Journal articles: 'Urban policy – Scotland'

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McCarthy, John. "Social justice and urban regeneration policy in Scotland." Urban Research & Practice 3, no. 3 (November 24, 2010): 241–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17535069.2010.524416.

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Lloyd, Michael Gregory, and John Mccarthy. "Urban regeneration policy in Scotland—programmes for change." European Planning Studies 7, no. 6 (December 1999): 809–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09654319908720555.

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Anderson, Isobel. "Social Justice and Social Policy in Scotland." Housing Studies 29, no. 2 (February 8, 2013): 312–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02673037.2013.765217.

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Gibb, Kenneth. "Policy priorities for property and land in Central Scotland." Journal of Property Research 21, no. 3 (September 2004): 255–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09599910500137177.

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Kaminer, Tahl. "Democracy and informal policy making: planning appeals in Scotland." Town Planning Review 90, no. 1 (January 2019): 81–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/tpr.2019.6.

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Younis, Tal, and Ian Davidson. "The introduction of the community charge in Scotland — A policy analysis and urban policy perspective." Local Government Studies 15, no. 1 (January 1989): 25–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03003938908433449.

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Lloyd, M. G., and D. Newlands. "Recent urban policy development in Scotland: The rediscovery of peripheral housing estates." Scottish Geographical Magazine 105, no. 2 (September 1989): 116–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00369228918736764.

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Findlay, Anne, Matthew Jackson, Neil McInroy, Phil Prentice, Ewan Robertson, and Leigh Sparks. "Putting Towns on the Policy Map: Understanding Scottish Places (USP)." Scottish Affairs 27, no. 3 (August 2018): 294–318. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/scot.2018.0245.

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Studies of places have been dichotomised as rural or urban. Towns, however, are neither rural nor urban. Towns have been neglected in research and policy agendas. In England the recent focus has been on high streets whereas in Scotland it has been on places and towns. Understanding Scottish Places (USP) is a web based platform that has become a key tool for evidence gathering, town comparison, knowledge exchange, regeneration planning and informed decision making for Scottish towns. USP is novel and contemporary and is engaging new ways of looking at, and planning in, and for, towns. This paper places USP in its research context and considers its development and use.

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HASTINGS, ANNETTE. "Connecting Linguistic Structures and Social Practices: a Discursive Approach to Social Policy Analysis." Journal of Social Policy 27, no. 2 (April 1998): 191–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279498005248.

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There is an emerging interest within social and policy studies in the potential connections between linguistic practices and broader social processes. It is, however, difficult to find examples of research which take a fully discursive approach to policy analysis. Such a discursive approach might focus on how the use of language in the policy process is involved with social practices, such as the legitimisation of social relations or the construction of ‘knowledge’ of social reality. The article begins by exploring theoretical and methodological issues in relation to connecting micro aspects of language use, such as grammar and lexis, with the social construction of knowledge. It then uses discourse analysis to explore how the linguistic resources of a key British urban policy document, New Life for Urban Scotland, are involved with reproducing and sustaining a particular ‘knowledge’ or discourse about the causes of urban decline.

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Trushell, Ian, Bryan Clark, and Andrew Agapiou. "Construction mediation in Scotland." International Journal of Law in the Built Environment 8, no. 2 (July 11, 2016): 101–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijlbe-09-2015-0014.

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Purpose This paper aims to address the knowledge gap, by exploring the attitudes and experiences of mediators relative to the process, based on research with practitioners in Scotland. Recent research on construction mediation in Scotland has focused exclusively on construction lawyers’ and contractors’ interaction with the process, without reference to the views of mediators themselves. Design/methodology/approach The entire research design of this research was constrained by the small population of practising Scottish construction mediators (thought to be circa. 20 in 2013). The design encompassed a literature search, participant interviews, questionnaire survey and qualitative and quantitative data. The research questionnaire was designed to capture data related to the biography, training and experience of those interviewed before their opinion on the benefits of, and problems with, mediation were sought. Findings The results indicate that mediations failed because of ignorance, intransigence and over-confidence of the parties. Barriers to greater use of mediation in construction disputes were identified as the lack of skilled, experienced mediators, the continued popularity of adjudication and both lawyer and party resistance. Notwithstanding the English experience, Scottish mediators gave little support for mandating disputants to mediate before proceeding with court action. A surprising number were willing to give an evaluation of the dispute rather than merely facilitating a settlement. Originality/value There are few experienced construction mediators in Scotland, and the continued popularity of statutory adjudication is a significant barrier. Mediators believe that clients’ negative perceptions of mediation are a bigger barrier than lawyers’ perceptions. The mediators wanted judicial encouragement for mediation backed by some legislative support, mediation clauses incorporated into construction contracts and government adoption of mediation as the default process in its own contracts.

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Farmer, Jane, Kerstin Hinds, Helen Richards, and David Godden. "Urban versus rural populations' views of health care in Scotland." Journal of Health Services Research & Policy 10, no. 4 (October 1, 2005): 212–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/135581905774414240.

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Objectives: To compare satisfaction with, and expectations of, health care of people in rural and urban areas of Scotland. Methods: Questions were included in the 2002 Scottish Social Attitudes Survey (SSAS). The Scottish House-hold Survey urban-rural classification was used to categorize locations. A random sample of 2707 people was contacted to participate in a face-to-face interview and a self-completion questionnaire survey. SPSS (v.10) was used to analyse the data. Relationships between location category and responses were explored using logistic regression analysis. Results: In all, 1665 (61.5%) interviews were conducted and 1507 (56.0%) respondents returned self-completion questionnaires. Satisfaction with local doctors and hospital services was higher in rural locations. While around 40% of those living in remote areas thought A&E services too distant, this did not rank as a top priority for health service improvement. This could be due to expectations that general practitioners would assist in out-of-hours emergencies. Most Scots thought services should be good in rural areas even if this was costly, and that older people should not be discouraged from moving to rural areas because of their likely health care needs. In all, 79% of respondents thought that care should be as good in rural as urban areas. Responses to many questions were independently significantly affected by rural/urban location. Conclusions: Most Scots want rural health care to continue to be good, but the new UK National Health Service (NHS) general practitioner contract and service redesign will impact on provision. Current high satisfaction, likely to be due to access and expectations about local help, could be affected. This study provides baseline data on attitudes and expectations before potential service redesign, which should be monitored at intervals in future.

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Boyle, Robin. "Changing Partners: The Experience of Urban Economic Policy in West Central Scotland, 1980-90." Urban Studies 30, no. 2 (March 1993): 309–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00420989320080311.

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Cameron, Ewen A. "The Scottish Highlands as a Special Policy Area, 1886 to 1965." Rural History 8, no. 2 (October 1997): 195–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956793300001278.

