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1
Lee, Kun-Fa, and Jia-Qi Lai. "Research on Modeling Technology and Application of Simulation Planning Based on Urban Ecological Park." International Journal of Engineering and Technology 12, no. 3 (August 2020): 37–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.7763/ijet.2020.v12.1181.
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Based on the importance of the construction of the regional environmental space of the urban ecological park, research on the topography, geology, hydrology, human activities and other aspects of the ecological engineering area of the park, use Geographic Information System (GIS) and MIKE21 technology to construct the regional environmental space of the urban ecological park, and establish the urban park Eco-engineering river section plane two-dimensional water flow, mathematical model analysis provides predictive engineering, simulating the change characteristics of river flow field and water level under typical flow, and the regional environment of urban ecological park can be used as a construction to ensure the safety of flood discharge and the water level along the line under the flood stability. To study the impact of urban ecological park project flood control on the flow pattern of water. Excessive water velocity can easily cause serious damage to the river embankment, which affects the structural stability of the river embankment of the ecological park and ultimately affects the flood discharge capacity of the ecological park’s rivers. MIKE21 and ecological models are adopted. Analyze the feasibility of the modeling method by numerical simulation, establish the numerical simulation model of the urban ecological park, simulate the ecological regional modeling logic system, predict and analyze the impact of the project on the change of the flood carrying capacity of the river, and provide the engineering research of the urban ecological park.
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James, William, and Boregowda Shivalingaiah. "Storm water pollution modelling: buildup of dust and dirt on surfaces subject to runoff." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 12, no. 4 (December 1, 1985): 906–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l85-103.
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Many runoff models are currently in use to predict both the quantity and quality of storm water runoff. In most models, the quality algorithms need further development to gain the confidence of model users. The writers have attempted to disaggregate the accumulation process and to develop improved algorithms for pollutant buildup. The factors and processes that affect buildup include atmospheric dustfall due to plumes of dust-laden air, wind effects, vehicles, intentional removals (e.g., street cleaning), special activities (such as construction and demolition), biological decomposition, and population-related activities (e.g., vegetation density, insecticides, herbicides, fertilizers, and lawn cutting). Mathematical expressions for each of these mechanisms are presented and utilized to develop algorithms in the RUNOFF module of the SWMM3 package.A separate multiregression model is used to generate atmospheric dustfall from meteorological information; this is input to the new program (NEWBLD) to calculate pollutant accumulation on individual subcatchments. NEWBLD is interfaced with the RUNOFF block of SWMM3. A sensitivity analysis is carried out using data for the Chedoke Creek catchment in Hamilton, Ontario. The modified version of the SWMM3 RUNOFF block developed herein by incorporating the new water quality algorithms is called CHGQUAL. It is applied to an urban catchment in Hamilton, Ontario. Key words: storm water models, dust and dirt buildup, storm water pollution, urban hydrology, air pollution.
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Lundström, T., Hans Åkerstedt, I. Larsson, Jiri Marsalek, and Maria Viklander. "Dynamic Distributed Storage of Stormwater in Sponge-Like Porous Bodies: Modelling Water Uptake." Water 12, no. 8 (July 22, 2020): 2080. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12082080.
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An innovative concept of dynamic stormwater storage in sponge-like porous bodies (SPBs) is presented and modelled using first principles, for down-flow and up-flow variants of SPBs. The rate of inflow driven by absorption and/or capillary action into various porous material structures was computed as a function of time and found to be critically dependent on the type of structure and the porous material used. In a case study, the rates of inflow and storage filling were modelled for various conditions and found to match, or exceed, the rates of rainwater inflow and volume accumulation associated with two types of Swedish rainfalls, of 60-min duration and a return period of 10 years. Hence, the mathematical models indicated that the SPB devices studied could capture relevant amounts of water. The theoretical study also showed that the SPB concepts could be further optimized. Such findings confirmed the potential of dynamic SPB storage to control stormwater runoff and serve as one of numerous elements contributing to restoration of pre-urban hydrology in urban catchments. Finally, the issues to be considered in bringing this theoretical concept to a higher Technological Readiness Level were discussed briefly, including operational challenges. However, it should be noted that a proper analysis of such issues requires a separate study building on the current presentation of theoretical concepts.
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Sharma, Ashish, Suresh Hettiarachchi, and Conrad Wasko. "Estimating design hydrologic extremes in a warming climate: alternatives, uncertainties and the way forward." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 379, no. 2195 (March 2021): 20190623. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2019.0623.
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It is now well established that our warming planet is experiencing changes in extreme storms and floods, resulting in a need to better specify hydrologic design guidelines that can be projected into the future. This paper attempts to summarize the nature of changes occurring and the impact they are having on the design flood magnitude, with a focus on the urban catchments that we will increasingly reside in as time goes on. Two lines of reasoning are used to assess and model changes in design hydrology. The first of these involves using observed storms and soil moisture conditions and projecting how these may change into the future. The second involves using climate model simulations of the future and using them as inputs into hydrologic models to assess the changed design estimates. We discuss here the limitations in both and suggest that the two are, in fact, linked, as climate model projections for the future are needed in the first approach to form meaningful projections for the future. Based on the author's experience with both lines of reasoning, this invited commentary presents a theoretical narrative linking these two and identifying factors and assumptions that need to be validated before implementation in practice. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘Intensification of short-duration rainfall extremes and implications for flash flood risks’.
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Wawrzosek, Jacek, and Szymon Ignaciuk. "Postoptimization of the model of water supply for urban and industrial agglomeration." ITM Web of Conferences 23 (2018): 00035. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/itmconf/20182300035.
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A case study of the tools used by an analyst of the economic aspects of the operation of the water supply network has been undertaken in this paper. All issues discussed here are formulated by using degenerated linear programming models ( PL ). Below, it is noted that the linear dependence of binding constraints ( CO ) distorts standard postoptimization procedures in PL. This observed fact makes postoptimization analysis mostly unhelpful for an average analyst due to problems with the int erpretation of ambiguous sensitivity reports which are obtained from popular computer packages. In standard postoptimization methods, changes to single parameters of the right-hand vector CO are analyzed or referred to parametric linear programming that unfortunately requires prior knowledge of mathematically and economically justified vectors of changes of right-hand sides CO. Therefore, it is suggested that modifications are introduced to some of the postoptimization procedures in this work. For issues in the field of hydrology, the following were presented: interpretation and methods of generating justified vectors of changes of right-hand sides of limiting conditions. And so, the procedure of generating infinitely many solutions of the dual issue based on certain vectors orthogonal to the vector of right-hand sides of constraint conditions was demonstrated. Furthermore, the same orthogonal vectors were used to obtain nodal solutions of the dua0l model and the corresponding vectors of changes of the entire right-hand sides of the constraint conditions. Then, managerial interpretation was applied to this way of proceeding. The methods presented in the work serve to improve the functioning of the system of water supply.
