano y redefiniéndolas relaciones geográficas de su emplazamiento. Es proyecto ilustrado de los políticos liberales del siglo XIX y proyección física de la nueva clase social vinculada al desarrollo económico de la minería, la industria y el comercio de los recursos de la Sierra de Cartagena y del Puerto. Esta comunicación expone el estudio sobre el eje Serreta-Caridad-Gisbert, elemento urbano condensador de los cambios comarcales. ¿Puede el éxito de una actuación urbana equilibrar el territorio del que forma parte? Mediterranean cities as Cartagena superpose, complement or juxtapose the historical times on their urban landscape. The opening of Gisbert's street is possibly the first innovative action to develop the ancient Cartagena, changing the way we understand the urban fact and re-defining the geographical relations within its site. It was a project developed by the liberal politicians of the 19h Century and the physical projection of the new social class linked to the economic development in mining, industry and trade of the resources provided by the surrounding mountains, and its port .This paper exposes the work done on the Serreta-Caridad-Gisbert axis. This urban element is the condenser of the regional changes. Can the success of an urban action balance its territory?
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Stipcic, Milos. "Synergy between public space politics and mobility strategies." In Seminario Internacional de Investigación en Urbanismo. Curso de Arquitetura e Urbanismo. Universidade do Vale do Itajaí, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5821/siiu.6307.
Full textAbstract:
¿Hasta qué punto y en qué circunstancias movilidad, como aspecto funcional e inevitable del entorno humano,
 se puede convertir en un elemento afirmativo de espacio público dándole un nuevo significado y un valor
 añadido? Diálogo entre movilidad y espacio público se puede explicar mediante la comprensión de las
 estrategias de movilidad como partidario de la integración de diferentes lógicas urbanas, observando
 infraestructura como un elemento de configuración de espacio público y al cuestionar transporte como pivote
 del carácter e identidad de espacio público. El objetivo principal de esta discusión es la integración urbana y
 contextual de los sistemas de transporte vistos como confluencias de lógica urbana y lógica de transporte
 desarrolladas como una sola expresión. Armonizando esta paradoja es posible crear sinergias entre espacio
 público y transporte que ganan nuevas dimensiones. Up to which point and under which circumstances mobility, as a functional and an inevitable aspect of the
 human environment, can become an affirmative element of public space giving it a new significance and an
 additional value? Dialog between mobility and public space can be explained by understanding mobility
 strategies as a supporter of integration of different urban logics, by observing infrastructure as an element of
 public space configuration and by questioning transport as a pivot of public space character and identity. The
 main focus of this discussion is on mobility lines, specifically urban and contextual integration of transport
 systems seen as a crossroads between urban and transport logic, developed as a single expression.
 Harmonizing this paradox it is possible to create synergies between public space and mobility which gain new
 dimensions.
4
Battaglini, Elena, and Sandra Annunziata. "Territoriality and urban policy: addressing territorial complexity." In International Conference Virtual City and Territory. Centre de Política de Sòl i Valoracions, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.5821/ctv.8028.
Full textAbstract:
In che modo affrontiamo le istanze poste dalla complessità del territorio nelle pratiche e nella
 definizione di politiche territoriali? Cosa è la territorialità e quali possono le variabli in gioco nei
 processi di territorializzazione dei fenomeni urbani? Per rispondere a queste domande il
 contributo introdurrà la nozione di regione, territorio, luogo, territorialità e territorializzazione. In
 seguito si analizzano le variabili e le dimensioni emerse, nell’abito della sessione Terrioriality
 and Urban Policies, nell’affrontare le istanze poste dalla complessità territoriale. Tali dimensioni
 della “produzione territoriale” saranno qui trattate come un punto di partenza per una
 definizione delle politiche territoriali che sia informata dall’analisi dei fenomeni urbani e il più
 possibile aderente alla complessità dei territori contemporanei. How do we deal with territorial complexity in present urban territorial policies and practices.
 What is territoriality and what are the dimension od territorial production ? In order to explore
 this issue the contribute will unpack in the first paragraph the notion of region, territory, place,
 territoriality and territorialisation. In the second paragraph it will outline the dimension of
 territorial production that inform urban and territorial policies as emerged from the conference
 parallel session on Territoriality and urban policy. These dimension might inform future
 approach in territorial policy making.
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Bielschowsky, Bernardo Brasil. "Análise da paisagem de uma cidade no Sul do Brasil: a paisagem urbana na área central de Blumenau/SC - Brasil." In Seminario Internacional de Investigación en Urbanismo. Curso de Arquitetura e Urbanismo. Universidade do Vale do Itajaí, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5821/siiu.6337.
