Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Urban planning; Traffic control'
To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Urban planning; Traffic control.
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 dissertations / theses for your research on the topic 'Urban planning; Traffic control.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse dissertations / theses on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Withill, Ronald Adrian. "Maximising the effectiveness of SCOOT based urban traffic control systems." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.283466.
Full text
2
Wong, Sze Chun. "Phase-based optimisation of signal timings for area traffic control." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.262573.
Full text
3
Jimoh, Falilat. "A synthesis of automated planning and model predictive control techniques and its use in solving urban traffic control problem." Thesis, University of Huddersfield, 2015. http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/id/eprint/30343/.
Full textAbstract:
Most desired applications for planning and scheduling typically have the characteristics of a continuous changing world. Unfortunately, traditional classical planning does not possess this characteristic. This drawback is because most real-world situations involve quantities and numeric values, which cannot be adequately represented in classical planning. Continuous planning in domains that are represented with rich notations is still a great challenge for AI. For instance, changes occurring due to fuel consumption, continuous movement, or environmental conditions may not be adequately modelled through instantaneous or even durative actions; rather these require modelling as continuously changing processes. The development of planning tools that can reason with domains involving continuous and complex numeric fluents would facilitate the integration of automated planning in the design and development of complex application models to solve real world problems. Traditional urban traffic control (UTC) approaches are still not very efficient during unforeseen situations such as road incidents when changes in traffic are requested in a short time interval. For such anomalies, we need systems that can plan and act effectively in order to restore an unexpected road traffic situation into a normal order. In the quest to improve reasoning with continuous process within the UTC domain, we investigate the role of Model Predictive Control (MPC) approach to planning in the presence of mixed discrete and continuous state variables within a UTC problem. We explore this control approach and show how it can be embedded into existing, modern AI Planning technology. This approach preserves the many advantages of the AI Planning approach, to do with domain independence through declarative modelling, and explicit reasoning while leveraging the capability of MPC to deal with continuous processes. We evaluate the possibility of reasoning with the knowledge of UTC structures to optimise traffic flow in situations where a given road within a network of roads becomes unavailable due to unexpected situations such as road accidents. We specify how to augment the standard AI planning engine with the incorporation of MPC techniques into the central reasoning process of a continuous domain. This approach effectively utilises the strengths of search-based and model-simulation-based methods. We create a representation that can be used to capture declaratively, the definitions of processes, actions, events, resources resumption and the structure of the environment in a UTC scenario. This representation is founded on world states modelled by mixed discrete and continuous state variables. We create a planner with a hybrid algorithm, called UTCPLAN that combines both AI planning and MPC approach to reason with traffic network and control traffic signal at junctions within the network. The experimental objective of minimising the number of vehicles in a queue is implemented to validate the applicability and effectiveness of the algorithm. We present an experimental evaluation showing that our approach can provide UTC plans in a reasonable time. The result also shows that the UTCPLAN approach can perform well in dealing with heavy traffic congestion problems, which might result from heavy traffic flow during rush hours.
4
Gettman, Douglas Mark 1971. "A multi-objective integrated large-scale optimized ramp metering control system for freeway/surface-street traffic management." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/282797.
Full textAbstract:
This research, denoted MILOS (Multi-objective Integrated Large-scale Optimized ramp metering System) is a hierarchical structure for solution of the large-scale freeway management problem to address the key features of this problem (dynamic state changes, stochasticity, multi-dimensionality, unpredictability, partial-observability, and existence of multiple objectives). MILOS decomposes the freeway control problem into subproblems along temporal/spatial boundaries and is composed of three primary components: SPC-based anomaly detection and optimization scheduling, area-wide coordination layer, and predictive-cooperative real-time (PC-RT) optimization layer. The area-wide coordination component of the hierarchical control system considers the impact of queue growth on the adjacent interchanges in a quadratic programming optimization model with a multi-criterion objective function. The formulation of the area-wide optimization problem is augmented with overflow variables to guarantee a feasible solution. The nominal solution of the areawide coordination problem is then modified in real-time by the locally traffic-reactive, PC-RT algorithm based on a linear-program using a linearized dynamic difference equation implementation of the macroscopic FREFLO model. The PC-RT formulation pro-actively plans to utilize opportunities to disperse queues or hold back additional vehicles when freeway and ramp demand conditions are appropriate. The cost coefficients of this optimization problem is linked to the solution of the area-wide coordination problem by using information on the dual of the solution to the area-wide coordination problem. The optimization runs of the area-wide coordination problem and the PC-RT optimization problems at each ramp are scheduled by a demand/flow monitoring system based on statistical process control. A simulation experiment is executed to evaluate the MILOS hierarchical system against "no control", ADOT's current ramp metering policy, and an area-wide LP optimization problem resolved in 5-minute intervals on a small freeway network in the metropolitan Phoenix, AZ area. Three test cases are presented for a short "burst" of heavy-volume flows to all ramps, a 3-hour commuting peak, and a 3-hour commuting peak with a 30-minute incident occurring in the middle of the network. The performance results indicate that MILOS is able to reduce freeway travel time, increase freeway average speed, and improve recovery performance of the system when flow conditions become congested.
5
Ghiasi, Amir. "Connected Autonomous Vehicles: Capacity Analysis, Trajectory Optimization, and Speed Harmonization." Scholar Commons, 2018. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/7295.
Full textAbstract:
Emerging connected and autonomous vehicle technologies (CAV) provide an opportunity to improve highway capacity and reduce adverse impacts of stop-and-go traffic. To realize the potential benefits of CAV technologies, this study provides insightful methodological and managerial tools in microscopic and macroscopic traffic scales. In the macroscopic scale, this dissertation proposes an analytical method to formulate highway capacity for a mixed traffic environment where a portion of vehicles are CAVs and the remaining are human-driven vehicles (HVs). The proposed analytical mixed traffic highway capacity model is based on a Markov chain representation of spatial distribution of heterogeneous and stochastic headways. This model captures not only the full spectrum of CAV market penetration rates but also all possible values of CAV platooning intensities that largely affect the spatial distribution of different headway types. Numerical experiments verify that this analytical model accurately quantifies the corresponding mixed traffic capacity at various settings. This analytical model allows for examination of the impact of different CAV technology scenarios on mixed traffic capacity. We identify sufficient and necessary conditions for the mixed traffic capacity to increase (or decrease) with CAV market penetration rate and platooning intensity. These theoretical results caution scholars not to take CAVs as a sure means of increasing highway capacity for granted but rather to quantitatively analyze the actual headway settings before drawing any qualitative conclusion.
