Relevant bibliographies by topics / Urban inequality

Academic literature on the topic 'Urban inequality'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 31 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Urban inequality"

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Chakravorty, Sanjoy. "Urban Inequality Revisited." Urban Affairs Review 31, no. 6 (July 1996): 759–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107808749603100604.

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Индако, Агустин, and Лев Манович. "Urban Social Media Inequality." Городские исследования и практики 1, no. 1 (August 10, 2016): 11–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.17323/usp11201611-23.

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Social media content shared today in cities, such as Instagram images, their tags and descriptions, is the key form of contemporary city life. It tells people where activities and locations that interest them are and it allows them to share their urban experiences and self-representations. Therefore, any analysis of urban structures and cultures needs to consider social media activity. In our paper, we introduce the novel concept of social media inequality. This concept allows us to quantitatively compare pattern in social media activities between parts of a city, a number of cities, or any other spatial areas. We define this concept using an analogy with the concept of economic inequality. Economic inequality indicates how some economic characteristics or material resources, such as income, wealth or consumption are distributed in a city, country or between countries. Accordingly, we can define social media inequality as the measures of distribution of characteristics of social media content shared in a particular geographic area or between areas. An example of such characteristics is the number of photos shared by all users of a social network such as Instagram in a given city or city area, or the content of these photos. We propose that the standard inequality measures used in other disciplines, such as the Gini coefficient, can also be used to characterize social media inequality. To test our ideas, we use a dataset of 7,442,454 public geo-coded Instagram images shared in Manhattan during five months (March — July) in 2014, and also selected data for 287 Census tracts in Manhattan. We compare patterns in Instagram sharing for locals and for visitors for all tracts, and also for hours in a 24 hour cycle. We also look at relations between social media inequality and socio-economic inequality using selected indicators for Census tracts. The inequality of Instagram images shared in Manhattan turns out to be bigger than inequalities in levels of income, rent, and unemployment.
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Wheeler, C. H. "Wage inequality and urban density." Journal of Economic Geography 4, no. 4 (August 1, 2004): 421–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jnlecg/lbh033.

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Baum-Snow, Nathaniel, Matthew Freedman, and Ronni Pavan. "Why Has Urban Inequality Increased?" American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 10, no. 4 (October 1, 2018): 1–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/app.20160510.

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This paper examines mechanisms driving the more rapid increases in wage inequality in larger cities between 1980 and 2007. Production function estimates indicate strong evidence of capital–skill complementarity and increases in the skill bias of agglomeration economies in the context of rapid skill-biased technical change. Immigration shocks are the source of identifying variation across cities in changes to the relative supply of skilled versus unskilled labor. Estimates indicate that changes in the factor biases of agglomeration economies rationalize at least 80 percent of the more rapid increases in wage inequality in larger cities. (JEL J24, J31, O33, R23)
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Wei, Yehua Dennis, and Reid Ewing. "Urban expansion, sprawl and inequality." Landscape and Urban Planning 177 (September 2018): 259–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2018.05.021.

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Chapple, Karen. "Income Inequality and Urban Displacement." New Labor Forum 26, no. 1 (December 9, 2016): 84–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1095796016682018.

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Ren, Qiang, and Rongqin Hu. "Housing inequality in urban China." Chinese Journal of Sociology 2, no. 1 (January 2016): 144–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2057150x15624894.

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Ball, Stephen J. "Markets, inequality, and urban schooling." Urban Review 22, no. 2 (June 1990): 85–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01108245.

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Arapoglou, Vassilis P. "Diversity, inequality and urban change." European Urban and Regional Studies 19, no. 3 (July 2012): 223–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0969776412451800.

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Bauer, John, Wang Feng, Nancy E. Riley, and Zhao Xiaohua. "Gender Inequality in Urban China." Modern China 18, no. 3 (July 1992): 333–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009770049201800304.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Urban inequality"

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Torrecillas, Jódar Juan. "Essays on Urban Mobility and Gender Inequality." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/673017.

