Academic literature on the topic 'Urban middle classe'
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Journal articles on the topic "Urban middle classe"
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Pacheco, Mónica. "HABITAÇÃO EM MASSA PARA A CLASSE MÉDIA ENTRE A CIDADE E O SUBÚRBIO: O CASO DA QUINTA DAS LAVADEIRAS." Proyecto, Progreso, Arquitectura, no. 27 (2022): 114–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.12795/ppa.2022.i27.07.
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Em meados da década de 1950, milhares de pessoas abandonavam as zonas rurais do interior português rumo à capital em busca de melhores condições de vida. O crescimento populacional nos seus territórios periféricos aumentava assim exponencialmente, em particular no limite norte, com um enorme impacto nos fluxos de tráfego pendular e na especulação imobiliária, afetando uma classe média emergente, ignorada pelo Estado, explorada e orientada para a economia de mercado. Á margem das narrativas da alta cultura, estes lugares encarnaram a imagem dos maiores males da ortodoxia do urbanismo moderno: o carácter anónimo da vida (sub)urbana, da habitação em massa e da autoestrada. O seu estudo tem sido ignorado e, consequentemente, uma parte importante do tecido da cidade. Recorrendo a material de arquivo não publicado, filmes e notícias de época, este artigo reconstrói a história do conjunto urbano da Quinta das Lavadeiras na Calçada de Carriche, a porta norte de Lisboa, desenvolvido durante os anos 1960 por promotores privados. O cruzamento da informação relativa ao projeto, sua construção e respetivo impacto na paisagem, na sua condição intermédia, entre o rural e a fé no progresso urbano, entre centro e subúrbio, entre classes sociais, permite uma reflexão crítica sobre o divórcio entre o debate teórico e a construção de uma contra-arquitetura promovida por empresas de construção que atuaram nestes territórios expectantes, definindo-os.
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Cruz, Renatha Cândida da, and João Batista de Deus. "Da Esperança ao Triunfo: o estudo da formação de uma nova classe trabalhadora de Goiânia (GO)." Ateliê Geográfico 11, no. 3 (May 30, 2018): 193. http://dx.doi.org/10.5216/ag.v11i3.43766.
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Resumo:O objetivo principal deste artigo é tratar do processo de formação da Região Noroeste de Goiânia. Para tanto, realizou-se um amplo levantamento bibliográfico acerca das ocupações urbanas na capital goiana e elaborou-se uma periodização sobre a ampliação do espaço urbano a noroeste do centro da cidade. Os resultados obtidos permitiram verificar como uma comunidade deixa de ser um grande bolsão de pobreza para ser considerada uma representação da nova classe trabalhadora de Goiânia. A temática torna-se pertinente, visto que os bairros da Região Noroeste têm origem em sucessivas lutas coletivas pelo solo urbano e passam por um longo processo de mudanças sociais e econômicas. O aumento da renda ganha destaque nos estudos sobre a localidade, em que se debate se há uma nova classe média ou uma nova classe trabalhadora.Palavras-chave: Nova classe trabalhadora. Goiânia. Ocupações urbanas. Abstract:The main purpose of this article is figure out the process of formation in the Northwest Region of Goiania. To achieve this goal it conducted a comprehensive literature about the urban occupations in Goiânia and the development of a timeline on the expansion of urban areas to the northwest of the city center. The results of this research allowed us to understand as a community stops being a large slum to be considered a representation of the new working class of Goiania. The theme becomes relevant in sense that neighborhoods of the Northwest Region originates in successive collective struggle for urban land and go through a long process of social and economic change and how the increase in income is an important factor in studies about this place and being perceived the discussion above new middle class or new working classKeywords: New Workin Class, Goiânia, Urban Occupations. Resumen:El principal objetivo de ese artículo es la comprensión del proceso de formación de la Región Noroeste de Goiânia. Para alcanzar esa meta se ha realizado un amplio levantamiento bibliográfico sobre las ocupaciones urbanas en la capital goiana así como la elaboración de una periodización acerca de la ampliación del espacio urbano al noroeste del centro de la ciudad. Los resultados obtenidos por esta investigación permitieron comprender como una comunidad deja de ser parte de un gran cinturón de pobreza para pasar a ser considerada una representación de la nueva clase trabajadora de Goiânia. La temática se vuelve pertinente puesto que los barrios de la Región Noroeste tienen origen en sucesivas luchas colectivas por el suelo urbano y pasan por un largo proceso de cambios sociales y económicos haciendo con que el incremento de la renta sea un factor relevante en los estudios sobre la localidad, percibiéndose el debate sobre una nueva clase media o nueva clase trabajadora.Palabras clave: Nueva clase trabajadora. Goiânia. Ocupaciones urbanas.
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Pedriali Colnago, Ellen Tamires, and Eliane Silva Santos. "ESPAÇOS DE CONSUMO E LAZER (SHOPPING CENTERS): uma discussão sobre a centralidade urbana e a fragmentação socioespacial." InterEspaço: Revista de Geografia e Interdisciplinaridade 4, no. 14 (October 23, 2018): 122. http://dx.doi.org/10.18764/2446-6549.v4n14p122-144.
