Journal articles: 'Urban inequality'

1

Chakravorty, Sanjoy. "Urban Inequality Revisited." Urban Affairs Review 31, no. 6 (July 1996): 759–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107808749603100604.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

2

Индако, Агустин, and Лев Манович. "Urban Social Media Inequality." Городские исследования и практики 1, no. 1 (August 10, 2016): 11–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.17323/usp11201611-23.

Full text

Abstract:

Social media content shared today in cities, such as Instagram images, their tags and descriptions, is the key form of contemporary city life. It tells people where activities and locations that interest them are and it allows them to share their urban experiences and self-representations. Therefore, any analysis of urban structures and cultures needs to consider social media activity. In our paper, we introduce the novel concept of social media inequality. This concept allows us to quantitatively compare pattern in social media activities between parts of a city, a number of cities, or any other spatial areas. We define this concept using an analogy with the concept of economic inequality. Economic inequality indicates how some economic characteristics or material resources, such as income, wealth or consumption are distributed in a city, country or between countries. Accordingly, we can define social media inequality as the measures of distribution of characteristics of social media content shared in a particular geographic area or between areas. An example of such characteristics is the number of photos shared by all users of a social network such as Instagram in a given city or city area, or the content of these photos. We propose that the standard inequality measures used in other disciplines, such as the Gini coefficient, can also be used to characterize social media inequality. To test our ideas, we use a dataset of 7,442,454 public geo-coded Instagram images shared in Manhattan during five months (March — July) in 2014, and also selected data for 287 Census tracts in Manhattan. We compare patterns in Instagram sharing for locals and for visitors for all tracts, and also for hours in a 24 hour cycle. We also look at relations between social media inequality and socio-economic inequality using selected indicators for Census tracts. The inequality of Instagram images shared in Manhattan turns out to be bigger than inequalities in levels of income, rent, and unemployment.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

3

Wheeler, C. H. "Wage inequality and urban density." Journal of Economic Geography 4, no. 4 (August 1, 2004): 421–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jnlecg/lbh033.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

4

Baum-Snow, Nathaniel, Matthew Freedman, and Ronni Pavan. "Why Has Urban Inequality Increased?" American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 10, no. 4 (October 1, 2018): 1–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/app.20160510.

Full text

Abstract:

This paper examines mechanisms driving the more rapid increases in wage inequality in larger cities between 1980 and 2007. Production function estimates indicate strong evidence of capital–skill complementarity and increases in the skill bias of agglomeration economies in the context of rapid skill-biased technical change. Immigration shocks are the source of identifying variation across cities in changes to the relative supply of skilled versus unskilled labor. Estimates indicate that changes in the factor biases of agglomeration economies rationalize at least 80 percent of the more rapid increases in wage inequality in larger cities. (JEL J24, J31, O33, R23)

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

5

Wei, Yehua Dennis, and Reid Ewing. "Urban expansion, sprawl and inequality." Landscape and Urban Planning 177 (September 2018): 259–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2018.05.021.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

6

Chapple, Karen. "Income Inequality and Urban Displacement." New Labor Forum 26, no. 1 (December 9, 2016): 84–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1095796016682018.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

7

Ren, Qiang, and Rongqin Hu. "Housing inequality in urban China." Chinese Journal of Sociology 2, no. 1 (January 2016): 144–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2057150x15624894.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

8

Ball, Stephen J. "Markets, inequality, and urban schooling." Urban Review 22, no. 2 (June 1990): 85–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01108245.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

9

Arapoglou, Vassilis P. "Diversity, inequality and urban change." European Urban and Regional Studies 19, no. 3 (July 2012): 223–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0969776412451800.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

10

Bauer, John, Wang Feng, Nancy E. Riley, and Zhao Xiaohua. "Gender Inequality in Urban China." Modern China 18, no. 3 (July 1992): 333–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009770049201800304.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

11

Pi, Jiancai, and Yanwei Fan. "Urban bias and wage inequality." Review of Development Economics 23, no. 4 (May 28, 2019): 1788–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/rode.12603.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

12

Strömblad, Per, and Gunnar Myrberg. "Urban Inequality and Political Recruitment." Urban Studies 50, no. 5 (September 11, 2012): 1049–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042098012458549.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

13

Wheeler, C. H. "Wage inequality and urban density." Journal of Economic Geography 4, no. 4 (August 1, 2004): 421–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jeg/4.4.421.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

14

Ganter, Manuel, Malte Toetzke, and Stefan Feuerriegel. "Mining Points-of-Interest Data to Predict Urban Inequality: Evidence from Germany and France." Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media 16 (May 31, 2022): 216–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/icwsm.v16i1.19286.