Full textAbstract:
Este trabalho pretende analisar a paisagem urbana na área central de Blumenau/SC - Brasil, a partir da
 década de 1950, para demonstrar a importância dessa paisagem historicamente construída como um bem
 patrimonial que deve ser valorizado. Esse patrimônio, culturalmente e socialmente constituído, que é a
 paisagem, encontra-se ameaçado por sucessivas políticas públicas de desvalorização da história da cidade
 e pela construção de grandes cenários com imagens urbanas emblemáticas, principalmente a partir da
 década de 1970, quando ocorre uma ameaça mais efetiva à área de estudo. A principal problemática,
 atualmente, são as sucessivas tentativas do próprio poder público em tentar vender a cidade como um
 objeto, através dessas imagens emblemáticas. Essas políticas públicas tratam da espetacularização urbana,
 da mercantilização dos espaços e da própria paisagem da cidade. This study aims to examine the urban landscape in the central area of Blumenau/SC - Brazil, from the 1950s,
 to demonstrate the importance of this landscape historically constituted as a heritage that should be valued.
 This heritage, culturally and socially constituted, which is the landscape, is threatened by successive politics
 of devaluation of the city's history and the construction of large scenarios with emblematic urban images,
 mainly from the 1970s, when a threat occurs more effectively to the study area. The main problem currently
 are the successive attempts of the government in trying to sell the city as an object through these
 emblematic urban images. These public politics dealing with a urban spectacle, the commercialization of
 space and the landscape of the city.
6
Cerasoli, Mario. "Rigenerazione e centralità urbane vs sprawl." In International Conference Virtual City and Territory. Centre de Política de Sòl i Valoracions, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.5821/ctv.7949.
Full textAbstract:
Le aree urbane centrali, storiche e non, hanno dimostrato, nell’ultimo quindicennio, una
 straordinaria vitalità e una sorprendente capacità di mettere in atto strategie di rilancio. A
 dispetto di un annunciato, ma mai verificatosi, declino epocale del proprio ruolo, le realtà urbane
 continuano a presentarsi come un luogo privilegiato di crescita economica e di sperimentazione
 sociale e culturale, e si rivelano oggi autonome protagoniste, inserendosi nei circuiti economici
 innovativi, attirando dall’esterno nuove risorse, finanziarie ed umane, ed incrementando flussi
 turistici e culturali. Molte operazioni di riqualificazione di siti industriali e portuali sono state
 completate, producendo effetti positivi nell’attrazione di nuove attività e di investimenti e benefici
 in termini di miglioramento della qualità urbana. Nonostante la prefigurazione di realtà in cui la
 diffusione delle tecnologie telematiche e le forme di produzione e comunicazione immateriale,
 avrebbero determinato decentramenti e indifferenze localizzative, nelle città si assiste ad una
 rinnovata concentrazione delle più importanti funzioni politiche, direzionali, strategiche e
 finanziarie, nonché ad una consolidata importanza delle interazioni face-to-face, che restano un
 fattore rilevante per la costituzione di reti funzionali ad attività lavorative. Questi temi hanno
 caratterizzato la Sessione Rigenerazione urbana vs Sprawl. In the last 15 years, central urban areas demonstrated a particular vitality and an amazing
 capacity to put in place recovery strategies. In spite of an announced, but never happened,
 epochal decline of their role, urban realities continue to present themselves like a privileged
 place of economic growth and social and cultural experimentation. They appear as independent
 protagonists, inserting themselves in innovative economic circuits, attracting new finance and
 human resource from the outside, increasing tourist and cultural flows. A lot of industrial and
 port sites renovation have been completed having a positive effect in attracting new activities,
 investments and improvement of urban quality. In spite of forecasts of a reality in which the
 broadcast of technologies and immaterial form of production and communication would have led
 to decentralization and indifference as to localization, inside the city, there is a refocusing of the
 most important political, strategic, management and financial functions, as well as consolidation
 of the importance of interactions “face – to – face”, that are a really important factor for the
 constitution of a new functional network and work activities. These themes have characterized
 the Session Urban Regeneration vs Sprawl.
7
Patiño Vanegas, Juan Esteban. "Bordes conurbados metropolitanos, interacción socio-espacial y fragmentación territorial en el área metropolitana del Valle de Aburrá." In Seminario Internacional de Investigación en Urbanismo. Curso de Arquitetura e Urbanismo. Universidade do Vale do Itajaí, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5821/siiu.6347.