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Yu, Cheng-Wei, Ben R. Hodges, and Frank Liu. "A new form of the Saint-Venant equations for variable topography." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 24, no. 8 (August 18, 2020): 4001–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-4001-2020.
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Abstract. The solution stability of river models using the one-dimensional (1D) Saint-Venant equations can be easily undermined when source terms in the discrete equations do not satisfy the Lipschitz smoothness condition for partial differential equations. Although instability issues have been previously noted, they are typically treated as model implementation issues rather than as underlying problems associated with the form of the governing equations. This study proposes a new reference slope form of the Saint-Venant equations to ensure smooth slope source terms and eliminate one source of potential numerical oscillations. It is shown that a simple algebraic transformation of channel geometry provides a smooth reference slope while preserving the correct cross-section flow area and the total Piezometric pressure gradient that drives the flow. The reference slope method ensures the slope source term in the governing equations is Lipschitz continuous while maintaining all the underlying complexity of the real-world geometry. The validity of the mathematical concept is demonstrated with the open-source Simulation Program for River Networks (SPRNT) model in a series of artificial test cases and a simulation of a small urban creek. Validation comparisons are made with analytical solutions and the Hydrologic Engineering Center's River Analysis System (HEC-RAS) model. The new method reduces numerical oscillations and instabilities without requiring ad hoc smoothing algorithms.
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Mulla, D. J. "Mathematical Models of Small Watershed Hydrology and Applications." Journal of Environmental Quality 32, no. 1 (January 2003): 374. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/jeq2003.374a.
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Dmitriev, V. I., E. S. Kurkina, and O. E. Simakova. "Mathematical models of urban growth." Computational Mathematics and Modeling 22, no. 1 (January 2011): 54–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10598-011-9088-8.
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Ichiba, Abdellah, Auguste Gires, Ioulia Tchiguirinskaia, Daniel Schertzer, Philippe Bompard, and Marie-Claire Ten Veldhuis. "Scale effect challenges in urban hydrology highlighted with a distributed hydrological model." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 22, no. 1 (January 15, 2018): 331–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-331-2018.
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Abstract. Hydrological models are extensively used in urban water management, development and evaluation of future scenarios and research activities. There is a growing interest in the development of fully distributed and grid-based models. However, some complex questions related to scale effects are not yet fully understood and still remain open issues in urban hydrology. In this paper we propose a two-step investigation framework to illustrate the extent of scale effects in urban hydrology. First, fractal tools are used to highlight the scale dependence observed within distributed data input into urban hydrological models. Then an intensive multi-scale modelling work is carried out to understand scale effects on hydrological model performance. Investigations are conducted using a fully distributed and physically based model, Multi-Hydro, developed at Ecole des Ponts ParisTech. The model is implemented at 17 spatial resolutions ranging from 100 to 5 m. Results clearly exhibit scale effect challenges in urban hydrology modelling. The applicability of fractal concepts highlights the scale dependence observed within distributed data. Patterns of geophysical data change when the size of the observation pixel changes. The multi-scale modelling investigation confirms scale effects on hydrological model performance. Results are analysed over three ranges of scales identified in the fractal analysis and confirmed through modelling. This work also discusses some remaining issues in urban hydrology modelling related to the availability of high-quality data at high resolutions, and model numerical instabilities as well as the computation time requirements. The main findings of this paper enable a replacement of traditional methods of “model calibration” by innovative methods of “model resolution alteration” based on the spatial data variability and scaling of flows in urban hydrology.
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Thorndahl, Søren, Thomas Einfalt, Patrick Willems, Jesper Ellerbæk Nielsen, Marie-Claire ten Veldhuis, Karsten Arnbjerg-Nielsen, Michael R. Rasmussen, and Peter Molnar. "Weather radar rainfall data in urban hydrology." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 21, no. 3 (March 7, 2017): 1359–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-1359-2017.
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Abstract. Application of weather radar data in urban hydrological applications has evolved significantly during the past decade as an alternative to traditional rainfall observations with rain gauges. Advances in radar hardware, data processing, numerical models, and emerging fields within urban hydrology necessitate an updated review of the state of the art in such radar rainfall data and applications. Three key areas with significant advances over the past decade have been identified: (1) temporal and spatial resolution of rainfall data required for different types of hydrological applications, (2) rainfall estimation, radar data adjustment and data quality, and (3) nowcasting of radar rainfall and real-time applications. Based on these three fields of research, the paper provides recommendations based on an updated overview of shortcomings, gains, and novel developments in relation to urban hydrological applications. The paper also reviews how the focus in urban hydrology research has shifted over the last decade to fields such as climate change impacts, resilience of urban areas to hydrological extremes, and online prediction/warning systems. It is discussed how radar rainfall data can add value to the aforementioned emerging fields in current and future applications, but also to the analysis of integrated water systems.
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Patry, Gilles G. "Recursive water quality forecasting models for urban catchments." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 14, no. 2 (April 1, 1987): 221–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l87-034.
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Urban water quality forecast models for use in real-time integrated control of combined sewer systems are developed and applied to a small combined sewer system in Hamilton, Ontario. Water quality forecasts for lead times ranging from 5 to 60 min are provided for both suspended solids and chemical oxygen demand. Two modelling approaches are examined: (a) a statistical approach based on the formulation of autoregressive moving-average models with exogenous inputs and (b) a two-stage deterministic/stochastic model based on the first-order surface pollutant washoff model. While both groups of model yield comparable forecasts in terms of the mean absolute percent error in water quality forecasts, statistically based models were found to provide definite operational advantages. Key words: adaptative modelling, real-time forecasting, statistical model, stochastic system, urban hydrology, water quality modelling.
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Griffin, S., W. Bauwens, and K. Ahmad. "Urban Drainage Modelling Intelligent Assistant." Water Science and Technology 29, no. 1-2 (January 1, 1994): 427–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0691.
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The work reported here focuses on research being conducted within the Artificial Intelligence Group at the University of Surrey and the Laboratory of Hydrology at Vrije Universiteit Brussel under the COMETT programme. The paper describes the “Urban Drainage Modelling Intelligent Assistant,” a computer-based tool kit which provides guidance, instruction and support for training on aspects of network modelling in urban drainage design and simulation models commonly used in Europe. The tool kit comprises four interrelated, interactive components: an expert system, a data preparation and model execution tool, a document browsing facility, and a term bank. The results of the work are illustrated with the aid of snapshots of the system in use. The specific emphasis here is on the role played by each component in a) the transfer of knowledge within both an inter-disciplinary field such as urban drainage modelling (hydrology, hydraulics, mathematics, computing), and a multilingual community (of particular importance in Europe at present) and b) the training of novices in urban drainage, enabling them to grasp the domain primitives, their interrelationships and meanings.