Full text

Abstract:

Reducing inequality is a major goal of the Sustainable Development Goals. Inequality is many-sided and often appears across geographic boundaries. Urban inequality refers to inequality between urban neighborhoods. Despite close distances, it reveals considerable disparities in income level, unemployment rates, and other socio-economic indicators and is highly dangerous for democratic societies. However, little is known about determinants indicating urban inequality. Here, we propose to explain urban inequality based on point-of-interest (POI) data from the online platform Open Street Maps. For this, we leverage machine learning to predict three major indicators of urban inequality, namely, unemployment rate, income level, and foreign national rate. We evaluate our machine learning approach using POI data for neighborhoods in Paris, Lyon, Marseille, Berlin, Hamburg, and Bremen. We find: (1) POIs are highly predictive of intra-city inequality explaining up to 75% of out-of-sample variance of urban inequality. (2) POIs generalize across cities and, thereby, can help to explain urban inequality in other cities, where no socio-economic data is available. (3) Important POIs for the prediction model are, e.g., banks and playgrounds. To the best of our knowledge, our work is the first to show urban inequality through POIs. As such, POIs can be used to infer granular mappings of urban inequality and thereby provide cost-effective evidence for policy-makers.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

15

Wu, Yunyun, and Xiaochun Li. "Rural-urban migrants’ remittances and wage inequality: Evidence from China." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 66, No. 3 (March 31, 2020): 129–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/53/2019-agricecon.

Full text

Abstract:

There is a link between rural-urban remittances and wage inequality. However, the existing literature sheds little light on this topic. In this study, we establish a three-sector general equilibrium model to investigate the effects of rural-urban migrants’ remittances on wage inequality. Further, we use Chinese macroeconomic data to calibrate the parameters and conduct analysis with numerical simulation. We find that, when rural-urban migrants raise their remittance rate, wage inequality between skilled labour and the urban formal sector remains unchanged in the sector-specific capital case but narrows in the sector-mobile capital case. Moreover, in the sector-specific case, skilled and unskilled wage inequalities, wSY and wSZ, decrease at the same rate as the urban-rural wage inequalities, wXY and wXZ, respectively. In the mobile case, however, the former declines faster than the latter.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

16

Nouraeinejad, Ali. "Urban inequality: a hypothetic risk factor for myopia." Medical hypothesis, discovery & innovation in optometry 2, no. 4 (August 15, 2022): 146–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.51329/mehdioptometry139.

Full text

Abstract:

Background: Myopia is a common refractive error with an expected increase in prevalence. Inequalities in access to ocular health care for sight-threatening or life-threatening ocular diseases have been described. Urbanization is a risk factor for both the incidence and progression of myopia; however, socioeconomic inequalities in urban settings are a new concept in myopia incidence.Hypothesis: Considering the proven impact of inequalities existing in general and ocular health, urban inequality could be a new risk factor for both the incidence and progression of myopia. Inequalities in urban infrastructure vary between countries; however, there are currently various manifestations of urban inequality, and scholars are concerned about intra-urban inequality as a public health risk. Considering the significant influence of urban inequality on health of children, and because myopia develops and progresses faster during childhood, the effect of urban inequality on myopia must be examined. Although urban inequality could be a putative risk factor for myopia, a causal relationship should be investigated. However, myopia is multifactorial in etiology, originating from the interaction of environmental and genetic factors. Thus, causality between urban inequality and myopia should be investigated through a randomized, controlled trial with strict matching of genetic backgrounds and environmental factors. Conclusions: Several risk factors for myopia have been proposed, and studies have confirmed causal relationships with most of these factors. Considering the proven impact of urban inequality on both general and ocular health, experimental studies are necessary to confirm the possible causal relationship between urban inequality and myopia. Certainly, there will be substantial challenges in the implementation phase.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

17

Mustika, Candra, Haryadi Haryadi, Junaidi Junaidi, and Zamzami Zamzami. "The Relationship Between Absolute Poverty Income Inequality in Rural and Urban Areas in Indonesia: The Granger Causality Approach." Jurnal Ekonomi Pembangunan 11, no. 2 (July 3, 2022): 107–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/jep.v11i2.541.