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This paper has two objectives. The first is to explore the creation of a Highland policy area in the 1880s. Emphasis will be placed on the use of historical arguments by the government in the course of the construction of the Crofters Holdings (Scotland) Act of 1886, especially in the attempt to justify confining the operation of that statute to the Highlands. The second theme, explored in the latter parts of the paper, concerns the strategies which succeeding governments have used to justify the perpetuation of a distinct Highland policy area. An element of continuity in Highland history in the twentieth century has been the special treatment of the area by governments. On the occasions when this has caused resentment in other rural areas of Britain, the Scottish Office response has been to argue that the Highlands are a special case because of the existence of the crofting counties with their special code of legislation. Clearly, this is a tautological argument and it is hoped that this paper, by exploring the period from the creation of the crofting legislation in the 1880s, to the late twentieth century, will shed some light on its origins. It will be argued that this has created a climate of fear in the Highlands and particularly the crofting community, but also, on occasion in the Lowlands. Further, there are occasions when the existence of a special Highland policy area has served to marginalise Highland policy. The paper falls into five main sections: the first will briefly review the literature about the Highland/Lowland division in Scotland, the second will look at the origins of the Crofters' Act of 1886, the third will examine the period from 1906 to 1911 when aspects of crofting legislation were extended to the rest of Scotland; the fourth section will identify the inter war period as an era when Highland policy became more diverse and the final section will scrutinise the impact of that more diverse approach in the years after the Second World War.

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Farmer, Jane, Christina West, Bruce Whyte, and Margaret Maclean. "Primary health-care teams as adaptive organizations: exploring and explaining work variation using case studies in rural and urban Scotland." Health Services Management Research 18, no. 3 (August 1, 2005): 151–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/0951484054572501.

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It is acknowledged, internationally, that health-care practitioners' work differs between rural and urban areas. While several factors affect individual teams' activities, there is little understanding about how patterns of work evolve. Consideration of work in relation to local circumstances is important for training, devising contracts and redesigning services. Six case studies centred on Scottish rural and urban general practices were used to examine, in-depth, the activity of primary health-care teams. Quantitative workload data about patient contacts were collected over 24 months. Interviews and diaries revealed insightful qualitative data. Findings revealed that rural general practitioners and district nurses tended to conduct more consultations per practice patient compared with their urban counterparts. Conditions seen and work tasks varied between case study teams. Qualitative data suggested that the key reasons for variation were: local needs and circumstances; choices made about deployment of available time, team composition and the extent of access to other services. Primary care teams might be viewed as adaptive organizations, with co-evolution of services produced by health professionals and local people. The study highlights limitations in the application of workload data and suggests that understanding the nature of work in relation to local circumstances is important in service redesign.

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Hardy, Mark. "Shift Recording in Residential Child Care – Purposes, Issues and Implications for Policy and Practise." Surveillance & Society 12, no. 1 (January 6, 2014): 108–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.24908/ss.v12i1.4599.

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The ways in which information about children in residential child care is recorded and stored raises important implications for service-users, professionals and organizations but is an area of social welfare practise that is under-theorized. Whilst interest in social work recording has been evident in the recent ‘turn to language’ and ‘electronic turn’, such interest has not extended to residential child care. This study investigates a routine aspect of daily recording in residential units, shift reports. It draws on the findings of a small-scale study conducted, predominantly, in one local authority in Scotland to begin to explore and critique the purposes and implications of shift recording. The findings and ensuing discussion raise important epistemological, ethical and practical concerns for policy and practise and, at a wider level, contribute to debates concerning the surveillance of looked after children and young people and the nature of care as it is conceived in public discourse. Recommendations are made in relation to policy and practise on recording in residential child care, including a discussion on pedagogical documentation and directions for future research.

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Stow, A. J., N. Minarovic, J. Eymann, D. W. Cooper, and L. S. Webley. "Genetic structure infers generally high philopatry and male-biased dispersal of brushtail possums (Trichosurus vulpecula) in urban Australia." Wildlife Research 33, no. 5 (2006): 409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr06019.

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The brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula) is in decline throughout much of its natural range with the notable exception of urban areas and a few islands. In some urban areas, its density can be high enough to cause conflict with householders. We provide the first genetic-based study of dispersal for T. vulpecula in the urban environment. Seven microsatellite markers were used to investigate genetic structure of adult male (n = 53) and female (n = 39) possums sampled from mainland suburbs of Sydney, and on nearby Scotland Island. Samples from Scotland Island also provide an opportunity to assess the effect of isolation on genetic variability, which, as theory would predict, was significantly lower than observed in mainland samples. Male-biased dispersal was inferred from patterns of relatedness between individuals of each sex. Average relatedness was significantly higher between adult female possums than between adult male possums sampled within the same garden area. In addition, males were genotypically more similar to one another at substantially greater geographic distances than females. Along with male-biased dispersal, strong localised genetic structure for both sexes infers generally high philopatry. Dispersal distances were greatest for adult male possums sampled from mainland locations. However, even for these males, genotypic similarity between possums separated by distances further than ~900 m was lower than the sample average, suggesting infrequent dispersal beyond this distance. Knowledge of dispersal patterns is important to managing the density levels of overabundant T. vulpecula in urban areas.

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Fordyce, F. M., P. A. Everett, J. M. Bearcock, and T. R. Lister. "Soil metal/metalloid concentrations in the Clyde Basin, Scotland, UK: implications for land quality." Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 108, no. 2-3 (June 2017): 191–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1755691018000282.

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ABSTRACTAn assessment of topsoil (5–20cm) metal/metalloid (hereafter referred to as metal) concentrations across Glasgow and the Clyde Basin reveals that copper, molybdenum, nickel, lead, antimony and zinc show the greatest enrichment in urban versus rural topsoil (elevated 1.7–2.1 times; based on median values). This is a typical indicator suite of urban pollution also found in other cities. Similarly, arsenic, cadmium and lead are elevated 3.2–4.3 times the rural background concentrations in topsoil from the former Leadhills mining area. Moorlands show typical organic-soil geochemical signatures, with significantly lower (P<0.05) concentrations of geogenic elements such as chromium, copper, nickel, molybdenum and zinc, but higher levels of cadmium, lead and selenium than most other land uses due to atmospheric deposition/trapping of these substances in peat. In farmland, 14% of nickel and 7% of zinc in topsoil samples exceed agricultural maximum admissible concentrations, and may be sensitive to sewage-sludge application. Conversely, 5% of copper, 17% of selenium and 96% of pH in farmland topsoil samples are below recommended agricultural production thresholds. Significant proportions of topsoil samples exceed the most precautionary (residential/allotment) human-exposure soil guidelines for chromium (18% urban; 10% rural), lead (76% urban; 45% rural) and vanadium (87% urban; 56% rural). For chromium, this reflects volcanic bedrock and the history of chromite ore processing in the region. However, very few soil types are likely to exceed new chromiumVI-based guidelines. The number of topsoil samples exceeding the guidelines for lead and vanadium highlight the need for further investigations and evidence to improve human soil-exposure risk assessments to better inform land contamination policy and regeneration.