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Esta tesis estudia la relación entre costes de movilidad y desigualdad de género en el mercado laboral. Se argumenta que, en un contexto de roles de género tradicionales, que imponen en las mujeres mayor responsabilidad en el cuidado familiar y del hogar, el reciente incremento en los costes de movilidad puede haber ralentizado el ritmo de convergencia de las brechas de género en el mercado laboral. En el segundo capítulo de esta tesis, estudio cómo la organización espacial de la actividad económica ha podido perjudicar la participación femenina en el mercado laboral en un contexto histórico. En la España del siglo XIX, había dos tipos de asentamientos: concentrados, donde la gente vivía en un núcleo de población grande, dejando otros núcleos prácticamente despoblados; y dispersos, donde la gente vivía homogéneamente distribuida en muchos y pequeños asentamientos. Los asentamientos concentrados se caracterizaban por altos costes de desplazamiento, ya que se encontraban alejados de la tierra donde se trabajaba. Los asentamientos dispersos, por el contrario, se caracterizaban por tener unos bajos costes de desplazamiento, ya que la tierra se encontraba cerca de la casa, y muchas veces dentro de la misma. Utilizando datos del censo de 1887 y una estrategia de variables instrumentales utilizando la Reconquista como variación exógena de los tipos de asentamientos, encuentro que los asentamientos dispersos presentaban mayor participación femenina en el mercado laboral, menores tasas de fecundidad y mayor edad de primer matrimonio. Además, muestro que este efecto es persistente en el largo plazo, en tanto que partidos judiciales más dispersos en 1887 todavía presentan mayor participación femenina en el mercado laboral y mayor igualdad de género en el mercado laboral. Finalmente, utilizando una muestra de migrantes internos, encuentro evidencia sugestiva de que la persistencia de roles de género tradicionales es un mecanismo potencial que puede explicar este efecto persistente. Siguiendo esta línea, el tercer capítulo de esta tesis estudia el efecto de los tiempos de transporte al trabajo sobre la participación femenina en el mercado laboral y sus horas trabajadas. La hipótesis es que las mujeres casadas responden a incrementos en el tiempo de transporte al trabajo saliendo de la oferta laboral con mayor frecuencia que los hombres casados. Utilizando la forma geométrica de la ciudad como instrumento para los tiempos de transporte, en tanto que ciudades más redondas y compactas presentan desplazamientos más cortos por definición y esta forma depende de accidentes geográficos, mostramos que los incrementos en el tiempo de transporte al trabajo afectan de forma negativa a la participación femenina en la oferta de trabajo. Este efecto, además, es especialmente fuerte para mujeres casadas con hijos menores de 5 años, pero no existente para sus maridos. En la misma línea, encontramos que las mujeres inmigrantes que vienen de países con roles de género más tradicionales responden fuertemente a incrementos en los tiempos de desplazamiento. Esto sugiere que las normas sociales que imponen a las mujeres el rol de cuidadores del hogar son el principal mecanismo que explica este efecto, y no diferencias en productividad en el trabajo doméstico. Finalmente, estudio cómo la flexibilidad horaria en el trabajo y la movilidad geográfica afectan a la autoselección de mujeres en diferentes ocupaciones. Para ello, utilizo el mercado de asignación de especialidades médicas para residentes (MIR) como escenario. Utilizando datos de las elecciones MIR y una encuesta que permite categorizar atributos de cada especialidad MIR, muestro que las mujeres tienden a elegir especialidades que no impliquen moverse geográficamente y que tienen mayor flexibilidad horaria y menores horas de trabajo. Además, encuentro un efecto similar cuando restrinjo el análisis los primeros 1.000 estudiantes, que pueden elegir especialidad con muy pocas restricciones, y un mayor efecto de la movilidad geográfica. Esto sugiere que los hombres están más dispuestos a moverse geográficamente, pero sólo cuando la recompensa potencial de moverse es mayor, es decir, cuando los hospitales y plazas más prestigiosas están aún disponibles.
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DAI, Erbiao, and Jinjun XUE. "Housing Disparity and Income Inequality in Urban China." 名古屋大学大学院経済学研究科, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/9590.

