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1
Bereza, Anatoliy, Vyacheslav Kazmirenko, Olena Tsilmak, Oksana Melenko, and Olena Shvedova. "Regulatory framework for urban policy in some European countries: an experience for Ukraine." Revista Amazonia Investiga 9, no. 29 (May 18, 2020): 507–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.34069/ai/2020.29.05.56.
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The purpose of the article is to analyze the regulatory framework for urban policy in some European countries in order to emulate their positive experience and to implement it in Ukrainian legislation. Methodology. The study used general scientific and special methods of legal science, in particular, analysis and synthesis method, logical method, logical and semantic method, historical and legal method, comparative and legal method. The results of the study. The foreign practice of regulatory framework for urban policy provision, the features of its development and implementation have been considered. The content of urban policy in a number of European countries (Latvia, Finland, France and the Czech Republic) has been studied and the relevant programs implemented by the European Union have been examined. Practical implications. The experience of foreign countries has shown that State urban policy is not always set out in a single document, but as a rule is presented in several legal acts or is a component of other State programs, especially in the area of regional policy. Value/originality. The authors have proven that taking into account the peculiarities of regulatory framework for urban policy in Ukraine, it would be appropriate to adopt a separate document on urban policy that would consider the European practice and legislation of the European Union in this area, as well as the peculiarities of Ukrainian cities.
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Stankunas, Mindaugas, Mark Avery, Jutta Lindert, Ian Edwards, Mirko Di Rosa, Francisco Torres-Gonzalez, Elisabeth Ioannidi-Kapolou, Henrique Barros, and Joaquim Soares. "Healthcare and aging: do European Union countries differ?" International Journal of Health Care Quality Assurance 29, no. 8 (October 10, 2016): 895–906. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijhcqa-09-2015-0110.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to evaluate socio-economic inequalities in the use, accessibility and satisfaction with health services amongst 60-84 year old people from seven European urban communities. Design/methodology/approach Data for this study were collected in 2009. The target population was people aged 60-84 years from Stuttgart (Germany), Athens (Greece), Ancona (Italy), Kaunas (Lithuania), Porto (Portugal), Granada (Spain) and Stockholm (Sweden). The total sample comprised 4,467 respondents with a mean response rate across these countries of 45.2 per cent. Findings The study demonstrated that the majority of respondents had contact with a health care provider within the last 12 months. The highest percentages were reported by respondents from Spain (97.8 per cent) and Portugal (97.7 per cent). The results suggest that 13.0 per cent of respondents had refrained from seeking care services. The highest rates were amongst seniors from Lithuania (24.0 per cent), Germany (16.2 per cent) and Portugal (15.4 per cent). Logistic regression suggests that seniors who refrained from seeking health care was statistically significant associated with those with higher levels of education (odds ratios (OR)=1.21; 95 per cent confidence intervals (CI)=1.01-1.25) and financial strain (OR=1.26; 95 per cent CI=1.16-1.37). Furthermore, the majority of respondents were satisfied with health care services. Originality/value The findings from the “Elder Abuse: a multinational prevalence survey” study indicate the existence of significant variations in use, accessibility and satisfaction with health services by country and for socio-economic factors related to organizing and financing of care systems.
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Minelgaitė, Audronė, Renata Dagiliūtė, and Genovaitė Liobikienė. "The Usage of Public Transport and Impact of Satisfaction in the European Union." Sustainability 12, no. 21 (November 3, 2020): 9154. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12219154.
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The main objective of this paper was to analyse comprehensively the urban public transport usage, satisfaction levels and the satisfaction impact on usage of public transport in European Union (EU) countries. Results revealed that the usage of urban public transport in all EU countries is rather low and significantly depends on economic development level. The satisfaction levels measured as comfort and safety, ticket price, frequency and reliability and amenities at stops and stations significantly differed among EU countries as well. In a half of the EU countries, the satisfaction with ticket price and the time to the station had significant impacts on usage of urban public transport. Meanwhile, the satisfaction with reliability, public transport frequency and comfort and safety had significantly influenced urban public transport usage only in one-third of EU countries. In the majority of EU countries, women and older respondents more often tended to use urban public transport. Next to improvement of public transport service, a variety of policy measures should be applied, from awareness rising and image improvement to the review of pricing policies both of public transport and of parking fees.
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Mouriki, Athanasia. "The European Union towards Cohesion Challenges: What’s the Next Step?" HAPSc Policy Briefs Series 4, no. 1 (June 29, 2023): 134–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/hapscpbs.35192.
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Considering the important percentage of the annual budget spent on cohesion policy, this policy brief examines what it’s the cohesion policy of the EU, the problems the Union is facing in this domain and the actions that have been taken. Cohesion policy’s is aiming to eliminate imbalances between countries and regions. Nevertheless, a variety of issues observed on the achievement of this objection are being analyzed in this policy paper. The East-West divide, the North-South divide and the disparities between urban centers (capitals or large cities) and rural areas are the most severe issues. The “New Cohesion Policy 2021-2027” is trying to give concrete solutions. This policy brief recommends: More financial support, monitoring, spread the spirit of a united EU, avoid stigmatizing member states, and turning cohesion policy into an exclusive EU competence.
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Kim, Sang Hun. "European Capital of Culture Policy and Urban Development Plan for Rijeka, Croatia." East European and Balkan Institute 47, no. 3 (August 31, 2023): 3–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.19170/eebs.2023.47.3.3.
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It was only in 2004 that the European Union, originally composed of Western European countries, began to include the so-called Eastern European countries (Latvia, Lithuania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Estonia, the Czech Republic, Poland, and Hungary), which had transitioned from socialism to democracy. This was followed by Romania and Bulgaria joining in 2007 and Croatia in 2013. The very nature of the European continent, with its diverse peoples, languages, histories, and cultures, has undoubtedly necessitated policies that recognize, acknowledge, and seek to reduce differences as much as possible, with the ultimate goal of uniting them. In particular, the EU member states, which were originally composed of Western European countries, may have been in dire need of policies to bridge the gap with the countries that underwent communism after World War II, as many of them joined the EU in the 2000s. The policy direction of cultural integration with former communist countries aligns with the general trend of European integration. However, it is being promoted in various ways, taking into consideration the special history and situation of these countries. The goal is to provide opportunities for people to understand each other's history and culture, fostering interactions that contribute to overcoming cultural differences and forming strong bonds. In particular, the former communist countries have an economic gap with existing EU member states due to past political and economic changes. The EU is working to provide economic infrastructure and industrial support to these countries, strengthen cooperation, and promote cultural integration with Western European countries. Such directions and policies continue to be promoted for cultural integration between existing EU member states and former communist countries. Examples of these initiatives include the European Capital of Culture project and the Erasmus Program, which aim to foster cultural understanding and integration among future generations through education, ultimately working towards the goal of European integration. In any case, it is clear that the country of 'Croatia' and the city of 'Rijeka,' which gained independence from the former Yugoslavia in 1991 and were not initially recognized by not only European citizens but also the world, seized the opportunity of the European Capital of Culture 2020 project to establish closer communication and cooperation with Europe and the global community. We expect that they will continue progressing on the path of 'integration' while preserving 'cultural diversity' in the future.
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Adamowicz, Mieczysław, and Magdalena Zwolińska-Ligaj. "New Concepts for Rural Development in the Strategies and Policies of the European Union." Economic and Regional Studies / Studia Ekonomiczne i Regionalne 11, no. 3 (September 1, 2018): 7–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ers-2018-0022.
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SummarySubject and purpose of work: The subject of the analysis is the concept of rural development in the European Union countries and its connection with the evolution of the common agricultural policy and the transformation of the cohesion policy. The aim of the study is to discover and assess the scale and method of supporting the rural development in the European Union countries through common agricultural policy and to present the underlying theoretical-cognitive and political-practical premises for shaping rural development strategies.Materials and methods: The official documents and subject literature are submitted for critical analysis and evaluation by authors.Results: This paper presents methods of defining and classifying rural areas and rural development through common agricultural policy and cohesion policy. It specifically outlines the concepts of multi-functional and intelligent development linked to the Europe 2020 strategy and the Cork political declarations. The new concept of smart villages and rural-urban partnership is also presented.Conclusion: The processes of rural policy separation and the need for creating national methods of the coordination of community policies and the use of European funds are indicated.
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van der Jagt, Alexander, Laura Tozer, Helen Toxopeus, and Hens Runhaar. "Policy mixes for mainstreaming urban nature-based solutions: An analysis of six European countries and the European Union." Environmental Science & Policy 139 (January 2023): 51–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2022.10.011.
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Sydorów, Martyna. "Wyzwania zrównoważonej mobilności miejskiej na tle polityki miejskiej Unii Europejskiej: wybrane przykłady." Prace Komisji Geografii Komunikacji PTG 26, no. 1 (March 31, 2023): 9–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/2543859xpkg.23.001.17398.