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Watson, Amy. "Patriotism and Partisanship in Post-Union Scotland, 1724–37." Scottish Historical Review 97, no. 1 (April 2018): 57–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/shr.2018.0353.

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This article examines the rise of the Scottish Patriot movement in the 1720s and 1730s, asserting that Patriotism provided a partisan channel for Scots who supported the British union, but took issue with the English Whig ministry and its disregard for their nation's political and economic needs. It traces three events critical to the development of Scottish Patriotism: the malt tax crisis of 1724–5, the election of 1734 and the Porteous crisis of 1736–7. These moments of political confrontation gave Scottish Patriots an opportunity to advance a platform that included the reform of Britain's tax structure, investment in Scottish manufactures and an interventionist American-focused foreign policy. First and foremost, Scottish Patriots sought to create a more equitable British political system, in which Scotland's rights and institutions were accorded the same value as England's. The Patriots' message proved attractive to Scotland's political elite and urban commercial classes, giving rise to new partisan alignments and new ideas about Scotland's future within the British state.

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Gibb, Kenneth. "Divergent approaches to affordable housing supply in a devolved policy system: Scotland and England after 2010." International Journal of Urban Sciences 25, sup1 (March 1, 2020): 218–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/12265934.2020.1730935.

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Henderson, James, and Christopher McWilliams. "The UK community anchor model and its challenges for community sector theory and practice." Urban Studies 54, no. 16 (January 24, 2017): 3826–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042098016684733.

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The growing policy focus since the 1970s in Scotland, the UK and internationally on ‘community’, community development and community ownership and enterprise has facilitated a certain growth of the community sector and therefore of concern for related discussions of theory and practice. This paper positions this turn to community within the shifting global political economic context, in particular the rolling out of the neoliberal state internationally from the 1980s and a related urban crisis management of structural inequality (Brenner and Theodore, 2002). By focusing on the emergence of community anchor organisations – understood in the UK context as multi-purpose, local community-led organisations – within Scottish and UK policy-making since the 2000s, the central dilemma for critical community sector theory and practice of sustaining a local egalitarian vision and practice (Pearce, 2003) given this neoliberal context is explored. A Scottish urban community anchor provides an illustration of this challenge for theory and practice and of how it can be re-considered through discussions of ‘progressive mutualism’ (Pearce, 2009) and ‘resilience, re-working and resistance’ (Cumbers, 2010; Katz, 2004).

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Wright, G. B., S. Arthur, G. Bowles, N. Bastien, and D. Unwin. "Urban creep in Scotland: stakeholder perceptions, quantification and cost implications of permeable solutions." Water and Environment Journal 25, no. 4 (January 7, 2011): 513–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-6593.2010.00247.x.

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Skea, Ralph. "The town scheme approach to urban conservation in England and Scotland." Planning Outlook 32, no. 2 (January 1989): 107–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00320718908711854.

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Fountas, Grigorios, Adebola Olowosegun, and Socrates Basbas. "Assessing School Travel Safety in Scotland: An Empirical Analysis of Injury Severities for Accidents in the School Commute." Safety 8, no. 2 (April 11, 2022): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/safety8020029.

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School travel has been a significant source of safety concerns for children, parents, and public authorities. It will continue to be a source of concerns as long as severe accidents continue to emerge during pupils’ commute to school. This study provides an empirical analysis of the factors influencing the injury severities of the accidents that occurred on trips to or from school in Scotland. Using 9-year data from the STATS19 public database, random parameter binary logit models with allowances for heterogeneity in the means were estimated in order to investigate injury severities in urban and rural areas. The results suggested that factors such as the road type, lighting conditions, vehicle type, and age of the driver or casualty constitute the common determinants of injury severities in both urban and rural areas. Single carriageways and vehicles running on heavy oil engines were found to induce opposite effects in urban and rural areas, whereas the involvement of a passenger car in the accident decomposed various layers of unobserved heterogeneity for both area types. The findings of this study can inform future policy interventions with a focus on traffic calming in the proximity of schools.

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White, E., A. Wilson, S. A. Greene, W. Berry, C. McCowan, A. Cairns, and I. Ricketts. "Growth Screening and Urban Deprivation." Journal of Medical Screening 2, no. 3 (September 1995): 140–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096914139500200308.

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Objectives — To assess the effect of urban deprivation on childhood growth in a modern British society by analysing data from a regional growth survey, the Tayside growth study. Setting — The Tayside Region in Scotland, which has three districts with distinct socioeconomic status: Dundee (D, urban city), Angus (A, rural), and Perth (P, rural and county town). Subjects and methods — Height and weight of 23 046 children (>90% of the regional childhood population) were measured as part of a child health surveillance programme, by community health care workers at 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, and 14 years. Height standard deviation score (calculated against Tanner) and body mass index (BMI-weight (kg)/height (m)2) were calculated for each child by a central computer program; mean height standard deviation score and BMI standard deviation score were calculated for each measuring centre (school, health clinic). A deprivation score for each centre was calculated from the prevalence of single parent families; families with more than three children; unemployment rate; the number of social class V individuals; the percentage of council houses. Results — Mean height standard deviation score for Tayside was 0·11. An intra-regional difference was demonstrated: mean height standard deviation score (SD) D = 0·04 (1·0); A = 0·14 (1·1); P = 0·21 (1·1); P<0·002. There was a positive association between short stature and increasing social deprivation seen throughout Tayside (P<0·05), with a strong association in Dundee primary school children (r = 0·6; P<0·001). Analysis by district showed that the association was significant only above the age of 8 (P<0·004). There was no relation between BMI and social deprivation. Conclusions — In an industrialised developed society, urban deprivation appears to influence height mostly in late childhood, and this association should be taken into consideration in the clinical management of short stature. Height seems to be a better physical indicator of urban deprivation, and hence an index of childhood health, than BMI.

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Forbes, Tom. "Institutional Entrepreneurship in Hostile Settings: Health and Social Care Partnerships in Scotland, 2002–05." Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 30, no. 6 (January 1, 2012): 1100–1115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/c11275b.

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Using institutional entrepreneurship theory, I examine the emergence of a novel partnership model in Scotland between 2002 and 2005 to deliver health and social care services. Utilising a qualitative methodology based on interviews and secondary data, I investigate how health and social care managers in a large urban city area acted as institutional entrepreneurs. By engaging in institutional work at a microlevel, mesolevel, and macrolevel, these managers overcame institutional pressure to implement a centrally mandated partnership model advocated by the then Scottish Executive. The study suggests that institutional entrepreneurship is a specific form of change management that can provide unique insights into the political and negotiative processes involved in implementing divergent change in the face of local and national resistance and offers guidance to policy makers and practitioners in framing and implementing change initiatives.

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O'Brien, Peter, and Andy Pike. "City deals, decentralisation and the governance of local infrastructure funding and financing in the UK." National Institute Economic Review 233 (August 2015): R14—R26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002795011523300103.