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CONSUMER AND LEISURE SPACES (SHOPPING CENTERS): a discussion on urban centrality and socio-spatial fragmentationESPACIOS DE CONSUMO Y OCIO (SHOPPING CENTERS): una discusión sobre la centralidad urbana y la fragmentación socioespacialEste trabalho apresenta uma discussão teórica a respeito da centralidade urbana e a fragmentação socioespacial, considerando os shopping centers enquanto espaços privilegiados das práticas de consumo e lazer das classes médias e altas moradoras dos residenciais fechados. Para tanto, considera-se a expansão territorial das cidades e com ela a alteração do modelo centro-periferia, marcado por espaços cada vez mais seletos de consumo, possibilitados pelo desdobramento das áreas centrais e do surgimento de novas centralidades nas áreas periféricas das cidades, que se diferenciam e segmentam de acordo com a classe social, promovendo a fragmentação socioespacial. Como forma de entender este processo, discutimos num primeiro momento o conceito de centralidade, posteriormente a passagem do processo de segregação socioespacial ao processo de fragmentação socioespacial e, por fim, entendemos os shopping centers a partir de novas centralidades que estimulam e expressam o processo de fragmentação socioespacial, a partir das práticas espaciais das classes médias e altas que frequentam os shopping centers em busca de conforto, segurança, e possibilidade de permanecer entre os “iguais”.Palavras-chave: Novas Centralidades; Segregação Socioespacial; Fragmentação Socioespacial; Shopping Centers; Práticas Espaciais.ABSTRACTThis paper presents a theoretical discussion about the urban centrality and the social and spatial fragmentation, considering the shopping centers as privileged spaces of the consumption and leisure practices of the middle and upper classes living in closed dwellings. In order to do so, we consider the territorial expansion of cities and with it the change of the center-periphery model, marked by increasingly select spaces of consumption, made possible by the unfolding of the central areas and the emergence of new centralities in the peripheral areas of the cities, which are differentiated and segmented according to social class, promoting socio-spatial fragmentation. As a way of understanding this process, we first discuss the concept of centrality, later the passage from the socio-spatial segregation process to the process of social-spatial fragmentation, and finally, we understand the shopping centers from new centralities that stimulate and express the process of social-spatial fragmentation, based on the space practices of the middle and upper classes that attend shopping centers in search of comfort, security, and the possibility of remaining among the “equals”.Keywords: New Centralities; Socio-spatial Segregation; Socio-spatial Fragmentation; Shopping Centers; Space Practices.RESUMENEste trabajo presenta una discusión teórica acerca de la centralidad urbana y la fragmentación socioespacial, considerando los shopping centers, en cuanto espacios privilegiados de las prácticas de consumo y ocio de las clases medias y altas moradoras de los residenciales cerrados. Para ello, se considera la expansión territorial de las ciudades y con ella la alteración del modelo centro-periferia, marcados por espacios cada vez más selectos de consumo, posibilitados por el desdoblamiento de las áreas centrales y del surgimiento de nuevas centrales en las áreas periféricas de las ciudades, que se diferencian y segmentan de acuerdo con la clase social, promoviendo la fragmentación socioespacial. Como forma de entender este proceso discutimos en un primer momento el concepto de centralidad, posteriormente el paso del proceso de segregación socioespacial al proceso de fragmentación socioespacial y, por fin, entendemos los shopping centers a partir de nuevas centrales que estimulan y expresan el proceso de fragmentación socioespacial, a partir de las prácticas espaciales de las clases medias y altas que frecuentan los shopping centers en busca de confort, seguridad y posibilidad de permanecer entre los “iguales”.Palabras clave: Nuevas Centrales; Segregación Socioespacial; Fragmentación Socioespacial; Centros Comerciales; Prácticas Espaciales.
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Schulte Nordholt, Henk. "New Urban Middle Classes in Colonial Java." Bijdragen tot de taal-, land- en volkenkunde / Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences of Southeast Asia 173, no. 4 (January 1, 2017): 439–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134379-17304001.
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Hancock, Mary E. "Saintly Careers Among South India's Urban Middle Classes." Man 25, no. 3 (September 1990): 505. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2803716.
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Hoogervorst, Tom, and Henk Schulte Nordholt. "Urban Middle Classes in Colonial Java (1900–1942)." Bijdragen tot de taal-, land- en volkenkunde / Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences of Southeast Asia 173, no. 4 (January 1, 2017): 442–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134379-17304002.
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Melo, Jairo Baquero. "Middle Classes and Rurality: The Expansion of Urban Middle Classes and New Social Inequalities in Colombia." Journal für Entwicklungspolitik 33, no. 4 (2017): 63–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.20446/jep-2414-3197-33-4-63.
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Shidlo, Gil. "THE HOUSING OF THE URBAN MIDDLE CLASSES IN BRAZIL." International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 10, no. 7 (July 1990): 29–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eb013116.
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Solano de las Aguas, Sergio Paolo. "Los sectores sociales medios en la historia social colombiana del siglo XIX." Memorias 12 (April 29, 2022): 1–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.14482/memor.13.749.2.
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Este artículo estudia las características que definían a los sectores sociales medios en el mundo urbano de la Colombia del siglo XIX. A partir del caso de los artesanos muestra como desde el siglo XVIII el mestizaje desempeñó una función importante en el reordenamiento de la sociedad, en especial en la redistribución de la economía del honor, lo que se reforzó a lo largo de la siguiente centuria. En este proceso el artículo concede especial importancia al papel del trabajo manual en ese reordenamiento, el que al cruzarse con la ciudadanía y la vida política, permitió al artesanado construir elementos de un contradiscurso liberal sobre la sociedad y la nación.
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Ventura, Violeta. "Las clases medias y los desafíos de la participación: procesos de ciudadanización en la producción de ciudad (La Plata, Argentina. 2013-2015)." Hábitat y Sociedad, no. 14 (2021): 223–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.12795/habitatysociedad.2021.i14.12.
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The question about the relationship between associative forms of participation and city production is the guideline of Latin American urban studies, widely studied in its intersection with popular sectors. This article seeks to link to that discussion, providing a case where the population involved belongs to the middle classes. To do this, we will analyze the process by which middle class youth collectively organized (2013-2015) in the city of La Plata (Argentina), to access urban land and, with it, a housing policy (PROCREAR). We will investigate how they built their claim on a public problem, moved within statehood and became co-producers of urban regulations (Ordinance 11094/13). Our main finding will be that the effectiveness of their practices rested, on the one hand, on factors specific to the group —broad and hierarchical networks of social relationships; collectivization of cultural capital; habituality within statehood— on the other, in the selectivity of state bureaucracies. Based on this, we will conclude that during the collective action of the middle classes in order to get involved in the production of the city, there was an active process of citizenship. The research starts from a qualitative methodological approach, using virtual ethnography, field observation and in-depth interviews as the main procedures.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Urban middle classe"
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Sánchez, Romera Alfonso. "The middle class in contemporary urban china: construction, practices and representations." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. Programa de Doctorat en Traducció i Estudis Interculturals, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/671319.