Full text

Abstract:

This study aims to determine the relationship between poverty and inequality in rural and urban areas by using the Granger causality test approach. This research method uses the Granger causality test analysis tool with rural and urban areas as objects in all provinces in Indonesia with use data from thirty four province and period year from 2014 until 2020. The results of the Granger causality test for rural areas show that there is a realtionship unidirectional relationship between poverty and inequality, the relationship shows significant inequality that causes poverty in rural areas, that meaning in rural area absolute poverty happen because inequality income distribution, while the results of causality tests for urban areas show that there is no relationship at all between poverty and inequality in the urban areas. that meaning In urban areas no causality between absolute poverty and inequality income distribution, this result shows that poverty and inequality in urban areas do not contain a direct one way or two-way relationship.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

18

Chen, Chunlai. "The impact of foreign direct investment on urban-rural income inequality." China Agricultural Economic Review 8, no. 3 (September 5, 2016): 480–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/caer-09-2015-0124.

Full text

Abstract:

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyse the impact of foreign direct investment (FDI) on urban-rural income inequality in China. Design/methodology/approach This study uses the provincial-level panel data and employs the fixed-effects instrumental variable regression technique to investigate empirically the impact of FDI on urban-rural income inequality in China. Findings The study finds that while FDI has directly contributed to reducing urban-rural income inequality through employment creation, knowledge spillovers and contribution to economic growth, FDI has also contributed to increasing urban-rural income inequality through international trade. Practical implications The study has some policy implications. First, as the study finds that FDI not only contributes to reducing urban-rural income inequality through employment creation, knowledge spillovers and contribution to economic growth, but also contributes to increasing urban-rural income inequality through international trade, therefore, apart from improving local economic and technological conditions to attract more FDI inflows, China should re-design FDI policies by shifting away from encouraging export-oriented FDI to encouraging FDI flows into the industries and sectors in line with China’s overall economic structural adjustments and industrial upgrading. Second, policies should focus on increasing investment in infrastructure development and in public education, which not only can reduce urban-rural income inequality but also can attract more FDI inflows. And finally policies should be designed to accelerate urbanisation development by focusing on urban-rural integrated development, household registration system reform and proper settlement of rural migrants in urban areas, thus reducing urban-rural income inequality. Originality/value The paper makes two major contributions to the literature. First, the paper adopts the fixed-effects instrumental variable regression technique to deal with the endogeneity issues in estimating the impact of FDI on urban-rural income inequality, producing more consistent estimates. Second, the paper investigates not only the direct impact of FDI on urban-rural income inequality through the effects of employment creation, knowledge spillovers and contribution to economic growth, but also the indirect impact of FDI on urban-rural income inequality through its activities in international trade, adding new empirical evidence to the sparse literature on the impact of FDI on income inequality in China.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

19

Khan, Azizur Rahman, and Carl Riskin. "China's Household Income and Its Distribution, 1995 and 2002." China Quarterly 182 (June 2005): 356–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741005000238.

Full text

Abstract:

A new, independently designed household income survey for China in 2002 shows some decline in income inequality in both rural and urban China since 1995. However, the overall Gini ratio for China remained unchanged due to a rise in the urban–rural income gap. The reduction in rural inequality stemmed mainly from a fall in both inter-provincial inequality and inequality within most of the provinces, as well as from a further improvement in the distribution of wage income and farm income and a reduction in the regressiveness of net taxes. The reduction in urban inequality came from a fall in inter-provincial inequality and better distribution of imputed rental income and net taxes. The results raise questions about whether recent more equity-oriented policies, such as the “great western development strategy,” began to reduce some dimensions of overall income inequality. For the first time, a special survey was implemented to furnish data on migrants living in towns and cities. Incorporating the migrants into the urban population raises urban inequality and reduces the urban–rural gap somewhat, but leaves the latter still very high by international standards.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