In the microscopic scale, this study develops innovative control strategies to smooth highway traffic using CAV technologies. First, it formulates a simplified traffic smoothing model for guiding movements of CAVs on a general one-lane highway segment. The proposed simplified model is able to control the overall smoothness of a platoon of CAVs and approximately optimize traffic performance in terms of fuel efficiency and driving comfort. The elegant theoretical properties for the general objective function and the associated constraints provides an efficient analytical algorithm for solving this problem to the exact optimum. Numerical examples reveal that this exact algorithm has an efficient computational performance and a satisfactory solution quality. This trajectory-based traffic smoothing concept is then extended to develop a joint trajectory and signal optimization problem. This problem simultaneously solves the optimal CAV trajectory function shape and the signal timing plan to minimize travel time delay and fuel consumption. The proposed algorithm simplifies the vehicle trajectory and fuel consumption functions that leads to an efficient optimization model that provides exact solutions. Numerical experiments reveal that this algorithm is applicable to any signalized crossing points including intersections and work-zones. Further, the model is tested with various traffic conditions and roadway geometries. These control approaches are then extended to a mixed traffic environment with HVs, connected vehicles (CVs), and CAVs by proposing a CAV-based speed harmonization algorithm. This algorithm develops an innovative traffic prediction model to estimate the real-time status of downstream traffic using traffic sensor data and information provided by CVs and CAVs. With this prediction, the algorithm controls the upstream CAVs so that they smoothly hedge against the backward deceleration waves and gradually merge into the downstream traffic with a reasonable speed. This model addresses the full spectrum of CV and CAV market penetration rates and various traffic conditions. Numerical experiments are performed to assess the algorithm performance with different traffic conditions and CV and CAV market penetration rates. The results show significant improvements in damping traffic oscillations and reducing fuel consumption.
6
Hine, Julian Paul. "Traffic barriers : the impact of traffic on pedestrian behaviour." Thesis, Heriot-Watt University, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10399/1310.
Full text
7
MacDonald, Gary Douglas. "Modelling the effects on traffic of area-wide traffic-calming." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.245708.
Full text
8
Negi, Pallav. "Artificial Immune System based urban traffic control." Texas A&M University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/5764.
Full textAbstract:
Borrowing ideas from natural immunity, Artificial Immune Systems (AIS) offer a novel
approach to solving many diagnosis, optimization and control problems. In the course of
this research this paradigm was applied to the problem of optimizing urban traffic. The
traffic was micro-simulated with each car on a two junction road system modeled
individually. The cars themselves were programmed with 'personalities' to better
simulate real traffic. A novel AIS was developed to detect, predict, and control
anomalous traffic conditions. It was also used to optimize the flow of traffic through the
road network. Benchmarking was performed against the well accepted TRANSYT
traffic control system. Though the TRANSYT system performed better initially, the AIS
control showed marked improvement over time as it adapted better to changing traffic
conditions. This change was expected as TRANSYT is optimized for specific initial
conditions unlike the AIS system which adapts to changes.
9
Garside, Simon. "Dynamic prediction of road traffic networks." Thesis, Lancaster University, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.387431.
Full text
10
Vassiliades, S. "Traffic monitoring in an operational service network." Thesis, University of Hertfordshire, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.373446.
Full textAbstract:
The widespread introduction of Local Area Network (LAN) media has had profound implications for communications protocols. It is required that the campus network at Hatfield, which since 1981 has been based on the cambridge Ring, should take advantage of the properties of their LAN, should meet the demand of both new and traditional applications and should allow network interconnections. To show how these requirements might be met a review is given of the communications support provided elsewhere by data transportation protocols. Expansion is also required, but it may not be achieved unless appropriate planning decisions are made. Measurements which provide knowledge of typical traffic characteristics and quantities and of constraints or erroneous behaviour which may affect the decisions made are required. This information will allow modellers and planners to make predictions and estimates so that future demands can be met. A monitor tool has therefore been developed. It allows the traffic of the network to be monitored and measurements to be retrieved, displayed and analysed. A decentralized approach which provides an integrated measurement facility has been adopted. The design, and the decisions and constraints which influenced that design, are desribed. From the measurements gathered a comprehensive traffic characterization is provided. It relates traffic characteristics of different grains to applications, to system characteristics and to constraints. The measurement analysis therefore establishes a firm base from which predictions and estimates may be made. It also provides a base for comparisons, one which allows the effects of hardware and software changes to be observed and which also provides valuable information to both planners and modellers of similar and different environments. Implementation errors and erroneous behaviour are demonstrated and their cause is established. A bottleneck is identified, performance thresholds are determined and protocol modifications are suggested. Specific traffic characteristics are identified for particular applications and user groups, effects of different buffer sizes are considered and relationships between protocol efficiency and traffic patterns are discussed
11
Ayland, Nicholas D. "Automatic vehicle identification for road traffic monitoring." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.254395.
Full text
12
Soldado, Sérgio Torres. "FPGA urban traffic control simulation and evaluation platform." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/2190.
Full textAbstract:
Mestrado em Engenharia Electrónica e TelecomunicaçõesThe study and development towards Urban Traffic Management and Control (UTMC) Systems have not solely or recently gained extreme importance only due to obvious issues such as traffic safety improvement, traffic congestion control and avoidance but also due to other underlying factors such as urban transportation efficiency, urban traffic originated air pollution and future concepts as are autonomous vehicle systems, which are presently taking shape. Generally speaking urban traffic simulations occur in a software environment, which comes to hinder the progress taken towards the actual implementation of UTMC systems. The reason to why such happens is based on the fact that urban traffic controllers are usually implemented and executed on hardware platforms, therefore software based models don‟t support an actual implementation directly. In this study we explore a novel approach to urban traffic simulation, aimed to eliminate the timeframe and work-distance between the UTMC system‟s design and an eventual implementation, where a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) is used to execute a simulation model of an urban traffic network. Since the resource to FPGAs implies a hardware based execution, the resulting implementation of each traffic management and control element can be considered not only as having a close matched behavior to a real world implementation but also as an actual prototype. From the simulation viewpoint the use of FPGA‟s holds the prospect of being able to hold execution speeds many times faster than software based simulations as FPGA designs are able to execute a large number of parallel processes. This study shows that an Urban Traffic Control Simulation and Test Platform is possible by implementing a relatively simple urban network model in a low end FPGA. This result implies that with further time and resource investments a rather complex system can be developed which can handle large scale and complex UTMC systems with the promise of shortening the work distance between the concept and a real world running implementation.