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Celem artykułu jest zaprezentowanie koncepcji zrównoważonej mobilności miejskiej oraz przedstawienie jej umiejscowienia na tle europejskiej polityki miejskiej. Analizą objęto zakres związany z kwestią problematyki kształtowania zrównoważonego transportu w miastach. Szczególną uwagę poświęcono charakterystyce różnic pomiędzy zagadnieniami nowej kultury mobilności a klasycznym podejściem do polityki rozwoju transportu. Omówiono przykłady implementowania rozwiązań zrównoważonej mobilności w wybranych krajach zachodnioeuropejskich. Pogłębiona analiza jakościowa skupiła się jednak na dużych, polskich ośrodkach miejskich. Challenges of sustainable urban mobility in the context of European Union urban policy: case studies The aim of this article is to present the concept of sustainable urban mobility and to situate it in the context of European urban policy. The analysis covers the issue of shaping sustainable urban transport. Particular attention is paid to characterising the differences between the issues of the new mobility culture and the classic approach to transport development policy. Examples of the implementation of sustainable mobility solutions in selected western European countries are discussed. However, an in-depth qualitative analysis focused on large Polish urban centres.
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Béresné Mártha, Bernadett. "Relationship of the employment policy with rural development in the European Union." Acta Agraria Debreceniensis, no. 34 (September 2, 2009): 27–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.34101/actaagrar/34/2818.
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Employment policy has won primary attention both at national and EU levels for the past decade. Managing its problems has become one of the major social economic and political challenges. One of the problems is the aging of the continent’s population, which is in close relation with the slow increasing or decreasing economic trends.Comparing the EU’s unemployment, employment and labour productivity rates to those of ten years earlier a positive tendency can be traced. On of the other hand compared with the USA, Japan or the average of OECD countries the Community has still not been able to reduce its several decades lasting leeway. Difficulties of labour management are much more striking in rural territories than in urban districts. Not even the second pillar of the Common Agricultural Policy: the rural development has been successful in managing the employment of the labour supersededfrom the primer sector so far, which is significantly reflected in the unfavourable indicators of labour management and unemployment.
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Zullo, Francesco, Cristina Montaldi, Gianni Di Pietro, and Bernardino Romano. "Urban Growth and Habitat Connectivity: A Study on European Countries." Sustainability 14, no. 22 (November 8, 2022): 14689. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142214689.
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The main tool for biodiversity conservation at the European level is the Natura 2000 network. The identification of Natura 2000 as an “ecological network spread over the entire European Union territory” is the symbolic image launched by the Habitat Directive (92/43/EEC) even though many considerations focused on the contradiction between the shared model of the ecological network—based on spatial continuity—and the fragmented geographical configuration of the Natura 2000 sites. Currently, it stretches across all 28 European countries, both on land and at sea, and it is made up of over 27,000 sites for a total extension of approximately 1,150,000 km2. The land area covered by N2000 corresponds to approximately 18% of the total EU, with the national coverage ratio ranging from a minimum of 9% to a maximum of 38% in the various European countries. The aim of this study was to determine the degree of landscape fragmentation caused by the urban areas towards the Natura 2000 network, with the aim of analyzing how the current urban settlements’ geography could compromise their functionality. The proximity analysis carried out provides the necessary information to achieve full efficiency in the connections between the different habitats. In addition, these results give indications on which planning scale is most appropriate to intervene to reduce environmental fragmentation.
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Kramar, Hans. "Economic convergence on different spatial levels: the conflict between cohesion and growth." Raumforschung und Raumordnung 64, no. 1 (January 31, 2006): 18–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03183103.
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Abstract The analysis of economic disparities within the European Union strongly depends on the regional level considered. Whereas the economic gap between the member states has decreased over the last decades, regional disparities have rather deepened. The reason for these contradictory findings can be found in the increasing disparities within many of the member states: Especially in growing economies the gap between urban centres and rural peripheries tends to widen. The spatial concentration of research and development, high skilled labour, infrastructure and foreign investment in the capitals will therefore supposably become a big challenge for the accession countries, which will have to face increasing international competition. Joining a common market of more than 450 million people means new opportunities, challenges and threats for economic development, which have to be faced by local, regional and national governments as well as by European institutions. EU-policies act in the dichotomy between the conflicting goals of economic growth and cohesion. Since they strongly influence regional conditions for production it is of great political interest whether a certain measure fosters economic efficiency by favouring the highly developed centres or rather enhances convergence by promoting lagging regions. The answer is, however, not trivial and needs closer examination: Measures encouraging regional cohesion on the European level can also increase disparities within a state or a region at the same time. This is the reason why the regional effects of EU-policies have to be analysed on different spatial levels. Dealing with the spatial impacts of various European Policies (Regional Policy, TransEuropean Networks, Common Agricultural Policy, Research and Technological Development Policy) there is some evidence that these policies try to compensate the effects of growing competition in the common market by concentrating their efforts on urban growth poles within the underdeveloped countries. Doing that, the European Union comes up to the two conflicting goals of growth and cohesion by promoting efficient economic development in the member states on the one hand and regional convergence on the European level on the other. This approach is of course mainly directed at European objectives and brings about new problems for the member states: According to the principle of subsidiarity the growing divergence within the member states is, however, not a policy task of the European Union but of the member states: Therefore national politics are still required to take on responsibility for these intranational problems by adopting their transport, regional and economic policies to the new challenge.
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Kvashnin, Yu D. "European Urban Strategies for Attracting Highly Skilled Migrants." Herald of the Russian Academy of Sciences 92, S2 (June 2022): S113—S118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1019331622080068.
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Abstract In the context of globalization and rapid technological changes, the preservation of human capital and its multiplication are becoming an increasingly important factor of economic growth. These challenges are particularly acute for the European Union and the UK, which have been gradually losing their competitive positions in the world economy over the past decades. In this context it is particularly important to analyze policies aimed at stimulating highly skilled migration carried out at different levels, including the municipal level. Despite their limited competences in the field of migration regulation, municipal administrations are able to influence its dynamics and structure by creating a comfortable urban environment and housing policy, increasing transport accessibility, facilitating employment of local university graduates, supporting return migration, and using other soft measures to attract highly qualified specialists and representatives of the creative class. This process, however, has both winners and losers. Many cities, primarily in the peripheral EU countries, are not able to cope with the competition and handle the ever increasing brain drain problem, which requires comprehensive solutions involving not only municipal administrations but also central authorities and supranational European institutions.
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Matos, Fátima Loureiro De. "Recent dynamics in the Portuguese housing market as compared with the European Union." Bulletin of Geography. Socio-economic Series 18, no. 18 (November 1, 2012): 69–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10089-012-0020-6.
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Abstract.The closing years of the 20th century witnessed profound changes in the European housing market, characterised by an increase in owner-occupied housing; instability of house prices (leading to a serious crisis in some regions, in light of a fall in demand); a change in people’s attitude to the housing market, involving a rise in the importance of location, the quality of materials and spaces, environmental sustainability, and architectural and urban innovation.The European Union does not have a common housing policy, which it believes is the responsibility of Member-States. However, it is recognised that the problems related to the socio-urban inclusion of low-income individuals do have an impact on Community policies.Because we are in the midst of a transformation, it is difficult to talk today about the dynamics and policies of housing, the functioning of markets, and thereby about the ways in which public administrations are facing the current crisis of real estate overproduction.This article aims at analysing the dynamics of the housing market in Portugal as compared with other European countries, highlighting the characteristics of demand and supply and the main changes recorded in the last few years.
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Bajnai, László, and Attila Józsa. "The Necessity of Planned Urban Development." Acta Universitatis Sapientiae, European and Regional Studies 15, no. 1 (November 1, 2019): 83–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/auseur-2019-0006.
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Abstract The necessity of planned urban development might seem self-evident, but in reality is far from being so – particularly in former socialist countries turned into EU Member States such as Hungary or Romania. In Hungary, for instance, prior to EU accession, there was no generally accepted public opinion supporting the necessity of a planned urban development controlled by the public sector. However, the substantial resources – that in Hungary, e.g., involve impressive amounts – placed at the disposal of urban development within the framework of European Union development policy are not sufficient by themselves to answer the question as to why planned urban development is truly necessary. Based on the most recent research results on the topic and some relevant earlier Hungarian and foreign studies lesser-known in Central Europe, the present paper seeks to answer this question. It analyses the international literature as well as certain Western European, Hungarian, and Romanian cases in order to define the general objectives of urban planning and uses them as a starting-point to demonstrate the necessity of planned urban development.
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Kallioras, Dimitris, Lefteris Topaloglou, and Stefanos Venieris. "Tracing the determinants of economic cross-border interaction in the European Union." Spatium, no. 21 (2009): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/spat0921001k.
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The abolition of the artificial impediments of cross-border interaction inside the European Union, has released dynamics that have influenced significantly the economic space at the frontiers. In contrast, at the European Union external borders, the constraints concerning cross-border interaction with third countries have become more tangible in the sphere of reality. Under this framework, a new mix of opportunities and the threats seems to come forth together with a new political, social and economic map that redefines the notion of vicinity. In the present article, the study of the 'border effect' in Europe is attempted through the investigation of the basic determinants of the spatial dynamics of cross-border interaction. The findings of the article contribute to the better understanding of the 'border effect' with significant implications for both theory and policy.
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Corvino, Antonio, and Alessandra Rigolini. "Non-Public Shareholders’ Ownership and Economic Performance in the Urban Public-Transport Companies. Empirical Evidence from European Union." Public Administration Quarterly 40, no. 1 (March 2016): 4–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/073491491604000101.