20

Shlay, Anne B., Alice O'Connor, Chris Tilly, and Lawrence D. Bobo. "Urban Inequality: Evidence from Four Cities." Contemporary Sociology 31, no. 5 (September 2002): 509. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3090017.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

21

Cheng, Mariah Mantsun, and Yanjie Bian. "Work and Inequality in Urban China." Social Forces 75, no. 1 (September 1996): 362. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2580790.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

22

Whyte, Martin King, and Yanjie Bian. "Work and Inequality in Urban China." Contemporary Sociology 24, no. 4 (July 1995): 342. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2077645.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

23

Jiménez, Luis Felipe, and Nora Ruedi A. "Determinants of inequality among urban households." CEPAL Review 1998, no. 66 (December 1, 1998): 53–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.18356/260bfc9f-en.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

24

Zhou, Yiming. "Urban wage inequality and economic agglomeration." Annals of Regional Science 59, no. 2 (July 19, 2017): 475–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00168-017-0840-7.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

25

Shifa, Muna, and Murray Leibbrandt. "Urban Poverty and Inequality in Kenya." Urban Forum 28, no. 4 (September 14, 2017): 363–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12132-017-9317-0.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

26

Denton, Nancy A. "Urban Inequality: Evidence from Four Cities." Journal of American Ethnic History 22, no. 3 (April 1, 2003): 129–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/27501342.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

27

Li, Shi, Shanshan Wu, and Chunbing Xing. "Education Development and Wage Inequality in Urban China." Asian Economic Papers 17, no. 2 (June 2018): 140–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/asep_a_00619.

Full text

Abstract:

Using a representative household survey for 1995, 2002, 2007, and 2013, we show that education plays a pivotal role in shaping wage inequality in urban China. We find that education was a major contributor to increased wage inequality between 1995 and 2013. The returns to education remained high after 2007 despite a large inflow of college-educated workers. Although regional wage inequality declined from 2007–13, regional wage inequality among educated workers did not. Residual wage inequality increased, and the within inequality of educated workers increased faster than that of the less educated. We argue that China's education expansion seems insufficient to narrow the educational wage gap, and a lack of labor mobility for educated workers prevents the decline in returns to education in specific regions.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

28

Libório, Matheus Pereira, Oseias da Silva Martinuci, Sandro Laudares, Renata de Mello Lyrio, Alexei Manso Correa Machado, Patrícia Bernardes, and Petr Ekel. "Measuring Intra-Urban Inequality with Structural Equation Modeling: A Theory-Grounded Indicator." Sustainability 12, no. 20 (October 17, 2020): 8610. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12208610.

Full text

Abstract:

Composite indicators are almost always determined by methods that aggregate a reasonable number of manifest variables that can be weighted—or not—as new synthesis variables. A problem arises when these aggregations and weightings do not capture the possible effects that the various underlying dimensions of the phenomenon have on each other, and consequently distort the assessment of intra-urban inequality. In this paper, we explore the direct and indirect effects that the different underlying dimensions of intra-urban inequality have on indicators that represent this phenomenon. Structural equation modeling was used to build a composite indicator that captures the direct and indirect effects of the underlying dimensions of intra-urban inequality. From this modeling that combines confirmatory factor analysis with a system of simultaneous equations, the intra-urban inequality of the urban conurbation of Maringá–Sarandi–Paiçandu, Brazil was measured. The model comprises first- and second-order structures. The first-order structure is composed of non-observed variables that represent three underlying dimensions of intra-urban inequality. The second-order structure is the intra-urban inequality composite indicator that synthesizes the non-observed variables of the first-order structure. The model aims at demonstrating how to perform a theorized measurement of urban inequality so that it makes it possible to identify which dimensions most influence the others, as well as which dimensions are more relevant to this purpose.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

29

Zeng, Zhixin, and Xiaojun Wang. "Spatial Effects of Domestic Tourism on Urban-Rural Income Inequality." Sustainability 13, no. 16 (August 21, 2021): 9394. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13169394.