13
Lee, Seungjae. "Mathematical programming algorithms for equilibrium road traffic assignment." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1995. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1318036/.
Full textAbstract:
The equilibrium approach to representing interactions between the supply and demand sides of traffic assignment has been used widely in the estimation of traffic flows on road networks. Although this approach is quite reasonable, there is a considerable gap between the observed and modelled values of cost and flow. This gap can be reduced by relaxing some of the restrictive assumptions behind the models used in order to enhance their realism. This study investigates the solutions of various advanced road traffic assignment models. Priority and signal controlled junctions are modelled in traffic assignment in order to enhance the realism of junction analysis. A multiclass assignment is modelled to represent different groups of users. These problems are known to be non-separable because traffic cannot be segmented in such a way that the costs incurred by any one segment vary only with the flow within that segment. Existence, uniqueness and stability properties of solutions to these problems are investigated. These analyses are important to know the reliability and repeatability of any solutions that are calculated. Analyses of these properties lead to some guidelines for using these detailed models. A number of new solution algorithms are developed to solve the resulting traffic assignment problems. These algorithms belong to the general category of simplicial decomposition which solves the problem by dividing it into two subproblems: a linear and a master subproblem which are solved alternately. One of the advantages of these algorithms is that they operate in a lower dimensional space than that of original feasible region and hence allow large-scale problems to be solved with improved accuracy and speed of convergence. These improved algorithms give many choices to the traffic management studies. Two substantial networks have been used to compare the performance of new algorithms on the various models developed. They have performed favourably by comparison with existing algorithms. A small example network has been used to investigate existence, uniqueness and stability properties using the models. In a priority controlled model, a unique stable solution has been obtained using the model whilst in a signal controlled model, multiple and unstable solutions have been obtained. In a multiclass model, a unique solution has been obtained in terms of the total class flow whilst multiple solutions have been obtained in terms of each class flow. These results correspond well to the theoretical analyses of these models, which has shown to have indeterminate behaviour and by the nature of these models assumed, the degree of non-separability is ordered according to priority controlled, multiclass and signal controlled models.
14
Wright, Steven. "Supporting intelligent traffic in the Leeds driving simulator." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.274218.
Full text
15
Johansson, Kling Erika. "Trafikinducerade vibrationer : En studie om busskuddars påverkan på vibrationsnivåer i mark och byggnader." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-382877.
Full textAbstract:
Trafikinducerade vibrationer: En studie om busskuddars påverkan på vibrationsnivåer i mark och byggnader. Erika Johansson Kling I Uppsala används busskuddar som en form av medveten ojämnhet i vägbanan för att sänka hastigheten och öka trafiksäkerheten på olycksdrabbade vägsträckor. Boende i bostäder belägna nära busskuddar har dock rapporterat att de ibland kan uppleva vibrationer kopplade till då tunga fordon passerar busskuddar som störande. Denna studie syftade till att kvantifiera vibrationsnivåer i mark och byggnader nära busskuddar samt utreda centrala faktorer som kan påverka vibrationsnivån och vibrationsutbredningen. Genom vibrationsmätningar i fält på fyra platser i Uppsala samlades data in och analyserades utifrån angivna frågeställningar. Resultatet bekräftade det som litteraturstudien belyste, att det är svårt att på ett generellt sätt beskriva vibrationsutbredningen och att den tydligt är platsspecifik. Vid samtliga undersöka platser kunde dock konstateras att vibrationsnivån i marken tenderar att vara en faktor mellan 2,5–32 högre då ett tungt fordon passerar en busskudde, jämfört med då det passerar en opåverkad referenspunkt längs med samma väg. Generellt avtog dessutom vibrationsnivån i marken med ökat avstånd från källan. Vilken vibrationsled som dominerade varierade dock både mellan platserna och för olika avstånd från källan. Vid en av de fyra mätplatserna förstärktes vibrationsnivån i byggnaden, jämfört med i marken utanför. Vid samma mätplats överskreds dessutom känseltröskeln inomhus, och en skyddsvibrationsnivå på 0,5 mm/s kan behöva tillämpas vid busskudden för att förhindra detta. Mätningarna visade att både vibrationer med låga och höga frekvenser kan uppstå i marken nära busskudden då tunga fordon passerar. Dock var det enbart vibrationer med låga frekvenser som spreds vidare i marken vid ett ökat avstånd från källan. Studien visade dessutom att det kan krävas ett skyddsavstånd mellan busskudde och byggnad på cirka 100 meter för att känseltröskeln inte ska riskera att överskridas inomhus. Trots att ett sådant avstånd är platsspecifikt, belyser det vilka krav det skulle kunna ställa på samhällsbyggnaden i ett växande Uppsala. Det faktum att busskuddar kan förhöja vibrationsnivån i marken vid passage av tunga fordon ter sig något märkligt, då busskuddarna ska vara utformade på ett sätt som tillåter tunga fordon att passera relativt obehindrat. Fler studier kring busskuddarnas utformning och/eller grundläggning är därför av stor relevans. Det är vidare relevant att exempelvis utreda hur fordonens hastighet över busskuddar påverkar vibrationsnivån i marken, då litteraturstudien belyser att det främst är då tunga fordon passerar ojämnheter med hög hastighet som betydande vibrationer kan uppstå. Busskuddar anses vara en av de mest effektiva hastighetssänkande åtgärderna, men studien visar att det kan ske på bekostnad av ökade vibrationsnivåer. En grundläggande helhetsbedömning bör därför göras av busskuddarnas lämplighet vid kommande stadsplanering. Nyckelord: markvibration, vibrationsmätning, busskudde, trafik, samhällsbyggnad. Institutionen för geovetenskaper, Uppsala Universitet, Villavägen 16, SE-752 36 Uppsala. ISSN 1401–5765.Traffic induced vibrations: A study on the effect of speed control cushions on vibration levels in surrounding land and buildings. Erika Johansson Kling In Uppsala, speed control cushions are used as a form of conscious unevenness in the road surface to reduce speed and increase road safety on accident-affected road sections. However, housing in residences located near speed control cushions have reported that they can sometimes experience vibrations linked to when heavy vehicles pass speed control cushions as disturbing. This study aimed to quantify vibration levels in land and buildings near speed control cushions and to investigate key factors that can affect the vibration level and vibration propagation. Through vibration measurements at four places in Uppsala, data was collected and analyzed based on the stated research questions. The result confirmed what the literature study highlighted, that it is difficult to describe the propagation of vibrations in a general way and that it is clearly site-specific. However, it was found at all the measurement sites that the vibration level in the ground tends to be a factor between 2.5 and 32 higher when a heavy vehicle passes a speed control cushion, compared to when it passes an unaffected reference point along the same road. Generally, the vibration level in the ground also decreased with increased distance from the source. However, the level of vibration that dominated varied between the locations and for different distances from the source. At one measurement site, the vibration level in the building was amplified compared to in the ground outside. At the same measurement site, the sensing threshold was also exceeded indoors, and a protection vibration level of 0.5 mm/s may have to be applied nearby the speed control cushions to prevent this from happening. The measurements showed that both vibrations with low and high frequencies can occur in the ground near the speed control cushions when heavy vehicles pass. However, it was only vibrations with low frequencies that propagated further in the ground at an increased distance from the source. The study also showed that a safety distance between speed control cushions and buildings of approximately 100 meters may be required in order for the sensitivity threshold not to be exceeded indoors. Although such a distance is sitespecific, it highlights what requirements it could put on the urban planning in a growing Uppsala. The fact that speed control cushions can increase the level of vibration in the ground when heavy vehicles pass seems somewhat strange, since the speed control cushions are supposed to be designed in a way that allows heavy vehicles to pass relatively unobstructed. Additional studies on the design and/or foundation of the speed control cushions are therefore of great relevance. It is furthermore relevant to investigate, for example, how the speed of the vehicles when passing over speed control cushions affects the vibration level in the ground, since the literature study highlights that it is primarily when heavy vehicles pass an unevenness in the road surface at high speed that significant vibrations can occur. Speed control cushions are considered to be one of the most effective speed reducing measures, but the study shows that they may lead to increased vibration levels. An overall 3 evaluation should therefore be made regarding the suitability of speed control cushions in future urban planning. Keywords: ground vibration, vibration measurement, speed control cushion, traffic, urban planning. Department of Earth Sciences, Uppsala University, Villavägen 16, SE-752 36 Uppsala. ISSN 1401–5765.