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Smith, M. "Painting by Numbers—Mathematical Models of Urban Systems." Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design 25, no. 4 (August 1998): 483–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/b250483.
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Gires, Auguste, Ioulia Tchiguirinskaia, Daniel Schertzer, Susana Ochoa-Rodriguez, Patrick Willems, Abdellah Ichiba, Li-Pen Wang, et al. "Fractal analysis of urban catchments and their representation in semi-distributed models: imperviousness and sewer system." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 21, no. 5 (May 8, 2017): 2361–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-2361-2017.
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Abstract. Fractal analysis relies on scale invariance and the concept of fractal dimension enables one to characterize and quantify the space filled by a geometrical set exhibiting complex and tortuous patterns. Fractal tools have been widely used in hydrology but seldom in the specific context of urban hydrology. In this paper, fractal tools are used to analyse surface and sewer data from 10 urban or peri-urban catchments located in five European countries. The aim was to characterize urban catchment properties accounting for the complexity and inhomogeneity typical of urban water systems. Sewer system density and imperviousness (roads or buildings), represented in rasterized maps of 2 m × 2 m pixels, were analysed to quantify their fractal dimension, characteristic of scaling invariance. The results showed that both sewer density and imperviousness exhibit scale-invariant features and can be characterized with the help of fractal dimensions ranging from 1.6 to 2, depending on the catchment. In a given area consistent results were found for the two geometrical features, yielding a robust and innovative way of quantifying the level of urbanization. The representation of imperviousness in operational semi-distributed hydrological models for these catchments was also investigated by computing fractal dimensions of the geometrical sets made up of the sub-catchments with coefficients of imperviousness greater than a range of thresholds. It enables one to quantify how well spatial structures of imperviousness were represented in the urban hydrological models.
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Milks, Robert R., William C. Fonteno, and Roy A. Larson. "Hydrology of Horticultural Substrates: I. Mathematical Models for Moisture Characteristics of Horticultural Container Media." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 114, no. 1 (January 1989): 48–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.114.1.48.
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Abstract Moisture retention data were collected for five porous materials: soil, phenolic foam, and three combinations of commonly used media components. Two mathematical functions were evaluated for their ability to describe the water content–soil moisture relationship. A cubic polynomial function with linear parameters previously used on container media was compared to a closed-form nonlinear parameter model developed to describe water conductivity in mineral soils. In most tests for precision, adequacy, accuracy, and validation, the nonlinear function was superior to the simpler power series. The nonlinear function provides an excellent tool for describing the water content for media with widely varying physical properties.
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Piccone, Ashley. "Improving urban growth models with fractional calculus." Scilight 2022, no. 43 (October 21, 2022): 431105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/10.0014416.
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Mańko, Robert, and Norbert Laskowski. "Comparative analysis of the effectiveness of the conceptual rainfall-runoff hydrological models on the selected rivers in Odra and Vistula basins." ITM Web of Conferences 23 (2018): 00025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/itmconf/20182300025.
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Identification of physical processes occurred in the watershed is one of the main tasks in hydrology. Currently the most efficient hydrological processes describing and forecasting tool are mathematical models. They can be defined as a mathematical description of relations between specified attributes of analysed object. It can be presented by: graphs, arrays, equations describing functioning of the object etc. With reference to watershed a mathematical model is commonly defined as a mathematical and logical relations, which evaluate quantitative dependencies between runoff characteristics and factors, which create it. Many rainfall-runoff linear reservoirs conceptual models have been developed over the years. The comparison of effectiveness of Single Linear Reservoir model, Nash model, Diskin model and Wackermann model is presented in this article.
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Reußner, F., J. Alex, M. Bach, M. Schütze, and D. Muschalla. "Basin-wide integrated modelling via OpenMI considering multiple urban catchments." Water Science and Technology 60, no. 5 (May 1, 2009): 1241–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2009.471.
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Integrated modelling is currently receiving a lot of attention in the field of urban hydrology. This paper describes a method for carrying out integrated modelling of sewer systems and rivers, where the constituent models are linked to each other using the European OpenMI interface. This has the advantage that, once the necessary software extensions have been carried out, the data sets describing the subsystems can be used as they are without any need for adaptation.
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Zech, Y., and A. Escarmelle. "Use of high-resolution geographical databases for rainfall-runoff relation in urbanised areas." Water Science and Technology 39, no. 9 (May 1, 1999): 87–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1999.0449.
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Distributed models are more and more used in regional hydrology. One of the main reasons is their essential compatibility with raster data in Geographical Information Systems. Also in urban hydraulics, distributed models are promising but their development depends on the availability of high-resolution data able to represent urban features. Public databases from satellite imaging are not yet adequate. The paper investigates the possibility of using other kinds of databases designed more specifically for cartography. The advantages and inconveniences of such an approach are pointed out, based on two actual examples.
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Ponnambalam, Kumaraswamy, and S. Jamshid Mousavi. "CHNS Modeling for Study and Management of Human–Water Interactions at Multiple Scales." Water 12, no. 6 (June 14, 2020): 1699. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12061699.
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This paper presents basic definitions and challenges/opportunities from different perspectives to study and control water cycle impacts on society and vice versa. The wider and increased interactions and their consequences such as global warming and climate change, and the role of complex institutional- and governance-related socioeconomic-environmental issues bring forth new challenges. Hydrology and integrated water resources management (IWRM from the viewpoint of an engineering planner) do not exclude in their scopes the study of the impact of changes in global hydrology from societal actions and their feedback effects on the local/global hydrology. However, it is useful to have unique emphasis through specialized fields such as hydrosociology (including the society in planning water projects, from the viewpoint of the humanities) and sociohydrology (recognizing the large-scale impacts society has on hydrology, from the viewpoint of science). Global hydrological models have been developed for large-scale hydrology with few parameters to calibrate at local scale, and integrated assessment models have been developed for multiple sectors including water. It is important not to do these studies with a silo mindset, as problems in water and society require highly interdisciplinary skills, but flexibility and acceptance of diverse views will progress these studies and their usefulness to society. To deal with complexities in water and society, systems modeling is likely the only practical approach and is the viewpoint of researchers using coupled human–natural systems (CHNS) models. The focus and the novelty in this paper is to clarify some of these challenges faced in CHNS modeling, such as spatiotemporal scale variations, scaling issues, institutional issues, and suggestions for appropriate mathematical tools for dealing with these issues.