Full text

Abstract:

Although much of the recent research has explored the relationship between domestic tourism and income inequality among regions, provinces, and cities, few studies have examined the impact of domestic tourism on income inequality between urban and rural areas within a region. This paper uses a panel dataset covering China’s 31 provinces for 21 years to investigate the spatial spillover effect of domestic tourism on urban-rural income inequality. An increase in domestic tourism revenue in neighboring provinces leads to a reduction in the local province’s urban-rural income inequality. Innovatively, we decompose domestic tourism revenue and consider the circumstances in different provinces. An increase in the number of neighboring provinces’ domestic tourists’ arrival decreases the local province’s urban-rural income inequality in western provinces but increases the inequality in eastern provinces; the effect is insignificant in central provinces. In order to improve urban-rural income inequality by attracting domestic tourists, this study suggests a collaborative strategy for the western region, a low-priority strategy for the central region, and a mitigation strategy for the eastern region.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

30

Deng, Hui, Weizeng Sun, Wingshan Yip, and Siqi Zheng. "Household income inequality aggravates high-temperature exposure inequality in urban China." Journal of Environmental Management 275 (December 2020): 111224. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111224.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

31

Wu, Peishen, and Mei Liu. "A Framework for the Spatial Inequality in Urban Public Facility for Urban Planning, Design and Management." Land 11, no. 9 (August 30, 2022): 1429. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11091429.

Full text

Abstract:

Spatial inequality, spatial injustice, and spatial inequity are topics that have been of great interest for academics in various research fields. Among them, the uneven distribution and accessibility of urban public facilities (abbreviated as “UPF”) as one of the most predominant research subjects explores the factors that lead to disparities for people to access indispensable resources and services, which might cause significant marginalization for certain communities and further increase overall inequality. Extensive research has contributed to a status-quo understanding of spatial inequality/injustice/inequity in UPFs from demographic, political, and morphological points of view. However, there lacks a detailed set of guidelines, particularly in terms of location-specific urban planning, urban design, and UPF management strategies, which seek for more equitable opportunities for the public to receive and use amenities. To fill the gap, this research carried out an in-depth review of literature that studied spatial inequality/injustice/inequity research related to UPFs. The results showed that the findings of the current literature that studied spatial inequality/injustice/inequity research in UPFs can be mainly distinguished into three aspects: (a) morphology: the spatial structure and character of physical urban elements; (b) quantity: the uneven quantity of UPFs; (c) quality: the disparity in the quality of UPFs. Based on that, this research proposed empirical planning and design interventions from a spatial perspective. In conclusion, a framework that displays a hierarchical process of understanding and interpreting the spatial inequality/injustice/inequity in UPFs from an ambiguous concept to detailed interventions was developed, extending knowledge-based principles for urban practitioners to thoroughly understand and communicate an equal and inclusive urban environment.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

32

Mitlin, Diana, David Satterthwaite, and Carolyn Stephens. "City inequality." Environment and Urbanization 8, no. 2 (October 1, 1996): 3–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1630/095624796101287148.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

33

Li, Shi, and Terry Sicular. "The Distribution of Household Income in China: Inequality, Poverty and Policies." China Quarterly 217 (March 2014): 1–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741014000290.

Full text

Abstract:

AbstractThis article examines recent trends in inequality and poverty and the effects of distributional policies in China. After a discussion of data and measurement issues, we present evidence on national, as well as rural and urban, inequality and poverty. We critically examine a selection of policies pursued during the Hu–Wen decade that had explicit distributional objectives: the individual income tax, the elimination of agricultural taxes and fees, minimum wage policies, the relaxation of restrictions on rural–urban migration, the minimum living standard guarantee programme, the “open up the west” development strategy, and the development-oriented rural poverty reduction programme. Despite these policies, income inequality in China increased substantially from the mid-1990s through to 2008. Although inequality stabilized after 2008, the level of inequality remained moderately high by international standards. The ongoing urban–rural income gap and rapid growth in income from private assets and wealth have contributed to these trends in inequality. Policies relaxing restrictions on rural–urban migration have moderated inequality. Our review of selected distributional policies suggests that not all policy measures have been equally effective in ameliorating inequality and poverty.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

34

Singh, Aditya, Mahashweta Chakrabarty, Shivani Singh, Diwakar Mohan, Rakesh Chandra, and Sourav Chowdhury. "Wealth-based inequality in the exclusive use of hygienic materials during menstruation among young women in urban India." PLOS ONE 17, no. 11 (November 29, 2022): e0277095. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0277095.