16
Wan, Chuen L. "Traffic representation by artificial neural system and computer vision." Thesis, Edinburgh Napier University, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.261024.
Full text
17
Dickinson, Keith William. "Traffic data capture and analysis using video image processing." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.306374.
Full text
18
Cowburn, G. J. "Bayesian mixture modelling with application to road traffic flow." Thesis, University of Sunderland, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.269160.
Full text
19
Grau, Mariani Rafael. "A demand-responsive traffic control system for urban areas." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/399670.
Full textAbstract:
The goal of this Ph.D. Thesis is the design, development and testing of a 'well-engineered system' aimed at the demand-responsive traffic control of urban areas. Because of the author's background -software engineering-, a 'well-engineered system' means a system that is both efficient at performing its task in a wide range of conditions and also that has been built from the robust design's and ease-of-use's points of view. The work has proceed in four steps and, accordingly, this document has been divided in four parts that are briefly desc1ibed here.
PART I is, mainly, an introduction to the subject. It introduces the concept of demand responsiveness in traffic control, providing a historical perspective from traditional fixed control systems to current modern demand-responsive systems. The part concludes with a study of areas where research and improvement is needed. All of these areas are considered in the following parts, where some solutions are proposed.
PAR T II presents the design, development and preliminary tests of a demand responsive traffic control system, CARS V l, intended to operate in signalized urban areas: networks, arte1ials, and isolated intersections. A graphical user interface, X-Windows and DecWindows compliant, allows the user to specify network characteristics in a friendly and intuitive manner, without the need to be acquainted with the actual modeling. The system features an underlying simulation system and a prediction model based on real-time measured conditions, implements a centralized approach based on small variations, and has flexible detector positioning-and-number requirements.
PART III presents the design of a simulation environment, named GETRAM, that solves the difficulties in testing CARS that were discussed at the end of the previous part. We have seen that these difficulties are inherent in the traffic engineer having to use diverse models in order to analyze a traffic network, and that there is the need for a system to salve it. GETRAM provides a unified framework integrating various types of traffic models and tools for traffic analysis, sharing a DataBase, a graphical editor and a mod le for results presentation. The traffic network can be partitioned into views, hierarchically organized polygons in the real world, so that, for example, a simulation model applies only to one of these restricted areas. Network statcs produced by one model can be used as a starting point by another modcl. I n order to ease the task of integrating a new model or analysis tool, a library of object-based high-level functions provide a view-aware access to the DataBase, maintaining consistency. Included in this Ph.D. thesis are the design of the whole environment -DataBase, G ETR AM API, and graphical editor - and the development of the DataBase and GETRAM API.
PART IV starts from the demand-responsive traffic control system developed in PART II, CARS V l , and improves it in various respects. First, in order to ease the task of testing the system, it is integrated into the traffic modeling and analysis environment described in PART III. Second, certain parts that directly influence to the effectiveness of the system, such as control timing, adaptive control logics and communication with the controllers, are revised or totally redone. A suite of tests has been applied to the resulting system, CARS V2, in the four scenarios desc1ibed in PART 11. Finally, to further testing the system and taking advantage of the fact of having real-world data available, it is compared against a vehicle-actuated control at an isolated junction.El objetivo de esta tesis es el diseño, desarrollo y test por simulación microscópica de un sistema autoadaptativo apto para cruces aislados, arterias y redes urbanas complejas. El sistema produce planes de control acíclicos y presenta unos requerimientos de tiempo real muy flexibles debidos a utilizar una nueva secuencia cíclica de tareas en la que se predice el estado del sistema a corto término antes de probar planes de control alternativos. Estas pruebas se realizan mediante un modelo interno de simulación que sigue un enfoque mesoscópico a base de paquetes de vehículos de velocidad variable, con el que se consigue modelizar la dinámica de colas de vehículos de forma más exacta que con los sistemas actualmente existentes. Esto da una ventaja, corroborada en los test, en condiciones de flujo altas, con lo que el sistema de controles es capaz de mantener una buena efectividad en un amplio rango de condiciones de tráfico. El sistema viene acompañado de un entorno de simulación y test que aporta un alto grado de integración y de facilidad de uso, a lo largo de todo el proceso de especificación de geometría, parámetros y ejecución de simulación se mantiene una vista de la red de tráfico altamente realista.
20
Sha, Rui. "Design and performance analysis of urban traffic control systems." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2018. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/10041098/.