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This article reflects upon a comparative analysis of the 28 ‘City Deals’ agreed between UK government, Scottish government and city-regional groupings in England and Scotland since 2011. The City Deals have sought to incentivise local actors to identify and prioritise ‘asks’ of UK and devolved governments, fund, finance and deliver infrastructure and other economic development interventions, and to reform city/city-region governance structures to ‘unlock’ urban growth. Our analysis is based upon 32 in-depth interviews with lead actors in the City Deals, including elected officials from local government, central government officials and policy specialists from think tanks, as well as a secondary literature review. We find that City Deals are reworking the role of the UK state internally and through changed central-local and intra-local (city-regional) relations. Regional and urban public policy is being recast as a process of deal-making founded upon territorial competition and negotiation between central national and local actors unequally endowed with information and resources, leading to highly imbalanced and inequitable outcomes across the UK. As a template for public policymaking in an emergent and decentralising context, deal-making raises substantive and unresolved issues for governance in the UK that are especially pertinent as the new Conservative government at Westminster pledges to widen and broaden this approach as a central component of its future devolution strategy and policy.

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Yu, Andrew, and Stephanie Kwan Nga Lam. "Assessing Open Space in Scotland: Reliability and Construct Validity of the Open Space Scale." Sustainability 14, no. 22 (November 16, 2022): 15203. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142215203.

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The design of open spaces is the subject of interest when searching for solutions to promote well-being and a better quality of life for dwellers, especially those who live in urban areas. A user-friendly open space that meets the needs of an area has become a major concern in sustainable city design, environmental health, and psychological health. Thus, a universal scale that can be applied in different places is needed to study the different needs of different areas. This study systematically adapted the Open Space Scale previously developed in Hong Kong and assessed the reliability and constructed validity of the adapted version in Scotland; 535 samples from Edinburgh and Glasgow completed the revised version of the scale. The Confirmatory Factor Analysis indicated a good model fit and factor loadings in the revised scale. Overall, the Open Space Scale-Revised demonstrated satisfactory measurement properties. In the future, this scale can be used with other scales for further analysis and more complex structural equation models. This scale can also be used in conjunction with other scales for various types of policy analysis to provide policymakers and urban planners with substantial data. For example, one can measure the influence of open spaces on physical and psychological health in an area, such as well-being and sense of belonging, to decide if it is required to improve or expand the proportion of open spaces in that area.

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Borsay, Peter, Elizabeth Musgrave, and Duncan Sim. "Tom Begg, Housing Policy in Scotland. Edinburgh: John Donald Publishers, 1996. ix + 240pp. Illustrations and plates. Bibliography. £16.00." Urban History 25, no. 1 (May 1998): 138–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963926800012864.

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Gamoran, Adam. "Curriculum Change as a Reform Strategy: Lessons from the United States and Scotland." Teachers College Record: The Voice of Scholarship in Education 98, no. 4 (June 1997): 608–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/016146819709800404.

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Recent research indicates that the school curriculum exerts an important influence on student learning: A rich and rigorous academic curriculum promotes high levels of student achievement, and curriculum differentiation is associated with achievement inequality. These findings suggest that curriculum change may be a potent policy lever. Two cases of planned curriculum change are examined to illustrate the limits and possibilities of curriculum reform. In the United States, many school districts are upgrading the quality of the mathematics curriculum for low-achieving students. Evidence from four urban districts shows that “transition courses” designed to bridge the gap between elementary and college-preparatory mathematics achieve partial success: Students in transition courses have better outcomes than those in general math, but are not as successful as those in college-preparatory classes. In Scotland, a national curriculum reform called “Standard Grade” was designed to enhance opportunities for disadvantaged students to study an academic curriculum in secondary school. Evidence from four longitudinal national surveys indicates that the reform raised achievement and reduced social inequality on national examinations at age sixteen, but inequality of enrolling in higher education persisted. These cases suggest that curriculum reform can have important benefits, but must occur in concert with other social changes to have broad and long-lasting effects.

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Atkinson, Giles, and Paola Ovando. "Distributional Issues in Natural Capital Accounting: An Application to Land Ownership and Ecosystem Services in Scotland." Environmental and Resource Economics 81, no. 2 (December 28, 2021): 215–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10640-021-00613-6.

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AbstractAccounting for ecosystems is increasingly central to natural capital accounting. What is missing from this, however, is an answer to questions about how natural capital is distributed. That is, who consumes ecosystem services and who owns or manages the underlying asset(s) that give rise to ecosystem services. In this paper, we examine the significance of the ownership of land on which ecosystem assets (or ecosystem types) is located in the context of natural capital accounting. We illustrate this in an empirical application to two ecosystem services and a range of ecosystem types and land ownership in Scotland, a context in which land reform debates are longstanding. Our results indicate the relative importance of private land in ecosystem service supply, rather than land held by the public sector. We find relative concentration of ownership for land providing comparatively high amounts of carbon sequestration. For air pollution removal, however, the role of smaller to medium sized, mostly privately owned, land holdings closer to urban settlements becomes more prominent. The contributions in this paper, we argue, represent important first steps in anticipating distributional impacts of natural capital (and related) policy in natural capital accounts as well as connecting these frameworks to broader concerns about wealth disparities across and within countries.

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De Laurentis, Carla. "Mediating the form and direction of regional sustainable development: The role of the state in renewable energy deployment in selected regions." European Urban and Regional Studies 27, no. 3 (February 12, 2020): 303–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0969776420904989.

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This paper analyses and critically discusses the role of regions in implementing renewable energy (RE) policies, examining the relationship between state policy and RE deployment. Using evidence from four case study regions, Apulia and Tuscany in Italy and Wales and Scotland in the UK, the paper teases out some differences in terms of regional competencies to implement RE policies across the two countries. The national governments in both Italy and the UK have constructed regulatory and governance relationships to orchestrate and reorder economic, social and ecological challenges and devolve responsibilities at the sub-national level. This has offered an opportunity for the peculiarities of regional setups to be taken into account and regions have contributed towards the promotion of green and sustainable path development via the route of promoting RE deployment. The paper argues that the downscaling and distribution of responsibility in the cases investigated reflect the capacity and willingness of nation states to respond to and mediate the strategic goals and outcomes formulated at national and international levels. Nevertheless, while the regions investigated display differences in their incentives, capacities and capabilities to increase RE deployment, their ability to act is very much influenced by nation states, stressing the important role of the state in mediating the form and direction of RE deployment.

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Botterill, Kate, Mariusz Bogacki, Kathy Burrell, and Kathrin Hörschelmann. "Applying for Settled Status: Ambivalent and reluctant compliance of EU citizens in post-Brexit Scotland." Scottish Affairs 29, no. 3 (August 2020): 370–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/scot.2020.0329.