Full text

Abstract:

Background The exclusive use of hygienic materials during menstruation (sanitary napkins, locally made napkins, tampons, and menstrual cups) among urban women in India has been increasing over time. However, little is known about the wealth-based disparity in the exclusive use of hygienic materials during menstruation among these women. This study, therefore, measures wealth-based inequality in the exclusive use of hygienic materials during menstruation among urban women in India. Furthermore, the measured inequality is decomposed to unravel its contributing factors. Data and methods Using data from the National Family Health Survey-5 (2019–21), we calculated the Erreygers normalized concentration index (CI) for India and each of its states to measure wealth-based inequality in the exclusive use of hygienic materials during menstruation among women in urban India. Further, we decomposed the Erreygers CI to estimate the relative contribution of covariates to wealth-based inequality in the exclusive use of hygienic materials during menstruation. The analysis included 54,561 urban women aged 15–24 from 28 states and eight union territories of India. Results The Erreygers CI value of 0.302 indicated a pro-rich inequality in the exclusive use of hygienic materials among urban women in India. While all the states and UTs showed pro-rich inequality, the CI varied considerably across the country. Among the bigger states, the inequality was highest in Madhya Pradesh (CI: 0.45), Assam (CI: 0.44), Bihar (CI: 0.41), and West Bengal (CI: 0.37) and the lowest in the south Indian states of Tamil Nadu (CI: 0.10), Andhra Pradesh (CI: 0.15), Telangana (CI: 0.15), and Kerala (CI: 0.20). Erreygers decomposition revealed that wealth-based inequality in women’s education and mass media exposure contributed almost 80% of the wealth-based inequality in the exclusive use of hygienic materials during menstruation among urban women in India. Conclusion Substantial pro-rich inequality in the exclusive use of hygienic materials suggests that the policies and program initiatives should prioritize reaching out to poor women to increase the overall rate of exclusive use of hygienic materials during menstruation in urban India.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

35

Kanbur, Ravi, and Juzhong Zhuang. "Urbanization and Inequality in Asia." Asian Development Review 30, no. 1 (March 2013): 131–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/adev_a_00006.

Full text

Abstract:

This paper provides a quantitative analysis of how the changing dual economic structure and urbanization affect inequality in Asia. Focusing on data for four countries—the Peoples’ Republic of China, India, Indonesia, and the Philippines—the paper asks three questions. First, how much of the past increase in inequality can be attributed to urbanization per se—the rising share of urban population, as opposed to other drivers related to the region's dual economic structure, such as the urban–rural income gap, inequality within the urban sector, and inequality within the rural sector? Second, how might urbanization affect these countries’ inequality in the future as its process continues? Third, moving forward, what is the relative importance of each of these drivers in containing rising inequality in Asia? It is hoped that the framework developed and calculations presented in this paper provide more insights into the dynamics of rising inequality in Asia and can help policy makers prioritize policy actions for confronting it.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

36

Mustapha, Alhaji Bukar, Rusmawati Said, and Shaufique Fahmi Sidique. "Urban poverty, inequality and industry in Nigeria." International Journal of Development Issues 14, no. 3 (September 7, 2015): 249–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijdi-06-2015-0040.

Full text

Abstract:

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between industrial sector growth, inequalities and urban poverty reduction Design/methodology/approach – The paper used static panel data analysis. However, the tests suggest that there are no state-specific effects; hence, the pooled panel regression techniques are used for the analysis. Findings – The findings of the paper suggest that the industrial sector growth exert no significance on urban poverty while the urban wholesale and retail services growth is found to be substantially strong in reducing urban poverty. The results also indicate that there is no statistically significant evidence to conclude that higher incidence of urban poverty was due to the high degree of inequalities. Research limitations/implications – This paper has provided some helpful results in understanding the heterogeneous effects of sectoral components of growth of urban poverty in the presence of high income inequalities, but the limitation of this study is that there is no disaggregated poverty and growth data on different occupational activity. Practical implications – There is a need to expand investment in the production and export manufacturing labor-intensive sectors; this will help increase the labor absorption rate of the industry and, thus, reduce poverty in the urban areas. Originality/value – The paper improves on previous research on poverty in Nigeria by explicitly recognizing the effects of location and inequality.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

37

Bosch, Mariano, and Marco Manacorda. "Minimum Wages and Earnings Inequality in Urban Mexico." American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 2, no. 4 (October 1, 2010): 128–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/app.2.4.128.