Full textAbstract:
This study aims to investigate the design and performance of different architectures for urban traffic control with consideration of variations and uncertainties in traffic flow. The architectures, which ranging from centralised, semi-centralised to decentralised, are applied to different road networks. Both macroscopic and microscopic flow models are developed and used to calculate the performance of the systems. The macroscopic model is capable of generating essential traffic dynamics, such as traffic queues’ spillover, formation and dissipation. The control systems’ are tested under varies traffic demand levels. The results suggest that the centralised systems generally can outperform the decentralised systems, and the most benefit gained in the centralised control comes from its setting of signal offsets. On the other hand, the microscopic flow model captures the movement of each individual vehicle and drivers' rerouting behaviour with respect to traffic conditions. The test results showed that the drivers' response to the traffic condition can help a decentralised system perform as well as a centralised system. This study brings a new insight into cooperative transport management, and contributes to the state-of-the-art of urban traffic system design.
21
Zhang, Xiaoyan. "The dynamic behaviour of road traffic flow : stability or chaos?" Thesis, Middlesex University, 1995. http://eprints.mdx.ac.uk/10685/.
Full textAbstract:
The objective of this thesis is to investigate the dynamic behaviour of road traffic flow based on theoretical traffic models. Three traffic models are examined: the classical car-following model which describes the variations of speeds of cars and distances between the cars on a road link, the logit-based trip assignment model which describes the variations of traffic flows on road links in a road network, and the dynamic gravity trip distribution model which describes the variations of flows between O-D pairs in an O-D network. Some dynamic analyses have been made of the car-following model in the literature (Chandler et al., 1958, Herman et al., 1959, Disbro & Frame, 1990, and Kirby and Smith, 1991). The dynamic gravity model and the logit-based trip assignment model are both suggested by Dendrinos and Sonis (1990) without detailed analysis. There is virtually no previous dynamic analysis of trip distribution, although there are some dynamic considerations of trip assignment based on other assignment models (Smith, 1984 and Horowitz, 1984). In this thesis, the three traffic models are considered as dynamical systems. The variations of traffic characteristics are investigated in the context of nonlinear dynamics. Equilibria and oscillatory behaviour are found in all three traffic models; complicated behaviour including period doubling and chaos is found in the gravity model. Values of parameters for different types of behaviour in the models are given. Conditions for the stability of equilibria in the models are established. The stability analysis of the equilibrium in the car-following model is more general here than that in the literature (Chandler et al., 1958, Herman et al., 1959). Chaotic attractors found in the gravity model are characterized by Liapunov exponents and fractal dimension. The research in this thesis aims at understanding and predicting traffic behaviour under various conditions. Traffic systems may be monitored, based on these results, to achieve a stable equilibrium and to avoid instabilities and chaos.
22
Valdes, Diaz Didier M. "Integrated information and traffic control strategies for congested urban freeway corridors /." Digital version accessible at:, 1999. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/main.
Full text
23
Najaf, Pooya. "A macro-level analysis of traffic and pedestrian safety in urban areas." Thesis, The University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 2017. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10245444.
Full textAbstract:
The main objective of this research is to examine the effect of city-level urban characteristic, such as urban form and trip generation factors, on traffic safety in general and pedestrian safety in particular. For this purpose, the information for 100 major Urban Areas (UAs) in the United States in 2010 is studied. Factor analysis is applied to construct latent variables from multiple observed variables to measure and describe urban form, macro-level trip generation, citywide transportation network features and traffic safety. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) is then used to investigate how city-level urban form and trip generation affect traffic safety directly and indirectly (through mediators of transportation network features).
Based on the statistical analysis, it is found that encouraging the use of non-driving transportation modes and controlling traffic congestion, as significant mediators, are effective policies to increase overall traffic safety and pedestrian safety, respectively. In this regard, urban areas with a more even spatial distribution of job-housing balance (more polycentricity), more uniform spatial distribution of different social classes, higher urban density (less sprawl), and more connectivity in their transportation network (more accessibility) have the safest urban form designs.
Moreover, mixed land-use designs with provided local access to services and amenities, food and beverage centers, and religious organizations, followed by strict pedestrian safety standards for neighborhoods are the safest type of land use designs in urban areas. In addition, regulating the off-peak hours allowed time for heavy vehicles and changing the work schedule of workers who do not reside in the urban area can also help city planners to increase traffic safety.
24
Humbad, Shailesh Niranjan 1977. "Suitability of distributed mobile wireless networking for urban traffic congestion mitigation." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/67542.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (M.C.P.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 2001.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 101-103).
A suitability study is performed into the use of distributed mobile wireless networking for the purposes of urban traffic congestion mitigation. The technologies of global positioning system (GPS), wireless networking, and mobile ad-hoc networking (MANET) protocols are surveyed for potential usability and applicability in a peer-to-peer highway vehicle network. Analysis of traffic statistics for the Boston, MA metropolitan area reveal the parameters required to build an initial network. The estimated parameters are a two percent level of penetration (50,000 vehicles), two Megabit per second usable data bandwidth, one half mile average transmission range, two hundred dollars cost per device, and fifteen million dollar total system cost for five years of operation. Using a hop-count routing algorithm, the network would support collection of area-wide vehicle positions for automated highway traffic sampling and fleet tracking on congested roadways. Following this first stage system are presented two more application scenarios according to increasing levels of penetration and increased reliability of the network. The medium-term application is the provision of mobile Internet access to allow consumer and business services. The long-term application is the ability to perform automated transactions. Envisioned in this long-term scenario is the ability to do area-wide road pricing to reduce congestion levels and influence land-use decisions. Technology options and design choices for privacy protection are discussed including voluntary participation, incentivized participation, blackout zones, aggregation of data, non-identifiable data, and anonymous routing protocols. Centralized toll tables and transactions are shown to reduce privacy but increase convenience as opposed to distributed toll tables and in-vehicle transactions. Institutional implementation through Federal ITS funding of a State-run public-private partnership is suggested to maximize mutual benefit. Given these options for handling the issues, the staging presented, and the flexibility, coverage, and application benefits of the system, the conclusion is that such a network would be suitable for mitigation of urban traffic congestion.
by Shailesh Niranjan Humbad.
M.C.P.
25
Sutomo, Heru. "Appropriate saturation flow at traffic signals in Javanese cities : a modelling approach." Thesis, University of Leeds, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.305681.
Full text
26
Tang, Kwok-Leung. "Urban design control : case study in Hong Kong /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 2002. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B25799411.
Full text
27
Fang, Yi. "An urban traffic network model using GIS technology." Virtual Press, 1992. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/845978.