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This article contributes to scholarship concerning the effects of the UK Referendum on EU membership and Brexit on EU citizen rights in the UK (Botterill, McCollum and Tyrrell, 2018 ; Burrell and Schweyher, 2019 ; Gawlewicz and Sotkasiira, 2019 ; Huber, 2019 ). The paper focuses on applications for, and meanings of, ‘settled status’ among Polish nationals living in urban and rural Scotland. In particular we argue that the ‘simple’ act of application produces diverse responses among Polish nationals, characterised by ambivalent and reluctant compliance, with longer term implications for ontological security and sustainable communities. In the paper we present empirical data from the perspectives of three differently positioned individuals to illustrate the heterogenous experience of Polish nationals in Scotland and to demonstrate how pre-existing vulnerabilities and conditions are compounded by the EU settlement scheme. First, we highlight a view of citizenship as ‘social contract’ through the vignette of Marek who expresses ambivalence about Brexit and for whom the welfare system serves both as a safety net and a space of the undeserving. Second, we reflect on the complex bureaucratic process of gaining citizenship for a family, through the vignette of Monika. Finally, we consider how form filling is an anxious act of validating oneself and questioning one's belonging to place with longer term effects on ontological insecurity, through the vignette of Weronika. We conclude by offering a set of recommendations for Scottish policy on intercultural communication, integration and sustainable communities that, in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, is ever more significant.

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Zhao, Song, and Agnès Patuano. "International Chinese Students in the UK: Association between Use of Green Spaces and Lower Stress Levels." Sustainability 14, no. 1 (December 22, 2021): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14010089.

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The health benefits of urban green spaces have been found to vary for different populations, such as people of different socio-demographics or different cultures. Among these populations, one remains understudied although its numbers are growing: Chinese international students. Indeed, more and more Chinese students choose to go abroad for higher education but face specific challenges, often resulting in them experiencing high levels of stress and poor health. This study explores the link between Chinese international students’ use of local green spaces and the effect on their perceived stress and health. An online survey was created to collect data from 186 Chinese international students studying in Edinburgh, Scotland (UK). The data covered the participants’ reported health status and their perceived stress levels, the strategies they use when coping with stress, their awareness of the benefits of visiting green spaces as well as their self-reported use of and access to local green spaces. The findings show a significant correlation between access to and use of urban green spaces and the self-reported wellbeing indicators. Some of the barriers experienced by participants in visiting green spaces were also explored. By investigating the specific behaviors of this emerging and vulnerable population, this study expands the corpus of existing evidence for the role played by urban green spaces in supporting wellbeing. Some recommendations to support the health of this community using urban green spaces can therefore be proposed.

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Jenner, Peter. "Social enterprise sustainability revisited: an international perspective." Social Enterprise Journal 12, no. 1 (May 3, 2016): 42–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sej-12-2014-0042.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine social enterprise sustainability by comparing recent international research with prior findings seeking to identify the important factors that facilitate social enterprise development. Design/methodology/approach The research used a concurrent, convergent mixed methods approach on a sample of 93 social enterprise leaders using surveys and face-to-face interviews. The participants were sourced from a cross-section of social enterprise organisational types from urban and regional locations in Australia and Scotland. Findings The findings support prior research, identifying resourcing, organisational capabilities, collaborative networks and legitimacy as influential in the success of social enterprises. However, the research contributes new knowledge by revealing an overarching growth orientation as the dominant factor in the strategic management for sustainability of these ventures. This growth orientation is generally associated with the intent to achieve profitability. Thus, social enterprise managers view a commercially focused growth orientation as an overarching strategic factor that underpins organisational sustainability. Originality/value The paper delivers new insights into the strategic orientation of social ventures of benefit to policy makers and practitioners alike. The findings are significant for policy makers providing perspectives into how governmental assistance can be targeted to develop sustainable social enterprises, particularly the need to support the growth of these ventures. Similarly, practitioners are alerted to the strategic imperatives of incorporating a commercially focused growth orientation and the latent potential that exists in the networks of social enterprise.

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Oberndorfer, Moritz, Paul M. Henery, Ruth Dundas, Alastair H. Leyland, Shantini Paranjothy, Sarah Jane Stock, Rachael Wood, Scott M. Nelson, Rachel Kearns, and Anna Pearce. "Study protocol: examining the impacts of COVID-19 mitigation measures on pregnancy and birth outcomes in Scotland—a linked administrative data study." BMJ Open 13, no. 2 (February 2023): e066293. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2022-066293.

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IntroductionThis protocol outlines aims to test the wider impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on pregnancy and birth outcomes and inequalities in Scotland.Method and analysisWe will analyse Scottish linked administrative data for pregnancies and births before (March 2010 to March 2020) and during (April 2020 to October 2020) the pandemic. The Community Health Index database will be used to link the National Records of Scotland Births and the Scottish Morbidity Record 02. The data will include about 500 000 mother–child pairs. We will investigate population-level changes in maternal behaviour (smoking at antenatal care booking, infant feeding on discharge), pregnancy and birth outcomes (birth weight, preterm birth, Apgar score, stillbirth, neonatal death, pre-eclampsia) and service use (mode of delivery, mode of anaesthesia, neonatal unit admission) during the COVID-19 pandemic using two analytical approaches. First, we will estimate interrupted times series regression models to describe changes in outcomes comparing prepandemic with pandemic periods. Second, we will analyse the effect of COVID-19 mitigation measures on our outcomes in more detail by creating cumulative exposure variables for each mother–child pair using the Oxford COVID-19 Government Response Tracker. Thus, estimating a potential dose–response relationship between exposure to mitigation measures and our outcomes of interest as well as assessing if timing of exposure during pregnancy matters. Finally, we will assess inequalities in the effect of cumulative exposure to lockdown measures on outcomes using several axes of inequality: ethnicity/mother’s country of birth, area deprivation (Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation), urban-rural classification of residence, number of previous children, maternal social position (National Statistics Socioeconomic Classification) and parental relationship status.Ethics and disseminationNHS Scotland Public Benefit and Privacy Panel for Health and Social Care scrutinised and approved the use of these data (1920-0097). Results of this study will be disseminated to the research community, practitioners, policy makers and the wider public.

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Ward Thompson, Catharine, Aldo Elizalde, Steven Cummins, Alastair H. Leyland, Willings Botha, Andrew Briggs, Sara Tilley, et al. "Enhancing Health Through Access to Nature: How Effective are Interventions in Woodlands in Deprived Urban Communities? A Quasi-experimental Study in Scotland, UK." Sustainability 11, no. 12 (June 15, 2019): 3317. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11123317.