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潘富傑 and Fu-kit Benson Poon. "Spatial inequality of urban poverty in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2009. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B42929970.

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Poon, Fu-kit Benson. "Spatial inequality of urban poverty in Hong Kong." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2009. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B42929970.

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Li, Jun. "The legitimation of inequality in transitional urban China /." View abstract or full-text, 2009. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?SOSC%202009%20LI.

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Shamsuddin, Shomon (Shomon Shamsuddin). "Essays on housing, education, and inequality." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/79199.

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Thesis (Ph. D. in Urban Policy and Planning)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 2013.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references.
According to standard economic theory, more people will obtain postsecondary education in response to the rising college wage premium. However, students from low income families remain less likely to earn a college degree than high income students, even controlling for academic preparation. My dissertation provides empirical evidence on the puzzle of low college attainment among low income students. First, I estimate the effects of motivational qualities on college graduation by performing multivariate regression analysis using National Education Longitudinal Study data. I find that motivational qualities measured in 8th grade, i.e. causally prior to postsecondary participation, predict college degree completion, independent of grades and demographic characteristics. Further, the positive impact is concentrated among disadvantaged students. Second, I examine if students possess adequate information about college preparation and the application process by conducting observations and over 50 interviews with high school guidance counselors, advisors, and students in public schools serving poor neighborhoods. I find that students are familiar with college applications but they are unaware of their own academic performance and lack context to make effective use of college guidance. Third, I identify the causal effect of college selectivity on degree completion by using National Longitudinal Survey of Youth data and instrumental variable estimation. I find that attendance at selective public universities increases the probability of graduation, controlling for grades and family background. This dissertation contributes to the literature by identifying the role of motivational qualities on college outcomes, increasing our understanding of student information about college, and assessing the impact of college quality on degree completion. The results have important public policy implications: 1) colleges can both improve graduation rates and increase student diversity by attaching more weight to motivation qualities in the admissions process, 2) schools must instill strong academic habits earlier so students can obtain higher grades and benefit from college guidance, and 3) students should enroll in the most selective colleges they are qualified to attend. Understanding the barriers to higher education for low income students is essential for increasing the proportion of college graduates and improving individual socioeconomic mobility, urban revitalization, and national economic competitiveness.
by Shomon Shamsuddin.
Ph.D.in Urban Policy and Planning
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RUEANTHIP, Kittipong. "The Urban-Rural Income Inequality in Thailand: 1996-2011." 名古屋大学大学院経済学研究科, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/17302.

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Holliday, Amy Lynn. "Understanding a Distinct Form of Urban Inequality: Suburban Neighborhood Poverty." The Ohio State University, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1396281518.

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Abdalla, Muna A. "Poverty and inequality in urban Sudan policies, institutions and governance /." Leiden : African Studies Centre, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1887/13106.

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Clark-Ibanez, Marisol Karina. "Lessons in inequality : a comparative study of two urban schools /." For electronic version search Digital dissertations database. Restricted to UC campuses. Access is free to UC campus dissertations, 2003. http://uclibs.org/PID/11984.

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Books on the topic "Urban inequality"

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Work and inequality in urban China. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1994.

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Rauch, James E. Economic development, urban underemployment, and income inequality. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1991.

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van Ham, Maarten, Tiit Tammaru, Rūta Ubarevičienė, and Heleen Janssen, eds. Urban Socio-Economic Segregation and Income Inequality. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-64569-4.

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Gao, Yan, and Shailaja Fennell. China’s Rural–Urban Inequality in the Countryside. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-8273-3.

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Coady, David P. Earnings' inequality during transition: Urban China, 1986-1990. London: Queen Mary and Westfield College, Department of Economics, 1997.