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Aquesta investigació té com a objectiu analitzar el fenomen social de la classe mitjana xinesa, posant atenció especial en la construcció social de la identitat mitjançant l’anàlisi de les pràctiques i representacions socials a la Xina urbana contemporània. L’estudi consisteix en l’anàlisi d’entrevistes semiestructurades mantingudes a Beijing entre l’any 2017 i l’any 2018, del discurs oficial de la classe mitjana xinesa a partir de les esmenes a la Constitució de la República Popular de la Xina (RPX) i dels textos i discursos dels líders de l’Estat-partit i, finalment, del contingut dels articles sobre classe mitjana publicats a Renmin wang (People’s Daily online) —el portaveu del Comitè Central del Partit Comunista Xinès— des de principis del segle XXI. Per això, l’etnografia no es centra únicament en proporcionar un exemple categòric de la construcció d’una identitat de classe mitjana a Beijing, sinó que també explora el camp social de la Xina urbana contemporània com a espai multidimensional de mobilitat social, de noves pràctiques i representacions socials —és a dir, de nous estils de vida. Tot i que s’ha emprat un esquema conceptual associat a l’obra de Pierre Bourdieu, alguns resultats obtinguts qüestionen la seva conceptualització de “classe real” i la seva formulació sobre les condicions homogènies d’existència de classe i la seva capacitat de generar pràctiques socials similars. El model de Bourdieu permet descobrir una sèrie de característiques definidores que indiquen que la formació dels grups de classes mitjanes a la RPX constitueix principalment un fenomen de reproducció social en comptes d’un procés de formació de classe. D’altra banda, el resultat d’aquesta recerca determina de quina manera la tesi de la “cleavage society” o l’anomenada cristal·lització de classes rau principalment en el consum —és a dir, el capital econòmic—, i no tant en una identitat ‘de classe’ reconeixedora o ‘classe real’. La migració interna a la RPX és una forma de consum d’un determinat estil de vida, una pràctica suzhi (‘de qualitat’) i una manera de construir-se com a subjecte de classe mitjana, civilitzat i modern. Tanmateix, a la Xina urbana es construeix progressivament una identitat de classe mitjana no només amb pràctiques de consum, sinó també amb l’experiència de participar en noves activitats al barri basada en principis oberts, públics i solidaris, i també en accions col·lectives contra la vulneració dels seus drets com a propietaris. Així doncs, aquesta investigació mostra la validesa i la configuració del concepte de classe —juntament amb els de racialització, gènere i sexualitat— per a produir una representació precisa de la institucionalització, legitimació i reproducció tant de la desigualtat com del privilegi a les societats contemporànies.Esta investigación tiene como objetivo analizar el fenómeno de la clase media china, poniendo especial énfasis en la construcción social de la identidad mediante el análisis de las prácticas y representaciones sociales en China urbana contemporánea. Se utiliza una metodología mixta que incluye el análisis de entrevistas semiestructuradas llevadas a cabo en Beijing entre 2017 y 2018, el discurso oficial de la clase media china a través de las enmiendas a la Constitución de la República Popular de China (RPC) y de textos y discursos de los líderes del Estado-partido y, finalmente, del contenido de los artículos sobre clase media publicados en Renmin wang (Diario del Pueblo en Línea) —portavoz oficial del Comité Central del Partido Comunista Chino— desde principios del siglo XXI. Por lo tanto, el objetivo de este estudio no es brindar únicamente un ejemplo categórico de la construcción social de la identidad en la clase media, sino explorar también el campo social de China urbana contemporánea como espacio multidimensional de movilidad social, de nuevas prácticas y representaciones sociales —es decir, de nuevos estilos de vida. Aunque estas observaciones parten del esquema conceptual propuesto por Pierre Bourdieu, los resultados obtenidos cuestionan su conceptualización de la ’clase real’ y su formulación respecto a las condiciones homogéneas de existencia de las clases y su capacidad generadora de prácticas sociales similares. El modelo de Bourdieu permite descubrir una serie de características definidoras que indican que la formación de los grupos de clases medias en la RPC constituye principalmente un fenómeno de reproducción social en lugar de un proceso de formación de clase. Por otra parte, el resultado de esta investigación determina de qué manera la tesis de la ‘cleavage society’ o cristalización de clases se fundamenta principalmente en el consumo —es decir, el capital económico—, y no tanto en una identidad de ‘clase’ reconocible o ‘clase real’. La migración interna en la RPC es una forma de consumo de un determinado estilo de vida, una práctica suzhi (‘de calidad’) y una manera de construirse como sujeto de clase media, civilizado y moderno. Además, en las ciudades chinas se construye progresivamente una identidad de clase media no solo con prácticas de consumo, sino también con la experiencia de participar en nuevas actividades vecinales basadas en principios abiertos, públicos y solidarios, y en acciones colectivas contra la vulneración de sus derechos como propietarios. Así, esta investigación muestra la validez y la configuración del concepto de clase —junto a los de etnicidad, género y sexualidad— para producir una representación precisa de la institucionalización, legitimación y reproducción tanto de la desigualdad como del privilegio en las sociedades contemporáneas
This research aims to explore the social phenomenon of the Chinese middle class, with particular focus on the social construction of identity by analysing social practices and representations in contemporary urban China. The study is framed in the analysis of semi-structured interviews collected in Beijing between 2017 and 2018, the official discourse of the Chinese middle class through the amendments to the Chinese Constitution, the main texts and speeches of the Party-state leaders and, finally, the content of articles on middle class published on Renmin Wang (People’s Daily online) —the mouthpiece of Central Committee of the Communist Party of China— since the early 21st century. Therefore, the aim of this research is not only to provide a categorical example of the social construction of identity within Beijing’s middle class, but also to explore the social field in Contemporary urban China as a multidimensional space of social mobility, new social practices and representations —that is, new lifestyles. While these observations have been derived by employing a conceptual schema associated with the work of Pierre Bourdieu, some results obtained question his conceptualization of “real class” and his formulation on homogeneous conditions of class as homogeneous systems of dispositions capable of generating similar practices. As a result, this study has discovered a number of defining characteristics that indicate that the formation of the middle-classes groups in the People’s Republic of China (PRC) constitutes a social reproduction phenomenon rather than a class formation process. Moreover, the findings of the case study undertaken in Beijing are also supportive of the thesis of a cleavage society or the so-called class crystallization is maintained primarily through consumption —that is, economic capital—, but not through a recognizable ‘class’ identity or ‘real class’. Also, this study has shown that domestic migration in the PRC is also a form of lifestyle consumption, a suzhi (‘quality’) practice and a way to fashion oneself as a middle-class, civilized and modern subject. However, a middle-class identity is progressively constructed in urban China not only through consumption practices but also through the experience of participating in new activities in their neighbourhood life based on principles of openness, publicity and solidarity, and also in collective action against violation of their private-property rights as homeowners. Besides, the research revealed the validity and the configuration of the concept of class —together with racialization, gender and sexuality— to produce an accurate representation of the institutionalization, legitimatization and reproduction of both inequality and privilege in contemporary societies.