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Sawada, Yohei, and Risa Hanazaki. "Socio-hydrological data assimilation: analyzing human–flood interactions by model–data integration." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 24, no. 10 (October 5, 2020): 4777–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-4777-2020.
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Abstract. In socio-hydrology, human–water interactions are simulated by mathematical models. Although the integration of these socio-hydrological models and observation data is necessary for improving the understanding of human–water interactions, the methodological development of the model–data integration in socio-hydrology is in its infancy. Here we propose applying sequential data assimilation, which has been widely used in geoscience, to a socio-hydrological model. We developed particle filtering for a widely adopted flood risk model and performed an idealized observation system simulation experiment and a real data experiment to demonstrate the potential of the sequential data assimilation in socio-hydrology. In these experiments, the flood risk model's parameters, the input forcing data, and empirical social data were assumed to be somewhat imperfect. We tested if data assimilation can contribute to accurately reconstructing the historical human–flood interactions by integrating these imperfect models and imperfect and sparsely distributed data. Our results highlight that it is important to sequentially constrain both state variables and parameters when the input forcing is uncertain. Our proposed method can accurately estimate the model's unknown parameters – even if the true model parameter temporally varies. The small amount of empirical data can significantly improve the simulation skill of the flood risk model. Therefore, sequential data assimilation is useful for reconstructing historical socio-hydrological processes by the synergistic effect of models and data.
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Dan-Jumbo, Nimi G., and Marc Metzger. "Relative Effect of Location Alternatives on Urban Hydrology. The Case of Greater Port-Harcourt Watershed, Niger Delta." Hydrology 6, no. 3 (September 17, 2019): 82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/hydrology6030082.
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Globally, cities in developing countries are urbanising at alarming rates, and a major concern to hydrologists and planners are the options that affect the hydrologic functioning of watersheds. Environmental impact assessment (EIA) has been recognised as a key sustainable development tool for mitigating the adverse impacts of planned developments, however, research has shown that planned developments can affect people and the environment significantly due to urban flooding that arises from increased paved surfaces. Flooding is a major sustainable development issue, which often result from increased paved surfaces and decreased interception losses due to urbanisation and deforestation respectively. To date, several environmental assessment studies have advanced the concept of alternatives, yet, only a small number of hydrologic studies have discussed how the location of paved surface could influence catchment runoff. Specifically, research exploring the effects of location alternative in EIAs on urban hydrology is very rare. The Greater Port-Harcourt City (GPH) development established to meet the growth needs in Port-Harcourt city (in the Niger Delta) is a compelling example. The aim of this research is to examine the relative effect of EIA alternatives in three different locations on urban hydrology. The Hydrologic Engineering Centre’s hydrologic modelling system (HEC-HMS) hydrodynamic model was used to generate data for comparing runoff in three different basins. HEC-HMS software combine models that estimate: Loss, transformation, base flow and channel routing. Results reveal that developments with the same spatial extent had different effects on the hydrology of the basins and sub-basins in the area. Findings in this study suggest that basin size rather than location of the paved surface was the main factor influencing the hydrology of the watershed.
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Vieux, Baxter E. "Review of Mathematical Models of Large Watershed Hydrology by Vijay P. Singh and Donald K. Prevert." Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 130, no. 1 (January 2004): 89–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9429(2004)130:1(89).
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Guseynov, Sharif E., and Alexander V. Berezhnoy. "MODELLING OF URBAN TRAFFIC FLOW." Environment. Technology. Resources. Proceedings of the International Scientific and Practical Conference 1 (June 15, 2017): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/etr2017vol1.2632.
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In this paper non-deterministic motion of urban traffic is studied under certain assumptions. Based on those assumptions discrete and continuous mathematical models are developed: continuous model is written as the Cauchy initial-value problem for the integro-differential equation, whence among other things it is obtained the Fokker-Planck equation. Besides, the sufficient condition ensuring the mathematical legitimacy of the developed continuous model is formulated.
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Li, Xuefang, Sébastien Erpicum, Martin Bruwier, Emmanuel Mignot, Pascal Finaud-Guyot, Pierre Archambeau, Michel Pirotton, and Benjamin Dewals. "Technical note: Laboratory modelling of urban flooding: strengths and challenges of distorted scale models." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 23, no. 3 (March 18, 2019): 1567–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-1567-2019.
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Abstract. Laboratory experiments are a viable approach for improving process understanding and generating data for the validation of computational models. However, laboratory-scale models of urban flooding in street networks are often distorted, i.e. different scale factors are used in the horizontal and vertical directions. This may result in artefacts when transposing the laboratory observations to the prototype scale (e.g. alteration of secondary currents or of the relative importance of frictional resistance). The magnitude of such artefacts was not studied in the past for the specific case of urban flooding. Here, we present a preliminary assessment of these artefacts based on the reanalysis of two recent experimental datasets related to flooding of a group of buildings and of an entire urban district, respectively. The results reveal that, in the tested configurations, the influence of model distortion on the upscaled values of water depths and discharges are both of the order of 10 %. This research contributes to the advancement of our knowledge of small-scale physical processes involved in urban flooding, which are either explicitly modelled or parametrized in urban hydrology models.
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Rezaie-Balf, Mohammad, and Ozgur Kisi. "New formulation for forecasting streamflow: evolutionary polynomial regression vs. extreme learning machine." Hydrology Research 49, no. 3 (March 27, 2017): 939–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/nh.2017.283.
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Abstract Streamflow forecasting is crucial in hydrology and hydraulic engineering since it is capable of optimizing water resource systems or planning future expansion. This study investigated the performances of three different soft computing methods, multilayer perceptron neural network (MLPNN), optimally pruned extreme learning machine (OP-ELM), and evolutionary polynomial regression (EPR) in forecasting daily streamflow. Data from three different stations, Soleyman Tange, Perorich Abad, and Ali Abad located on the Tajan River of Iran were used to estimate the daily streamflow. MLPNN model was employed to determine the optimal input combinations of each station implementing evaluation criteria. In both training and testing stages in the three stations, the results of comparison indicated that the EPR technique would generally perform more efficiently than MLPNN and OP-ELM models. EPR model represented the best performance to simulate the peak flow compared to MLPNN and OP-ELM models while the MLPNN provided significantly under/overestimations. EPR models which include explicit mathematical formulations are recommended for daily streamflow forecasting which is necessary in watershed hydrology management.