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Pryce, Gwilym, Ya Ping Wang, Yu Chen, Jingjing Shan, and Houkai Wei, eds. Urban Inequality and Segregation in Europe and China. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-74544-8.

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Liu, Jing. Inequality in Public School Admission in Urban China. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-8718-9.

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1938-, Blakely Edward James, ed. Separate societies: Poverty and inequality in U.S. cities. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1992.

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Meng, Xin. Poverty, inequality, and growth in urban China, 1986-2000. Bonn, Germany: IZA, 2005.

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Islam, family life, and gender inequality in urban China. Abingdon, Oxon : New York: Routledge, 2011.

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Book chapters on the topic "Urban inequality"

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Thurber, Amie. "Theorizing neighbourhood inequality." In Urban Transformations, 195–210. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2017.: Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315624457-12.

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López-García, David. "Building Inequality: Infrastructure and Intra-urban Inequality in the Capitalist City." In Urban Infrastructuring, 125–36. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-8352-7_8.

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Hamnett, Chris. "Urban Inequality and Polarization." In Marginalization in Urban China, 17–28. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230299122_2.

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de Wit, Fronika. "Urban Climate Governance in the Amazon." In Inequality and Uncertainty, 299–317. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-32-9162-1_15.

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Yihong, Jin. "Urban New Poverty from a Gender Perspective." In Revisiting Gender Inequality, 115–36. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137550804_6.

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Solomos, John. "Urban Politics and Racial Inequality." In Race and Racism in Britain, 95–119. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-22911-6_6.

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Solomos, John. "Urban Politics and Racial Inequality." In Race and Racism in Britain, 95–116. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4039-4065-0_6.

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Gyuris, Ferenc. "Urban Inequality: Approaches and Narratives." In Inequalities in Creative Cities, 41–76. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-349-95115-4_3.

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Rubin, Margot, Melanie Samson, Sian Butcher, Avril Joffe, Stefania Merlo, Laila Smith, and Alex Wafer. "Investigating infrastructures of urban inequality." In Inequality Studies from the Global South, 163–83. Abingdon, Oxon; New York, NY: Routledge, 2020. | Series: Routledge inequality studies: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429282447-13.

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Simet, Lena. "Determinants of intra-urban inequality." In Cities and Economic Inequality in Latin America, 85–100. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003201908-7.

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Conference papers on the topic "Urban inequality"

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Han, Li-Hua. "Fiscal decentralization and urban-rural income inequality in China." In 2009 International Conference on Management Science and Engineering (ICMSE). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icmse.2009.5318211.

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Wu, Xingyu, Haoran Zhang, and Yi Hu. "The Urban-Rural Education Inequality in 21st Century China." In 2021 6th International Conference on Modern Management and Education Technology（MMET 2021）. Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.211011.060.

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Kitzmiller, Erika. "Youth Talk Back: Inequality in Rural and Urban America." In 2019 AERA Annual Meeting. Washington DC: AERA, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3102/1437778.

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Sidorov, Valery P. "THE HETEROGENEITY OF THE URBAN SPACE." In Treshnikov readings – 2021 Modern geographical global picture and technology of geographic education. Ulyanovsk State Pedagogical University named after I. N. Ulyanov, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.33065/978-5-907216-08-2-2021-206-207.

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He, Tingyu. "Income Inequality and Health Disparities in China’s Urban and Rural." In 2021 International Conference on Social Development and Media Communication (SDMC 2021). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.220105.274.

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Deng, Rui, Ruiyan Ma, and Xingwei Zhou. "Gender Inequality of Education in Rural and Urban Areas of China." In 2022 3rd International Conference on Mental Health, Education and Human Development (MHEHD 2022). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.220704.251.

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Verma, Manmeet, and Rajshree Kamat. "To develop urban green Index to measure the inequality in urban green space in Indian cities." In 58th ISOCARP World Planning Congress. ISOCARP, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.47472/vimcb4wz.

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Zell, Mo. "Positioning Urban Neighborhoods for Prosperity." In 2018 ACSA International Conference. ACSA Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.35483/acsa.intl.2018.6.