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Urban mobility (UM) represents an increasingly important field in European Union policy agenda. The growing complexity of citizens’ needs and the criticalities related to the global economic downturn have reduced the amount of the public expenditure that can be invested to cover the UM systems’ requirements. From this perspective, private funding is unavoidable. Public-private partnerships are more and more widespread. In particular, we look to a more relevant non-public shareholders’ presence in the ownership structure of urban public-transport companies. Many scholars have investigated the relationship between the presence of non-public shareholders and the economic performance generated by these companies. Nevertheless, less attention is paid to the “intensity” of non-public shareholders’ presence on firm performance. Moreover, cross-country comparisons are infrequently explored. In light of these considerations, this paper aims to test whether a lesser or higher presence (i.e. the intensity) of non-public shareholders in the ownership structure of the urban public-transport companies can affect economic performance. This research issue is investigated by statistical methodologies focusing on a sample made up by 333 companies operating in 12 European Union countries. Findings, managerial implications and suggestions for future research are outlined and discussed.
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Czyżewski, Bazyli, Anna Matuszczak, Łukasz Kryszak, and Andrzej Czyżewski. "Efficiency of the EU Environmental Policy in Struggling with Fine Particulate Matter (PM2.5): How Agriculture Makes a Difference?" Sustainability 11, no. 18 (September 12, 2019): 4984. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11184984.
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Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) emissions are an important global issue as air pollutants lead to approximately 7 million deaths per year (World Health Organization). In an attempt to combat this global threat, countries in the European Union (EU) allocate relatively large funds for environmental policies. The main goal of this paper is to assess the long-term efficiency of the EU countries’ environmental policy in reducing the pressure of particulates pollution on the natural environment. For this purpose, multilevel panel regression models based on seminal within–between specification are used. The models are run for a panel of 25 EU countries for the years 2004–2016. In the investigations, we tried to capture the effect of the share of utilized agricultural area (UAA) in non-urban areas of the analyzed countries, as it may potentially influence policy efficiency. It was found that environmental spending in all main categories (pollution abatement, biodiversity, R&D, and environmental protection) had a significant impact on decreasing pollution pressure; however, the policy was more efficient in countries which had a lower share of UAA in their non-urban areas. The study emphasized that the impact of “pollution abatement” expenditure may be underestimated in basic panel models.
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Harris, Maryann, Claire Cave, Karen Foley, Thomas Bolger, and Tamara Hochstrasser. "Urbanisation of Protected Areas within the European Union—An Analysis of UNESCO Biospheres and the Need for New Strategies." Sustainability 11, no. 21 (October 24, 2019): 5899. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11215899.
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The UNESCO Biosphere Reserves (BRs) comprise core conservation areas supported by a buffer and transition zone of sustainable development. This zoning can help manage urbanisation around conservation areas. Although it is UNESCO policy to measure the number of BRs that have interactions with urban areas, there has been no systematic assessment of urban biospheres since 2008. This research addresses this deficit by measuring the extent of urbanisation of all designated BRs within the European Union (EU). Using the Copernicus Urban Atlas, the proximity of BRs to Functional Urban Areas (FUA) was determined. The results show that 46% (76/167) of BRs are situated within FUAs, including 11% (18/167) entirely within an FUA. The majority (64%) of EU-28 countries have BRs within FUAs. Urban influences on EU-28 BRs are extensive, as 90% are found within 50 km of an FUA. However, integration with urban areas may be lacking as 14% of EU BRs were adjacent to an FUA. Urban pressures are acute for 11% of EU BRs which had multiple FUAs within a 50 km radius. Therefore, urbanisation of BRs is a widespread challenge and recommendations are provided for BRs to function as an information sharing network and develop a new urban strategy.
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Williamson, Robert. "The International Fur Ban and Public Policy Advocacy: The Significance of Inuit Cultural Persistence." Practicing Anthropology 21, no. 1 (January 1, 1999): 2–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/praa.21.1.q277u6q561523748.
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In mid-July of 1997 a significant event occurred when a first ministers' meeting of the European Union abrogated the legislation of the European Parliament, which, in 1989, had voted to ban importation of trapped fur products into Union countries from Canada and the United States. For eight years the representatives of the Aboriginal people and some anthropologists had worked against the implementation of this legislation, which threatened the life-way of a substantial proportion of the North American trappers, 70% of whose product is marketed in Europe. More than half of these trappers are Aboriginal in ancestry and contemporary cultural lifestyle. The marketing ban issue was heated and inflated in a manner disproportionate to the extent of North American European trade that the fur market comprises. This emotional climate was largely generated by animal rights organizations, often employing shock techniques openly anti-Aboriginal in tone. The campaigns have been conducted with growing public support all over Europe, and to some significant degree in the urban United States—but most particularly so in Great Britain. The activities of the International Fund for Animal Welfare and its fraternal groups have been well documented by George Wenzel (Animal Rights, Human Rights: Ecology, Economy and Ideology in the Canadian Arctic. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1991) most notably, and also by such responsible people as the Greenlandic diplomat, ex-European Parliament Member and writer Finn Lynge.
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McCarthy, Linda. "European Economic Integration and Urban Inequalities in Western Europe." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 32, no. 3 (March 2000): 391–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a3189.
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Recent processes of European integration have influenced profoundly the fortunes of cities across Western Europe. Although some cities have benefited, others have been impacted adversely. Income inequalities result from economic growth differentials occurring between different cities over time. The theoretical literature differs on whether increased integration promotes or reduces income disparities. The European Union (EU) assumes that rising inequalities will impair EU growth and lead to even greater disparities. Empirical analysis has concentrated on the EU-defined regions because of problems of urban data availability and comparability. Using regional data, I identified that the overall level of inequalities changed little for the metropolitan regions between the early 1980s and the early 1990s. Urban disparities were cyclical—decreasing during strong EU growth and increasing in slower growth years. Factors outside direct local government control, including relative location within Europe, reinforced the traditional strong-core—weak-periphery spatial pattern of development. I argue that additional factors specific to cities, such as limited EU urban policy and funding, contributed to overall higher and more sharply rising inequalities since the late 1980s for cities compared with regions. The positive linear relationship between levels of national income and urban disparities has implications for economic polarization within richer member states and for EU efforts to reduce inequalities by raising the level of development in poorer countries.
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Krajter Ostoić, Silvija, Dijana Vuletić, Špela Planinšek, Urša Vilhar, and Anže Japelj. "Three Decades of Urban Forest and Green Space Research and Practice in Croatia and Slovenia." Forests 11, no. 2 (January 23, 2020): 136. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11020136.
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Background and Objectives: Urban forests and green space contribute to human wellbeing. Green infrastructure is recognized by the European Union as a planning tool that contributes to the implementation of many public policies, with urban forests and green space as its main building blocks. Croatia and Slovenia are young democracies and recent members of the European Union. Hence, they also need to contribute to the implementation of those policies. Previous review studies on urban forests and green space rarely addressed scientific or professional publications in those countries. Furthermore, the body of knowledge about urban forest and green space research and practice in post-socialist countries is still rather weak. The goal of the paper is (a) to show that urban forest and green space research and practice is much stronger in these countries than it is possible to assume based only on previous review papers or only by searching Scopus and Web of Science, and (b) to describe publications written by scientists and professionals in the past 30 years. Materials and Methods: We used a trilingual systematic literature review to identify scientific and grey literature in various databases, as well as a snowballing technique, and yielded 211 publications in Croatia and 84 in Slovenia. Results: We identified many more publications on urban forests and green space science and practice in Croatia and Slovenia than it was possible to assume based only on previous review papers and when searching solely publications in English. Croatian authors showed continuity over time in terms of number of publications, while Slovenian publications have been on the rise in the past decade. In both countries, scientific papers were most frequent, and the vast majority of studies addressed capital cities. Croatian publications mainly focused on parks and park-forests, while Slovenian publications focused on urban forests. Interestingly, Croatian authors were affiliated with over 60 organizations, and in comparison to Slovenian authors, have stronger preference towards publishing in their local language. Green space planning and design followed by resource inventory were the most frequent themes. The least addressed themes in both countries were resource management, economic aspects, policy, legislation or governance. Conclusions: Important discussion in the future, especially in Croatia, would be regulation of urban forestry as a profession. Cross-sectoral and interdisciplinary studies, as well as focusing on cities other than capitals in future, can help in addressing issues such as climate change or application of participatory approaches.
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Eva, Mihail, Alexandra Cehan, and Alexandra Lazăr. "Patterns of Urban Shrinkage: A Systematic Analysis of Romanian Cities (1992–2020)." Sustainability 13, no. 13 (July 5, 2021): 7514. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13137514.
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EU post-socialist countries are nowadays the epicenter of urban shrinkage, despite economic growth trajectories reported during the last decades. However, systematic assessments of urban shrinkage patterns for this part of the continent are surprisingly insufficiently addressed in the literature, and the relationship between urban demographic decline/growth and economic decline/growth is still to be understood. This paper first delivers a state-of-the-art of the peculiarities of urban shrinkage in East-Central EU countries. Secondly, it employs an analysis grid to assess severity, prevalence, persistence, speed and regional incidence of urban decline in Romania—one of the most affected post-socialist countries within the European Union. Thirdly, it explores the statistical association between urban shrinkage severity and economic growth, on one hand, and between urban shrinkage severity and municipality revenues, on the other. Results show that urban shrinkage is currently increasing in prevalence and severity among Romanian cities, thus continuing an alarming trend that started in 1990. Secondly, the results pinpoint a statistically significant association between demographic shrinkage, local economic output and municipalities’ own-source revenues. However, the size effects are rather weak, suggesting a more nuanced relationship between economic and demographic urban growth than that predicted by some theories of urban change.