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High prevalence of poor mental health is a major public health problem. Natural environments may contribute to mitigating stress and enhancing health. However, there is little evidence on whether community-level interventions intended to increase exposure to natural environments can improve mental health and related behaviours. In the first study of its kind, we evaluated whether the implementation of a programme designed to improve the quality of, and access to, local woodlands in deprived communities in Scotland, UK, was associated with lower perceived stress or other health-related outcomes, using a controlled, repeat cross-sectional design with a nested prospective cohort. Interventions included physical changes to the woodlands and community engagement activities within the woodlands, with data collected at baseline (2013) and post-intervention (2014 and 2015). The interventions were, unexpectedly, associated with increased perceived stress compared to control sites. However, we observed significantly greater increases in stress for those living >500 m from intervention sites. Visits to nearby nature (woods and other green space) increased overall, and moderate physical activity levels also increased. In the intervention communities, those who visited natural environments showed smaller increases in stress than those who did not; there was also some evidence of increased nature connectedness and social cohesion. The intervention costs were modest but there were no significant changes in quality of life on which to base cost-effectiveness. Findings suggest factors not captured in the study may have contributed to the perceived stress patterns found. Wider community engagement and longer post-intervention follow-up may be needed to achieve significant health benefits from woodland interventions such as those described here. The study points to the challenges in evidencing the effectiveness of green space and forestry interventions to enhance health in urban environments, but also to potential benefits from more integrated approaches across health and landscape planning and management practice.

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Houston, Donald, Tom Ball, Alan Werritty, and Andrew R. Black. "Social Influences on Flood Preparedness and Mitigation Measures Adopted by People Living with Flood Risk." Water 13, no. 21 (October 21, 2021): 2972. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13212972.

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This paper aims to analyse evidence, based on one of the largest and most representative samples of households previously flooded or living with flood risk to date, of social patterns in a range of flood resilience traits relating to preparedness prior to a flood (e.g., property adaptations, contents insurance, etc.) and mitigations enacted during and immediately following a flood (e.g., receiving a warning, evacuation into temporary accommodation, etc.). The data were collected from a 2006 survey of 1223 households from a variety of locations across Scotland between one and twelve years after major local floods. Our analysis identifies remarkably few social differences in flood preparedness and mitigation measures, although some aspects of demography, housing and length of residence in an area, as well as personal flood history, are important. In light of this finding, we argue that social differences in vulnerability and resilience to flooding arise from deep-seated socio-economic and socio-spatial inequalities that affect exposure to flood risk and ability to recover from flood impacts. The engrained, but well-meaning, assumption in flood risk management that impoverished households and communities are lacking or deficient in flood preparedness or mitigation knowledge and capabilities is somewhat pejorative and misses fundamental, yet sometimes invisible, social stratifications play out in subtle but powerful ways to affect households’ and communities’ ability to avoid and recover from floods. We argue that general poverty and inequality alleviation measures, such as tax and welfare policy and urban and community regeneration schemes, are likely to be as, if not more, important in alleviating social inequalities in the long-term impacts of floods than social targeting of flood risk management policy.

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Williams, Colin C., and Ioana Alexandra Horodnic. "An institutional theory of the informal economy: some lessons from the United Kingdom." International Journal of Social Economics 43, no. 7 (July 11, 2016): 722–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-12-2014-0256.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to propose a new way of explaining participation in the informal economy as resulting from the asymmetry between the codified laws and regulations of a society’s formal institutions (government morality) and the norms, values and beliefs of the population that constitute its informal institutions (societal morality). The proposition is that the greater the asymmetry between government morality and societal morality, the greater is the propensity to participate in the informal economy. Design/methodology/approach – To evaluate this institutional asymmetry theory, the results are reported of 1,306 face-to-face interviews conducted during 2013 in the UK. Findings – The finding is a strong correlation between the degree of institutional asymmetry (measured by tax morale) and participation in the informal economy. The lower the tax morale, the greater is the propensity to participate in the informal economy. Using ordered logistic regression analysis, tax morale is not found to significantly vary by, for example, social class, employment status or wealth, but there are significant gender, age and spatial variations with men, younger age groups, rural areas and Scotland displaying significantly lower tax morale than women, older people, urban areas and London. Practical implications – Rather than continue with the current disincentives policy approach, a new policy approach that reduces the asymmetry between government morality and societal morality is advocated. This requires not only changes in societal morality regarding the acceptability of participating in the informal economy but also changes in how formal institutions operate in order for this to be achieved. Originality/value – This paper provides a new way of explaining participation in the informal economy and reviews its consequences for understanding and tackling the informal economy in the UK.

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MACPHERSON, SUZI. "Julian Hine and Fiona Mitchell (2003), Transport Disadvantage and Social Exclusion: Exclusionary Mechanisms in Transport in Urban Scotland, Aldershot: Ashgate, 162 pp., £42.50 hbk, ISBN: 0-7546-1847-1." Journal of Social Policy 33, no. 3 (July 2004): 525–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s004727940434794x.

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Cragoe, Matthew. "The Anatomy of an Eviction Campaign: The General Election of 1868 in Wales and its Aftermath." Rural History 9, no. 2 (October 1998): 177–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956793300001564.

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One of the most striking aspects of recent scholarship concerning electoral politics in the Victorian countryside is the widespread consensus that has developed that landlords did not – as was so commonly averred by Radical politicians at the time – use the threat of eviction as a weapon with which to terrorise farming tenants into voting as they were instructed. In the work of Norman Gash, Richard Olney and Frank O'Gorman, English tenants are represented as being quite happy to follow the lead offered them by their landlords, both from a ‘semi-feudal’ sense of loyalty and from a sense of gratitude for past favours and the hope of further favours to come. Even in Ireland, where a historiography dominated by Pomfret presented a much bleaker picture of landlord-tenant relations, the process of revision has considerably modified the received view. J. H. Whyte has argued that the landowners were far less tyrannical than had been generally thought, and regards as particularly erroneous the idea that landlords had regular recourse to eviction to punish tenants who had voted contrary to their wishes. This policy was not used, he suggests, because it patently did not work. Whyte's insights, though they have been modified in certain respects, were recently upheld in W. E. Vaughan's study of landlord and tenant relations in mid-Victorian Ireland. The history of politics in the Irish countryside is thus seen as having approximated that of England, and recent scholarship suggests a similar picture for Lowland Scotland, where, outside the Famine years, patterns of eviction were similar to those in Ireland. In only one country do the landowners still retain intact their reputation for electoral tyranny: Wales.

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Bauld, Linda, Hilary Graham, Lesley Sinclair, Kate Flemming, Felix Naughton, Allison Ford, Jennifer McKell, et al. "Barriers to and facilitators of smoking cessation in pregnancy and following childbirth: literature review and qualitative study." Health Technology Assessment 21, no. 36 (June 2017): 1–158. http://dx.doi.org/10.3310/hta21360.