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Globally, financial and cultural pressures continue to contribute to localized inequalities. These growing disparities generated by real estate speculation and migrations tend to intensify rather than abate a sense of inequality and the undoing of communities. In Milwaukee, however, the problem is the opposite. Gentrification due to real estate speculations do not exist in the same degree. Instead, systemic poverty contributes to the disenfranchisement of black and brown populations. Empty storefronts in neighborhoods hit hard by poverty are not being replaced with high-end condos, but rather they simply remain empty. This paper details the efforts to ameliorate not only the physical attributes of vacancy through changing capital flows but also to give agency to voices from the community.
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Kusumawardhani, Nunik, and Kun Arisanti Susiloretni. "SUB-NATIONAL INEQUALITY OF CAESAREAN SECTION IN URBAN-RURAL AREA OF INDONESIA." In International Conference on Public Health. The International Institute of Knowledge Management (TIIKM), 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.17501/24246735.2018.4103.

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Kolodii, Natalia A. "The Killing Fields of Social Inequality: Experience of Understanding Modern Urban Development." In III International Scientific Symposium on Lifelong Wellbeing in the World. Cognitive-crcs, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2017.01.85.

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Reports on the topic "Urban inequality"

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Glaeser, Edward, Matthew Resseger, and Kristina Tobio. Urban Inequality. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, October 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w14419.

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Rauch, James. Economic Development, Urban Underemployment, and Income Inequality. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, June 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w3758.

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Almagro, Milena, Eric Chyn, and Bryan Stuart. Urban Renewal and Inequality: Evidence from Chicago's Public Housing Demolitions. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, January 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w30838.

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Zheng, Siqi, Cong Sun, and Matthew Kahn. Self-Protection Investment Exacerbates Air Pollution Exposure Inequality in Urban China. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, June 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w21301.

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Wheeler, Christopher H. Urban Decentralization and Income Inequality: Is Sprawl Associated with Rising Income Segregation Across Neighborhoods? Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.20955/wp.2006.037.

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Silva, Paula. Strengthening Urban Resilience: Five emerging lessons. Oxfam, November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21201/2021.8403.

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Strengthening urban resilience is key to achieving Oxfam's vision of a world without poverty. Urbanization has become a major challenge for almost all countries around the globe. Cities and city inhabitants are facing additional and amplified challenges as a result of rapid urbanization, a changing climate and rising inequality in urban areas. The COVID-19 crisis has further highlighted the importance of strengthening inclusive urban resilience to acute shocks and chronic stresses. Oxfam's Resilience Knowledge Hub conducted the Urban Resilience Learning Exchange (URLE) project with pilot programmes in Jordan, Pakistan, Nepal, South Africa, Kenya and Bangladesh to develop a better understanding of what it takes to build resilience in urban settings. This paper summarizes the learning from the pilots and looks at how Oxfam can further strengthen its urban resilience programming.
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Libertun de Duren, Nora Ruth, Benigno López Benítez, Juan Pablo Bonilla, Ferdinando Regalia, Usama Bilal, Ana María Ibáñez, Norbert Schady, et al. Inclusive Cities: Healthy Cities for All. Inter-American Development Bank, September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004459.

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This publication reports on some of the health challenges facing cities. It aims to serve as a guide for public managers and decision makers optimize the great potential of cities to improve the well-being of those who reside in the cities of Latin America and the Caribbean. It is organized in two parts. The first part, Health Inequalities in Latin American Cities, focuses on identifying the ways in which social inequality has led to negative health outcomes, in order to make visible the relevance of the challenge of inequality and the urgency to grapple with it. The second part, Urban Policies for Healthy Cities, focuses on how cities can contribute to improving the health standards in their population. The publication addresses critical issues for urban health, such as the interdependence between physical-social factors and health, the relationship between urban characteristics and the incidence of COVID-19, the connections between social inequality and exposure to pollution environment, the relationship between urban planning and gender violence, the power of urban interventions -such as public transport and social housing- to improve health indicators, and the relevance of having good data to improve the accessibility of health systems. All the contributions in this book are based on data and rigorous research, and present real cases of the cities of the region.
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Acevedo, Ivonne, Francesca Castellani, María José Cota, Giulia Lotti, and Miguel Székely. Open configuration options Higher Inequality in Latin America: A Collateral Effect of the Pandemic. Inter-American Development Bank, January 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003967.

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This study explores the evolution of inequality in Latin America during the COVID-19 pandemic using primary data available from household and employment surveys collected in 2020. Inequality increased on average by 2 percent between 2019 and 2020, twice the average annual growth in the inequality indicator that marked the decade of growing inequality in the 1990s. We obtained heterogeneous results when disaggregating by gender, urban/rural location, and sector of economic activity. Surprisingly, we found that the differences in income by education level declined in most cases. Remittances had a modest effect, while government transfers played a central role in preventing greater disparities in half the countries studied. Our estimations show that the decline in employment levels due to the economic contraction caused by COVID-19 is associated with increases in income inequality that we project will gradually diminish with the recovery. However, the lost schooling and losses in education attainment due to the pandemic may generate future pressures on inequality once school-age youth enter the labor market.
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9

Tumen, Semih, and Joint Data Center on Forced Displacement. The impact of forced displacement on housing and urban settlement in host communities. Joint Data Center on Forced Displacement (JDC), September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.47053/jdc.300922.

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Abstract:
Findings in the literature suggest that the sudden and often massive nature of refugee inflows, combined with the fact that housing supply is mostly unresponsive in the short-term, has the potential to affect housing prices and generate substantial changes in housing preferences, neighborhood quality/amenities, mobility patterns of hosts, and attitudes toward refugees in receiving areas. The interaction between the location preferences of refugees and the actions taken by hosts in response to refugee inflows may lead to residential segregation, urban poverty, high economic inequality, and unsustainable cities in the long-term. Policy lessons suggest options like transforming camps (that may have become socioeconomically attractive locations) into sustainable settlements, utilizing voucher programs, and incentivizing government-financed housing solutions for refugees.
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10

Muhoza, Cassilde, Wikman Anna, and Rocio Diaz-Chavez. Mainstreaming gender in urban public transport: lessons from Nairobi, Kampala and Dar es Salaam. Stockholm Environment Institute, May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.51414/sei2021.006.

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Abstract:
The urban population of Africa, the fastest urbanizing continent, has increased from 19% to 39% in the past 50 years, and the number of urban dwellers is projected to reach 770 million by 2030. However, while rapid urbanization has increased mobility and created a subsequent growth in demand for public transport in cities, this has not been met by the provision of adequate and sustainable infrastructure and services. The majority of low-income residents and the urban poor still lack access to adequate transport services and rely on non-motorized and public transport, which is often informal and characterized by poor service delivery. Lack of access to transport services limits access to opportunities that aren’t in the proximity of residential areas, such as education, healthcare, and employment. The urban public transport sector not only faces the challenge of poor service provision, but also of gender inequality. Research shows that, in the existing urban transport systems, there are significant differences in the travel patterns of and modes of transport used by women and men, and that these differences are associated with their roles and responsibilities in society. Moreover, the differences in travel patterns are characterized by unequal access to transport facilities and services. Women are generally underrepresented in the sector, in both its operation and decision-making. Women’s mobility needs and patterns are rarely integrated into transport infrastructure design and services and female users are often victims of harassment and assault. As cities rapidly expand, meeting the transport needs of their growing populations while paying attention to gender-differentiated mobility patterns is a prerequisite to achieving sustainability, livability and inclusivity. Gender mainstreaming in urban public transport is therefore a critical issue, but one which is under-researched in East Africa. This research explores gender issues in public transport in East Africa, focusing in particular on women’s inclusion in both public transport systems and transport policy decision-making processes and using case studies from three cities: Nairobi, Kampala and Dar es Salaam.
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