Full textAbstract:
Esta investigación estudia los bordes urbanos metropolitanos que están unidos directamente con otras ciudades, su relación, interacción y como estos actúan como un solo territorio, planteándose este en algunos casos como la subordinación de una ciudad principal hacia otras periféricas, además, se observa un desarrollo físico espacial y se compara con los procesos de planificación que se han generado para estas zonas, es decir, observar que los une o los diferencia, la manera orgánica de como estas unifican la ciudad y su propia estructura urbana comportándose como un solo territorio desde los diferentes componentes urbanos: Vías, espacios públicos, usos del suelo, centralidades, diseño urbano y relaciones comunales, dejando a un lado los limites político administrativos que regulan a una escala más global procesos que para las dinámicas socio-espaciales pueden ser desapercibidos. This research studies the metropolitan urban edges that are directly linked with other cities, their relation, interactions and how they act as a single territory, considering this as the subordination of one main city to other peripherals. In some cases, there is a physical space development and it is compared with planning processes that have been generated for these áreas. Furthermore, observations can be made that unite them or the differentiate them in an organic manner. Which points to the city is unified and its own structural urban behavior as a single territory, from the different components of urban structure: roads, public buildings, uses of soil, centers, urban design and community; leaving aside relationships that limit administrative politics that regulate processes which may be unnoticed to the socio-spatial dynamics on a more global scale.
8
Bonato, Michela. "From Beverly Hills to Shangri-La and Beyond: A Relational Conjunctural Analysis of Place Names and Gentrification in Southwest China." In GLOCAL Conference on Asian Linguistic Anthropology 2022. The GLOCAL Unit, SOAS University of London, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.47298/cala2022.7-3.
Full textAbstract:
How are Chongqing’s upscale residential neighbourhoods (de)politicized? To answer this question, this research adopts a conjunctural perspective based on ‘problem space,’ i.e., where the conjuncture manifests its problematics, ambiguities, and contestations, questioning human-environmental relational values and urban aggrandizement. The paper investigates the process of Chongqing land renewal in the last two decades, and its entanglement with local and national politics, shedding light on gentrification as a biopolitical technology perform, weaving new meaning, legitimation, and authoritative spaces, for Chinese economic, administrative, and ideological shifts. Critical discourse analysis is applied to frame the upscale real estate naming process, as it evokes different phases of Chongqing’s economic, cultural, and environmental adjustment. In doing so, the paper highlights how local state-entrepreneurial power geometries make space, and influence landscaping and ‘worlding,’ according to national geopolitical interests and narratives.
9
Arras, Francesca, Arnaldo Cecchini, Elisa Ghisu, Paola Idini, and Valentina Talu. "Perché e come promuovere la camminabilitá urbana a partire dalle esigenze degli abitanti piú svantaggiati: il progetto "Extrapedestri. Lasciati conquistare dalla mobilità aliena!"." In International Conference Virtual City and Territory. Centre de Política de Sòl i Valoracions, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.5821/ctv.7962.
Full textAbstract:
La città contemporanea è una città a misura di automobilista. Chi non vuole o non può usare
 l'automobile per spostarsi non è in grado di esercitare pienamente il proprio diritto urbano di
 accesso ed uso degli spazi e delle strade sottratti dalle automobili all'uso pubblico e collettivo.
 Il prerequisito per la riconquista di questo diritto urbano negato è la promozione di un vero e
 proprio cambiamento culturale in materia di mobilità, attraverso il coinvolgimento consapevole e
 responsabile degli abitanti nelle politiche e nei progetti di promozione della mobilità altra, in
 particolare di coloro che subiscono la maggior parte delle conseguenze negative determinate
 dalla presenza invasiva delle automobili nella città: bambini, anziani, persone disabili e pedoni
 (e ciclisti) in generale. Nell'articolo descriveremo il progetto pilota "Extrapedestri. Lasciati conquistare dalla mobilità
 aliena!" che si pone l'obiettivo di promuovere la camminabilità urbana di due quartieri marginali
 della città di Sassari (e, in prospettiva, di tutta la città, trattandosi un progetto facilmente
 replicabile) a partire dalle esigenze, dai desideri e dalla "capacità di disobbedienza" dei bambini,
 uno dei gruppi di abitanti più svantaggiati in materia di mobilità. Contemporary city is a car-friendly city. Those who cannot or do not want to use a car are not
 capable to fully exercise their fundamental urban right to access and to use the public spaces
 and the streets.