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Background Although many women stop smoking in pregnancy, others continue, causing harm to maternal and child health. Smoking behaviour is influenced by many factors, including the role of women’s significant others (SOs) and support from health-care professionals (HPs). Objectives To enhance understanding of the barriers to, and facilitators of, smoking cessation and the feasibility and acceptability of interventions to reach and support pregnant women to stop smoking. Design Four parts: (1) a description of interventions in the UK for smoking cessation in pregnancy; (2) three systematic reviews (syntheses) of qualitative research of women’s, SOs’ and HPs’ views of smoking in pregnancy using meta-ethnography (interpretative approach for combining findings); (3) semistructured interviews with pregnant women, SOs and HPs, guided by the social–ecological framework (conceptualises behaviour as an outcome of individuals’ interactions with environment); and (4) identification of new/improved interventions for future testing. Setting Studies in reviews conducted in high-income countries. Qualitative research was conducted from October 2013 to December 2014 in two mixed urban/rural study sites: area A (Scotland) and area B (England). Participants Thirty-eight studies (1100 pregnant women) in 42 papers, nine studies (150 partners) in 14 papers and eight studies described in nine papers (190 HPs) included in reviews. Forty-one interviews with pregnant women, 32 interviews with pregnant women’s SOs and 28 individual/group interviews with 48 HPs were conducted. Main outcome measures The perceived barriers to, and facilitators of, smoking cessation in pregnancy and the identification of potential new/modified interventions. Results Syntheses identified smoking-related perceptions and experiences for pregnant women and SOs that were fluid and context dependent with the capacity to help or hinder smoking cessation. Themes were analysed in accordance with the social–ecological framework levels. From the analysis of the interviews, the themes that were central to cessation in pregnancy at an individual level, and that reflected the findings from the reviews, were perception of risk to baby, self-efficacy, influence of close relationships and smoking as a way of coping with stress. Overall, pregnant smokers were faced with more barriers than facilitators. At an interpersonal level, partners’ emotional and practical support, willingness to change smoking behaviour and role of smoking within relationships were important. Across the review and interviews of HPs, education to enhance knowledge and confidence in delivering information about smoking in pregnancy and the centrality of the client relationship, protection of which could be a factor in downplaying risks, were important. HPs acknowledged that they could best assist by providing support and understanding, and access to effective interventions, including an opt-out referral pathway to Stop Smoking Services, routine carbon monoxide screening, behavioural support and access to pharmacotherapy. Additional themes at community, organisational and societal levels were also identified. Limitations Limitations include a design grounded in qualitative studies, difficulties recruiting SOs, and local service configurations and recruitment processes that potentially skewed the sample. Conclusions Perceptions and experiences of barriers to and facilitators of smoking cessation in pregnancy are fluid and context dependent. Effective interventions for smoking cessation in pregnancy should take account of the interplay between the individual, interpersonal and environmental aspects of women’s lives. Future work Research focus: removing barriers to support, improving HPs’ capacity to offer accurate advice, and exploration of weight concerns and relapse prevention. Interventions focus: financial incentives, self-help and social network interventions. Study registration This study is registered as PROSPERO CRD42013004170. Funding The National Institute for Health Research Health Technology Assessment programme.

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Burrows, R. "A sewage disposal strategy for the isle of man." Water Science and Technology 34, no. 12 (December 1, 1996): 119–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1996.0317.

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The Isle of Man sits in the middle of the Irish Sea, surrounded by the United Kingdom (UK) coasts of England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. It is, however, independently governed by its own Parliament, Tynwald, and is not part of the European Union (formerly the European Community, EC). A radical scheme for the integrated sewerage provision of the whole of the Island, of population approximately 65,000, involving centralised treatment and re-use of sewage sludges, has been accepted in principle. The policy adopted, as realised in the so-called ‘IRIS’ scheme, goes beyond the level of provision called for by the recent EC Directive on Urban Wastewater Treatment, yet the threat posed by the Isle of Man to the waters of the Irish Sea is negligible in comparison to the major inputs from its more populous neighborus. The geographic separation of the Island from the major pollution inputs from the British and Irish mainlands should ensure unobstructed assimilation of its releases by the marine environment. In many instances the coastal communities of the island, through their small size, would be without the statutory responsibility for land based treatment provision, even if bound by the EC legislation. This article, based on evidence presented to Public Inquiry on a first phase of the scheme's implementation, expresses the view that the strategy for future sewerage provision should be re- evaluated in the light of the flexibilities in implementation which would be afforded to the Isle of Man under the EC legislation. More fundamentally, however, it is suggested that the ‘marine treatment’ option using long- sea outfalls should be incorporated in the range of scheme options to be evaluated against achievement of a ‘best environmental solution’. The argument developed herein draws extensively on the background leading to the UK Water Industry's reluctant adoption of the EC legislation. These circumstances are considered worthy of report in their own right and the Isle of Man provides an ideal case study.

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BARRIE, DAVID. "Police in civil society: police, Enlightenment and civic virtue in urban Scotland, c. 1780–1833." Urban History 37, no. 1 (April 1, 2010): 45–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963926810000064.

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ABSTRACT:Based on how notions of civil society and civic virtue were defined in Enlightenment Scotland, this article assesses how far these ideals shaped police development in Scottish towns, c. 1780–1833. It argues that both concepts provided a framework for the development of ‘police’ as a broad mechanism of urban government. Collectively, civil society and civic virtue offered a wide-ranging, intellectual backdrop presupposing ideas on police, improvement and polite society, with the new police model bearing a striking resemblance to how these ideals were imagined and constructed at the time.

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Turok, Ivan, and Nick Hopkins. "Competition and Area Selection in Scotland's New Urban Policy." Urban Studies 35, no. 11 (November 1998): 2021–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0042098983999.

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Weaver, C., B. Roberts, D. Klausner, D. Sadler, and C. M. Rogerson. "Reviews: Regions in Question: Space, Development Theory and Regional Policy, Power through Bureaucracy: Urban Political Analysis in Brazil, Rent Strikes: People's Struggle for Housing in West Scotland 1890–1916, Undermining Capitalism: State Ownership and the Dialectic of Control in the British Coal Industry, Neo-Marxist Theories of Development." Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 3, no. 2 (June 1985): 265–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/d030265.

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Noble, Malcolm. "David G. Barrie, Police in the Age of Improvement: Police Development and the Civic Tradition in Scotland, 1775–1865. Cullompton: Willan, 2008. xiiii + 307pp. 7 figures, 7 tables. Bibliography. £45.00." Urban History 36, no. 02 (July 30, 2009): 346–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963926809006336.

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de Jong, Anna, and Peter Varley. "Food tourism and events as tools for social sustainability?" Journal of Place Management and Development 11, no. 3 (August 13, 2018): 277–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jpmd-06-2017-0048.