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Dogaru, Vasile, and Ioan Silviu Dobosi. "Energy metrics for European residential buildings for cities, towns&suburbs and rural areas – the case of Romania." E3S Web of Conferences 111 (2019): 06077. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201911106077.
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The report of The International Energy Agency summarizes the energy use for European Union cities in 2006 by 1259 Mtoe (3.46 toe per capita) and predicts an yearly increase by 0.73% until 2015 and by 0.4% between 2016-2030. The projection for the first increase has not been reached for EU residential urban buildings. The world energy use for buildings is about 40%. Some EU countries have no disaggregated data for urban-rural areas, for cities, towns and suburbs and rural areas. We are modeling Romania’s residential building energy between 2001-2016 for the three levels mentioned above. In the following period, the rural buildings energy per capita will overcome the urban level of cities, towns and suburbs in Romania, in line with other EU countries. The distinct metrics for employees and pensioners were modeled by policy makers in cities, towns and suburbs and rural areas. The quantity of energy use was also modeled for the three levels. The downwards trend for household energy use in cities as compared to rural areas is identified for the 2001-2016 period for Romania. The EU energy use figures for cities will underline the more efficient allocation of structural funds for the next programming period 2021-2027.
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Manea, Gheorghe Cosmin. "Theories and Strategies of Economic Development in the Region." Proceedings of the International Conference on Business Excellence 14, no. 1 (July 1, 2020): 984–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/picbe-2020-0093.
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AbstractThe concern for increasing macroeconomic stability is specific to both, small and large countries within the European Community. In that paper are presented ways in which are made links between the states of the world policies and economies development characteristics. That study has imposed a new type of characterization sustained by the national economies manifestation whose is correlated with the interaction between governmental policies and also with national and regional factors. This interaction is conditioned by specify effect of the economic, scientific, demographic, social and cultural development of each country, part of European Union. Taking into account all the imminent obstacles over the years of nations existence, is demonstrated that the European Union is supposed over and over of a new development process, being considered one of the most economically prosperous areas in the world and also one of the most competitive. However, major weaknesses arise due to the existence of significant disparities in prosperity and productivity between Member States and component regions. The complexity of the regional development policy arises at the level of the European Union, from its objective of reducing the economic and social disparities existing between the different region of Europe’s that was and will be an objective that it has implications on important areas for development, such as economic growth, labor force, transport, agriculture, urban development, environmental protection, education. Registered at different levels (local, regional, national and European) - regional policy, deals with the coordination of the different sectors and with the cooperation between the decision levels and the balancing of the financial resources. The conclusion is related with the idea of a must follow regional development economies starting from national level respecting a certain dynamic. That aspect must also take into account the continuous changes determined by the restructuring of the production and the increase of the competitiveness at national and local level.
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Meijer, Frits, and Henk Visscher. "Quality control of constructions: European trends and developments." International Journal of Law in the Built Environment 9, no. 2 (July 10, 2017): 143–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijlbe-02-2017-0003.
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Purpose This paper aims to evaluate the quality control systems for constructions in seven countries in Europe with the purpose to trace innovative approaches and best practices that can serve as examples for other countries. Design/methodology/approach The paper is based on a series of research projects carried out over a number of years. The research results were updated in 2016 with a desktop research project in seven European countries. The results from this latest project form the heart of this paper. The information is organised into tables that describe and analyse the main features of the quality control systems of the countries (e.g. scope, focus and main characteristics of the procedures and quality demands on building professionals). Findings Several similar trends can be recognised in the quality control systems of the various European Union (EU) countries. Quality control is getting more and more privatised and the control framework is setting checks and balances throughout the construction process. Other findings are that scope and focus of the statutory control is unbalanced. Within the control processes emphasis is put on the safety aspects of complex constructions. Far fewer demands are made on the quality of the builders. Re-orientation of the building regulatory framework seems to be needed. Research limitations/implications The paper only focusses on European countries where private quality control is established and on selected topics. The findings are based on desktop research and not on the practical experiences of the stakeholders involved in the countries studied. Practical implications The paper draws some important recommendations for policymakers in the building regulatory field. It suggests both an enhancement of the effectiveness of the quality control procedure as well as the commitment of builders to comply with the regulations. Social implications The quality of constructions is essential for the wellbeing and safety of its users, its occupants or its visitors. This applies to the whole range of quality aspects: structural- and fire safety, health, sustainability and usability aspects. The analyses and recommendations of this paper aim to contribute to an improvement of the overall construction quality. Originality/value The paper makes an original contribution to the (limited) literature that is available in this field. The results can be used to situate the quality control systems of each member state within the EU, to assess the main trends, and it can be used as a guide to develop strategic choices on possible improvements in each country.
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Cepeliauskaite, Gabriele, Benno Keppner, Zivile Simkute, Zaneta Stasiskiene, Leon Leuser, Ieva Kalnina, Nika Kotovica, Jānis Andiņš, and Marek Muiste. "Smart-Mobility Services for Climate Mitigation in Urban Areas: Case Studies of Baltic Countries and Germany." Sustainability 13, no. 8 (April 7, 2021): 4127. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13084127.
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The transport sector is one of the largest contributors of CO2 emissions and other greenhouse gases. In order to achieve the Paris goal of decreasing the global average temperature by 2 °C, urgent and transformative actions in urban mobility are required. As a sub-domain of the smart-city concept, smart-mobility-solutions integration at the municipal level is thought to have environmental, economic and social benefits, e.g., reducing air pollution in cities, providing new markets for alternative mobility and ensuring universal access to public transportation. Therefore, this article aims to analyze the relevance of smart mobility in creating a cleaner environment and provide strategic and practical examples of smart-mobility services in four European cities: Berlin (Germany), Kaunas (Lithuania), Riga (Latvia) and Tartu (Estonia). The paper presents a systematized literature review about the potential of smart-mobility services in reducing the negative environmental impact to urban environments in various cities. The authors highlight broad opportunities from the European Union and municipal documents for smart-mobility initiatives. The theoretical part is supplemented by socioeconomic and environmental descriptions, as well as experience, related to smart-mobility services in the four cities selected.
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Hadzic, Miroljub, and Slavka Zekovic. "Is reindustrialization a realistic path? An empirical insight from South-Eastern Europe." Spatium, no. 48 (2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/spat220603009h.
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The global economy has been faced with two dramatic crises (the global financial crisis and the pandemic), and it is still suffering. As an answer to the first crisis, the European Union formulated reindustrialization as a development approach, by which it wanted to strengthen its position on the world market, with the aim of manufacturing achieving a 1/5 share of the GDP. During the last decade, results have differed among the member countries, as well among the candidates for membership. Some countries have continued the trend of deindustrialization, while others have succeeded in starting reindustrialization. However, what is clear is the fact that achieving the goal defined is a challenge for all. There are economists who argue that this goal is not only unrealistic, but even not useful. The paper presents a comparative analysis exploring the development characteristics of several countries in South-Eastern Europe (SEE): Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Kosovo and Serbia, using a meta-analysis in a synthesis of the results of this empirical research. It also shows a regression analysis and correlation analysis using the IBM SPSPS 28 software package. The paper analyzes whether the countries considered follow the trend of deindustrialization or reindustrialization, and it examines and tests whether a higher share of manufacturing within the GDP results in a higher rate of growth. The results show that all the countries under consideration have already fulfilled the aim of manufacturing having a 20% share of their GDP (except Montenegro). At the same time all of the countries, except two (Bosnia and Herzegovina and North Macedonia), have experienced a deindustrialization trend. The paper could be useful for policy makers in South-Eastern European Countries as well other transitory/transitional countries as they create reindustrialization policies in line with the EU industrial policy.
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Maksin-Micic, Marija, Sasa Milijic, and Marina Nenkovic-Riznic. "Spatial and environmental planning of sustainable regional development in Serbia." Spatium, no. 21 (2009): 39–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/spat0921039m.
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The paper analyses the planning framework for sustainable territorial and regional development. The spatial and environmental planning should play the key role in coordination and integration of different planning grounds in achieving the sustainable regional development. The paper discusses the spatial planning capacity to offer the integral view of the sustainable territorial development. The brief review of tendencies in new spatial planning and regional policy has been given. The focus is on the concept of balanced polycentric development of European Union. The guiding principles of spatial planning in regard of planning system reform in European countries have been pointed out. The changes in paradigm of regional policy, and the tasks of European regional spatial planning have been discussed. In Serbia problems occur in regard with the lack of coordinating sectoral planning with spatial and environmental planning. Partly the problem lies in the legal grounds, namely in non codification of laws and unregulated horizontal and vertical coordination at all levels of governance. The possibilities for the implementation of spatial planning principles and concepts of European Union sustainable territorial and regional development have been analyzed on the case of three regional spatial plans of eastern and southeastern regions in Serbia. The disadvantages in implementing the strategic environmental impact assessment as an instrument for coordination and integration of sectorial planning with spatial and environmental planning have been analyzed. The strategic environmental impact assessment has been implemented only in the spatial planning process. Through spatial planning process its feedback effect on sectorial planning has been indirectly achieved. The priority actions in Serbia for achieving the spatial and environmental planning role in coordination and integration of different planning grounds in sustainable regional development have been given.