Full textAbstract:
This creative project was proposed to develop a GIS model for transportation planning purposes with the ARC/INFO software. The urban street network in the GIS model was based on urban arterial systems in the city of Muncie, Indiana. The model was also expected to demonstrate the applicability of GIS technology in transportation planning. Several transportation planning techniques were tested with the model which included road and traffic data inventory, optimum pathing, road capacity analysis, traffic shift study modeling, and graphic presentation. The case study was targeted on road capacity analysis of urban arterial network as well as study of alternative traffic route for the urban route of State Road 32 in Muncie. The project began with an discussion of GIS technology, GIS application in planning, and ARC/INFO software programs. Then an urban street information model was developed in form of digital network in the computer database which could perform the functions of data inventory, spatial traffic analysis, and mapping manipulation. Finally the case studies were performed to demonstrate the application of this GIS network model. The findings and analysis results generated by GIS operation were used to evaluate the traffic conditions as well as to determine the feasibility of alternative route for State Road tables, ARC/INFO macro programs, traffic maps, and print-out of analysis results.Department of Urban Planning
28
Tam, Chi-kit Andy. "Transportation planning towards a responsive urban street environment in Hong Kong." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1997. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B25799010.
Full text
29
Yousif, Saad Yaqub. "Effect of lane changing on traffic operation for dual carriageway roads with roadworks." Thesis, Cardiff University, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.370070.
Full text
30
Al-Malik, Mohammed Saleh. "An investigation and development of a combined traffic signal control-traffic assignment model." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/21425.
Full text
31
Schutte, Corli. "The influence of control mechanisms on urban form : some urban design implications." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/53127.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (MS en S)--Stellenbosch University, 2002.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The urban designer works within an environment characterized by constraints. Control mechanisms are part of these constraints. They were created out of necessity because the control of the urban environment became strained as cities grew in size. In the beginning control mechanisms regulated the urban environment to create better public safety. This objective evolved to include aesthetics and sustainability of the environment. Controls, however, tended to become standardized and were often blindly applied irrespective of changed circumstances and contexts. Control mechanisms include inter alia height, density, bulk, and aesthetic controls, which can be applied to regulate form, space and behavioural or activity patterns. These control mechanisms generally embrace a system of codes embodied in legislation enforceable in law. Urban designers should realize and take full advantage of the potential of the law as an urban design control element. This study examines the nature of control mechanisms as applied to town planning in general and urban design in particular and their efficacy in achieving and maintaining a range of human and social objectives. To this end, attention is paid to examining historical precedent, examples reflecting different cultures and approaches and resultant urban forms. On the basis of the aforementioned this study aims to identify a range of urban design principles and to propose suggestions as to how control mechanisms as part of a system of law can best be applied. A case study of central business district sites in Durbanville, Western Cape is researched.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die stadsontwerper funksioneer binne 'n omgewing wat gekenmerk word deur beperkings. Beheermeganismes maak deel uit van hierdie beperkings. Dit het ontwikkel uit noodsaak, want die beheer van die stedelike omgewing het onder druk gekom soos stede in grootte toegeneem het. Aanvanklik het die beheer-maatreëls die stedelike omgewing gereguleer om sodoende openbare veiligheid te verseker. Hierdie doel het egter ontwikkel om estetiese ontwerp en volhouding van die omgewing in te sluit. Maatreëls het egter geneig om gestandardiseer te raak en is dikwels blindelings toegepas ongeag die omstandighede en konteks. Beheermeganismes sluit inter alia hoogte, volume en estetiese kontrole in wat aangewend kan word om vorm, ruimte en gedrags- of aktiwiteitspatrone te reguleer. Hierdie beheermeganismes omsluit gewoonlik 'n stelsel van kodes wat vervat is in wetgewing, afdwingbaar deur die wet. Stadsontwerpers behoort die potensiaal van sodanige wetgewing te besef en tot hul voordeel te benut as 'n beheer element in stedelike ontwerp. Hierdie studie ondersoek die aard van beheermeganismes soos aangewend in stadsbeplanning oor die algemeen en stedelike ontwerp in die besonder en hul doeltreffendheid in die bereiking en handhawing van 'n reeks menslike en sosiale doelstellings. Aandag word in die studie gegee aan die ondersoek van historiese voorbeelde, voorbeelde wat verskillende kulture weerspieël en verskillende benaderingswyses en gevolglike stadsvorme. Gebaseer op die voorafgaande, wil hierdie studie 'n reeks van stedelike ontwerp beginsels identifiseer en voorstelle aan die hand doen hoe beheermeganismes as deel van die wetgewingstelsel, op die mees doeltreffende wyse aangewend kan word. Persele in die sakekern van Durbanville, Wes- Kaap word as gevallestudie nagevors.
32
Schrank, David Lynn. "Identification of the relationship between economic and land use characteristics and urban mobility at the macroscopic level in Texas urban areas." Texas A&M University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/1245.
Full textAbstract:
Traffic congestion continues to be a growing problem for cities of all sizes in the United States. Transportation agencies in urban areas are facing the difficult challenges of providing an efficient and reliable transportation system for residents and businesses despite ever-diminishing resources. Agencies in these areas need the capability of determining the future benefits of transportation investments so they can communicate this information to the public. This capability is difficult for many agencies, especially some of the smaller ones, who may not have the resources to make these analyses without turning to expensive long-range models.
This research uses readily available socio-economic, land use, and traffic congestion data from many of the Texas urban areas to create prediction models to estimate future traffic congestion levels. Many of the transportation agencies that could utilize this tool do not have the resources to deal with large complex databases. Thus, basic information such as income, employment, single family residences, or commercial properties, to name a few, is used to create the predictions models.
Results from this research show that traffic congestion prediction models can be created from socio-economic and land use data. These models were created for eighteen individual Texas urban areas and several combinations of areas. Transportation agencies could use the results of this research to estimate future congestion in their respective areas.
33
Li, Ye. "Congestion Management in Urban Traffic Networks based on Macroscopic Fundamental Diagram." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2022. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/28631.
Full textAbstract:
With the expeditious development of urban modernization, traffic congestion, air pollution, and road safety problems are necessary to be paid attention to. Therefore, the crucial research field of Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) is heavily employed and explored to monitor traffic congestion in real-time and apply responsive control schemes. However, effective control and management approaches for large-scale urban traffic networks still remain a big challenge, due to the complicated modeling of traffic dynamics in large networks (e.g. large number of road links, signalized intersections) and unpredictable traveler patterns (such as route and mode choices, and departure times). This thesis employs Macroscopic Fundamental Diagram (MFD) to improve mobility and decrease vehicles total time spent in the urban network.