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TONETTA, MARTA. "ON SQUEEZING.ITALIAN URBAN MIDDLE CLASSES, SHORT-TERM RENTALS AND RENT-EXTRACTION UNDER PLATFORM CAPITALISM." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/724155.
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Under the umbrella term of what can be labelled "platform capitalism", short-term
rentals are playing a new and controversial role in cities worldwide. They can be considered drivers
and markers of urban and social change.
The research project posits its theoretical foundations on an inter-disciplinary approach. It seeks
to provide new understandings of the topic by following the viewpoint entry of the suppliers,
renting properties through Airbnb and similar digital architectures.
In particular, in light of the stress on labor market, income compression and a financial crisis that
seemingly is still ongoing, the current work elaborates on the idea that middle class households are
capitalising homes and rooms in order to sustain socio-economic stability and consumption habits
by extracting value from their main source of wealth.
Despite its theoretical and pragmatical relevance, the topic remains as of yet under researched
in the academia, but becomes particularly interesting for southern European nations. What
happens, for example, in a context like Italy where the housing system is characterized by the
primacy of home-ownership and a huge stock of secondary homes, but where this is also a high rate
of unemployment and scarce incomes?
Drawing on qualitative research techniques and a two-sited fieldwork, this doctoral
dissertation sets out to provide an account of the emerging patterns of rent extraction among middle class individuals and families in two urban settings: Milan and Naples.
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Oliveira, Debora Santos de Souza. "A transmissão do conhecimento culinário no Brasil urbano do século XX." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8138/tde-27042010-141556/.
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Este trabalho procura estabelecer a relação entre a vida nas grandes cidades do Sudeste brasileiro, notadamente no Rio de Janeiro e São Paulo, com a prática e a transmissão do saber culinário ao longo do século XX. O momento de formação da classe média brasileira, a oferta de bens de consumo relacionados à modernidade como o fogão a gás, os aparelhos eletrodomésticos e também os alimentos industrializados, somados ao papel atribuído às mulheres na nova ordem social urbana, criaram uma ruptura no modo como as receitas culinárias eram preparadas e transmitidas. Esta ruptura foi seguida de um novo padrão culinário, que por sua vez afetou os valores e a simbologia que permeiam o ato de cozinhar.This work seeks to establish the relationship between life in the big cities of the Brazilian Southeast, particularly in Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo, and the practice as well as the way culinary knowledge was shared during the 20th century. The moment of formation of the Brazilian middle class, the availability of consumer goods related to modernity, e.g. the gas stove, appliances and industrialized foods, combined with the role attributed to women in the new urban social order, created a rupture in the way culinary recipes were prepared and passed down from one generation to another. This rupture was followed by a new culinary pattern, which in turn affected the values and the symbology comprised in the cooking act.
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ALMEIDA, Diego Rocha Guedes de. "Mobilidade social sem mobilidade espacial: “nova classe média” e transformações no espaço urbano em Campina Grande (PB)." Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, 2015. http://dspace.sti.ufcg.edu.br:8080/jspui/handle/riufcg/1253.
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Capes
Segundo dados da pesquisa realizada por Marcelo Cortês Neri (2008) no ano de 2010 o Brasil passa ter um contingente de mais de 50% de brasileiros que pertencem à classe C, famílias com renda per capita entre R$ 291,00 e R$ 1.019,00, que havia passado por mobilidade social de caráter ascendente nos últimos dez anos. Neri (2008) chama esta nova parcela da população de “nova classe média” brasileira, conceito que repercutiu em diversos debates com relação a sua pertinência e aplicabilidade. Este trabalho pretende analisar as trajetórias de mobilidade social de famílias nos bairros do Presidente Médici e Cruzeiro, na cidade de Campina Grande – PB, que se tornaram aquilo que Neri chama de “nova classe média” com ênfase particular na mobilidade social sem mobilidade no espaço urbano, buscando verificar ao longo da trajetória de mobilidade social das famílias analisadas transformações em seu mundo social que se conectem com o espaço urbano, expando o debate sobre mobilidade social para suas repercussões na cidade.
According to data of the research accomplished by Marcelo Cortês Neri (2008) in the year of 2010 Brazil passes to have a contingent of more than 50% of brazilians that belong to the class C, families with per capita income between R$ 291,00 and R$ 1.019,00, that had gone by social mobility of ascending character in the last ten years. Neri (2008) calls this new portion of the brazilian population of " new middle class ", concept that rebounded in several debates with relationship your pertinence and aplicabilidade. This work intends to analyze the paths of social mobility of families in neighborhoods of the President Médici and Cruzeiro, in the city of Campina Grande - PB, that became that that Neri calls “new middle class” with private emphasis in the social mobility without mobility in the urban space, looking for to verify along the path of social mobility of the families analyzed transformations in your social world that they are connected with the urban space, I expand the debate about social mobility for your repercussions in the city.
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Zakzouk, Mohamed. "Dreaming up the right career: an exploratory study of the career aspirations of low-income adolescents living in urban São Paulo." reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/13609.
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In Brazil, low-income youth is prone to unemployment, which is particularly problematic in an emerging economy where income inequality is relatively high, and where future socioeconomic development may depend on the growth and stability of an already vulnerable middle class. Youth unemployment, especially in urban cities, is also associated with high incidents of violence, illegal behaviour, widening inequality and sociopolitical instability. The present study complements existing efforts to advance the employment prospects of Brazilian youth, by exploring the career aspirations of 25 late adolescents living in low-income communities in urban Sao Paulo. The research was conducted by means of focus groups, over the course of four meetings in the Paulistano communities of Vila Albertina, Heliopolis, Vila Prudente and Vila Nova Esperança. The research findings largely echo existing knowledge pertaining to adolescents: they confirm the important role of individual merit, the micro-environment and role models (namely family, peers and local educators) in shaping and enabling (or hindering) the career paths of young adults, and highlight the flexibility and diversity of professional interests during that age. Furthermore, the findings reveal paradoxical attitudes towards low-income communities in Sao Paulo. All participants seemed empowered by elements within their micro-environment, exhibiting sentiments of pride and belonging to their community, yet many seemed troubled by how outsiders stereotype or stigmatize 'favela' dwellers. Overall, the study highlights tendencies that support the case for further investment in the professional development of youth at the base of the economic pyramid. As a potential ecosystem for socioeconomic development, low-income communities can constitute a rich source of not only human capital, but also business opportunities and employment.