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Thodesen, Bridget O’Brien, Erlend Andenæs, and Tore Kvande. "Implementing Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems: Themes of Cultural Conflicts and Public Resistance—A Case Study." Land 13, no. 6 (May 22, 2024): 724. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land13060724.
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A six-year study investigates the challenges of balancing stakeholders’ interests when implementing climate adaptation regulations and makes a case for analytical tools that can improve the acceptance and adoption of local planning initiatives. In this study, the challenges of adopting European Union and Norwegian national climate adaptation regulations at a local level are examined through the analysis of the ‘Fredlybekken Water Management Proposal’ case study. This study includes an overview of the proposed climate adaptation project ‘Fredlybekken’, a site analysis, quantitative surveys, and qualitative interviews with the project’s stakeholders. Reflexive thematic analysis is employed to establish themes of the project and categorically describe the feedback and objections of residents. The findings of the study set forth recommendations to improve the implementation processes of stormwater management infrastructure and other urban climatic adaptation initiatives. These findings are aimed at public policy makers and municipal administrations. The general conclusions within this paper are also relevant for egalitarian countries with similar societal challenges attempting to implement climate policy at the local level.
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Fedotenkov, Igor, and Pavel Derkachev. "Gender longevity gap and socioeconomic indicators in developed countries." International Journal of Social Economics 47, no. 1 (December 20, 2019): 127–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-02-2019-0082.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explain relations between socioeconomic factors and gender longevity gap and to test a number of contradicting theories. Design/methodology/approach Fixed effects models are used for cross-country panel data analysis. Findings The authors show that in developed countries (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development and European Union) a lower gender longevity gap is associated with a higher real GDP per capita, a higher level of urbanization, lower income inequality, lower per capita alcohol consumption and a better ecological environment. An increase in women’s aggregate unemployment rate and a decline in men’s unemployment are associated with a higher gap in life expectancies. There is also some evidence that the effect of the share of women in parliaments has a U-shape; it has a better descriptive efficiency if taken with a four-year lag, which approximately corresponds to the length of political cycles. Research limitations/implications Findings are valid only for developed countries. Practical implications The findings are important for policy discussions, such as designs of pension schemes, gender-based taxation, ecological, urban, health and labor policy. Social implications The factors that increase male and female longevities also reduce the gender longevity gap. Originality/value The results contradict to a number of studies for developing countries, which show that lower economic development and greater women discrimination result in a lower gender longevity gap. Peer review The peer review history for this article is available at: https://publons.com/publon/10.1108/IJSE-02-2019-0082
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Monastyrskaya, M., and O. Peslyak. "THE SPECIFICS OF URBAN PLANNING OF LARGE URBANIZED TERRITORIES IN THE SCANDINAVIAN COUNTRIES. PART II: PARITY OF REGIONAL AND MUNICIPAL URBAN PLANNING IN NORWAY." Bulletin of Belgorod State Technological University named after. V. G. Shukhov 6, no. 3 (April 9, 2021): 47–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.34031/2071-7318-2021-6-3-47-63.
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The article substantiates the relevance and expediency of prolonging the study of the processes of strategic, detailed and current planning of large, typologically differentiated forms of urbanization, as well as the implementation of urban planning documentation in the most developed countries of Northern Europe. The article presents the results of studying the specifics and trends of the formation, development and functioning of the system of spatial strategizing and urban planning and design in the Kingdom of Norway: its institutional, paradigm, technological and organizational components. It is shown that the significant differences between the Norwegian system of urban planning of large urbanized territories and its Danish, Swedish, and Finnish counterparts are due, on the one hand, to the national specifics of urban planning, and, on the other, to the relative independence of the spatial organization of the environment of Norway, a partner of the European Union, from the urban planning standards established for its members. It is noted that the basic trend of improving the system of long-term, medium-term, short-term and current planning in the Kingdom of Norway today is the achievement and approval of the parity of regional and municipal planning. It contributes to the "transparency"; predictability, humanistic socio-environmental orientation of urban planning policy implemented in this country, as well as initiates the search for various forms and increases the effectiveness of public participation in the processes of formation and implementation of urban planning decisions. The results of the study can serve as information-theoretical and methodological support for spatial strategizing and urban planning of priority and border geostrategic territories of Russia, which have long been part of the "Baltic Sea Civilization".
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Fernandez-Crehuet, Jose Maria, Jorge Rosales-Salas, and Rodrigo Avilés. "Best city to invest in: European Cities Quality Index." Risk Governance and Control: Financial Markets and Institutions 10, no. 1 (2020): 8–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/rgcv10i1p1.
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In this paper, we propose an index to measure the quality of the most important European cities. Using collected data from 66 cities belonging to the 28 countries within the European Union and applying the principal components analysis method, we construct the European Cities Quality Index (ECQI) as a combination of eight dimensions: (1) Public health, (2) Education, (3) Employment and incomes, (4) Environment, (5) Gender equality, (6) Leisure and entertainment, (7) Housing and safety and (8) Transport and mobility, that are in turn made up of 40 distinct variables. We find that London, Aarhus, and Berlin are the cities with the highest scores in the index, with northern European cities performing the best. At the other end of the spectrum, Sofia, Plovdiv, and Bucharest, with severe deficiencies in every dimension, scored worst on the study. The comparisons with the Sustainable Cities Index (Arcadis), the Global Power City Index (Institute for Urban Strategies), Cities in Motion (IESE), the Cities Prosperity Index (UN), and Dynamic Cities (Savills) help us understand the potential use of this new index and its purpose as a tool for assessing public policy. The ECQI could be used to assist public policies designed to improve perception in regions where it is needed.
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Furtunescu, Florentina, Roxana Elena Bohiltea, Adrian Neacsu, Corina Grigoriu, Corina Silvia Pop, Nicolae Bacalbasa, Ionita Ducu, Ana-Maria Iordache, and Radu Virgil Costea. "Cervical Cancer Mortality in Romania: Trends, Regional and Rural–Urban Inequalities, and Policy Implications." Medicina 58, no. 1 (December 23, 2021): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicina58010018.
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Background and Objectives: Despite being largely preventable, cervical cancer mortality still remains an important public health problem globally, in Europe, and in Romania. The European Union member states are urged to implement systematic, population-based screenings for cervical cancer, but the programs developed by the countries remain very heterogeneous. This study aimed to investigate the differences in cervix cancer mortality between Romania and EU and within Romania over the last two decades and to reveal the major sources of inequalities and the policy implications. Materials and Methods: We analyzed the number of deaths and the mortality rates by cervical cancer, standardized using the direct method, over two decades (2001–2016 for the EU, and 2001–2019 for the national and sub-national analyses). Trends, mortality reduction over the years, and mortality differences at the beginning and end of the time interval have been calculated for the EU and Romania, at national and sub-national levels (rural–urban and regions). Results: Our results revealed differences in cervical cancer mortality between Romania and EU and within Romania (among regions and rural–urban areas). These differences used to be very high in the past and are still persisting. Conclusions: The country should revisit its national cervical cancer screening program, which has been implemented for many years, but with a very limited participation rate. Due to the similar problems existing in Central-Eastern Europe, targeted support from the EU for the members from this geographical area could contribute to the minimization of differences in cervical cancer mortality among the EU members.
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Shen, Hongcheng, and Yi Liu. "Can Circular Economy Legislation Promote Pollution Reduction? Evidence from Urban Mining Pilot Cities in China." Sustainability 14, no. 22 (November 8, 2022): 14700. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142214700.
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Major economies, such as the United States, European Union (EU), Japan, and China have enacted Circular Economy Promotion Laws (CEPLs) to promote the development of the recycling industry. The Urban Mining Pilot Policy (UMPP) is an essential provision of the CEPL in China, which promotes a circular economy and environmentally friendly industries and society. In China, the Urban Mining Pilot City (UMPC) program facilitates the addressing of the negative environmental impacts of industrial and urban waste, and conservation of scarce primary resources, which are necessary for sustainable industrialization and urban sustainability in developing countries. In the present study, a time-varying difference-in-difference analysis of city-level panel data was conducted to investigate the impact of the UMPC program on pollution reduction in China. The results indicated that the UMPC program has improved municipal waste management efficiency and environmental quality significantly, with robust results across various models and datasets. Additionally, the mediation test showed the positive impacts of the UMPC program are mainly associated with the economy-of-scale effects. Finally, the UMPP had geographical and social-economic heterogeneous effects. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to quantify the impact of the UMPC program on recyclable solid waste management and pollution reduction in urban China, with potential contributions to resource and environmental economics.
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Ioannou, Byron, Lora Nicolaou, Konstantinos Serraos, and Georgia Spiliopoulou. "Large Urban Developments as Non-Planning Products: Conflicts and Threats for Spatial Planning." Urban Planning 4, no. 4 (November 21, 2019): 31–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/up.v4i4.2266.