 In this paper, we argue that it is possible to make more effective policies aimed at building
 walkable cities making reference to the desires and needs of disadvantaged groups. In
 particular, we concentrate on children as one of the most vulnerable groups of inhabitants of the
 city. The role children can play in improving urban quality of life is fundamental, for a number of
 reasons, most important of which, for the purpose of this paper, is their "capability of
 disobedience" which might be used as a force of urban transformation.
 Then, we present one project through which we try to promote the urban walkability of the city of
 Sassari starting from children's involvement: "ExtraPedestrians: let yourself be conquered by
 the 'alien' mobility".
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Câmara, Andrea do Nascimento Dornelas, Robson Canuto, and Clarissa Duarte. "Plano centro cidadão: por um espaço urbano integrado." In Seminario Internacional de Investigación en Urbanismo. Curso de Arquitetura e Urbanismo. Universidade do Vale do Itajaí, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5821/siiu.6296.
Full textAbstract:
O Plano Centro Cidadão tem por objetivo o desenvolvimento de estudos urbanos para o “Centro Continental
 do Recife”, promovendo uma revisão das práticas urbano-arquitetônicas e das políticas para os espaços
 públicos, renovando os conceitos e valores urbanos da cidade que implementem a qualidade de vida
 cidadã, através de propostas de diretrizes urbanísticas para o território. Um dos principais desafios do Plano
 é o desenvolvimento de um processo de trabalho colaborativo. O objetivo do presente artigo é apresentar os
 conceitos norteadores do Plano, a metodologia empregada para o desenvolvimento dos trabalhos e o
 processo de colaboração social como etapa importante para a construção de um planejamento integrado. The objective of the plan entitled Centro Cidadão (A center for citizens) is to develop urban studies for a
 downtown area in the city of Recife known as its continental center. The process involves critical review of
 current urban design practices and politics regarding public spaces, leading to updated concepts and urban
 values that might improve the quality of life in the city, to be implemented through specific design guidelines.
 One of the Plan’s biggest challenges is to carry a collaborative work process. The goal of this paper is to
 present the guiding concepts of the Plan and its methodology, particularly its collaborative process, an
 important aspect towards achieving integrated urban planning.
Reports on the topic "Urban politicies"
1
Resnick, Danielle. The politics and governance of informal food retail in urban Africa. International Food Policy Research Institute, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2499/p15738coll2.134126.
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2
Daley, John. The politics of general revenue sharing: the new federalism in urban perspective. Portland State University Library, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.589.
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3
Bach, Claire. Citizen-led Urban Agriculture and the Politics of Spatial Reappropriation in Montreal, Quebec. Portland State University Library, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.5257.
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4
Hawke, Stephanie. The Dynamic Returns of Descriptive Representation: A Study of Race, Politics and Policy in Urban Governments. Portland State University Library, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.6283.
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Rubio, Mauricio. La violencia en Colombia: Dimensionamiento y politicas de control. Inter-American Development Bank, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011827.
Full textAbstract:
"Incierto era ayer el nœmero de victimas que dejaron las incursiones de un grupo de autodefensas en Mapiripán (Meta). Aunque en el casco urbano fueron hallados tres cuerpos sin cabezas y otros dos que no fueron identificados, los pobladores aseguran que cerca de 30 personas fueron sacadas de sus casas, mutiladas y arrojadas a las aguas del río Guaviare. Según los habitantes, el grupo armado comenzó a matar a sus víctimas el martes y terminó el domingo. A las 8 de la noche, obligaba a apagar la planta eléctrica que le suministra la luz a todo el pueblo. "Sacaban a la gente de sus casas y amanecían muertos. Nunca se escucharon tiros, porque los degollaban", dijo un poblador. Esta incursión generó un éxodo de campesinos. El domingo, por avión, salieron de Mapiripán cerca de 200 personas. .. Hasta el juez promiscuo municipal tuvo que salir de la región. El era la única representación de la justicia en dicho municipio, porque de la policía lo único que quedan son las ruinas de una estación llena de maleza, que fue abandonada el 16 de enero de 1995, tras un ataque guerrillero". Este incidente, casi rutinario para la prensa colombiana , presenta varias facetas de la violencia colombiana que se pretenden destacar con este trabajo. Ilustra la incertidumbre acerca de la magnitud de la violencia. Muestra que en el país ya se está perdiendo la capacidad para contar los muertos. Sugiere que una fracción importante y creciente del fenómeno no encaja dentro del diagnóstico tradicional, el de una violencia urbana, ajena a los grupos armados y producto de la intolerancia. Señala un impacto devastador y cada vez más difícil de cuantificar, resaltando que los esfuerzos contra la violencia no se deben sustentar en análisis beneficio-costo. Pone de presente la total ausencia de autoridad estatal en algunas regiones en donde quienes mandan son los grupos armados ilegales. Señala, en particular, la fragilidad de la justicia penal ante la violencia ejercida por los dictadores locales. Resalta las limitaciones de las políticas preventivas basadas en un mayor gasto público, sobretodo mientras el estado colombiano no recupere la autoridad y el monopolio de la coerción. Destaca la prioridad que debe recibir la tarea estatal de administrar justicia y sancionar a los homicidas.