No Brasil, os jovens de baixa renda estão propensos ao desemprego, o que é particularmente problemático em uma economia emergente onde a desigualdade de renda é relativamente alta, e onde o desenvolvimento socioeconômico futuro pode depender do crescimento e da estabilidade de uma classe média já vulnerável. Além disso, o desemprego entre os jovens, especialmente em cidades urbanas, está associado a elevada incidência de violência, comportamento ilegal, aumento da desigualdade e instabilidade sociopolítica. Este estudo complementa tentativas existentes de promover as perspectivas de emprego da juventude brasileira, investigando as aspirações profissionais de 25 adolescentes que vivem em comunidades de baixa renda na zona urbana de São Paulo. A pesquisa foi realizada através de grupos de foco durante o período de quatro encontros nas comunidades paulistanas de Vila Albertina, Heliópolis, Vila Prudente e Vila Nova Esperança. Os resultados da pesquisa repetem, em grande parte, o conhecimento existente que diz respeito a adolescentes; eles confirmam o papel importante que o mérito individual, o microambiente e os modelos exemplares (isto é, familiares, colegas e educadores locais) têm de moldar e possibilitar (ou impedir) os planos de carreira de jovens adultos, e destacam a flexibilidade e a diversidade de interesses profissionais nesta faixa etária. Ademais, os resultados revelam atitudes paradoxais face às comunidades de baixa renda em São Paulo. Todos os participantes pareciam empoderados por elementos dentro de seu microambiente, exibiam sentimentos de orgulho e que faziam parte de sua comunidade; porém, muitos pareciam perturbados pela maneira como pessoas de fora estereotipam ou estigmatizam os moradores da 'favela'. Ao todo, o estudo destaca tendências que sustentam razões para maiores investimentos no desenvolvimento profissional dos jovens de baixa renda. Na qualidade de um ecossistema com potencial para desenvolvimento socioeconômico, as comunidades de baixa renda podem constituir uma fonte rica não apenas de recursos humanos, mas também de oportunidades comerciais e empregos.
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Alvarez, Rojas Ana Maria. "Choix résidentiel de localisation et modes de vie urbains de familles de classe moyenne dans la Région Métropolitaine de Santiago au Chili." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00907411.
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La thèse de doctorat explore, à travers une recherche qualitative de terrain, les fondements des élections résidentielles et les modes de vie résultants, chez des familles de classes moyennes en deux types de localisation dans la ville Santiago du Chili : central et péri urbaine. Les familles en localisation centrale habitaient dans des " condominios " horizontaux de la commune de Ñuñoa, tandis que les périurbains le faisaient dans des micro quartiers de l'ensemble résidentiel "Ciudad de Los Valles", à Pudahuel rural. Le but a été d'identifier si l'élection par l'une ou l'autre localisation est précédée de l'adhésion à un mode de vie urbain spécifique, et si ces options donnent lieu à différentes pratiques par rapport aux sociabilités, aux mobilités et à la consommation. Les résultats démontrent que l'élection résidentielle constituerait le reflet plus ou moins conscient d'une conviction préalable sur ce qu'est une " bonne vie " dans la ville. L'actuel contexte de développement des villes, dont Santiago constitue un bon exemple, oblige donc à comprendre la mobilité et la permanence articulées de façons différentes selon l'expérience urbaine de l'habitant, dues en grande partie à la localisation et aux modes de vie que celles-ci induisent. Bien que nous ayons constaté qu'aucun des deux groupes est mobile dans le sens proposé par A. Bourdin (2004) les périurbains de l'échantillon seraient légèrement plus mobiles que les résidents en localisation centrale. Déjà leurs trajectoires résidentielles sont plus variées et complexes et leur disposition à la mobilité résidentielle beaucoup plus forte que dans le cas des habitants en localisation centrale. Ceux-ci n'ont aucun intérêt à abandonner la centralité et moins leur commune. Les deux groupes représentent alors une tension entre continuité et changement. Cela, non seulement dans des termes socio spatiaux, mais aussi, dans la manière où les changements dans la société chilienne s'expriment dans les actuels styles de vie. D'autre part, le caractère relatif attribué aux distances, qui s'exprime dans le fait que les deux groupes considèrent être dans une " localisation privilégiée ", nous fait penser à la perception subjective des distances et à la distance même comme une représentation. Nonobstant, la mobilité périurbaine est légèrement plus centrée dans la reproduction de la vie quotidienne. Les résidents en localisation centrale soulignent, avant tout, la valeur de la fluidité, principe qu'ils étendent à leurs pratiques de consommation, où ils privilégient la liberté de choisir où, quand et quoi acheter. Cette accentuation de la liberté nous fait penser aussi à la possibilité " d'acheter du temps ", aspiration qui marquerait une préférence particulière dans des segments de classes moyennes avec plus de capital culturel. Dans ce sens, les habitants en localisation centrale seraient une classe moyenne plus consolidée. Cela entretient une relation avec l'évolution historique de la commune et avec le poids qu'ont eu ces segments sociaux dans sa constitution. Sur ce point ce sont seulement les résidents en localisation centrale qui font des distinctions entre leur type de classe moyenne et celui d'autres groupes qui sont perçus comme des fractions en ascension. Ils se trouveraient dans les quartiers fermés des périphéries et au périurbain. Finalement le travail conclut que l'option par un certain lieu dans la ville, est le reflet de conceptions et de pratiques affirmées ou émergentes de relation avec les espaces urbains et avec ceux qui les fréquentent. Pour les périurbains : une ville fragmentée et éprouvée à partir d'une logique spatiale basée sur des fonctionnalités propres de leur classe sociale et leur cycle de vie, tandis que pour les centrales : une ville de contiguïtés et des bords
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Martin, Sandra. "Is the black middle class shrinking?" Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/68278.
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Yaran, Pinar. "Reproduction And Differentiation Strategies Of Upper-middle Class Group In Ankara." Master's thesis, METU, 2010. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12611453/index.pdf.
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The main objective of this study is to investigate reproduction strategies of upper-middle class group of people in Ankara and their differentiation propensities in the fragmentation process of urban space. Dispositions and everyday life practices of upper-middle group on Bourdieu&rsquos approach in the urban space of Ankara are analyzed on the basis of intensive interviews with upper-middle class women. In this sense, special emphasis is placed on this group&rsquo
s close family relations, investment strategies in education, housing and living space strategies.