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Meili, Naika, Gabriele Manoli, Paolo Burlando, Elie Bou-Zeid, Winston T. L. Chow, Andrew M. Coutts, Edoardo Daly, et al. "An urban ecohydrological model to quantify the effect of vegetation on urban climate and hydrology (UT&C v1.0)." Geoscientific Model Development 13, no. 1 (January 31, 2020): 335–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-335-2020.
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Abstract. Increasing urbanization is likely to intensify the urban heat island effect, decrease outdoor thermal comfort, and enhance runoff generation in cities. Urban green spaces are often proposed as a mitigation strategy to counteract these adverse effects, and many recent developments of urban climate models focus on the inclusion of green and blue infrastructure to inform urban planning. However, many models still lack the ability to account for different plant types and oversimplify the interactions between the built environment, vegetation, and hydrology. In this study, we present an urban ecohydrological model, Urban Tethys-Chloris (UT&C), that combines principles of ecosystem modelling with an urban canopy scheme accounting for the biophysical and ecophysiological characteristics of roof vegetation, ground vegetation, and urban trees. UT&C is a fully coupled energy and water balance model that calculates 2 m air temperature, 2 m humidity, and surface temperatures based on the infinite urban canyon approach. It further calculates the urban hydrological fluxes in the absence of snow, including transpiration as a function of plant photosynthesis. Hence, UT&C accounts for the effects of different plant types on the urban climate and hydrology, as well as the effects of the urban environment on plant well-being and performance. UT&C performs well when compared against energy flux measurements of eddy-covariance towers located in three cities in different climates (Singapore, Melbourne, and Phoenix). A sensitivity analysis, performed as a proof of concept for the city of Singapore, shows a mean decrease in 2 m air temperature of 1.1 ∘C for fully grass-covered ground, 0.2 ∘C for high values of leaf area index (LAI), and 0.3 ∘C for high values of Vc,max (an expression of photosynthetic capacity). These reductions in temperature were combined with a simultaneous increase in relative humidity by 6.5 %, 2.1 %, and 1.6 %, for fully grass-covered ground, high values of LAI, and high values of Vc,max, respectively. Furthermore, the increase of pervious vegetated ground is able to significantly reduce surface runoff.
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Li, Yanling, and Roger W. Babcock. "Green roof hydrologic performance and modeling: a review." Water Science and Technology 69, no. 4 (November 27, 2013): 727–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2013.770.
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Green roofs reduce runoff from impervious surfaces in urban development. This paper reviews the technical literature on green roof hydrology. Laboratory experiments and field measurements have shown that green roofs can reduce stormwater runoff volume by 30 to 86%, reduce peak flow rate by 22 to 93% and delay the peak flow by 0 to 30 min and thereby decrease pollution, flooding and erosion during precipitation events. However, the effectiveness can vary substantially due to design characteristics making performance predictions difficult. Evaluation of the most recently published study findings indicates that the major factors affecting green roof hydrology are precipitation volume, precipitation dynamics, antecedent conditions, growth medium, plant species, and roof slope. This paper also evaluates the computer models commonly used to simulate hydrologic processes for green roofs, including stormwater management model, soil water atmosphere and plant, SWMS-2D, HYDRUS, and other models that are shown to be effective for predicting precipitation response and economic benefits. The review findings indicate that green roofs are effective for reduction of runoff volume and peak flow, and delay of peak flow, however, no tool or model is available to predict expected performance for any given anticipated system based on design parameters that directly affect green roof hydrology.
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Nedergaard Pedersen, Agnethe, Jonas Wied Pedersen, Antonio Vigueras-Rodriguez, Annette Brink-Kjær, Morten Borup, and Peter Steen Mikkelsen. "The Bellinge data set: open data and models for community-wide urban drainage systems research." Earth System Science Data 13, no. 10 (October 20, 2021): 4779–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-4779-2021.
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Abstract. This paper describes a comprehensive and unique open-access data set for research within hydrological and hydraulic modelling of urban drainage systems. The data come from a mainly combined urban drainage system covering a 1.7 km2 area in the town of Bellinge, a suburb of the city of Odense, Denmark. The data set consists of up to 10 years of observations (2010–2020) from 13 level meters, 1 flow meter, 1 position sensor and 4 power sensors in the system, along with rainfall data from three rain gauges and two weather radars (X- and C-band), and meteorological data from a nearby weather station. The system characteristics of the urban drainage system (information about manholes, pipes, etc.) can be found in the data set along with characteristics of the surface area (contour lines, surface description, etc.). Two detailed hydrodynamic, distributed urban drainage models of the system are provided in the software systems MIKE URBAN and EPA Storm Water Management Model (SWMM). The two simulation models generally show similar responses, but systematic differences are present since the models have not been calibrated. With this data set we provide a useful case that will enable independent testing and replication of results from future scientific developments and innovation within urban hydrology and urban drainage systems research. The data set can be downloaded from https://doi.org/10.11583/DTU.c.5029124 (Pedersen et al., 2021a).
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Licznar, Paweł, Janusz Łomotowski, and David E. Rupp. "Random cascade driven rainfall disaggregation for urban hydrology: An evaluation of six models and a new generator." Atmospheric Research 99, no. 3-4 (March 2011): 563–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2010.12.014.
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Toda, Keiichi. "Urban Flooding and Measures." Journal of Disaster Research 2, no. 3 (June 1, 2007): 143–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2007.p0143.
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Urban flood disasters occur often worldwide, and Japan is no exception, as indicated by the 1999 Fukuoka flood. Urban floods result from changes in the urban environment influenced by the specific features of the city involved. We review recent urban floods, their causes and characteristics, together with the results of recent studies. Focusing on two mathematical models -- the integrated urban flood model of urban river basins and the underground inundation model -- we discuss their simulation results. To demonstrate the dangers of underground inundations, we introduce evacuation experiments conducted using full-scale staircase and door models. Based on these studies, we propose comprehensive measures against urban floods, including underground inundations.
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Morbidelli, Renato, Corrado Corradini, Carla Saltalippi, Alessia Flammini, Jacopo Dari, and Rao Govindaraju. "Rainfall Infiltration Modeling: A Review." Water 10, no. 12 (December 18, 2018): 1873. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w10121873.
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Infiltration of water into soil is a key process in various fields, including hydrology, hydraulic works, agriculture, and transport of pollutants. Depending upon rainfall and soil characteristics as well as from initial and very complex boundary conditions, an exhaustive understanding of infiltration and its mathematical representation can be challenging. During the last decades, significant research effort has been expended to enhance the seminal contributions of Green, Ampt, Horton, Philip, Brutsaert, Parlange and many other scientists. This review paper retraces some important milestones that led to the definition of basic mathematical models, both at the local and field scales. Some open problems, especially those involving the vertical and horizontal inhomogeneity of the soils, are explored. Finally, rainfall infiltration modeling over surfaces with significant slopes is also discussed.