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The article approaches different concepts of Large Urban Developments (LUDs) as products of the notion of a “spatial fix” (Harvey, 2001), which explains why built or natural environments can be deployed in the process of creating opportunities for new investments. Greece and Cyprus are two countries in the south of the European Union that underwent delayed urbanisation and significant land fragmentation in the form of small size private ownerships and with limited experience in comprehensive development. Greece has adopted a well-structured but complex spatial planning system, bureaucratic with limited effectiveness, adaptability or flexibility of delivery processes. On the other hand, Cyprus has a flexible but centralized system, effective in processing change but problematic in regulating quality in the built environment. Both countries recently experienced major financial crises. In the early 2010s, both governments promoted, as part of an economic recovery policy, extensive real estate development on public or privately-owned land with emphasis on LUDs as ways of addressing economic shortfalls. Inappropriately, LUDs have been primarily “conceived” as opportunities to attract foreign investments rather than a means of tackling crucial current deficiencies. New spatial planning frameworks merely add greater “flexibility” to the system in order to accelerate large private real estate investment. The article attempts to reveal, through case studies’ reviews, the impact of LUDs in countries with no infrastructure or experience in accommodating large-scale investment. It explores how the experience in Greece and Cyprus differs in terms of the relevant legislation adopted, the effectiveness in fulfilling its primary objective in attracting investment, and what are the possible social and environmental consequences on the planning acquis.
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Naik, Shambhavi, Shyamala T, and Varsha Shridhar. "Wastewater Surveillance for Disease Epidemiology." Indian Public Policy Review 4, no. 6 (Nov-Dec) (December 4, 2023): 45–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.55763/ippr.2023.04.06.003.
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Wastewater-based epidemiological surveillance (WBE) showed the potential to become a pivotal public health tool for measuring community disease burden during the COVID-19 pandemic. Many countries used WBE as part of their national disease surveillance to inform on the optimal deployment of public health measures. In India, civil society groups, research institutions, and private companies across various urban areas also demonstrated the utility of WBE in assessing community burden. While the European Union has recently begun to craft policies for the integration of WBE into a global surveillance network, many countries (including India) do not have a national policy to enable such integration. This paper argues for a national wastewater surveillance system for India, covering community-level assessment of various public health threats, along with integration of data from urban marginalised populations, to promote health equity and facilitate OneHealth-based thinking of disease emergence and spread. The paper outlines WBE efforts around the world, highlights its advantages as a cost-effective tool to supplement rather than supplant existing frameworks, and makes a case for its implementation in India, along with recommendations for next steps towards such implementation. The effective use of WBE should help India identify areas of emerging health threats, prepare for future infectious disease outbreaks, and allocate resources according to population requirements.
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Fuentes-del-Burgo, Joaquín, Elena Navarro-Astor, Nuno M. M. Ramos, and João Poças Martins. "Exploring the Critical Barriers to the Implementation of Renewable Technologies in Existing University Buildings." Sustainability 13, no. 22 (November 16, 2021): 12662. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132212662.
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For more than a decade, the European Union has been implementing an ambitious energy policy focused on reducing CO2 emissions, increasing the use of renewable energy and improving energy efficiency. This paper investigates the factors that hinder the application of renewable energy technologies (RETs) in existing university buildings in Spain and Portugal. Following a qualitative methodology, 33 technicians working in the infrastructure management offices of 24 universities have been interviewed. The factors identified have been classified into economic-financial, administrative and legislative barriers, architectural, urban planning, technological, networking, social acceptance, institutional and others. It is concluded that there have not been sufficient economic incentives to carry out RETs projects in this type of building. Conditioning factors can act individually or jointly, generating a greater effect. Most participants consider that there are no social acceptance barriers. Knowledge of these determinants can facilitate actions that help implement this technology on university campuses in both countries.
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Zambito, Andrea, Giovanni Pernigotto, Simon Pezzutto, and Andrea Gasparella. "Parametric Urban-Scale Analysis of Space Cooling Energy Needs and Potential Photovoltaic Integration in Residential Districts in South-West Europe." Sustainability 14, no. 11 (May 26, 2022): 6521. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14116521.
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The energy needs for space cooling are becoming a significant share of the energy balance of different Member States of the European Union, in particular the Mediterranean countries. This trend has been observed and monitored by the European Union, which has started a number of initiatives to promote the reduction in the energy demand for space cooling and have it satisfied by renewable energy sources, such as photovoltaic electrical energy. Nevertheless, even if the potential of those solutions has been widely investigated at the single-building level, this scale of analysis seems not fully adequate to support the definition of the energy policies addressed towards the renovation of the current cities into smart ones, with a large share of their energy demand satisfied with renewable energy. In this framework, this research aims to investigate the topic of building energy performance for space cooling services by adopting an urban-scale approach. In detail, a parametric simulation plan was run with CitySim in order to assess the impact of different quantities, i.e., climate conditions, districts’ and buildings’ geometry features, and the thermal quality of the building envelope, on the overall cooling energy need for districts and the specific building energy performance. Furthermore, the advantages of the integration of photovoltaic systems to supply power to the cooling system were analyzed, identifying the district configurations with the highest potential. For instance, in Athens, the share of space cooling demand satisfied by PV in high-rise nZEB configurations ranges between 64% (Building Density = 0.25) and 87% (Building Density = 1), while in the low-rise nZEB configurations it ranges between 81% (Building Density = 0.25) and 75% (Building Density = 1).
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Cruz Roche, Ignacio, Jaime Romero, and Ricardo Sellers-Rubio. "Retail services efficiency: impact of country-specific factors." International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management 47, no. 8 (August 12, 2019): 774–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijrdm-12-2018-0275.
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Purpose Efficiency in retailing companies is mandatory for survival. Literature acknowledges external factors impact on efficiency. However, this impact remains understudied, as previous research typically focuses on managerial decisions. The purpose of this paper is to partially fill this gap by exploring the influence of external factors on retailers’ efficiency. Design/methodology/approach This research simultaneously measures retail efficiency and evaluates the impact of six potential drivers by applying bootstrap techniques in a sample of 25 European Union countries during the period 2006–2015. Findings The efficiency of the retail system in the countries under analysis evolves at different paces during the observation period. This evolution can be explained by country population density, average store size within countries, foreign trade ratio, concentration, economic freedom and percentage of urban population. Research limitations/implications This research does not account for supply and demand restrictions that might affect retailers’ efficiency, as well as other variables that influence their production process. Practical implications This paper might help retail managers to comprehend and manage their companies’ efficiency. Furthermore, it provides clues to evaluate market attractiveness in retailers’ international expansion strategies. Social implications Policy makers can facilitate retailers’ efficiency through regulations on external variables that influence retailers’ performance, namely economic freedom and foreign trade ratio. Originality/value For the first time, this study analyses the impact of external factors on retail services efficiency across countries.
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Nalumu, Dorothy Julian, Daniel Otero Peña, and Daniela Perrotti. "Leveraging the No Net Land Take Policy through Ecological Connectivity Analysis: The Role of Industrial Platforms in Flanders, Belgium." Sustainability 15, no. 22 (November 20, 2023): 16103. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su152216103.
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Land take for urbanisation has become a significant problem in many parts of the world due to environmental, social and economic impacts associated with the rapid depletion of blue and green spaces. In Europe, literature reveals a massive loss of ecosystems due to land take. The European Union has formulated a “No Net Land Take Policy” to stop new development activities on the available urban lands by 2050 within its member countries. In this paper, we highlight opportunities for mainstreaming green infrastructure planning in the industrial areas located in Flanders, Belgium, to enhance ecological connectivity towards the No Net Land Take Policy. The ecological connectivity was analysed using a blended methodology combining spatial analysis at the scale of the entire region and that of sixteen sub catchments within using the Patch-Corridor-Matrix model. A multifunctionality framework for assessing green infrastructure implementation was designed based on an analysis of the scientific literature discussing the ecological benefits of green infrastructure networks within industrial platforms. Our results show that industrial platforms might provide a broad spectrum of implementation opportunities reflecting the multi-functionality of green infrastructure networks while highlighting to what extent the underdeveloped areas laying within the boundary of industrial platforms are suitable for green infrastructure expansion.
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Furmankiewicz and Campbell. "From Single-Use Community Facilities Support to Integrated Sustainable DevelopmentThe Aims of Inter-Municipal Cooperation in Poland, 1990–2018." Sustainability 11, no. 21 (October 23, 2019): 5890. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11215890.
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The paper explores and compares the aims of the three most common legal forms of inter-municipal cooperation in Poland (engaging rural, urban-rural and urban municipalities) during the years 1990–2018: Mono-sectoral Special Purpose Unions, Municipal Associations and cross-sectoral Local Action Groups. Content analysis was applied and development priorities from the statutes and strategies were studied. The main form of territorial association evolved from, initially, mono-functional bodies concerned mainly with local infrastructural investment and managed solely by a group of local authorities, to a devolved type, consisting of multi-purpose associations managed with the participation of economic and third sector representatives. This was the result of the European Union policy of promoting territorial governance and integrated development in functional regions, this being considered as part of the process of Europeanisation. However, these successive forms of municipal cooperation do not appear to have replaced the pre-existing forms, but they have introduced additional modes of governance of local resources. The findings show that the most "integrated" and "sustainable" management of local resources is observed mainly in cross-sectoral partnerships, like Local Action Groups, but not so often in mono-sectoral municipal unions and associations led solely by local government and focused more on hard infrastructure and municipal facilities. However, given the specialisation shown by each of the three types of association, it is likely that the full range of development possibilities in the areas concerned can only be realised if all three forms of cooperation are present. The analysis confirms the positive role of local economic and social sector participation in shaping sustainable development. The findings also indicate the utility of the concept of cross-sectoral territorial partnerships in post-socialist and post-authoritarian countries lacking traditions of grassroots or participative development.