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Breines, Markus Roos. "Pursuing progress : urban-urban migration and meanings of being middle class in Ethiopia." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2017. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/69898/.
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Korkmaz, Tirkes Guliz. "Spatial Choicesof Middle Classes In Cayyolu And Kecioren." Phd thesis, METU, 2007. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/2/12608534/index.pdf.
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This study is based on a comparison of the spatial choices of two middle class groups residing in Çayyolu and Keç
iö
ren in Ankara. Spatial choices include the residences and neighborhood, the consumption of various places and activities in urban space and evaluations of the urban space. To search for the effects of alternative factors on the spatial choices along with well-known economic capital, two upper middle class groups are chosen as the basis of comparison. In line with the effects of Bourdieu&
#8217
s cultural capital and social and symbolic capital on the differentiation of middle class
the location choice, spatial use and evaluation differences of the two groups at hand are investigated. Based on the effects of consumption sphere in class formation, the influence of the concept of &
#8216
taste&
#8217
and the differentiating aspect of lifestyle is discussed and how the resulting spatial tastes and choices may affect the development of urban space is presented in the case of Ankara. The importance of considering theoretically the local variations in studies conducted in urban space based on the daily practices of urbanites is revealed by the discussions of cultural factors that are special to Ankara and Turkey.
Books on the topic "Urban middle classe"
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Class formation and urban-industrial society: Bradford, 1750-1850. Cambridge [England]: Cambridge University Press, 1990.
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Pandey, Vinita. Crisis of urban middle class. Jaipur: Rawat Publications, 2009.
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Crisis of urban middle class. Jaipur: Rawat Publications, 2009.
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Pandey, Vinita. Crisis of urban middle class. Jaipur: Rawat Publications, 2009.
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Reay, Diane, Gill Crozier, and David James. White Middle-Class Identities and Urban Schooling. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230302501.
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The new middle class and the remaking of the central city. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996.
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Globalization and the Indian urban middle class: The emerging trend. New Delhi: Uppal Pub. House, 2010.
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The ancient middle classes: Urban life, economics, and a new aesthetic in the Roman Empire, 100 BCE-250 CE. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2012.
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Be my valentine: Bouquets, marriage, and middle class hegemony in urban China. Halle/Saale: Max Planck Institute for Social Anthropology, 2013.
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Land, Marco van der. Vluchtige verbondenheid: Stedelijke bindingen van de Rotterdamse nieuwe middenklasse. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2004.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Urban middle classe"
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White, Howard. "The Urban Middle Classes." In Society and Politics in the Russian Revolution, 64–85. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-22017-5_4.
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Zhang, Haidong, and Chengchen Yang. "Housing and the class identity of urban residents." In China’s Middle Class, 58–83. 1 Edition. | New York: Routledge, 2021. | Series: China perspectives|Includes bibliographical references and index. |: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003173663-7.
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Boterman, Willem, and Wouter van Gent. "Class, State and Urban Space." In Making the Middle-class City, 13–42. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-55493-2_2.
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Lilius, Johanna. "New Urban Figures in Contemporary Urban Reality." In Reclaiming Cities as Spaces of Middle Class Parenthood, 111–34. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-9010-3_7.
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Feng, Tian. "A study on the income gap between urban household registrants and rural migrant workers from the perspective of occupational stratification." In China’s Middle Class, 109–23. 1 Edition. | New York: Routledge, 2021. | Series: China perspectives|Includes bibliographical references and index. |: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003173663-9.
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Breines, Markus Roos. "A Middle Class Rooted in Urban-to-Urban Migration." In Globalization, Urbanization and Development in Africa, 177–93. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-3537-3_7.
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Cucchiara, Maia. "Middle-Class Engagement in Urban Public Education." In The Wiley Handbook of Family, School, and Community Relationships in Education, 575–95. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119083054.ch27.
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Rigby, S. H. "Urban class structure and usurpationary closure." In English Society in the Later Middle Ages, 145–77. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-23969-6_5.
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Shin, Kyoung-Ho, and Michael Timberlake. "A new global urban middle class? Gangnam area." In Seoul, Korea’s Global City, 43–63. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge Books, [2020] |: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315122298-3.
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Rick, Oliver James Collard, and Longxi Li. "Tennis Culture and the Booming Urban Middle Class." In Global Sports and Contemporary China, 179–204. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-18595-3_8.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Urban middle classe"
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Almeira Cúneo, María Noelia. "Implementación y gestión conjunta de acciones públicas y privadas en la solución habitacional: el caso de la ciudad Villa del Rosario, Argentina." In Seminario Internacional de Investigación en Urbanismo. Barcelona: Facultad de Arquitectura. Universidad de la República, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.5821/siiu.6158.
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Esta investigación se enmarca en el tema de estudio de la Tesis de Maestría (UNC,FAUD), “Implementación y gestión conjunta de acciones públicas y privadas en la solución habitacional destinada a un sector de la clase obrera industrial”; que se desarrolla como consecuencia de la limitada capacidad de las entidades públicas para brindar soluciones efectivas a la demanda creciente de vivienda de la población y en la que se constata la necesidad de proveer nuevas alternativas de gestión política con agentes extra estatales. Debido a los altos costos del suelo urbano y construcción, normalmente, la población de estables recursos económicos, pero sin capacidad de ahorro para solventar el costo de la vivienda propia, queda excluida como potencial candidato de proyectos urbanos. El objetivo es exponer una estrategia para que un sector de la clase media baja habite proyectos de vivienda insertos en la trama urbana a partir de una política de concertación pública-privada. This research is part of the Master Thesis theme (UNC,FAUD), “Implementation and combined management of public and private acts for the housing solution destined for an industrial workers sector”; that is developed as a consequence to the limited ability of the public institutions, to provide effective solutions to the housing demands of the people/citizens, and which confirms the requirement of new political management alternatives involving extra-State agents. Usually, due to the high costs of the urban land and the construction, the people that have stable economic incomes, but don’t have saving potential to cover the cost of home ownership, are excluded from being possible residents of urban projects. The aim of this work is to present a strategy to allow the middle-low social class sector to inhabit housing projects that are inserted in the urban area, through public- private agreement policy.