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Purpose Food tourism and events are often prefaced as tools for sustainability within national and intra-national food and agricultural policy contexts. Yet, the realities of enhancing sustainability through food tourism and events are problematic. Sustainability itself is often conceived broadly within policy proclaiming the benefits of food tourism and events, with a need for further deconstruction of the ways each dimension of sustainability – economic, environmental, social and cultural – independently enhances sustainability. The lack of clarity concerning the conceptual utilisation of sustainability works to compromise its value and utilisation for the development of food tourism and events in peripheral areas. In recognition, this paper aims to turn attention to social sustainability within the context of a local food festival, to ask the following: in what ways is social sustainability enhanced through a local food festival, who benefits from this sustainability, and how? Design/methodology/approach The paper examines the development of a local food festival in a rural coastal community on Scotland’s west coast. The concept of social capital is used to examine the unfolding power relations between committee members, as well as the committee and other social groups. Observant participation undertaken over a 10-month period, between December 2015 and September 2016, renders insights into the ways event planning processes were dependent on the pre-existing accruement of social capital by certain individuals and groups. Findings Local food festivals have the potential to enhance social sustainability, in offering opportunity to bridge relations across certain diverse groups and foster an environment conducive to cohabitation. Bridging, however, is dependent on preconceived social capital and power relations, which somewhat inhibits social integration for all members of a community. The temporally confined characteristics of events generates difficulties in overcoming the uneven enhancement of social sustainability. Care, thus, needs to be upheld in resolutely claiming enhancement of social sustainability through local food events. Further, broad conceptualisations of “community” need to be challenged during event planning processes; for it is difficult to develop a socially inclusive approach that ensures integration for diverse segments without recognising what constitutes a specific “community”. Originality/value This paper is situated within the context of a peripheral yet growing body of literature exploring the potential of events to develop social sustainability. In extending work examining events and social sustainaility the paper turns attention to the gastronomic – examining the extent to which social sustainability is enhanced through a local food festival, for a rural coastal community – Mallaig, on Scotland’s west coast.

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Robson, B. T., J. R. Walton, Iain Black, P. J. Cain, C. White, R. Colls, R. Colls, et al. "Review of Urban Population Development in Western Europe from the Late-Eighteenth to the Early-Twentieth Century, by Richard Lawton and Robert Lee; Land, Labour and Agriculture, 1700-1920, by B. A. Holderness and M. Turner; The Industrial Revolution, by P. Hudson; Merchant Enterprise in Britain from the Industrial Revolution to World War One, by S. Chapman; Rethinking the Victorians, by L. M. Shires; Forever England, by A. Light; The English Eliot, by S. Ellis; Women and the Women's Movement in Britain 1914-59, by M. Pugh; The Erosion of Childhood, by L. Rose; Eugenics, Human Genetics and Human Failings, by P. M. H. Mazumdar; Feeding the Victorian City, by R. Scola; A History of Nature Conservation in Britain, by E. Evans; The Invention of Scotland, by M. G. H. Pittock; Understanding Scotland, by D. McCrome; A Social History of France 1780-1880, by P. McPhee; Province and Empire, by J. M. H. Smith; Reconstructing Large-Scale Climatic Patterns from Tree Ring Data, by H. C. Fritts; The Origins of Southwestern Agriculture, by R. G. Matson; Indian Survival on the California Frontier, by A. L. Hurtado; Appalachian Frontiers, by R. D. Mitchell; The Politics of River Trade, by T. Whigham; Full of Hope and Promise, by E. Ross; Aboriginal Peoples and Politics, by P. Tennant; Fortress California, 1910-1961, by R. W. Lotchin; Remaking America, by J. Bodnar; The Last Great Necessity, by D. C. Sloane; Hispanic Lands and Peoples, by W. M. Denevan; Writing Western History, by R. W. Etulain; Standing on the Shoulders of Giants, by N. J. W. Thrower; The Long Wave in the World Economy, by A. Tylecote; The End of Anglo-America, by R. A. Burchell; Painting and the Politics of Culture, by J. Barrell; Colonialism and Development in the Contemporary World, by C. Dixon and M. J. Heffernan; A World on the Move, by A. J. R. Russell-Wood; Colonial Policy and Conflict in Zimbabwe, by D. Mungazi; The New Atlas of African History, by G. S. P. Freeman-Grenville; Atlas of British Overseas Expansion, by A. N. Porter (Ed.); The Population of Britain in the Nineteenth Century, by R. Woods and The Development of the French Economy, by C. Heywood." Journal of Historical Geography 19, no. 2 (April 1993): 205–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jhge.1993.1015.

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Hare, Darragh, Mike Daniels, and Bernd Blossey. "Public Perceptions of Deer Management in Scotland." Frontiers in Conservation Science 2 (December 16, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fcosc.2021.781546.

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In Scotland, large deer populations are associated with negative ecological and socioeconomic impacts, such as damage to peatlands and forests, agricultural and commercial forestry losses, Lyme disease transmission, and road accidents. Increasing the annual deer cull might help address these negative impacts, but could be ethically controversial. A stratified sample of adults living in Scotland (n = 1,002) responded to our online questionnaire measuring perceptions of deer management, including the acceptability of increasing the deer cull if doing so would help achieve a variety of ecological and social objectives. Overall, respondents indicated that it would be acceptable to increase the deer cull if doing so would serve public interests by reducing negative impacts of deer, with deer welfare, environmental conservation, and public health and safety being the most relevant ethical considerations. Although rural and urban respondents reported significantly different experiences and perceptions of deer, their values (i.e., attitudes, beliefs, and policy preferences) regarding deer management were very similar. Understanding values of the general public, beyond vocal interest groups, can help inform decisions on contentious wildlife management issues.

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Hyam, Roger. "Greenness, mortality and mental health prescription rates in urban Scotland - a population level, observational study." Research Ideas and Outcomes 6 (April 23, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/rio.6.e53542.

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BACKGROUND: Recent studies have shown an association between vegetation around dwellings and mortality, with mental health as a possible mediator. OBJECTIVES: Examine whether there is an association between greenness and mortality or greenness and the proportion of the population being prescribed drugs for anxiety, depression or psychosis in urban areas of Scotland. METHODS: Two greenness maps were prepared based on Landsat 8 Normalised Difference Vegetation Index data from 2013 to 2016, one for summer and one for winter. Greenness was sampled from these maps around each of 91,357 urban postcodes. The greenness data was averaged by 4,883 urban Data Zones covering 71% of the Scottish population and compared with mortality and prescription rate data from the Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation. RESULTS: The areas least green in the summer were found to have higher mortality rates but no association was found between mortality and winter-greenness. The largest relative differences of mortality were around 9%. High levels of summer-greenness were associated with an increase in mental health prescription rates but areas with the highest differences between summer and winter-greenness had lower prescription rates than other areas. The largest relative difference in prescription rate was 17%. All models controlled for overall deprivation. It is hypothesised that the year round greenness of mown grass is associated with increased mental health prescriptions and obscures the benefits of other kinds of vegetation on both mortality and mental health. DISCUSSION: There is an association between greenness and mortality and greenness and mental health. The association is both statistically significant and large enough to be of importance for policy making. Higher levels of non mown grass vegetation may be preferable for human wellbeing but more detailed understanding of the diversity of plant life in urban areas and how people related to it is required to make more specific recommendations.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Urban policy – Scotland'

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