6
Wilson, Emilie, and Annabel Fenton. BASIC Research in Country Focus: Lebanon. Institute of Development Studies, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/basic.2023.002.
Full textAbstract:
This note summarises the work that Better Assistance in Crises (BASIC) Research is carrying out in Lebanon, as of July 2023. BASIC Research is working across over 11 countries, including Lebanon. There are three projects conducting research in Lebanon. The first explores the geographies of social assistance in urban informal settlements in Beirut, the second analyses the politics of social assistance and the role of “parallel non-state” systems, and the third investigates configurations of social assistance in situations of mass displacement. The research is conducted and supported by the Institute of Development Studies (IDS), ACTED, World Vision Lebanon, The Policy Initiative and the University of Sussex.
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Rodríguez Chamussy, Lourdes. Local Electoral Rewards from Centralized Social Programs: Are Mayors Getting the Credit? Inter-American Development Bank, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011674.
Full textAbstract:
This paper uses variation in the timing of the Mexican antipoverty program's introduction across municipalities to identify its impact on the share of votes for the local incumbent party. Evidence is found that voters reward the mayor's party for the central benefit to their constituencies, accounting on average for 2.8 additional percentage points in the share of votes for the mayor's party. The analysis of party alignment shows that this electoral effect cannot be explained as a reward for the federal incumbent in local elections. Alternative explanations are examined, and it is shown that the effect for the local incumbent is heterogeneous for the different political parties and varies with characteristics of the municipalities, being stronger where the mayor faced more contestable elections, in capital cities of the states and in predominantly urban, more educated and relatively wealthier municipalities. Findings are consistent with the hypothesis that politicians have incentives to engage in signaling strategies to link themselves to the transfer program.
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Pickard, Justin, Shilpi Srivastava, Mihir R. Bhatt, and Lyla Mehta. SSHAP In-Focus: COVID-19, Uncertainty, Vulnerability and Recovery in India. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/sshap.2021.011.
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This paper addresses COVID-19 in India, looking at how the interplay of inequality, vulnerability, and the pandemic has compounded uncertainties for poor and marginalised groups, leading to insecurity, stigma and a severe loss of livelihoods. A strict government lockdown destroyed the incomes of farmers and urban informal workers and triggered an exodus of migrant workers from Indian cities, a mass movement which placed additional pressures on the country's rural communities. Elsewhere in the country, lockdown restrictions and pandemic response have coincided with heatwaves, floods and cyclones, impeding disaster response and relief. At the same time, the pandemic has been politicised to target minority groups (such as Muslims, Dalits), suppress dissent, and undermine constitutional values. The paper focuses on how COVID-19 has intersected with and multiplied existing uncertainties faced by different vulnerable groups and communities in India who have remained largely invisible in India's development story. With the biggest challenge for government now being to mitigate the further fall of millions of people into extreme poverty, the brief also reflects on pathways for recovery and transformation, including opportunities for rural revival, inclusive welfare, and community response. This brief is based on a review of existing published and grey literature, and 23 interviews with experts and practitioners from 12 states in India, including representation from domestic and international NGOs, and local civil society organisations. It was developed for the Social Science in Humanitarian Action Platform (SSHAP) by Justin Pickard, Shilpi Srivastava, Lyla Mehta (IDS), and Mihir R. Bhatt. Some of the cases draw on ongoing research of the TAPESTRY project, which explores bottom-up transformations in marginal environments across India and Bangladesh.
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Jacobsen, Nils. Linjebussens vekst og fall i den voksende byen: en studie av bybussenes geografiske kvalitet Stavanger – Sandnes 1920 – 2010. University of Stavanger, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.31265/usps.244.