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Suyanto, Bagong. "Lifestyle and Consumption Behavior Among the Urban Middle Class." In International Post-Graduate Conference on Media and Communication. SCITEPRESS - Science and Technology Publications, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0007325401170124.
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Wazir, Zuber Angkasa. "The correlation of urban heat island in tropical middle-class housing." In PROCEEDINGS OF THE 3RD INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING ENGINEERING (ICONBUILD) 2017: Smart Construction Towards Global Challenges. Author(s), 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5011518.
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Schwartz, Kenneth. "Charlottesville Urban Design and Affordable Housing." In 1995 ACSA International Conference. ACSA Press, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.35483/acsa.intl.1995.83.
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One of the most pressing problems confronting architects and planners involves the erosion of urban fabric in American cities and small towns. Many factors have contributed to the physical and economic decline of previously healthy cities since the end of World War 11. Federal tax policies involving home mortgage deduction, FHA loan programs, and highway policy and subsidies have all conspired to promote suburban sprawl and a concurrent abandonment of city centers by the middle class. Nowhere has the impact of this problem been felt more seriously than in the area of housing. The legacy of the late 1950's and 1960's "urban renewal" has decimated vast tracts of land. In many areas of many cities, lower and middle income housing stock has been eliminated, often leaving a wasteland of parking in its place.
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Srimathi, S. P. "WOMEN’S HEALTH: MIDDLE CLASS HOME MAKERS-VOICES AND CONCERNS IN URBAN BANGALORE CITY." In International Conference on Future of Women. The International Institute of Knowledge Management-TIIKM, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.17501/icfow.2018.1106.
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Saus, María Alejandra, and Andrés Aguirre. "VALORACIÓN DEL ENTORNO DE UNA ESTACIÓN FERROVIARIA INACTIVA MEDIANTE ESTÁNDAR DOT Avance metodológico para el caso del Gran Santa Fe (Argentina)." In Seminario Internacional de Investigación en Urbanismo. Bogotá: Universidad Piloto de Colombia, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5821/siiu.10156.
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The dynamics of capitalism have a peculiar impact on middle size Latin American cities. Here, the real estate logics proliferate and create a dual urban expansion: vertical/horizontal. That expansion contributes to increase spatial injustices, traffic congestion and individual travels. Transport Oriented Development (TOD) proposes some tools to plan both: land use and transport, although the urban policies are very complex. The work makes a diagnosis of the growth model in Santa Fe Area (Argentina) and its possible consequences in the use of private cars and the inefficiency of public transport. The objective of the presentation is to implement a quantitative evaluation by using STANDARD DOT v. 3.0, in order to offer alternatives for a sustainable development. Based on that methodology, the paper studies the area of an inactive railway station to analyse its strengths and weaknesses in the preliminary results of this presentation.
Keywords: urban development, public transport, spatial injustices, quantitative evaluation
Topic: Spatial Justice and Territorial Planning Las dinámicas capitalistas inciden peculiarmente en ciudades intermedias latinoamericanas. Aquí proliferan lógicas inmobiliarias tendientes a una expansión urbana dual: vertical/horizontal. Ésta contribuye a incrementar las injusticias espaciales, la congestión del tráfico y los desplazamientos individuales. El Desarrollo Orientado al Transporte (DOT) propone herramientas para planificar conjuntamente los usos del suelo y el transporte, aunque resultan políticas urbanas de compleja implementación. El trabajo realiza un diagnóstico del modelo de crecimiento en el Gran Santa Fe (Argentina) y sus posibles secuelas en el aumento del uso del automóvil particular y la ineficiencia del transporte público. El objetivo es implementar, en dicho caso de estudio, una evaluación cuantitativa mediante ESTANDAR DOT v. 3.0, a fin de ofrecer alternativas para un desarrollo sostenible. En base a esa metodología se estudia el área circundante a una estación ferroviaria desafectada para analizar sus fortalezas y debilidades expuestas en los resultados preliminares de la ponencia.
Palabras clave: desarrollo urbano, transporte público, justicia espacial, evaluación cuantitativa
Bloque temático: Justicia Espacial y Ordenamiento Territorial
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Hamdani, Akhmad Faruq, and Nelya Eka Susanti. "Examining the Level of Vulnerability and Adaptation of Middle Class Urban Communities to Climate Change." In Annual Conference on Social Sciences and Humanities. SCITEPRESS - Science and Technology Publications, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0007414700360040.
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Rodrigues Fonseca, Priscila. "Políticas habitacionais e ação da indústria imobiliária na produção do espaço: o caso do Bairro de Campo Grande no Rio de Janeiro." In International Conference Virtual City and Territory. Rio de Janeiro: Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.5821/ctv.7851.