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Salvia, Rosanna, Gianluca Egidi, Luca Salvati, Jesús Rodrigo-Comino, and Giovanni Quaranta. "In-Between ‘Smart’ Urban Growth and ‘Sluggish’ Rural Development? Reframing Population Dynamics in Greece, 1940–2019." Sustainability 12, no. 15 (July 31, 2020): 6165. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12156165.
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Multifaceted demographic dynamics have shaped population growth in Mediterranean Europe, reflecting a metropolitan cycle from urbanization to re-urbanization. To assess the distinctive impact of economic downturns on population dynamics, the present study illustrates the results of an exploratory analysis that assesses urban expansion and rural decline at various temporal scales in Greece, a peripheral country in southeastern Europe. Statistical analysis based on multivariate exploratory techniques outlined the persistent increase of regional populations, evidencing the distinctive role of agglomeration/scale with urbanization and early suburbanization phases (1940–1980) and accessibility/amenities with late suburbanization and re-urbanization phases (1981–2019). Recession accompanied (and, in some way, consolidated) the decline of agglomeration economies, leading to counter-urbanization in some cases. As an indirect result of counter-urbanization, the population increased more rapidly in low-density coastal areas with moderate accessibility and tourism specialization. Consistently, settlement expansion has altered the persistent gap in central and peripheral locations. A polarized urban hierarchy centered on the capital city, Athens, was replaced with a more diffused growth of medium-sized cities and attractive rural locations, depicting a new development path for lagging countries in the European Union and other socioeconomic contexts worldwide.
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Shapoval, Dmytro. "Legal aspects of spatial planning: foreign experience." Law and innovations 46, no. 2 (2024): 68–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.37772/2518-1718-2024-2(46)-10.
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Problem setting. The article analyzes foreign experience in the preparation and implementation of strategic documents. It also summarizes foreign methodologies and practices of strategic development planning in relation to the tasks and conditions that determine the sustainability of the socio-economic development of Ukraine. The main provisions of strategic documents defining guidelines for spatial development in the countries of the European Union and mechanisms for implementing regional policy through the work of regional development agencies in countries with similar natural resource characteristics of the territory (Canada, Australia, Brazil) are considered. The relevance of the study is determined by the need to develop legal and methodological foundations for spatial planning of urban development, which have not been formed in Ukraine. Purpose of the research is to study topical legal issues related to spatial planning in the context of European integration processes. Analysis of recent researches and publications. There are a lot of Ukrainian researchers who study the problems of spatial planning: O. Malokhlib, M. Shulga, A. I. Ripenko, I. Ignatenko, D. Fedchyshyn, and foreign scientists – H. Gemenetsi, L. Riccia. The works of these authors were devoted to the study of topical issues in the field of urban planning. However, there was no analysis of legislative and doctrinal approaches in European countries to the formation of the spatial planning system. The chosen topic of the scientific article currently requires additional research due to the need to intensify European integration processes and concentrate efforts, in particular, by developing appropriate scientific recommendations for improving Ukrainian legislation on spatial planning and studying, analyzing and adapting the best international practices, trends and modern technologies in the field of spatial planning. Article’s main body. The article examines the target functions and content of spatial planning in European countries from the perspective of a system-integrated methodology. A comparison of the latter with urban planning activities in Ukraine is given. The conceptual and terminological apparatus in the field of spatial planning is revealed. The evolution of ideas in the EU about spatial planning is traced. An overview of the main documents on ensuring spatial planning is given. It is concluded that it is necessary to use the experience of spatial planning accumulated in the EU in Ukraine, especially in terms of involving the population in the examination of projects. In this case, the specifics of Ukrainian natural and socio-economic conditions should be taken into account. A study of spatial planning in Ukraine and an assessment of EU best practices suggests that there are significant differences in the prevailing approaches to spatial planning. So, for example, if in European countries there is a rethinking of the role of the state and civil society in spatial planning and urban development, then in Ukraine, when making management decisions on the functional use of territories, the state approach clearly dominates. The study, analysis and adaptation of the world’s best practices, trends and modern technologies in the field of spatial planning are a necessary condition for the effective development of the spatial planning system and the improvement of its methods in Ukraine. Conclusions and prospects for the development. Effective spatial planning and spatial development in modern conditions are gaining relevance both from the standpoint of the need to solve existing problems and to expand Ukraine’s opportunities for European integration. Spatial planning becomes a particularly important aspect in the context of martial law and post-war reconstruction. Martial law and conflicts can lead to serious changes in the structure and functioning of territories, and recovery requires comprehensive and effective spatial planning. Today, it is worth focusing on the experience of European countries, because it reflects a fairly high level of management efficiency, as well as the peculiarities of the development and implementation of strategic measures in the field of state management of urban planning activities. It is thanks to modern plans and programs that it is possible to effectively use resources of all levels and types, ensure the quality of the habitat, preserve cultural heritage and meet the needs of the community.
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Czuba, Michał. "The Principles of Sustainable Development and the Possibilities of Limiting the Global Effects of Smog by Medium-sized Cities Located in the European Union on the Example of Mikołów (Poland) and Żylina (Slovakia)." Problemy Ekorozwoju 15, no. 2 (July 1, 2020): 111–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.35784/pe.2020.2.12.
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The urban smog has negative global effects. They are expressed in the increased mortality of people, an increase scale of respiratory diseases as well as climate changes causing negative effects in the field of agricultural crops, which results in an increase in food prices. The occurrence of these phenomena mobilizes the global community to conduct activities aimed at limiting their occurrence. Medium-sized cities can play a significant role in this respect. The element conditioning the life of city dwellers is the appropriate condition of the natural environment. In Polish and Slovak conditions, smog is becoming a problem, which negatively affects the health of citizens of these countries. Therefore, actions are taken to limit the occurrence of this phenomenon. They are described in the current ecological policy of both countries. This article tries to show on the example of the Polish commune of Mikołów and the Slovak commune of Żylina the actions taken in them to reduce air pollution and thereby reduce the phenomenon of smog. In both analysed cities, measures taken to reduce the phenomenon of smog are implemented in a planned manner and may be an inspiration for other medium-sized cities in the world having air quality problems
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Feruni, Nerajda, Eglantina Hysa, Mirela Panait, Irina Gabriela Rădulescu, and Alina Brezoi. "The Impact of Corruption, Economic Freedom and Urbanization on Economic Development: Western Balkans versus EU-27." Sustainability 12, no. 22 (November 22, 2020): 9743. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12229743.
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The topic of economic development has been addressed in recent decades from more and more points of view in order to identify the factors with significant impact on this phenomenon. Identifying the factors and measuring their impact on economic development are essential starting points for adopting the necessary public policies. Similar types of research for the Western Balkan countries and comparative analyses between the Western Balkans and the European Union countries are limited in number. Hence, the main purpose of this paper is to empirically test the impact of corruption, economic freedom, and urbanization on the economic development for both the Western Balkan countries and the EU countries for the period 2009–2018 to provide a comparative analysis for these two groups. The corruption perception index, economic freedom index, and urban population growth are chosen as independent variables, whereas the dependent variable of the human development index (HDI) represents economic development. Using the Random Effects model, which falls under the Panel Generalized Least Square method, the empirical analysis suggests that corruption has a negative impact on economic development, while economic freedom and urbanization have a positive impact on the economic development for both groups of countries. However, the impact of corruption is more destructive in the Western Balkans, and they appear to benefit more from economic freedom and urbanization as compared to the EU countries. Whether the impact of the chosen independent variables is restricted to any component of the HDI in particular is left open for further studies in the future, though the results of this paper are highly significant and in accordance with the reviewed literature.
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Mazzucco, Walter, Claudio Costantino, Vincenzo Restivo, Davide Alba, Claudia Marotta, Elisa Tavormina, Achille Cernigliaro, et al. "The Management of Health Hazards Related to Municipal Solid Waste on Fire in Europe: An Environmental Justice Issue?" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 18 (September 11, 2020): 6617. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186617.
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Landfilling should be the last option in an integrated Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) management approach. In the European Union (EU), the policy framework to protect the environment and the public health against the impact of health hazards related to urban solid waste management has been consistently implemented in recent decades. A growing interest in the negative impact of fires in waste landfills on the environment and people’s health was reported in some European countries. In Italy, an increasing occurrence of arsons in MSW and landfills has been reported in recent years. During the summer of 2012, a multi-site arson occurred in the Palermo Municipal solid waste landfill of Bellolampo (western Sicily), giving rise to an environmental emergency of public health concern. Local health authorities reacted by creating an inter-institutional multidisciplinary task force with the aim to implement measures to prevent and control the risk of exposure by delimiting a protection area to be taken under strict monitoring. Environmental and epidemiological investigations were put in place by air, soil, and farm product sampling. A syndromic surveillance of the exposed population was conducted as well. The air monitoring stations system in place detected an increase in the concentrations of dioxins and dioxin-like substances with the PM10 highest emission pick documented within the first 24 h and estimated at about 60 μg/m3. Levels of heavy metals above the limits permitted by law were detected in the top- and sub-soil samples collected within the two landfill sampling sites and also in other nearby sites. Non-conforming concentration values of dioxins and dioxin-like substances were detected in samples taken from farms, milk, and water. The health syndromic surveillance did not document any daily increase in the notification of emergency admissions related to acute respiratory diseases or any other health effect potentially related to the waste arson, but these findings were limited by the non-systematic collection of data. The experience reported in the present case report, as declined within the European Union policy framework and in the view of environmental justice, documented the need to structure a permanent collaboration between the different institutional actors involved in environmental and public health protection activities in order to develop specific protocols to manage events related to the occurrence of waste-related environmental emergencies or disasters.