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Garbrecht, Jurgen D. "Review of Mathematical Models of Small Watershed Hydrology and Applications by Vijay P. Singh and Donald K. Frevert." Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 129, no. 7 (July 2003): 558–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9429(2003)129:7(558).
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Kinar, Nicholas J. "Introducing electronic circuits and hydrological models to postsecondary physical geography and environmental science students: systems science, circuit theory, construction, and calibration." Geoscience Communication 4, no. 2 (April 13, 2021): 209–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gc-4-209-2021.
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Abstract. A classroom activity involving the construction, calibration, and testing of electronic circuits was introduced to an advanced hydrology class at the postsecondary level. Two circuits were constructed by students: (1) a water detection circuit and (2) a hybrid relative humidity (RH)/air temperature sensor and pyranometer. The circuits motivated concepts of systems science, modelling in hydrology, and model calibration. Students used the circuits to collect data useful for providing inputs to mathematical models of hydrological processes. Each student was given the opportunity to create a custom hydrological model within the context of the class. This is an example of constructivist teaching where students engage in the creation of meaningful knowledge, and the instructor serves as a facilitator to assist students in the achievement of a goal. Analysis of student-provided feedback showed that the circuit activity motivated, engaged, and facilitated learning. Students also found the activity to be a novel and enjoyable experience. The theory of circuit operation and calibration is provided along with a complete bill of materials (BOM) and design files for replication of this activity in other postsecondary classrooms. Student suggestions for improvement of the circuit activity are presented along with additional applications.
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Scholz, Klaus. "Stochastic simulation of urbanhydrological processes." Water Science and Technology 36, no. 8-9 (October 1, 1997): 25–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1997.0639.
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Calculations in urban hydrology have almost exclusively been of deterministic character and give therefore unequivocal results. Uncertainties, which are always present, can not been eliminated by more complex models. To take uncertainties into account stochastic algorithms are integrated into hydrological components. A stochastic-hydrological method has developed which can be used to various problems. In contrast to the usual purely deterministic models the model makes it possible to get concrete information of liability of the calibration and prognosis regarding confidence limits The model is applied for the calibration and prognosis of pollutant load hydrographs. The result is, that stochastic and physical based parameters should be taken into account.
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Gabdrakhmanova, Nailia, and Maria Pilgun. "Intelligent Control Systems in Urban Planning Conflicts: Social Media Users’ Perception." Applied Sciences 11, no. 14 (July 17, 2021): 6579. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11146579.
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The relevance of this study is determined by the need to develop technologies for effective urban systems management and resolution of urban planning conflicts. The paper presents an algorithm for analyzing urban planning conflicts. The material for the study was data from social networks, microblogging, blogs, instant messaging, forums, reviews, video hosting services, thematic portals, online media, print media and TV related to the construction of the North-Eastern Chord (NEC) in Moscow (RF). To analyze the content of social media, a multimodal approach was used. The paper presents the results of research on the development of methods and approaches for constructing mathematical and neural network models for analyzing the social media users’ perceptions based on their digital footprints. Artificial neural networks, differential equations, and mathematical statistics were involved in building the models. Differential equations of dynamic systems were based on observations enabled by machine learning. Mathematical models were developed to quickly detect, prevent, and address conflicts in urban planning in order to manage urban systems efficiently. In combination with mathematical and neural network model the developed approaches, made it possible to draw a conclusion about the tense situation around the construction of the NEC, identify complaints of residents to constructors and city authorities, and propose recommendations to resolve and prevent conflicts. Research data could be of use in solving similar problems in sociology, ecology, and economics.
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Foresti, L., M. Reyniers, A. Seed, and L. Delobbe. "Development and verification of a real-time stochastic precipitation nowcasting system for urban hydrology in Belgium." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 20, no. 1 (January 29, 2016): 505–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-505-2016.
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Abstract. The Short-Term Ensemble Prediction System (STEPS) is implemented in real-time at the Royal Meteorological Institute (RMI) of Belgium. The main idea behind STEPS is to quantify the forecast uncertainty by adding stochastic perturbations to the deterministic Lagrangian extrapolation of radar images. The stochastic perturbations are designed to account for the unpredictable precipitation growth and decay processes and to reproduce the dynamic scaling of precipitation fields, i.e., the observation that large-scale rainfall structures are more persistent and predictable than small-scale convective cells. This paper presents the development, adaptation and verification of the STEPS system for Belgium (STEPS-BE). STEPS-BE provides in real-time 20-member ensemble precipitation nowcasts at 1 km and 5 min resolutions up to 2 h lead time using a 4 C-band radar composite as input. In the context of the PLURISK project, STEPS forecasts were generated to be used as input in sewer system hydraulic models for nowcasting urban inundations in the cities of Ghent and Leuven. Comprehensive forecast verification was performed in order to detect systematic biases over the given urban areas and to analyze the reliability of probabilistic forecasts for a set of case studies in 2013 and 2014. The forecast biases over the cities of Leuven and Ghent were found to be small, which is encouraging for future integration of STEPS nowcasts into the hydraulic models. Probabilistic forecasts of exceeding 0.5 mm h−1 are reliable up to 60–90 min lead time, while the ones of exceeding 5.0 mm h−1 are only reliable up to 30 min. The STEPS ensembles are slightly under-dispersive and represent only 75–90 % of the forecast errors.
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Foresti, L., M. Reyniers, A. Seed, and L. Delobbe. "Development and verification of a real-time stochastic precipitation nowcasting system for urban hydrology in Belgium." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 12, no. 7 (July 20, 2015): 6831–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-12-6831-2015.
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Abstract. The Short-Term Ensemble Prediction System (STEPS) is implemented in real-time at the Royal Meteorological Institute (RMI) of Belgium. The main idea behind STEPS is to quantify the forecast uncertainty by adding stochastic perturbations to the deterministic Lagrangian extrapolation of radar images. The stochastic perturbations are designed to account for the unpredictable precipitation growth and decay processes and to reproduce the dynamic scaling of precipitation fields, i.e. the observation that large scale rainfall structures are more persistent and predictable than small scale convective cells. This paper presents the development, adaptation and verification of the system STEPS for Belgium (STEPS-BE). STEPS-BE provides in real-time 20 member ensemble precipitation nowcasts at 1 km and 5 min resolution up to 2 h lead time using a 4 C-band radar composite as input. In the context of the PLURISK project, STEPS forecasts were generated to be used as input in sewer system hydraulic models for nowcasting urban inundations in the cities of Ghent and Leuven. Comprehensive forecast verification was performed in order to detect systematic biases over the given urban areas and to analyze the reliability of probabilistic forecasts for a set of case studies in 2013 and 2014. The forecast biases over the cities of Leuven and Ghent were found to be small, which is encouraging for future integration of STEPS nowcasts into the hydraulic models. Probabilistic forecasts of exceeding 0.5 mm h-1 are reliable up to 60–90 min lead time, while the ones of exceeding 5.0 mm h-1 are only reliable up to 30 min. The STEPS ensembles are slightly under-dispersive and represent only 80–90 % of the forecast errors.