Full text

Abstract:

This paper analyzes the contribution of the minimum wage to the well documented rise in earnings inequality in Mexico between the late 1980s and the early 2000s. We find that a substantial part of the growth in inequality, and essentially all of the growth in inequality in the bottom end of the distribution, is due to the steep decline in the real value of the minimum wage. (JEL J31, J38, O15, O17, O18, R23)

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

38

Young, Alwyn. "Inequality, the Urban-Rural Gap, and Migration*." Quarterly Journal of Economics 128, no. 4 (September 26, 2013): 1727–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjt025.

Full text

Abstract:

Abstract Using population and product consumption data from the Demographic and Health Surveys, I construct comparable measures of inequality and migration for 65 countries, including some of the poorest countries in the world. I find that the urban-rural gap accounts for 40% of mean country inequality and much of its cross-country variation. One out of every four or five individuals raised in rural areas moves to urban areas as a young adult, where they earn much higher incomes than nonmigrant rural permanent residents. Equally, one out of every four or five individuals raised in urban areas moves to rural areas as a young adult, where they earn much lower incomes than their nonmigrant urban cousins. These flows and relative incomes are suggestive of a world where the population sorts itself geographically on the basis of its human capital and skill. I show that a simple model of this sort explains the urban-rural gap in living standards.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

39

Zhu, Ling. "Intergenerational housing asset transfer and the reproduction of housing inequality in urban China." Chinese Journal of Sociology 4, no. 4 (October 2018): 453–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2057150x18792835.

Full text

Abstract:

After the massive commodification of urban housing in the 1990s, housing inequality is now a major source of wealth inequality in urban China. Previous studies of housing inequality have rarely explored the extent and mechanisms of intergenerational housing inequality reproduction. This study fills this gap and examines how intergenerational housing asset transfer affects housing status in contemporary urban China. An analysis of data from the 2006 Chinese General Social Survey yields two important findings. First, ascribed factors such as parental social status have a greater influence than individuals’ own social status on their housing status. Second, intergenerational housing asset transfer has become an important mechanism of housing inequality reproduction. Elite parents are more likely to provide transferred assets, which prevents their downward-mobilised children from changing their relative housing status. Against the backdrop of rising wealth inequality in China, this study illustrates how the intergenerational transmission of economic resources is becoming an increasingly important mechanism of inequality reproduction.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

40

Lu, Yao, and Feng Wang. "From general discrimination to segmented inequality: Migration and inequality in urban China." Social Science Research 42, no. 6 (November 2013): 1443–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2013.06.006.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

41

Uprety, Pravat. "Measurement and Decomposition of Consumption Inequality in Nepal." Journal of Business and Social Sciences Research 4, no. 2 (December 31, 2019): 53–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jbssr.v4i2.29483.

Full text

Abstract:

This study aims at computing, comparing and decomposing the different inequality indices by rural and urban areas, sex of household head and ecological belt, so that policy maker can make the policy to reduce the inequality in Nepal. This study is based on the raw data taken from the 3rd Nepal Living Standard Survey-2011 conducted by the Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS). The study has used real consumption as the main variable to measure the inequality. In most of the cases five measures of inequality; Coefficient of variation (CV), Quantile Ratio Index, Gini Index, Generalised Entropy Index with parameter 0 and 1 were computed. The Gini index, Theil’s L and Theil’s T indices are 0.328, 0.175 and 0.194, respectively. The study has found no significant difference in inequality between male- and female-headed households; and the inequality in urban areas is higher than that in the rural areas. By ecological belts, the inequality is highest in hills and lowest in mountains. The country should place focus on urban areas and hilly belt to reduce inequality.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

42

Fu, Feng Jie, Qi Feng Lou, Bin Wang, and Dian Hai Wang. "An Identification Method of Traffic State Inequality for Urban Roads." Applied Mechanics and Materials 505-506 (January 2014): 979–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.505-506.979.