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O presente artigo pretende realizar uma análise histórico-crítica da produção habitacional patrocinada pelo poder público no bairro de Campo Grande, Rio de Janeiro; e a atual valorização do solo, que intensificou a ação da indústria imobiliária. Hoje, estes dois atores são os principais agentes transformadores do espaço em Campo Grande e arredores. Apesar de ser um dos bairros mais distantes da área central da cidade, transformou-se em uma centralidade para a Zona Oeste, haja vista a dinâmica das atividades comerciais baseadas no subcentro e no West Shopping, e a infraestrutura consolidada – malha viária, serviços e equipamentos urbanos. Serão abordadas as políticas habitacionais do Banco Nacional da Habitação – BNH – e seu papel na expansão urbana da “periferia distante” (ABREU, 2006) para demonstrar que a atuação do estado repete-se nos dias atuais, pois empreendimentos populares estão sendo construídos em áreas ainda mais remotas. Por outro lado, o mercado imobiliário tem garantido o acesso das classes mais abastadas aos locais privilegiados de Campo Grande, aumentando o valor do solo. Desta forma, espera-se expor estas contradições e fomentar estudos mais aprofundados sobre a região, que se tornou uma das principais frentes de expansão da cidade para as classes médias e populares. O aporte teórico baseou-se em autores que estudam a produção do espaço urbano no Rio de Janeiro, como Corrêa (1979 e 1999) e Soares (1965 e 1990), também foi de extrema importância os estudos de Lago (2000 e 2007) e Bienenstein (2001) sobre a historização das políticas habitacionais e loteamentos periféricos. A investigação foi enriquecida com fotografias e informações obtidas em vários órgãos oficiais, como Prefeitura Municipal e IBGE – Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística –, a fim de respaldar a questão da configuração socioespacial, econômica e habitacional. A utilização de mapas teve o objetivo de facilitar a compreensão dos espaços ocupados pelas habitações de cunho popular e dos vetores de crescimento urbano do bairro, fundamentais para determinar a heterogeneidade social existente na região This article intends to conduct an historical-critical analysis of housing production sponsored by the government in the neighborhood of Campo Grande, Rio de Janeiro; and the present land value, which intensified the action of the real estate industry. Today, these two actors are the main agents of change in the space of Campo Grande and surrounding areas. Despite being one of the most remote districts of the downtown area, it has become a centrality for the West Zone, considering the dynamics of trade based on sub-center and West Shopping, and consolidated infrastructure – roads, services and equipment urban. It will address the housing policies of the National Housing Bank - BNH - and its role in the urban sprawl of "distant periphery" (ABREU, 2006) to demonstrate that the performance of state repeats itself today because popular enterprises are being built into even more remote areas. On the other hand, the housing market has guaranteed access to the wealthiest locations in Campo Grande, increasing the value of land. Thus, it is expected to expose these contradictions and encourage further studies about the region, which became one of the main fronts of city expansion for the middle and popular classes. The theoretical approach was based on authors who have studied the production of urban space in Rio de Janeiro, as Corrêa (1979 and 1999) and Soares (1965 and 1990), was also extremely important studies of Lago (2000 and 2007) and Bienenstein (2001) about the historicization of peripheral settlements and housing policies. The investigation was enhanced with photographs and information obtained from various official agencies such as Municipality of Rio de Janeiro and IBGE - Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics - in order to support the issue of social, economic, and housing reconfiguration. The utilization of maps aimed to facilitate understanding of the spaces occupied by popular housing and also of the vectors of urban growth in the district, key determinants of social heterogeneity present in the region
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Kundu, Ratoola. "The informal syndicate Raj: Emerging urban governance challenges in newly incorporated." In 55th ISOCARP World Planning Congress, Beyond Metropolis, Jakarta-Bogor, Indonesia. ISOCARP, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.47472/nnxq9422.
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Peri-urban spaces in the Global South are regarded as sites of radical and often violent of transformation of social and spatial structures, of brutal dispossessions of lives and livelihoods to make way for speculative real estate development and the accumulation of capital through the expropriation and commodification of land. What kinds of politics and governance configurations emerge in the peri-urban areas of mega-cities? A host of state and non-state actors such as developers, aspiring middle-class urban dwellers are reimagining these sites. This paper investigates the complex governance and livelihood transformations following the upgradation of Bidhan Municipality to a Corporation in 2015 through the state driven merger of the existing planned satellite township of Salt Lake with the surrounding unplanned rural and urban areas. The paper argues that a new politics of unsteady alliances characterises the messy, unsettled and restless territories of the newly formed Municipal Corporation. A highly contingent, informalised and powerful configuration of non-state actors – locally known as Syndicates control the development dynamics and political fortunes of the periphery
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Djamel, Mansour, and Khelifa Djerriri. "Extraction Of Urban Areas From Multi-Date Landsat Imagery Using Presence And Packground Learning One-Class Classification Framework." In 2020 Mediterranean and Middle-East Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (M2GARSS). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/m2garss47143.2020.9105142.
Full textReports on the topic "Urban middle classe"
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Lazonick, William, Philip Moss, and Joshua Weitz. The Unmaking of the Black Blue-Collar Middle Class. Institute for New Economic Thinking Working Paper Series, May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36687/inetwp159.
Full textAbstract:
In the decade after the Civil Rights Act of 1964, African Americans made historic gains in accessing employment opportunities in racially integrated workplaces in U.S. business firms and government agencies. In the previous working papers in this series, we have shown that in the 1960s and 1970s, Blacks without college degrees were gaining access to the American middle class by moving into well-paid unionized jobs in capital-intensive mass production industries. At that time, major U.S. companies paid these blue-collar workers middle-class wages, offered stable employment, and provided employees with health and retirement benefits. Of particular importance to Blacks was the opening up to them of unionized semiskilled operative and skilled craft jobs, for which in a number of industries, and particularly those in the automobile and electronic manufacturing sectors, there was strong demand. In addition, by the end of the 1970s, buoyed by affirmative action and the growth of public-service employment, Blacks were experiencing upward mobility through employment in government agencies at local, state, and federal levels as well as in civil-society organizations, largely funded by government, to operate social and community development programs aimed at urban areas where Blacks lived. By the end of the 1970s, there was an emergent blue-collar Black middle class in the United States. Most of these workers had no more than high-school educations but had sufficient earnings and benefits to provide their families with economic security, including realistic expectations that their children would have the opportunity to move up the economic ladder to join the ranks of the college-educated white-collar middle class. That is what had happened for whites in the post-World War II decades, and given the momentum provided by the dominant position of the United States in global manufacturing and the nation’s equal employment opportunity legislation, there was every reason to believe that Blacks would experience intergenerational upward mobility along a similar education-and-employment career path. That did not happen. Overall, the 1980s and 1990s were decades of economic growth in the United States. For the emerging blue-collar Black middle class, however, the experience was of job loss, economic insecurity, and downward mobility. As the twentieth century ended and the twenty-first century began, moreover, it became apparent that this downward spiral was not confined to Blacks. Whites with only high-school educations also saw their blue-collar employment opportunities disappear, accompanied by lower wages, fewer benefits, and less security for those who continued to find employment in these jobs. The distress experienced by white Americans with the decline of the blue-collar middle class follows the downward trajectory that has adversely affected the socioeconomic positions of the much more vulnerable blue-collar Black middle class from the early 1980s. In this paper, we document when, how, and why the unmaking of the blue-collar Black middle class occurred and intergenerational upward mobility of Blacks to the college-educated middle class was stifled. We focus on blue-collar layoffs and manufacturing-plant closings in an important sector for Black employment, the automobile industry from the early 1980s. We then document the adverse impact on Blacks that has occurred in government-sector employment in a financialized economy in which the dominant ideology is that concentration of income among the richest households promotes productive investment, with government spending only impeding that objective. Reduction of taxes primarily on the wealthy and the corporate sector, the ascendancy of political and economic beliefs that celebrate the efficiency and dynamism of “free market” business enterprise, and the denigration of the idea that government can solve social problems all combined to shrink government budgets, diminish regulatory enforcement, and scuttle initiatives that previously provided greater opportunity for African Americans in the government and civil-society sectors.