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Sun, Si Miao, Chang Lei Dai, Hou Chu Liao, and Di Fang Xiao. "A Conceptual Model of Soil Moisture Movement in Seasonal Frozen Unsaturated Zone." Applied Mechanics and Materials 90-93 (September 2011): 2612–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.90-93.2612.
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Conceptual model is considered as one of the crucial and essential methods for scientific research on cold region hydrology. However, graphical conceptual model that integrates with a variety of influencing factors and specializes in describing soil moisture dynamic in seasonal frozen unsaturated zone has never occurred in any related researches, due to which the study on mechanism of frozen soil moisture movement has been delayed in a certain degree. Firstly, three stages of freezing and thawing process are divided in this article to serve for the further study in seasonal frozen unsaturated zone, which respectively are: the Stage of Freezing (Instable Freezing Stage and Stable Freezing Stage), the Stage of Thawing (Instable Thawing Stage and Stable Thawing Stage) and the Stage of Freeze-free. Secondly, based on different stages above, three characteristics and the relationships are analyzed, which include freeze-thaw-action and groundwater table, freeze-thaw-action and groundwater storage, freeze-thaw-action and soil surface evaporation. Thirdly, referred to related theories (Frozen Soil Hydrology and Snow & Ice Hydrology) and the construction of watershed model in warm regions, a whole set of graphical conceptual model and corresponding symbolic model have been built with freezing and thawing process as x-axis (time coordinate) and both soil frozen depth and different parameters as double y-axis. The different parameters include groundwater depth, soil water moisture rate and soil surface evaporation intensity. The graphical and symbolic conceptual models comprehensively describe the entire process and the factors relationships of soil moisture movement in seasonal frozen unsaturated zone. These models are expected to provide scientific basis for practical work in cold areas, such as hydrologic and hydraulic calculation in cold seasons, assessment and utilization of frozen area water resources and agricultural irrigation in cold regions, and also to provide references to the development of mathematical or experimental models in related researching fields.
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Pophillat, William, Jérémie Sage, Fabrice Rodriguez, and Isabelle Braud. "Dealing with shallow groundwater contexts for the modelling of urban hydrology – A simplified approach to represent interactions between surface hydrology, groundwater and underground structures in hydrological models." Environmental Modelling & Software 144 (October 2021): 105144. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2021.105144.
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Lee, Sae-Bom, Chun-Gyeong Yoon, Kwang Wook Jung, and Ha Sun Hwang. "Comparative evaluation of runoff and water quality using HSPF and SWMM." Water Science and Technology 62, no. 6 (September 1, 2010): 1401–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2010.302.
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Stormwater pollution is the untreated contaminated water that drains into natural waterways from land uses within an urban catchment. Several studies have demonstrated the deterioration of water quality in receiving bodies of water caused by stormwater runoff. The data have reported that urban runoff play primary roles in degrading water quality in adjacent aquatic systems. The accurate estimation of non-pollutant loads from urban runoff and the prediction of water quality in receiving waters are important. The objective of this paper is to assess the applicability of the watershed scale hydrologic and water quality simulation models SWMM and HSPF to simulate the hydrology of a small watershed in the Han River Basin. Monitoring was performed in small scale watersheds, which is homogeneous land use. The applicability of SWMM and HSPF model was examined for small watersheds using hourly monitoring data. The results of SWMM were reasonably reflected with observed data in small scale urban area. HSPF model was effective at specifying parameters related to runoff and water quality when using hourly monitoring data. The watershed models used in this study adequately simulated watershed characteristics and are recommended to support watershed management.
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Fankhauser, Rolf. "Influence of systematic errors from tipping bucket rain gauges on recorded rainfall data." Water Science and Technology 37, no. 11 (June 1, 1998): 121–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1998.0450.
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Tipping bucket rain gauges (TBR) are widely used in urban hydrology. The present study investigated the uncertainties in recorded rainfall intensity induced by the following properties of the TBR: depth resolution i.e. the bucket volume, calibration parameters, wetting and evaporation losses and the method of data recording (time between tips or tips per minute). The errors were analysed by means of a TBR simulator i.e. a simulation program that models the behaviour of a TBR. Rainfall data disaggregated to 6 seconds from measured 1-min data and randomly varied were taken as input to the simulator. Different TBR data series were produced by changing the properties of the simulated rain gauge. These data series together with the original rainfall events were used as input to a rainfall-runoff model. Computed overflow volume and peak discharge from a combined sewer overflow (CSO) weir were compared. Errors due to depth resolution (i.e. the bucket size) proved to be small. Therefore TBRs with a depth resolution up to 0.254 mm can be used in urban hydrology without inducing significant errors. Wetting and evaporation losses caused small errors. The method of data recording had also little influence. For larger bucket volumes variable time step recording induced smaller errors than tips per minute recording.
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Świercz, Miroslaw. "A Neural Network Approach to Simplify Mathematical Models of Urban Water Distribution Networks." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 28, no. 10 (July 1995): 549–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1474-6670(17)51576-1.
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Kolbachev, Evgeniy, Natalya Napkhonenko, Maryna Karayeva, and Dmytro Maloshtan. "Development of specialized models of urban passenger transportation." SHS Web of Conferences 67 (2019): 03005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20196703005.
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Peculiarities of transport services for the transportation of passengers, which must be taken into account when creating logistics models for organizing and managing passenger flows, are considered. Need of cost reduction of time of passengers for transport service is proved. The conclusion is drawn on need of the effective transport system creation, for the purpose of observance of intervals of the movement of buses on routes. The possibility of use of architectural approximations classes for the solution of transport logistics problems is analysed. The methods used for solving transport problems where the most widespread is modeling and algorithmization of the determined task formulation strategy with use of a classical algorithm of mathematical programming are considered. The prospects of a meta-heuristic method use is a genetic algorithm for the solution of tasks of the control of city passenger transport adapted to objective conditions are proved. The main features of genetic algorithms consisting in an opportunity by optimization to use criterion function and to consider the necessary number of restrictions are defined. The structure of a chromosome which represents the coded option of the movement of the bus in real time depending on a road situation is received.