Full text

Abstract:

Traffic state inequality coefficient, an index characterizing traffic state inequality for urban roads, is presented based on traffic state indexes of intersections and links calculated by traffic flow data collected from fixed traffic detectors. And then it establishes the calculation system for traffic state inequality coefficient of intersections, links and networks and determines the ways to classify traffic state inequality. After that, a case study is conducted using Vissim simulation data reproducing the process and results of the identification.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

43

Skop, Emily. "Introduction—Urban Space: The Shape of Inequality." Urban Geography 27, no. 5 (August 2006): 393–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2747/0272-3638.27.5.393.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

44

Saeed, Noman, and Ambreen Fatima. "Educational Inequality in Rural and Urban Sindh." Pakistan Development Review 54, no. 4I-II (December 1, 2015): 767–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v54i4i-iipp.767-777.

Full text

Abstract:

The key development objective of Pakistan, since its existence, has been to reduce poverty, inequality and to improve the condition of its people. While this goal seems very important in itself yet is also necessary for the eradication of other social, political and economic problems. The objective to eradicate poverty has remained same but methodology to analysing this has changed. It can be said that failure of most of the poverty strategies is due to lack of clear choice of poverty definition. A sound development policy including poverty alleviation hinges upon accurate and well-defined measurements of multidimensional socio-economic characteristics which reflect the ground realities confronting the poor and down trodden rather than using some abstract/income based criteria for poverty measurement. Conventionally welfare has generally been measured using income or expenditures criteria. Similarly, in Pakistan poverty has been measured mostly in uni-dimension, income or expenditures variables. However, recent literature on poverty has pointed out some drawbacks in measuring uni-dimensional poverty in terms of money. It is argued that uni-dimensional poverty measures are insufficient to understand the wellbeing of individuals. Poverty is a multidimensional concept rather than a unidimensional. Uni-dimensional poverty is unable to capture a true picture of poverty because poverty is more than income deprivation

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

45

Rauch, James E. "Economic Development, Urban Underemployment, and Income Inequality." Canadian Journal of Economics 26, no. 4 (November 1993): 901. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/135828.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

46

Roberts, Anthony, and Luoman Bao. "Financialization and Wage Inequality in Urban China." Sociology of Development 7, no. 4 (2021): 441–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/sod.2021.0019.

Full text

Abstract:

The growth of wage inequality during a period of rapid economic development and reform in China raises questions about the nature of economic stratification in contemporary Chinese society. The most prominent explanation is that the transition to a market economy contributed to the growth of wage inequality by increasing the returns to human capital and skill in China. However, recent research suggests that the labor market in China is highly segmented across economic sectors because of preferential state investment and reform of strategic sectors. We contend that the growth and prominence of the financial sector in China empowered financial labor to obtain greater compensation, which created a wage premium in the sector. Drawing on nationally representative data on Chinese urban households, we test this argument by estimating adjusted wage differentials between financial and non-financial sectors across the distribution of earnings since the late 1980s. Estimates show that a wage premium emerged in the mid-1990s for low, median, and high earners in the financial sector. Over the next two decades, wage disparities within the financial sector increased as the wage premium shrank for low earners in the sector while expanding for high earners in the sector. We find that this dynamic is explained by growing occupational stratification in the financial sector, where the wage premium greatly expanded for the highest-paid managers and executives. Overall, this study extends the literature on contemporary economic inequality in China by identifying how excessive compensation among top earners in the financial sector contributed to wage inequality.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

47

Hyclak, Thomas. "Rising Wage Inequality in Urban Labor Markets." Employment Research 7, no. 2 (July 2000): 5–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.17848/1075-8445.7(2)-2.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

48

Jansen, Wim, and Xiaogang Wu. "Income Inequality in Urban China, 1978-2005." Chinese Sociological Review 45, no. 1 (October 1, 2012): 3–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2753/csa2162-0555450101.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

49

Luk, Tak Chuen. "Work and Inequality in Urban China.Yanjie Bian." American Journal of Sociology 100, no. 3 (November 1994): 828–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/230589.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

50

Downey, L. "Spatial Measurement, Geography, and Urban Racial Inequality." Social Forces 81, no. 3 (March 1, 2003): 937–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/sof.2003.0031.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Journal articles on the topic 'Urban inequality'

Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles