Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Urban inequality'
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Torrecillas, Jódar Juan. "Essays on Urban Mobility and Gender Inequality." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/673017.
Full textDAI, Erbiao, and Jinjun XUE. "Housing Disparity and Income Inequality in Urban China." 名古屋大学大学院経済学研究科, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/9590.
Full text潘富傑 and Fu-kit Benson Poon. "Spatial inequality of urban poverty in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2009. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B42929970.
Full textPoon, Fu-kit Benson. "Spatial inequality of urban poverty in Hong Kong." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2009. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B42929970.
Full textLi, Jun. "The legitimation of inequality in transitional urban China /." View abstract or full-text, 2009. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?SOSC%202009%20LI.
Full textShamsuddin, Shomon (Shomon Shamsuddin). "Essays on housing, education, and inequality." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/79199.
Full textCataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references.
According to standard economic theory, more people will obtain postsecondary education in response to the rising college wage premium. However, students from low income families remain less likely to earn a college degree than high income students, even controlling for academic preparation. My dissertation provides empirical evidence on the puzzle of low college attainment among low income students. First, I estimate the effects of motivational qualities on college graduation by performing multivariate regression analysis using National Education Longitudinal Study data. I find that motivational qualities measured in 8th grade, i.e. causally prior to postsecondary participation, predict college degree completion, independent of grades and demographic characteristics. Further, the positive impact is concentrated among disadvantaged students. Second, I examine if students possess adequate information about college preparation and the application process by conducting observations and over 50 interviews with high school guidance counselors, advisors, and students in public schools serving poor neighborhoods. I find that students are familiar with college applications but they are unaware of their own academic performance and lack context to make effective use of college guidance. Third, I identify the causal effect of college selectivity on degree completion by using National Longitudinal Survey of Youth data and instrumental variable estimation. I find that attendance at selective public universities increases the probability of graduation, controlling for grades and family background. This dissertation contributes to the literature by identifying the role of motivational qualities on college outcomes, increasing our understanding of student information about college, and assessing the impact of college quality on degree completion. The results have important public policy implications: 1) colleges can both improve graduation rates and increase student diversity by attaching more weight to motivation qualities in the admissions process, 2) schools must instill strong academic habits earlier so students can obtain higher grades and benefit from college guidance, and 3) students should enroll in the most selective colleges they are qualified to attend. Understanding the barriers to higher education for low income students is essential for increasing the proportion of college graduates and improving individual socioeconomic mobility, urban revitalization, and national economic competitiveness.
by Shomon Shamsuddin.
Ph.D.in Urban Policy and Planning
RUEANTHIP, Kittipong. "The Urban-Rural Income Inequality in Thailand: 1996-2011." 名古屋大学大学院経済学研究科, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/17302.
Full textHolliday, Amy Lynn. "Understanding a Distinct Form of Urban Inequality: Suburban Neighborhood Poverty." The Ohio State University, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1396281518.
Full textAbdalla, Muna A. "Poverty and inequality in urban Sudan policies, institutions and governance /." Leiden : African Studies Centre, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1887/13106.
Full textClark-Ibanez, Marisol Karina. "Lessons in inequality : a comparative study of two urban schools /." For electronic version search Digital dissertations database. Restricted to UC campuses. Access is free to UC campus dissertations, 2003. http://uclibs.org/PID/11984.
Full textSun, Zizhuo. "Accounting for the Gender Income Gap in Urban China." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/31059.
Full textMaster of Science
Somekh, Babak. "Income inequality and consumer markets." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2012. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:706cebd7-c65a-4f94-acdc-1c03ca94691a.
Full textHasz, Adam. "Equitable energy for Massachusetts : how can climate policy reduce inequality?" Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/118254.
Full textCataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references.
Massachusetts is widely recognized as a climate leader and a state that prioritizes social equity. However, existing Massachusetts climate policy does not effectively reduce greenhouse gas emissions and has limited support for marginalized communities. The state's annual $730 million of investment in energy efficiency is governed by the Green Communities Act, which emphasizes cost-savings for consumers rather than environmental benefits or social equity. The state's Global Warming Solutions Act does impose a legal obligation to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to 25% by 2020 and 80% by 2050 based on 1990 levels. Yet these emission reductions will not be achieved without new policies that effectively regulate carbon emissions. Finally, the state's existing environmental justice policy of Executive Order 552 is not enforced and does not govern the distribution of the $730 million of annual investment in energy efficiency. This thesis explores these challenges and suggests a new climate policy framework of "equitable electrification." To achieve this framework, Massachusetts should impose new regulations on the use of petroleum products in building heating systems. The state should also reform the Mass Save energy efficiency investment criteria to prioritize electric heat pumps. To increase support for environmental justice households, municipalities should consider administering their energy efficiency investments directly instead of using existing utility programs. Finally, policymakers should consider new legislation that imposes a progressive carbon price and prioritizes investments for marginalized communities. By pursuing these recommendations, Massachusetts can develop more effective climate policy that reduces greenhouse gas emissions while increasing social equity.
by Adam Hasz.
M.C.P.
Gensberg, Alexis L. (Alexis Learn) 1977. "Mediating inequality : mediators' perspectives on power imbalances in public disputes." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/66400.
Full textIncludes bibliographical references (p. 108-109).
Mediators of public disputes respond to inequalities among parties in a variety of ways. In order to understand the range of interventions they employ and the reasoning behind these interventions, I interviewed 17 experienced public disputes mediators about their individual practice guidelines. I found that mediators' interventions differed substantially when deciding what interests need to be at the table, in providing information to parties on finding technical assistance, and in analyzing emerging agreements. Most mediators interviewed agreed that they should disclose or make obvious to all parties the nature of their contact with an individual party, and that it is inappropriate for them to recommend a specific course of action to a party or a specific solution to the group. In addition, a number of interviewees said that they felt uncomfortable defining the guidelines other mediators should follow. Given this range of responses, I suggest that to better inform parties in a dispute about how the mediator will handle inequalities, it is important that mediators disclose certain approaches before beginning a mediation. The responsibility to disclose can take the place of specific ethical guidelines for public dispute mediators in situations characterized by inequalities. If the mediator responses I found indicate the range of views that exists among public disputes mediators in general, then the field of public disputes mediation is currently too inchoate for a unified set of ethical or practice guidelines to be useful.
by Alexis L. Gensberg.
M.C.P.
Ruan, Da Chao. "Urban income inequality and FDI : results from provincial panel in China." Thesis, University of Macau, 2010. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b2147556.
Full textZhang, Na Economics Australian School of Business UNSW. "Income inequality and poverty in urban China: evidence from survey data." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. School of Economics, 2006. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/22797.
Full textXu, Yi M. C. P. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "Effects of housing policies on intra-urban inequality in transitioning China." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/34174.
Full textIncludes bibliographical references (leaves 73-75).
In the People's Republic of China, housing reform was launched in the 1980s as a component of the overall economic reform. In the 1990s, housing policies, privatization and subsidies combined, were found to contribute to over one-third of the overall inequality in urban income distribution in China. My hypothesis is that housing inequalities are reinforced in the reform years. In the first half, I discuss three types of general mechanisms: the income-regressive nature of the Housing Provident Fund, the exclusion of rural migrants from urban housing welfare, and the strengthened work-unit-based inequality in reform years. In the second half, to offer some empirical support, I conduct a case study of housing relocation in a large-scale urban redevelopment project-the Xintiandi redevelopment project in Shanghai. My main findings are that the government formed a pro-growth coalition with the private business, and middle-to-low income residents were excluded from the negotiation process. Families in difficulties and families with strong negotiation power received preferential treatment to facilitate the relocation process. In summary, market reform has preserved some features of socialism, particularly the advantages of certain urban population groups with political implications.
(cont.) At the same time, the market forces are adding new forms of inequalities, which results in an increasing overall inequality level in urban housing.
by Yi Xu.
M.C.P.
Trigg, Kate. "Quantifying Urban Inequality: An Investigation of the Wicked Problems of Gentrification." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-323606.
Full textBolton, Kenyon Castle. "The urban and regional dimensions of economic inequality in Canada, 1996 - 2006." Thesis, McGill University, 2010. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=94957.
Full textIl existe un consensus que l'inégalité économique a augmenté au Canada de 1996 à 2006. Toutefois, peu d'études se sont penchées sur les causes multidimensionnelles de cette tendance à l'échelle sous-nationale. Chakravorty (1996, 2006) et d'autres chercheurs (Morrill, 2000; Martin, 2001, Drennan, 2005) soutiennent que la compréhension de l'inégalité à l'échelle nationale requiert une considération en profondeur des processus socio-économiques au niveau urbain et régional. Cette thèse utilise des micro-données détaillées de l'échantillon 20% des plus récents Recensement du Canada (1996, 2001, et 2006) pour examiner les dimensions spatiales et socioéconomiques de l'inégalité des salaires et traitements chez les travailleurs canadienne. Cette thèse contribue en deux temps à la littérature préexistante. Premièrement, elle fournit une analyse détaillée des plus importants déterminants socio-économiques de l'inégalité des salaires et traitements à travers les régions urbaines en utilisant une analyse de régression. Les conclusions de cette analyse fournissent de nouvelles preuves que des changements considérables se sont produits dans la contribution de facteurs particuliers à l'inégalité depuis 1996. Deuxièmement, les données spatiales indiquent des transformations importantes dans la distribution géographique de l'inégalité des salaires et traitements. Entre 1996 et 2006, des taux élevés d'inégalité de revenu à travers les divisions de recensement au Canada se sont concentrés en Alberta et à Terre-Neuve. Les résultats de modèles de régression spatiale soulignent les transformations autant de la nature que de la structure de l'inégalité des salaires et traitements. fr
Cicalo, Giuseppe Andrea. "Urban encounters : racial university quotas, racial inequality and black identity in Brazil." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.521638.
Full textWood, Astrid. "Wasted opportunities : inequality and fragmentation in the 2010 South Africa World Cup." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/44350.
Full textIncludes bibliographical references (p. 159-166).
(cont.) This thesis will examine the possibilities for cities to use the 2010 World Cup to hasten city development. The first chapter will detail the 2010 World Cup plan and the local stakeholders as well as the lessons learned from previous World Cups. The next chapter will examine the obstacles South Africa faces as it prepares for the 2010 World Cup and characteristics that make this host country different from previous World Cup hosts. Chapter three will describe the development strategy and explain how World Cup infrastructure can change the city. The next chapter will illustrate the World Cup conflict resulting from these development decisions. The final chapter will explain the reasons why local organizers are wasting this opportunity, instead exacerbating inequality and fragmentation, and conclude with suggestions for future World Cup planners.
Planning and preparations for the 2010 South Africa FIFA World Cup are well underway and there is little doubt that South Africa will impress sports fans and spectators with the modern stadiums and tourist facilities. The 2010 World Cup is an opportunity to hasten social, cultural, environmental, economic, and physical growth. South African cities should use 2010 to improve the public realm and create new economic opportunities for South Africans.Megaevents like the 2010 World Cup can generate economic investment and build an international image, but South Africa can also use World Cup funding to invest in the public realm. South Africa is economically, socially, and spatially fragmented. As South Africa struggles with issues of racism, inequality, crime, and poverty, development for 2010 offers an opportunity to unify the fragmented community through design. Development projects and urban investments for the 2010 World Cup can transform the city and stimulate new development patterns. Host cities can use new stadiums, transportation infrastructure, and tourist facilities as part of city improvement plans. Design, project sitting, and city policies can alleviate or exacerbate urban fragmentation by enticing infill development or wastelands. Considering the enormous public expenditures, it is imperative for cities to include substantial city improvements in the planning repertoire.Unfortunately, World Cup planners are not maximizing this opportunity. Planning for the WC tends to focus on economic development and image enhancement, instead of the possibilities for city improvements. Ideal city development often conflicts with international hosting requirements and deadlines. Despite high expectations, infrastructure projects are too focused on the ephemeral and not on the permanent.
by Astrid Wood.
M.C.P.
Hall, Thomas Adrian. "Accommodating inequality : an ethnography of youth homelessness and hostel provision in south-east England." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1997. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/272285.
Full textPereira, Rafael Henrique Moraes. "Distributive justice and transportation equity : inequality in accessibility in Rio de Janeiro." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2018. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:3552ca9f-25c0-4d2f-acdd-0649de911afc.
Full textMorrissey, Megan. "The architecture of inequality foreign influence and urban planning in Ciudad Guayana, Venezuela /." Connect to Electronic Thesis (CONTENTdm), 2008. http://worldcat.org/oclc/441854511/viewonline.
Full textHunter, Boyd Hamilton, and Boyd Hunter@anu edu au. "Changes in the Geographic Dispersion of Urban Employment in Australia." The Australian National University. Research School of Social Sciences, 1996. http://thesis.anu.edu.au./public/adt-ANU20080215.102127.
Full textXie, Rugui. "Re-Imagined Urban Village:A new Strategic Design towards Urban Village Renewal in Post Economic Reformation Era." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1623239902548277.
Full textMcCord, Lindsay E. "Parting the Green Curtain: Tracing Environmental Inequality in Portland, Oregon." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2016. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/pitzer_theses/72.
Full textConstain, Ramos Juan Cristóbal. "Overcoming inequality in regional innovation ecosystems : the Basque country and the advance of economic democracy." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/118261.
Full textCataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 94-99).
Cities and regions across the world have embarked on designing and implementing place-based economic development strategies for clustering innovation and entrepreneurship. This rising trend can be seen in the proliferation of Innovation Districts and Regional Innovation Ecosystems across many metropolitan regions in the US, Europe, and cities in the Global South. While many of these strategies rely heavily on urban physical transformation, most of them are the manifestation of a well-defined economic development policy that has been proven conducive to rising inequality. Moreover, the policies designed for territorializing innovation through regional ecosystems have prioritized wealth creation in ways that ladders of opportunity are only accessible to specific sectors of society. In turn, this has contributed to increasing inequality and disproportionately affected minorities and disenfranchised communities. Together with the negative consequences of skill-biased technological change and its profound impact on labor, the proliferation of strategies for clustering innovation have also created challenges in spatial and socioeconomic segregation in regions. Using the case of the Basque Country in Spain, this thesis examines the conditions that have enabled the establishment of a successful regional innovation ecosystem while advancing economic democracy at the same time. By examining the political economy of Basque economic development planning, the emergence of cooperative networks of firms such as Mondragon, and the local social and cultural, enabling factors, this thesis will produce a set of recommendations to policymakers and practitioners engaged in developing regional innovation ecosystems.
by Juan Cristóbal Constain Ramos.
M.C.P.
Libertun, de Duren Nora R. "Growth and poverty in the urban fringe : decentralization, dispersion, and inequality in greater Buenos Aires." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/42062.
Full textThis electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Vita.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 267-280).
This research presents the case of growth in Buenos Aires since the late 1970s, when the decentralization of urban planning powers in the Province of Buenos Aires began, until 2001, when an economic crisis submerged -even if transitorily- more than half of all metropolitan households below the poverty line. This thesis explores why social inequality within municipal boundaries increased after the municipalities acquired autonomous planning powers. It counts with three sections: Section I investigates how the decentralized planning practices of the municipalities of Greater Buenos Aires have impacted the growth of Buenos Aires. It explains the cluster of affluent gated communities in the poorest municipalities of the urban periphery as the outcome of the special permits that these municipalities gave to real estate developers. Section II explains how national development policies have contributed to the impoverishment of these municipalities. It depicts how these policies have generated a persistent flow of poor residents to Greater Buenos Aires at the same time that they have diminished the economic sufficiency of local governments. Section III explains why these municipalities did not resist these transformations. This research has found that national industrialization policies determined much of the fate of Greater Buenos Aires. Because of the limitations that the preexisting geography of development imposes on local participants, decentralization cannot prevent social polarization when only the highest income sectors have the resources that can activate local economies. Nevertheless within these circumstances, municipal planning practices and local polities have determined the specific geography of social inequality. Thus, participatory institutions are necessary, but not sufficient to transcend social inequality. Social inequality in the metropolis will diminish only after a development project on the national scale is developed.
by Nora R. Libertun de Duren.
Ph.D.
DAI, Erbiao. "Migrants, Employment Discrimination and Income Inequality in Urban China : A Case Study of Shenzhen." 名古屋大学大学院経済学研究科, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/9591.
Full textSmith, Chad Leighton. "From green to red the intersection of class and race in urban environmental inequality /." Online access for everyone, 2005. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Dissertations/Spring2005/c%5Fsmith%5F022505.pdf.
Full textKelly, Nicholas F. 1987, and Ellen Ingrid Gould. "Can housing policy address spatial inequality? : innovations in policy and politics to expand access to opportunity neighborhoods." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2021. https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/132756.
Full textCataloged from the official PDF of thesis. Thesis contains 3 articles.
Includes bibliographical references.
While research has demonstrated that low-poverty neighborhoods can improve economic outcomes for low-income children, policymakers have few scalable solutions to help families access those areas. In this dissertation, I present three innovations in policy and politics aimed at improving access to opportunity neighborhoods. First, with Ingrid Gould Ellen, I argue for a streamlined measure of neighborhood opportunity we call the School-Violence-Poverty (SVP) Index based on the three metrics that are most strongly associated with positive outcomes among children. We combine it with data on rental prices in New York City and Greater Boston to identify "opportunity bargain" areas that have lower rents than expected given their high ratings on measures of school quality, low levels of violent crime, and low poverty rates. We find that rents capitalize a wide assortment of amenities unrelated to opportunity, such as access to restaurants, while in some cases undervaluing opportunity neighborhoods. Second, I evaluate the impact of three policy changes on increasing access to opportunity: rental subsidies set at the ZIP Code level, a randomized controlled trial of a housing mobility counseling program, and a randomized controlled trial of a housing search tool that provides customized neighborhood recommendations based on public transit access, school quality and public safety preferences. I find that rental subsidy changes were associated with higher numbers of moves to areas with better schools, as well as the percentage of families moving to areas with high performing schools and low rates of violent crime and poverty. I also find the housing mobility counseling program increased access to areas with lower violent crime rates, and the housing search tool helped those in the treatment group already interested in moving to high-opportunity areas move to significantly higher opportunity neighborhoods. Third, I ask: how do city agencies implement regional policies? I propose a theory of urban bureaucratic policy implementation that argues that city agencies are an important vehicle for the implementation of regional policies due to their bureaucratic autonomy. I focus on two strategies these agencies use to facilitate implementation: reframing regional policy to align with the city's interest, and redesigning policy to reduce political opposition. I test the theory by examining the implementation of "housing mobility" programs that help low-income families move to areas of opportunity in the United States, finding that reframing housing mobility from a desegregation policy to an upward economic mobility strategy facilitated implementation of regional policies by recasting it in the city's interest. I end by reflecting on paradoxical conclusions for democratic accountability, given that agencies less accountable to city leaders may in fact be more responsive to society by enacting policy to benefit the regional good.
by Nicholas F. Kelly.
Paper One. The price of neighborhood opportunity : the case for the school-violence-poverty index and opportunity bargain analysis / Nicholas Kelly, Ingrid Gould Ellen -- Paper Two. Innovations to expand access to opportunity neighborhoods for low-income families in Greater Boston / Nicholas Kelly -- Paper Three. All policy implementation is local : how the rise of housing mobility programs helps explain urban bureaucratic politics / Nicholas Kelly.
Ph. D. in Public Policy and Urban Planning
Ph.D.inPublicPolicyandUrbanPlanning Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Urban Studies and Planning
Vodopivec, Barbara [Verfasser], and Eveline [Akademischer Betreuer] Dürr. "Made in Tepito : urban tourism and inequality in Mexico City / Barbara Vodopivec ; Betreuer: Eveline Dürr." München : Universitätsbibliothek der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1172634157/34.
Full textLu, Yifei. "Social Structure and Educational Inequality:The causes of educational inequality between rural and urban Chinese people." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/673691.
Full textLa desigualdad educativa entre la población rural y urbana en China no se debe solamente a la urbanización y el desarrollo económico. Las políticas de separación y la desigual distribución de los recursos educativos tienen un efecto muy importante. Según la teoría de estructuración de Giddens (1984) el sistema educativo como parte del sistema social tiene una dimensión temporal y espacial que escapa el control de cualquier actor individual. Al mismo tiempo las teorías sobre el sistema educativo de los actores guían sus acciones, y estas a su vez afectan el sistema educativo. Hasta ahora la investigación en sociología ha utilizado la teoría de los logros de estatus para explicar la desigualdad educacional. Esta teoría ignora los cambios sociales a nivel macro y la distribución de recursos educativos (M. Horan, 2013). Por otro lado los estudios económicos sobre la persistencia de la desigualdad enfatizan la importancia de las condiciones económicas familiares (Mookherjee i Ray, 2003). Las organizaciones internacionales y domèsticas intervienen sobre la demanda con el objetivo de cambiar las condiciones económicas de las familias de bajos ingresos para estimular la su preferencia por la educación. Pero estas políticas han sido mucho menos efectivas de lo que se esperaba (Bonal, 2007). Por lo tanto hace falta añadir factores tales como la estructura social, las políticas, cultura y características institucionales en los modelos teóricos. Históricamente la población china se dividió entre residentes rurales y urbanos por el sistema de registro de hogares (sistema hukou). El sistema hukou todavía tiene una gran influencia sobre la estructura social y cultural. En esta tesis utilizo el marco teórico estructuralista para analizar la brecha educativa entre la población urbana y rural en China. La tesis tiene un doble objetivo: primero, aplicar empíricamente la teoría de la estructuración al análisis de la desigualdad educativa utilizando métodos cuantitativos; segundo, entender las causas de la brecha educativa entre la población urbana y rural en China. La tesis contiene una discusión teórica sobre como aplicar la teoría de la estructuración para estudiar la desigualdad educativa además de tres estudios empíricos. El capítulo 2 utiliza el marco estructuralista para elaborar una relación recursiva entre estructura social y los resultados educativos de diferentes agentes. El capítulo 3 contiene la revisión de la literatura y el Capítulo 4 introduce brevemente los datos y método de análisis de los tres capítulos empíricos. El Capítulo 5 es el primer capítulo empírico. Estudia como los cambios en el sistema económico y educativo afectan la brecha educativa entre la población rural y urbana en China; el Capítulo 6 analiza el efecto de la distribución de la oferta de recursos educativos en la brecha educativa entre la población rural y urbana en China; El capítulo 7 estudia el efecto de la demanda de recursos educativos sobre la brecha educativa. Los resultados empíricos sugieren que la brecha cultural entre la población urbana y rural en China ha aumentado en los últimos años, pero que la razón de este aumento en la desigualdad no son las diferencias entre la posición social de los individuos sino de la desigualdad de la oferta de recursos educativos y diferencias en el entorno educativo. El último capítulo (capítulo 8) da una visión general de los resultados más importantes y sugiere que las políticas igualitarias del período socialista aún influencian las expectativas educativas de la población rural. Sin embargo, la distribución de recursos cada vez más desigual, y las barreras sociales para la población rural causan un aumento de la desigualdad educacional entre la población rural y urbana en China.
Educational inequality between rural and urban Chinese people is not only the result of urbanisation and economic development but also constructed by separation policies and unequal distribution of educational resources. According to Giddens’s (1984) structuration theory, the education system as a part of social system stretches away in time and space, beyond the control of any individual actors. At the same time, the actors’ own theories of the education system guide their activities which may reify the education system. However, most previous sociological research only uses status attainment theory to explain educational inequality, ignoring the effects of macro-level social changes and distribution of educational resources (M.Horan, 2013). On the other hand, economic studies on persistent inequality emphasise the importance of a family’s economic condition, leading to different preferences on their educational consumption (Mookherjee and Ray, 2003). Based on the economic explanation of persistent inequality, international and domestic organisations implement demand-side interventions, these aim to stimulate their educational demands by improving the economic condition of low-income families. However, those policies are far less effective than it had been expected (Bonal, 2007). Thus, it is necessary to add factors such as principles of social structure, policies, culture and institutional characteristics into theoretical models. Historically, the Chinese population was divided into rural and urban residents via the household registration system (the hukou system) whereby people were either registered as rural or urban residents according to their place of birth. The hukou system still has a great influence on shaping the present social structure and culture. This dissertation uses a structuralist framework to analyse the educational gap between rural and urban Chinese people. The objective of the dissertation is twofold: first, to empirically apply the structuration theory on analysis the educational inequality with quantitative method; second, to understand the causes of the educational gap between rural and urban Chinese people. In pursuing this objective, a theoretical discussion of the application of structuration theory to the study educational inequality and three empirical studies were conducted that together form the present dissertation. Chapter 2 uses a structuralist framework to elaborate the recursive relationship between social structure and agents’ educational outcomes. It argues that the agents’ motivation in pursuing higher education is shaped by both historical experiences and current social structure. Chapter 3 reviews the relevant literature and Chapter 4 briefly introduces the data and methods of analysis used in the three empirical chapters. Chapter 5 is the first empirical chapter, in which I analyse how changes to the economic and political systems affect the educational gap between rural and urban Chinese people; Chapter 6 analyses the effect of the supply-side distribution of educational resources on the educational gap between rural and urban Chinese students; Chapter 7 investigates the effect of demand-side educational resources on the educational gap. The findings in these three empirical chapters suggest that the educational gap between rural and urban Chinese people has been widening in recent years, and the driving force behind the widening educational gap is the unequal distribution of supply-side educational resources and differences in educational environments. The last chapter (Chapter 8) provides an overview of the main findings, and suggest they imply that the egalitarian policies from the socialist period may still affect rural Chinese people’s educational expectations. However, the increasingly unequal distribution of resources and social barriers for rural Chinese people is deepening educational inequality between rural and urban Chinese people. This kind of inequality will be difficult to reduce as long as the nation’s development model continues to be urban-centred and in the absence of redistributive policies.
Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. Programa de Doctorat en Sociologia
Promes, Molly Ellen. "Toward a New Theory of Structural Inequality: Internal Colonialism and the Case of Oakland, California." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/12186.
Full textIn a time of rising inequality and declining social mobility in the United States, how might planners work toward a more just society? Numerous theories of structural inequality have been developed to address these issues, and the notion of internal colonialism is among them. As a theory of inequality that identifies patterns of economic domination, and the attendant subordination of certain populations, internal colonialism theory first gained popularity during the Third World liberation movement, and rose to prominence among minority groups in the United States, before fading into relative obscurity. Does this theory still hold relevance today? This study traces the development of Oakland, California through the lens of internal colonialism theory and uncovers the roots of the highly unequal conditions that exist in the city today. A critical reapplication of this theory reveals its ongoing utility as both an explanatory model and a guidepost for charting a path forward.
Committee in charge: Robert Young, Chairperson; Gerardo Sandoval, Member; Yizhao Yang, Member
Ko, Shwe Zin. "Narrowing income disparities as policy priority for inclusive economic growth: An applied computable general equilibrium (CGE) approach on urban and non-urban industries in Myanmar." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2016. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/1946.
Full textHartmann, Christopher David. "Accessing Trash: Conflict, Inequality, and the Managua Municipal Waste Site." The Ohio State University, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1276791965.
Full textGoor, Rachel Michelle. ""Only the little people pay taxes" : reforming New York City's property tax structure to mitigate inequality and increase efficiency." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/111382.
Full textCataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 71-74).
Across the U.S., property tax rates for rental buildings average 1.4 times higher than rates for homeownership properties. In New York City, the spread is 6.4 times. In a city where more than 50% of residents are rent-burdened, the Rent Guidelines Board estimates that fully 1/3 of rents are actually just passed-through property taxes. With both the Mayor and the Governor prioritizing housing affordability, reforming the property tax structure to better serve the City's millions of struggling renters should be a priority. This research examines how the existing property tax structure came to rule New York City, and explores its spatial outcomes across the five boroughs. Using data scraped from the 2015 property tax bills of every parcel in the City, this investigation finds that the Department of Finance deviates significantly from its publicized process when calculating tax bills, and moreover, that property taxes are poorly correlated with land, market, and assessed values. This study also investigates options for reform, and finds that while there is no 'silver bullet', there are a number of steps the City could take to mitigate some of the system's inequities and inefficiencies. These include instituting a single tax rate system applied to assessed values; a two tax class system based on full market values; and/or an increased tax on high-priced units. Lastly, this examination finds that any move towards a more functional system will require broad-based support from grassroots to grasstops. The final chapter outlines a rough framework for building such a movement.
by Rachel Michelle Goor.
M.C.P.
Xi, Xiaochuan. "A Study on China's Income Inequality and the Relationship with Economic Growth." Thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Nationalekonomi, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-3749.
Full textCansoy, Mehmet Suleyman. ""Sharing" in Unequal Spaces: Short-term Rentals and the Reproduction of Urban Inequalities." Thesis, Boston College, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/bc-ir:108139.
Full textIn this dissertation, I argue that questioning the relationship between technological change, specifically the new types of markets and practices enabled by the “sharing economy” and inequality has become an urgent need. While the sector promotes itself as the harbinger of egalitarian access to economic opportunity and consumption, independent studies of its operations and impacts point towards significant discriminatory dynamics favoring the already privileged. As the sector keeps growing, understanding its impact on inequality becomes ever more critical. I focus on one sharing economy platform, Airbnb, which facilitates the practice of “home-sharing,” or more accurately short-term rentals. I investigate the relationship between Airbnb and inequality in three papers that focus on how the deeply unequal urban settings where much of the economic activity on Airbnb takes place operate within the context of economic activity enabled by the platform. The analysis for all three papers is based on the data for more than 450,000 Airbnb listings and the demographic and economic characteristics of the neighborhoods they are located in. In the first paper, I look at how race determines the patterns of participation and outcomes for people who rent out their properties. I show that the economic opportunities generated by the platform are unequally distributed across the urban landscape. There are fewer listings in areas with higher concentrations of non-White residents, the listings that are located in these areas charge lower prices, and have lower earnings. The second paper investigates the relationship between the public reputation system on Airbnb and racial discrimination. I show that characterizing the reputation system as a racially neutral tool, which has the potential to reduce discriminatory outcomes, is highly problematic. Airbnb listings located in neighborhoods with higher percentages of non-White residents have a harder time generating reputation information when they first come on the platform and tend to have systematically lower ratings. The third paper focuses on how short-term rentals generates new dynamics of gentrification in cities, by providing evidence for a new type of “rent gap” between long-term and short-term rentals, and how property owners are exploiting it. I argue that short-term rentals, in the absence of further effective regulation from governments, are likely to drive increasing levels of gentrification as they remain highly profitable and occupy an increasing number of housing units. I believe that studying these aspects of the sharing economy contributes to a fuller understanding of technological change and its understudied interaction with inequality. Moving beyond the mostly theoretical and aggregated understanding of change inherent in the SBTC literature, my research promotes a more concrete and empirical engagement with change in line with some of the research on the “digital divide,” and the emergent literature on inequality on online platforms. Ultimately, I think such an engagement can serve as the basis for a broader theoretical reckoning with the increased pace of technological change as more and more of our social life is “disrupted” by technological interventions, with significant consequences
Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2018
Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences
Discipline: Sociology
Roggero, Marilia Araujo. "Qualidade de vida urbana nas bordas da metrópole: centralidades e periferias." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8135/tde-16092015-145700/.
Full textThe quality of urban life has been studied in many areas of academic specialization and is a complex theme. The subject\'s quality of life involves multi-disciplinary questions presented with different perspectives, according to the relevance of the historical moment, social conditions, as well as the dominant ideology shaping the objectives in question. In the present study the approach adopted is focused on the satisfaction of the basics needs of the population, in order to guarantee complete physical, mental and social development. The characterization of quality of urban life will be created some models for identification and interpretation of urban morphology. For this, it was adopted criterias based in the classic models of urban morphology to reach in the result presented in the end of the research. Beside this, it was used Strasbourg in France to make a counterpoint between the Brazilian cities and the European one in terms of quality of life and the analysis criterias.
Yang, Jo-Shing. "The invisible color line and the forgotten gender : gender-race earnings inequality between European-American women and Chicanas/Latinas, 1980 and 1990." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/70685.
Full textMercado, Maira T. "Changes in the Effects of Determinants of Earnings Inequality and Their Labor Implications in Urban China, 1988 - 2002." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2012. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/340.
Full textJiandong, Chen. "Poverty and income inequality in China : urban-rural income disparity and migration in an era of economic reform." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.632842.
Full textRossi, Jost Flavia. "Environmental Inequality and Access to Public Parks : A Qualitative Study from Rome." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för beteendevetenskap och lärande, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-162781.
Full textRwelamira, Juliana. "Effect of rural inequality on migration among the farming households of Limpopo Province, South Africa." Pretoria : [s.n.], 2008. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-01212009-160959/.
Full textGüler, Akkus Robin. "Urban Inequality and Political Trust : The impact of social exclusion on individual political trust across residential areas in Sweden." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Statsvetenskapliga institutionen, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-337460.
Full textGüler, Akkus Robin. "Urban Inequality and Political Trust : The impact of social exclusion on individual political trust across residential areas in Sweden." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Statsvetenskapliga institutionen, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-339575.
Full textGauld, Zoë. "Planting trees, planting hope: an analysis of the role of urban forestry in addressing environmental inequality in Cape Town." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/13669.
Full textMatsumaru, Takashi Michael. "Unmasking a City: Blacks, Asians and the Struggle Against Segregated Housing in 20th Century Seattle." Research Showcase @ CMU, 2017. http://repository.cmu.edu/dissertations/1094.
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