Five main chapters included in this thesis. Chapter 1 introduces the background and motivation in studying network-level modeling and control strategies based on MFD of large-scale urban networks. Chapter 2 develops a perimeter flow control strategy employing Sliding Mode Control (SMC) theory to diminish the influence of heterogeneous inter-region transfer flows and cordon queues on traffic congestion of the two-region network. Chapter 3 extends the perimeter control strategy and MFD modeling to a multi-region heterogeneous network to provide a more complex control framework considering location-varying region boundaries. Chapter 4 introduces a congestion pricing scheme grounded on Model Predictive Control (MPC) for a multi-region urban network as an elegant control approach to simultaneously achieve reducing vehicles' total time spent as well as maintaining revenue neutrality of the whole network. Chapter 5 closes with summary and future research directions.
34
Ibrahim, Kamarulzaman Bin. "Bayesian techniques for the evaluation of road traffic safety measures : an application to small roundabouts." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.480602.
Full text
35
Evans, Raymond G. "The identification and control of recurrent urban traffic congestion using SCOOT data." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.282596.
Full text
36
Andrade, J. P. de. "The performance of urban intersections in Brazil." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.381220.
Full text
37
Meaton, Julia. "Pedestrianisation in Plymouth : the effect on car users' accessibility to, and within, the traffic free zone." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/784.
Full textAbstract:
When pedestrianisation was introduced in Plymouth, in February 1987, there were two important physical changes to the city centre; environment changes and accessibility changes. Environmentally, the city centre was improved aesthetically and also in terms of safety for pedestrians, less congestion, and ease of movement within the traffic free zone. The process of pedestrianisation initially reduced the accessibility of the city centre, particularly for car users, because the scheme removed nearly all the on-street parking meters together with two small short stay car parks. This caused a temporary reduction in car parking facilities, and the replacement facilities, completed in late 1988, were located at longer walking distances from the shops. Car users' access to the car parks and from the car parks to the shops was therefore changed. Previous experience in other cities has shown that accessibility to newly pedestrianised areas is of paramount importance and in Plymouth this was particularly evident when car users' accessibility problem became the most controversial aspect of the scheme. Conventional methods of appraising the success or otherwise of pedestrianisation schemes have tended to concentrate on commercial indicators such as trade turnover or on the acceptance of the scheme measured by studying peoples' attitudes and opinions. This research develops a conceptual and operational model that looks predominantly at the behaviour of the city centre users and which focuses on the particular problem experienced in the city, namely the changes in accessibility for the car user. The methodology examines the car users' travel, parking and shopping behaviour at three stages of the city centre's development; before pedestrianisation was introduced, during it s construction and after it s completion. The research was therefore able to discover how people adapted their behaviour in response to the changes in the city. The research found that many car users adopted a more leisurely approach to visiting the city centre, reflecting it s new image of a recreational as well as a retail shopping centre. Attitudes towards pedestrianisation also changed significantly during the survey period, and were found to be strongly related to respondents' experiences and perceptions of the parking facilities.
38
Switzky, Joshua (Joshua Edward) 1974. "Street design, traffic, and fear of crime : moving from gated communities to transit villages." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/8909.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (M.C.P.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 2001."June 2001."
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 143-149).
The first phase of Tren Urbano, a rail rapid transit system in San Juan, Puerto Rico, is currently under construction, with future phases in the planning stages. San Juan's built landscape is presently dominated and dramatically fragmented by gated developments, which poses fundamental problems for the success of Tren Urbano. This thesis documents and explores the negative impacts of widespread gated communities on transit use and transit-conducive development, including inhibitions on the directness of pedestrian access to stations, the quality of the pedestrian realm, the ability to sustain mixed land uses (and thus the ability of transit riders to "trip-chain"), the ability to plan efficient feeder transit service, and residents' socio-geographical perspectives of their relationships to their neighborhoods, transit, and the form of the city. If there is a way to ameliorate residents' fears of crime and achieve the sought-after benefits of gated developments while facilitating more connective pedestrian-oriented transit-supportive settlement patterns, then alternative models should be understood and promoted. The extent to which measures less restrictive than gated developments in other cities have indeed mitigated fears of crime (and actual crime) and produced more neighborhood satisfaction could provide a new model for San Juan to follow, especially around Tren Urbano stations. To arrive at such an alternative model, this research asks why Sanjuaneros are attracted to gated communities and explores urban design paradigms that take a different tack at satisfying these concerns in a more connected context. Analysis of the underlying roots of fear of crime and other perceived benefits of gated communities in San Juan reveals a common denominator concern with the physical and sociological effects of auto traffic. Gated communities provide a lure of restricted access, a refuge from the auto which brings with it the perception of uncontrollable and unpredictable threats to personal security, neighborhood livability, sense of place, and community integrity. Delving into the related physical and sociological neighborhood impacts of auto traffic enables us to work from the ground up toward pedestrian-oriented alternative models of neighborhood development. Experiments with street modification and traffic calming in Chicago neighborhoods participating in the city's Community Security Infrastructure Program confirm that by altering perceptions and use parameters of street space as well as the strutucure of the street network, residents feel enhanced control of their neighborhood domain, enhanced personal and community safety, more comfortable using public space, and generally more satisfied with their neighborhood environment. Ultimately, from the Chicago experience emerges a set of street and neighborhood design principles, that address both the space of streets and the structure of movement networks. I outline a set of urban design principles that should be applied to residential neighborhoods to satisfy individual and communal reasons that make gated communities attractive, however based on highly-connective and rich pedestrian networks within a fabric that maintains the integrity of mixed uses oriented around transit. This fabric optimizes pedestrian permeability while maintaining defined neighborhoods where the flow of movement and the tone of activity is community-defined and set within the comfort zone of the residents. The five principles that facilitate these goals are: (1) Use street space to articulate a constructive and positive vision of neighborhood activity by physically expanding the pedestrian domain to encompass the street holistically; (2) Stress elements in the street realm that act as neighborhood amenities; (3) Use street elements that exude the symbolism of invitation and accommodation by serving the dual functions of traffic control and inter-neighborhood zones of exchange; (4) Optimize the pedestrian network and constrain the auto network with street design elements that recognize and take advantage of the potential overlapping duality of these networks and their respective relationships to the same built fabric; and (5) Extend the comfort and identification zone of "home" and "neighborhood" via permeation of integrated street design and careful articulation of boundaries, potentially encompassing the transit station. While Tren Urbano first needs to figure out why gated communities are so attractive to Sanjuaneros and develop an urban design model that meets these needs while satisfying the needs of pedestrians and transit, implementation of these design principles is the next challenge. Of the strategic options available, the current realities in San Juan make (1) the creation of development incentives for building along a parallel set of design guidelines and (2) sponsoring and marketing demonstration projects the most feasible and likely to succeed at the present in forging a new direction and opening the city's eyes to new options in urban living.
by Joshua Switzky.