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Dai, Ying, Lei Chen, Pu Zhang, Yuechen Xiao, and Zhenyao Shen. "Scaling Effects of Elevation Data on Urban Nonpoint Source Pollution Simulations." Entropy 21, no. 1 (January 11, 2019): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e21010053.
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The scale effects of digital elevation models (DEM) on hydrology and nonpoint source (NPS) pollution simulations have been widely reported for natural watersheds but seldom studied for urban catchments. In this study, the scale effect of DEM data on the rainfall-runoff and NPS pollution was studied in a typical urban catchment in China. Models were constructed based on the DEM data of nine different resolutions. The conventional model performance indicators and the information entropy method were applied together to evaluate the scale effects. Based on the results, scaling effects and a resolution threshold of DEM data exist for urban NPS pollution simulations. Compared with natural watersheds, the urban NPS pollution simulations were primarily affected by the local terrain due to the overall flat terrain and dense sewer inlet distribution. The overland process simulation responded more sensitively than the catchment outlet, showing prolonged times of concentration for impervious areas with decreasing DEM resolution. The diverse spatial distributions and accumulation magnitudes of pollutants could lead to different simulation responses to scaling effects. This paper provides information about the specific characteristics of the scale effects of DEM data in a typical urban catchment, and these results can be extrapolated to other similar catchments as a reference for data collection.
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Ellam, L., M. Girolami, G. A. Pavliotis, and A. Wilson. "Stochastic modelling of urban structure." Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 474, no. 2213 (May 2018): 20170700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2017.0700.
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The building of mathematical and computer models of cities has a long history. The core elements are models of flows (spatial interaction) and the dynamics of structural evolution. In this article, we develop a stochastic model of urban structure to formally account for uncertainty arising from less predictable events. Standard practice has been to calibrate the spatial interaction models independently and to explore the dynamics through simulation. We present two significant results that will be transformative for both elements. First, we represent the structural variables through a single potential function and develop stochastic differential equations to model the evolution. Second, we show that the parameters of the spatial interaction model can be estimated from the structure alone, independently of flow data, using the Bayesian inferential framework. The posterior distribution is doubly intractable and poses significant computational challenges that we overcome using Markov chain Monte Carlo methods. We demonstrate our methodology with a case study on the London, UK, retail system.
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Oñate-Valdivieso, Fernando, Arianna Oñate-Paladines, and Milton Collaguazo. "Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Soil Impermeability and Its Impact on the Hydrology of An Urban Basin." Land 11, no. 2 (February 8, 2022): 250. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11020250.
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The presence of impervious surfaces in catchments interferes with the natural process of infiltration, which has a marked influence on the hydrological cycle, affecting the base flow in rivers and increasing the surface runoff and the magnitude of flood flows. Like many Latin American cities, Loja (located in southern Ecuador) has experienced significant rates of urban growth in recent years, increasing the impervious surfaces in the catchment where it belongs. The aim of this study is to analyze the spatiotemporal dynamics of imperviousness in the study area for the period 1989–2020, using the Normalized Difference Impervious Surface Index (NDISI) and the supervised classification of Landsat images. The effect on flood flows was studied for each timestep using HEC-HMS hydrological model. Additionally, a future scenario of impervious surfaces was generated considering the observed spatiotemporal variability, possible explanatory variables, and logistic regression models. Between 1989 and 2020, there was an increase of 144.12% in impervious surfaces, which corresponds to the population growth of 282.56% that occurred in the same period. The period between 2001 and 2013 was the one that presented the most significant increase (1.06 km2/year). A direct relationship between the increase in impervious surfaces and the increase in flood flows was observed, reaching a significant variation towards the horizon year that could affect the population, for which measures to manage the surface runoff is necessary.
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Jocea, Andreea Florina, E. G. Crăciun, and A. Anton. "Approximation Of Scours Using Terrestrial 3D Laser Scanning." Journal of Applied Engineering Sciences 5, no. 1 (May 1, 2015): 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jaes-2015-0004.
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Abstract In designing artwork as bridges, hydraulic calculations have a very important role due to the fact that they are behind their sizing. Bridge designer must therefore possess knowledge of hydrology, hydraulics of bridges and river banks regularization. A problem that arises during the design stage of bridges is the scour phenomenon surrounding bridge pier. Over time, there have been conducted a number of studies which led to the provision of a plurality of mathematical models that are intended scour prediction. In the present article we will present an experimental study to determine the bed profile and measurement of scours products around a pier bridge using 3D terrestrial laser scanner.
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Löwe, Roland, and Karsten Arnbjerg-Nielsen. "Urban pluvial flood risk assessment – data resolution and spatial scale when developing screening approaches on the microscale." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 20, no. 4 (April 14, 2020): 981–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-20-981-2020.
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Abstract. Urban development models typically provide simulated building areas in an aggregated form. When using such outputs to parametrize pluvial flood risk simulations in an urban setting, we need to identify ways to characterize imperviousness and flood exposure. We develop data-driven approaches for establishing this link, and we focus on the data resolutions and spatial scales that should be considered. We use regression models linking aggregated building areas to total imperviousness and models that link aggregated building areas and simulated flood areas to flood damage. The data resolutions used for training regression models are demonstrated to have a strong impact on identifiability, with too fine data resolutions preventing the identification of the link between building areas and hydrology and too coarse resolutions leading to uncertain parameter estimates. The optimal data resolution for modeling imperviousness was identified to be 400 m in our case study, while an aggregation of the data to at least 1000 m resolution is required when modeling flood damage. In addition, regression models for flood damage are more robust when considering building data with coarser resolutions of 200 m than with finer resolutions. The results suggest that aggregated building data can be used to derive realistic estimations of flood risk in screening simulations.
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Jato-Espino, Daniel, and Shray Pathak. "Geographic Location System for Identifying Urban Road Sections Sensitive to Runoff Accumulation." Hydrology 8, no. 2 (April 30, 2021): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/hydrology8020072.
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This paper concerns the design of a geographic location system to identify urban road sections susceptible to runoff accumulation through the analysis of the efficiency of surface drainage networks. To this end, a combination of Geographic Information Systems (GISs) and stormwater models was proposed. First, GIS hydrology tools were employed to generate all the information required to characterise urban catchments geometrically. Then, a synthetic storm was created from precipitation data obtained through spatial interpolation for a given return period. Finally, the three main hydrological processes occurring in catchments (precipitation loss, transformation and routing) were simulated using the Hydrologic Modeling System (HEC-HMS). The system was tested through a case study of an urban catchment located in the city of Santander (Spain). The results demonstrate its usefulness in detecting critical points in terms of runoff accumulation, according to the efficiency of the existing surface drainage network.