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Linear city bus services are facing increased challenges from city growth. Increased number of inhabitants on increasing acres of built-up areas, makes it demanding to maintain adequate bus services within reasonable catchment areas. Number of departures per hour give a partial description of the bus service quality. Number of departures give reference to the time aspect of bus service quality, but say nothing about the geographical aspect. What part of the entire line network is within reach of direct bus service when frequencies are limited? To address the geographical aspect of bus service quality, the term network ratio is introduced. The term Network Ratio (NR) signifies what part of the entire line network is within reach of direct bus service to or from a certain place in the network. Network Ratio is given as a mathematical term whereby direct bus lines are calculated as a percentage of the entire network. The character and development of Network Ratio in a specific city is illustrated through an analysis of the urban growth of line network and built-up areas in the twin cities of Stavanger and Sandnes. The analysis is covering the period 1920 – 2000 in intervals of 20 years from the first bus lines were established in the urban area. Year 2010 is also included due to major changes implemented right after the turn of the millennium. Development show there is a close relation between bus network and built-up areas. When areas are being built, bus lines follow. The initial fase 1920 – 40 with extensive development of bus lines combined with some areal growth, is followed by a fase of consolidation 1940 – 60. The latter period is characterized by moderate areal growth, extended lines reducing network ratios, and increasing frequencies on the best bus lines. Extensive areal growth in the following period 1960 – 80, implies increased number of bus lines. As a consequence network ratios as well as frequencies are falling in the entire network. In 1960 certain lines had developed as much as 6 departures per hour, while maximum bus line frequency in 1980 has diminished to 2. New bus service development is introduced in the following period between 1980 and 2000. Numerous bus companies are united, and a more comprehensive planning of bus services are applied. The number of bus lines is stabilized at about 40, the fall in network ratio is reduced, and certain lines develop 4 departures per hour. Parallell to the bus development, growth of built-up areas is slowing down due to increased urban renewal with higher densities within built-up areas. In the period 2000 – 2010 new efforts are given to the development of bus services. Development of Network Ratio takes a new direction: The length of network links with high NR is increasing, while links with very low NR are diminishing. Number of bus lines is decreasing, and by 2010 almost 50% of the bus lines are served with 4 departures or more. Passenger comfort is improved in buses as well as on bus stops, and low floor buses are introduced to ease accessibility. Bus service quality is further developed after 2010. Digital services are introduced including digital ticketing, bus service information and real-time information on internet. In addition real-time information is presented at high frequency bus stops through visual screen and auditory speaker. Inside the buses name of next stop is given on screen and through loudspeaker. Further development of the bus services, should include improved Network Ratios in the entire network, as well as increased frequencies on major bus corridors. The latter is a task not only for the bus service planners, but just as well for the city planners and politicians in collaboration with the developers implementing urban density and allocation of important destinations. A last, but not least, objective for bus service development will be to improve punctuality and total travel time. Today a considerable proportion of city bus services are delayed in car traffic congestions. This is occurring especially on main streets and during rush hours. A set of different solutions are needed to address this question: 1. Dedicated bus streets (including car access to limited addresses) 2. Bus lines through local streets in concentrated housing, office and shopping areas. 3. Dedicated bus lane on main streets where possible. 4. Car traffic regulations on main streets without space for extra bus lane. As an overall vision, we need to cultivate the word of Flemming Larsen: urban growth as pearls on a string, as shown in fig. 13 and fig. 14.
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Monthly Infographics Report: April 2023. Microgovernance Research Initiative (MGR), 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.57189/mgrinfapr24.
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A total of 1705 violent incidents occurred in April 2023 which is 6% less than the previous month. The incidents are mostly triggered by politics, access to resources, and other socio-economic factors. More than 316 deaths and 1856 injuries have been recorded from these incidents. Around 3864 people have been arrested in April connected to violent incidents. Some 52 properties have been destroyed in the same time. The highest number of violent incidents have been recorded as clashes and attacks (473). Some 295 incidents of political violence were also recorded at the same time and 36 deaths were directly triggered by politics. Geographically, Chittagong (342) scores the highest number of violence followed by Dhaka (339), Rajshahi (257), and Khulna (246). Among 168 protests in Bangladesh, 100 protests were triggered by politics. 20.73% of protests were done by BNP while Awami League organized 14.63% of protests in April. At least 22 protests were held across Bangladesh, demanding the repeal of the Digital Security Act and freedom of press in the country in April. While some 53.04% of political violence contributed by Bangladesh Awami League & affiliates, similarly, 38.26% contributed by the Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP). Whereas 67% incidents were rural, 33% violence incidents took place in urban areas in April.