M.C.P.
39
Kobes, Deborah Isadora. "Out of control? : local democracy failure and fiscal control boards." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/55132.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 2009.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 325-364).
The nation's current recession has strained the finances of local governments such that many cities with already delicate budgets have plunged into fiscal crisis. This dissertation examines three causes of fiscal crisis - a local government's dependence on the market, majoritarian tyranny within federalism, and local democracy failure. Since New York City's highly publicized board in 1975, 119 municipalities of all sizes have been assigned control boards, in which a state appointed team oversees the budgetary decisions of a municipality in fiscal emergency. This study analyzes how control boards address each cause of fiscal crisis. This research builds on the fiscal crisis literature to measure the fiscal impact of control boards. Evidence suggests that boards were implemented in most large cities with fiscal crisis and that those cities recover. However, crisis cities without control boards also improve. Regressions indicate that control boards in municipalities with populations below 25,000 are less successful. The control boards are not assigned to municipalities that most need intervention, and they do not improve fiscal outcomes more than similar cities. This dissertation explores the governance implications of control boards through a framework developed about International Monetary Fund stabilization teams. The literature suggests these institutions can bring technical expertise to ill-equipped governments; offer credibility to governments needing access to resources; and provide a scapegoat for unpopular policies. Conversely, disadvantages include diminished sovereignty; power to external political actors; favorable concessions to the private market; and uncertain benefits.
(cont.) Case studies of Miami and Washington, DC between 1995 and 2001 highlight the fiscal and local democracy benefits of control boards as well as their risk of exacerbating an intergovernmental political imbalance. State and local leaders set a cooperative tone in Miami that increased local buy-in and bolstered long-term success. The credibility of DC's board helped the city obtain resources from Congress, but the real and perceived threat to local democracy was much stronger in the District than Miami and exacerbated by the control board's expansive powers. Thus, controversy throughout DC's control board era distracted from the board's goals and reduced its long-term impact.
by Deborah Isadora Kobes.
Ph.D.
40
Amoei, Khorshid. "Environmental impact of roads and traffic : a case study of Kingsway (A34), dual carriageway in south Manchester." Thesis, University of Salford, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.262684.
Full text
41
Al, Nowaiser Ibrahim Abdullah S. "Control of urban growth and development in Saudi Arabia." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 1994. http://oleg.lib.strath.ac.uk:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=21244.
Full textAbstract:
The fast and in most cases uncontrolled urban growth, in Riyadh and other Saudi urban areas, has created many deficiencies such as land speculation, urban sprawl, lagging public services and utilities, along with other developments that are inconsistent with the development plan. The purpose of the study was to identify these problems of inconsistency and provide solutions to avoid them. In order to achieve the main objective of the thesis, the problem is briefly introduced by explaining the existing urban growth problems. A review of relevant theoretical literature background was carried out, particularly on development plans, control of development, and plan policy implementation, mainly in developed countries. In order to understand the local situation the economic and social factors affecting Saudi urban growth and land development were identified. Also the procedures and government institutions involved in the planning process and the control of urban growth were introduced an d their role explained. As infrastructures and public services are one critical component of any urban development process, their scale and distribution in Riyadh were assessed. In addition a description of land ownership, local and legal rights of development, the effect of Saudi planning in developing land, the common practice and the perceived weaknesses of control of development were presented. To get some clear idea of Riyadh urban growth during the case study period (1977 - 1992), an analysis of the various land use activities and scale were conducted for that period. Then an assessment and examination of these developments was carried out to determine and identify the developments that are inconsistent to the Development Plan, and explain the causes of such inconsistencies. At the end, based on the analysis of the thesis, a suggestion of possible alternatives to control development and urban growth is given, and the thesis is concluded by recommending proposals for more effective control of development and more efficient plan policy implementation.
42
McCormick, Angela D. (Angela Dorothy). "Selected growth management techniques for use in mitigating traffic congestion in Masssachusetts [sic] suburban corridors." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/75990.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (M.C.P.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 1987.Title as it appeared in the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Graduate List, June 1987: Selected growth management techniques to mitigate traffic congestion in suburban corridors.
Bibliography: leaves 65-67.
by Angela D. McCormick.
M.C.P.
43
Akhtar, Muhammad Nadeem. "An urban design approach to traffic management : a case study of circular road area in Lahore, Pakistan /." Thesis, Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1992. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B25796641.
Full text
44
Simmill-Binning, Cheryl. "Traffic calming : a study of contestation between lay and expert groups in the construction of risk related knowledges." Thesis, Lancaster University, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.301084.
Full text
45
鄧國樑 and Kwok-Leung Tang. "Urban design control: case study in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2002. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31980491.
Full text
46
Dantas, Luciano Dionisio [Verfasser]. "On Modifications to the Traffic-Responsive Urban Control Method / Luciano Dionisio Dantas." Aachen : Shaker, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1066197164/34.
Full text
47
Pohlmann, Tobias [Verfasser]. "New Approaches for Online Control of Urban Traffic Signal Systems / Tobias Pohlmann." Aachen : Shaker, 2011. http://d-nb.info/1080764917/34.
Full text
48
Kiamba, C. M. "The role of the state in the control of urban development : Urban land policy for Nairobi, Kenya." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.382205.
Full text
49
Han, Rubi. "Incorporating Socio-Economic Factors in Traffic Management and Control." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/56685.
Full textAbstract:
Traffic Congestion is a critical problem in large urban areas. In this thesis, six different control strategies aiming to alleviate congestion are performed through TRANSIMS simulation in the city of Alexandria. Main objective of this thesis is to study and explore the impacts of these control strategy in terms of system performance. Macroscopic Fundamental Diagrams has been used during research to present traffic movement and evaluate traffic performance. This thesis also look at the outcome of each strategy at different household income group in the city. The attention are drawn to the importance of taking socio-economic impact in traffic management decisions. Some of the control strategies presented in this thesis have different impacts on different income groups in the city, while other control strategies have similar impacts (negative, or inconclusive) on different groups in Alexandria city. The thesis gives the conclusions on the impact of selecting different signal control strategies.Master of Science
50
Ostler, Jolene N. "Government policies to alleviate suburban traffic congestion : an institutional and economic analysis of the transportation-land use system." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/76420.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (M.C.P.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 1989.Title as it appeared in M.I.T. Graduate List, June 1989: Government policies to alleviate suburban congestion; an efficiency analysis of the transportation-land use system.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 151-154).
by Jolene Nyborg Ostler.
M.C.P.