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Mesceriakova-Veliuliene, Olga, and Ramune Kalediene. "Changes in Mortality Inequalities in Urban and Rural Populations during 1990–2018: Lithuanian Experience." Medicina 57, no. 8 (July 25, 2021): 750. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicina57080750.
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Background and Objectives: Reduction in health inequalities is a highly important task in public health policies worldwide. In Lithuania, inequalities in mortality by place of residence are among the greatest, compared to other European Union (EU) countries. However, studies on inequalities in mortality by place of residence over a long-term period have not been investigated in Lithuania. The aim of this study was to present changes in mortality inequalities in urban and rural populations during 1990–2018. Materials and Methods: Mortality rates from all causes, cardiovascular diseases, cancer, external causes, and gastrointestinal diseases in urban and rural population by sex were calculated per 100,000 populations and were standardized by age. Inequalities in mortality were assessed using rate differences and rate ratio. For the assessment of inequality trends during 1990–2018, the joinpoint regression analysis was applied. Results: Mortality between urban and rural populations varied. In rural areas, mortality lower than that in urban areas was observed only in 1990 among women, in case of mortality from cancer and gastrointestinal diseases (compared with in 2018) (p < 0.05). In 2018, mortality from all causes, cardiovascular diseases, and external causes in urban and rural areas was lower than in 1990 in both sexes. However, mortality from gastrointestinal diseases was higher (p < 0.05). In 2018, mortality from cancer among both sexes was lower only in urban areas (p < 0.05). Mortality inequalities between rural and urban areas decreased statistically significantly only among men from external causes and from all causes (respectively, on average, by 0.52% per year and, on average, by 0.21% per year). Meanwhile, mortality from cardiovascular and gastrointestinal diseases increased in both sexes, and mortality from cancer and all causes of death increased among women. The increase in the inequalities of mortality from gastrointestinal diseases was the most rapid: among men—on average, by 0.69% per year, and among women—on average, by 1.43% per year, p < 0.0001. Conclusions: During 1990–2018, the inequalities in mortality by place of residence in Lithuania statistically significantly decreased only among men, in terms of mortality from external causes and from all causes. Therefore, reduction in inequalities in mortality must be the main the health policy challenge in Lithuania.
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Habrel, Mykola, and Mykhailo Habrel. "INSTITUTIONAL APPROACH IN MODELING SPATIAL POLICY OF UKRAINE." Spatial development, no. 2 (December 23, 2022): 3–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.32347/2786-7269.2022.2.3-22.
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The article substantiates the requirements and principles of modeling, proposes a model and conceptual foundations of spatial reorganization and development of Ukraine. The research is based on the methods and provisions of institutional theory and logic — a socially recognized system of knowledge, rules, values, roles (functions and responsibilities), expectations, beliefs and assumptions that are implemented by society and social instituzions (public organizations, parties, social movements, family, various associations of citizens). This theory and logic become important for the spatial organization of society in conditions of dynamic changes and poor predictability, form connections and relationships. For modern conditions of Ukraine, processes and phenomena are so uncertain, and the tasks are not deterministic, that it is unrealistic to comprehend and formalize them to the requirements of simulation modeling.
According to the authors, the spatial future of Ukraine is determined by an objective set of factors — political, natural-landscape, economic, social, religiousworldview, etc., and the requirements of safety, efficiency, comfort, environmental friendliness, aesthetics. Ukraine sees itself in the future in the union of European countries. Accordingly, systemic political, socio-economic changes and spatial transformations with an emphasis on innovative and institutional solutions are expected. A special role is assigned here to institutional systems and spatial reorganization of the national system.
Separate provisions of the national idea, which are based on values, knowledge and common goods, as well as key provisions of the model of spatial development of the state — increasing the index of harmony, adaptive properties and systemic dynamics of the state's space — are substantiated. Proposed principles and macro characteristics of the future of Ukraine, its spatial reorganization and development. The institutional approach in the modeling of Ukraine's spatial policy reveals the potential of modeling for creative reconstruction, changes in the state's space, and increasing opportunities for its development.
The conceptual provisions of the spatial development of Ukraine (ideas, principles and macro-characteristics) make it possible to propose specific practical proposals: reservation of territories for urban development needs; development of the transport network as a hierarchical system; restoration and development of engineering infrastructure and life support facilities; placement of new objects in the complex spatial structure of the state; preservation of the natural complex and historical environment, etc.
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Nosyriev, Oleksandr, and Tetiana Bukina. "SOCIO-CULTURAL TRANSFORMATION OF UKRAINE IN THE CONTEXT OF EUROPEAN VALUES." Three Seas Economic Journal 2, no. 1 (April 26, 2021): 110–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/2661-5150/2021-1-18.
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The article considers the issues of changing accents and cultural transformation in Ukraine, Great Britain and other European countries. In recent years, Ukraine has seen an active revival in the cultural sphere. From publishing to music, from film production to theater, from fashion to curatorial exhibitions – the Ukrainian cultural environment has become bold, diverse and large-scale. Euromaidan has given impetus to a powerful wave of cultural activism: from discussion platforms to spontaneous exhibitions, from urban regeneration projects to volunteer groups seeking to protect dilapidated national heritage sites. The impetus for it was the dynamism of the Ukrainian creative community. And further development became possible thanks to the support of new state cultural institutions. These institutes emerged after Euromaidan, such as the Ukrainian Cultural Foundation, the Ukrainian Book Institute, and the Ukrainian Institute. Institutions with a long history, such as the State Agency of Ukraine for Cinema, have strengthened their positions. The creation of these new institutions marked the departure from the post-Soviet system of cultural management. And the transition to a consistent and comprehensive cultural policy. The main thing is that the creation of a new system of culture in Ukraine has helped to bridge the gap between the state and cultural activists and the creative sector. One of the most important problems of the cultural sector in Ukraine for the last 25 years is funding. This problem is also relevant for the United Kingdom. But when it comes to finding resources for artists and cultural institutions, British policy has a respectable tradition and a number of successful answers. Support for the arts by both the state and business seems to be a matter of course for the British. At the same time, the idea of the self-worth of art is also supported by the idea of its social significance, as well as the perception of art as a primary source of creativity, innovative development, creative industry. The relationship between the European Union and the society of Ukraine is already yielding some results in the context of ensuring the democratic and European development of the state. For the successful implementation of European integration in Ukraine, it is necessary to apply such mechanisms that will ensure coordinated management of social processes of the state in the direction of European integration. The main mechanism is cultural policy, which should be aimed at regulating the regulatory framework. And the application of regulations in practice. This will allow culture to take a leading position on the path to national modernization. Legislation should be a mechanism for achieving goals, and the main thing should remain that the person should be at the center of cultural policy of the state. Given the experience of the United Kingdom, the formation of Ukraine's cultural policy should be based on the idea of the all-encompassing impact of culture on modern society. Accordingly, such a policy, being aimed at the cultural sector, effectively affects all spheres of public life. Consistent support for culture at the financial and fiscal, legislative and executive, national and local levels should, above all, be based on an awareness of the value of culture. Culture enriches people's lives, changes their worldview and inspires creativity. In the social dimension, its impact has the most significant impact on education, health and cohesion.
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Olivetti, Maria Livia. "Landscape Architecture and the Green Deal Dare: Five Successful Experiences in Urban Open Spaces." Sustainability 14, no. 14 (July 18, 2022): 8751. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14148751.
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The present work focuses on European cities’ environments and open spaces, aiming to demonstrate how, through landscape architecture, it is possible to respond effectively to many of the ecological and social hardships that the Green Deal aspires to alleviate. It was signed in 2019 by all of the member countries of the Union, seeks to reverse the climate change trend by establishing a series of goals for improving environmental and economic quality for 2030 and 2050 and also aims to enact social justice in rural areas and in the urban environment. Landscape architecture, which is the art of combining the physical and immaterial elements in cities’ open spaces, is taken in this work as the method of interpreting the existing environment. The description, together with the narrative analysis of five selected site-specific urban renovations projects carried out in the last 15 years by some of the main contemporary landscape architects, such as Micheal Desvigne, Peter Latz and Gilles Clément, demonstrates, by means of their empirical experiences, the benefits of the landscape design. It is able to match both the ecological need expressed in the Deal and to respond to the ambition of an open and rightful city, as called for by the theories of Sennet and Balmori. In order to reach the just transition and to leave no one behind, and to meet and to implement the Green Deal objectives, the new, positive and long-lasting explained transformations require the consideration of landscape design, in all its material and immaterial components, as a theoretical synthesis capable of obtaining a practical application in fighting climate change, and it should be considered and included in city management policies and in the Deal, too.